List of Rules

Unit 1 “Measurements and General Physics”

𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔
Average =
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔

𝑺
Micrometer Reading: Reading = P+ mm
𝟏𝟎𝟎

Volume of Cube = s x s x s= s3 Volume of Cuboid = L x w x h

Volume of Cylinder = π r2 h = area of cross-section x height

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑲𝒈 𝒈
Density= ( 𝒐𝒓 )
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒎𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟑

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Average speed =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝒗−𝒖) 𝒚𝟐−𝒚𝟏

Acceleration= (m/sec2) Slope=
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒙𝟐−𝒙𝟏

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Distance-time graphs: Slope = = Speed
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆

𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
Speed-time graph: Slope = 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
= Acceleration …. Distance = Area Under the Graph

Newton’s Second Law: F= m x a

Weight (w) = Mass (m) x gravitational acceleration (g)

Springs: Force (F) = Spring Constant (K) x Extension (x)

Moment (M) = Force (F) x perpendicular distance from the force to the pivot (d)

Momentum (P) = Mass (m) x Velocity (v)

Total momentum of two bodies = p1+ p2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Change in Momentum or Impulse (Δp) = mv – mu = Foce (F) x Time (T)

Collisions: total “P” before collision (P1) = total “P” after collision (P2)

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Eng./ Hussein Khaled

 Gravitational Potential Energy: G.P.E= m x g x h
𝟏
Kinetic Energy: K.E. = x m x v2
𝟐

Work Done: WD= Force x Distance

𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲
Power = (J/s=Watt)
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞

𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
Efficiency = x100
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
Pressure = (N/m2) (Pascal)
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

Pressure in Liquids and gases (P) = ρ . g. h

Total pressure on a liquid = liquid pressure (P) + atmospheric pressure

Unit 2 “Heat and States of Matter”:

Boyle’s Law : P1 V1 = P2 V2 …. at constant Temperature

Heat Capacity: Q = m. c. ΔT or Q = C. ΔT Q=PxT

Unit 3 “Electricity”
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 (𝑸) 𝟏 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆 (𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚)
Current (I) = 1Volt =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝑻) 𝟏 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 (𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆)

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 (𝑬)
Volt (V) =
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 (𝑸)

𝑷𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 (𝑽) 𝑽

Resistance (ohms Ω) = or R =
𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝑨) 𝑰

𝝆. 𝑳
Resistance of a wire: R =
𝑨

Eng./ Hussein Khaled

Series Connections: The current is the same, while the volt of the battery is
divided among the components according to their resistance (the higher
resistance takes higher Volt).

Total Resistance in Series circuits: R1+R2+R3

Parallel Connections: All components take the whole EMF (Volt) of the battery,
while the current of the battery is divided among the components according to
their resistance (the higher resistance takes less current).

Total Resistance in parallel circuits:

𝑹𝟏 𝒙 𝑹𝟐 For any number of resistors:
If 2 Resistors only Rt =
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐

𝑅1 𝑉1 𝑅1 𝑉1
Potential divider equation: = or =
𝑅2 𝑉2 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐕𝟐
Power (Watt): P = I X V or P = 𝐈 𝟐 X R or P =
𝑹

Eng./ Hussein Khaled

Energy (joules) E = Power (Watt) x time (sec)

Units of Energy : J or KWh 1 KWh = 3600,000 (3.6 x106) J

Transformers:

Power Loss (P) = 𝐈 𝟐 X R

Unit 4 “Waves”:
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
Periodic Time (T) =
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔

𝟏 𝟏
Frequency (f) = & T=
𝑻 𝒇

Wave Equation:

Refractive Index:
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟏 𝝀 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟏 𝑺𝒊𝒏 Ɵ𝟏
n= = =
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟐 𝝀 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏 Ɵ𝟐

𝟏
For critical angle (c): angle in deep medium = 90° → n =
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝐂

Speed of sound in air = 300-340 m/sec

Speed of sound in liquids= 1200-1600 m/sec

Speed of sound in solids = 4000 - 6000 m/sec

Speed of light and all electromagnetic radiations in air or Vacuum = 3X𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/sec
𝟐𝒅
Echo: Speed = m/sec
𝑻

Eng./ Hussein Khaled

 Unit 6 “Space Physics”:

2𝜋r
𝑂𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡
Hubble’s law: the speed of recession of a galaxy

𝑯𝒐 = 2.2x10-18 per second

1
The age of the Universe: Time =
𝐻𝑜

Eng./ Hussein Khaled