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Vet. Med. 1st Lecture

The document explains sentence structure, focusing on clauses and phrases, which are essential components of sentences. It distinguishes between independent and dependent clauses, as well as simple, compound, and complex sentences, providing examples for each type. Additionally, it highlights the importance of conjunctions in linking clauses and the characteristics of sentence fragments.

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Rabee Atef
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3 views20 pages

Vet. Med. 1st Lecture

The document explains sentence structure, focusing on clauses and phrases, which are essential components of sentences. It distinguishes between independent and dependent clauses, as well as simple, compound, and complex sentences, providing examples for each type. Additionally, it highlights the importance of conjunctions in linking clauses and the characteristics of sentence fragments.

Uploaded by

Rabee Atef
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sentence Structure

Sentence Structure

Clauses & Phrases
Sentence Structure:
Clauses

Sentences are made up of clauses and phrases.

 Clauses:
A clause is a group of words which has: a subject, and a
verb.
 Examples:
• The lecture starts at 3 pm.
• Pollution causes cancer.
Clauses

There are two kinds of clauses: independent (or main)
clauses and dependent (or subordinate) clauses.
 Independent:
An independent clause expresses a complete thought and
can stand on its own as a sentence
 Example:
• Learning a new language is exciting.
• Reading is fun.
Clauses

 Dependent
A dependent clause does not express a complete
thought and needs to be joined to an independent
clause to become a sentence.
It usually begins with a word such as although, while,
because, who, which, if, etc.
 Example:
• Although learning a new language is often exciting
• While I was playing football
Phrases

A phrase is a group of words which does not have
either a subject, or a verb

 Examples:

• walks to work every day

• The reason behind their good design

• Sleeping all the day


Fragment

 If the sentence does not have an independent clause

it becomes a fragment.

 A SENTENCE FRAGMENT fails to be a sentence in

the sense that it cannot stand by itself.

 It does not contain even one independent clause.


Exercise
Is it a clause or a phrase?

o The bird fly high in the sky.

Independent clause

o While my mom cooks

Dependent clause

o The best dad in the world

Phrase
Exercise
Is it a clause or a phrase?

o Before I go to bed

Dependent clause

o Under the sea with the fish

Phrase

o He is sad.

Independent clause
Sentence Structure

Types of Sentences
Types of Sentences


Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences
Simple sentences

 A simple sentence has only one clause, which must
be an independent clause.

 The word “simple” does not necessarily mean


“easy”; simple sentences can also contain phrases, so
they are often long and complicated.

 However, they still have only one subject and one


verb.
Examples:

• She is happy.

• In the late 1990s, they moved from their village to the

city.

• He goes to work on time.

• I’m hungry.
Compound Sentences

 A compound sentence has two or more independent
clauses.
Independent clause + Independent clause
 They are joined together by conjunctions.
 Examples:
• The bus stopped, and we got out.
• I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf.
• Learning a language is difficult; however , it is worth
the effort.
Notice:

 Conjunctions are like linking words. They link
clauses together.

FANBOYS: ( for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

 Other linking words we use with compound


sentences: furthermore, however, therefore, in
contrast, similarly …
Examples:

• I fell off the bed, so my mom came to see me.

• I wanted to wake up early, but I couldn’t.

• He made the cake, and I decorated it.


Complex Sentences

 A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses.
Dependent Clause + Independent Clause OR Independent
Clause + Dependent Clause
 Example:
• Because she did not know the route well, she drove slowly.
OR
• She drove slowly because she did not know the route well.
Complex Sentences

 The independent (or main) clause contains the most
important idea, and the dependent clause adds extra
information.

 Words we use with complex sentences: although,


because, just as, whereas, unless, even though. They
are placed at the beginning of the dependent clause.
Examples:

• Although she ate an hour ago, she still feels hungry.

• Mom called when I was playing.

• I’m happy even though I don’t make much money.


The End

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