CHAPTER 4: COUNTING TECHNIQUES 9.

How many different 5-digit numbers can be

formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9?
Exercises 4.1

1. A food chain sells value meals of hamburgers

with a choice of the following items, soft drink,
10. How many seven-digit telephone numbers can
French fries, or sundae. Draw a tree diagram to find
be formed if the first three digits cannot be 800 and
all possible selections a costumer can make
the first digit cannot be 0?

2. Students are classified according to gender (male 11. License plates consist of three letters followed
or female), regular or irregular students, and field by three numbers. How many different license
of specialization (mathematics, physics, business, plates are possible if there is no repetition and
or languages). How many possible classifications a) the three-digit number must be even?
are there? =15600 × (5×9×8) = 15600 × 360 = 5616000
=2 × 2 × 4 = 16 b) the three-digit number must be greater than 500?
=15600 × (5×9×8) = 5616000
3. A coin is tossed. If it comes up head, a die is
c) the first digit in the three-digit number cannot be
rolled. If is comes up tail, it is tossed again, Find all
0?
the possible outcomes
=15600 × (9×9×8) = 15600 × 648 = 10160640
H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6,TH,TTH,TTT
In total, there are 9 possible outcomes. 12. There are eight routes from city A to city B and
12 routes from bity B in city C. How many routes
4. A woman just bought & blouses, 5 skirts, 4 pairs
are passible from city A to city C
of shoes, and 3 bags. All of these coordinates with
8 × 12 = 96
one another. If she is to select one blouse, one skirt,
a pair of shoes, and a bag to wear on a certain day, 13. How many arrangements are there of four
how many different selections are possible? letters that begin with one consonant, end with a
=8 × 5 × 4 × 3 = 480 different consonant and with two distinct vowel
letters in between?
5. A restaurant menu has five kinds of soups, ten
-Choices for the first consonant: 21
kinds of main courses, six kinds of desserts, and
-Choices for the second consonant: 20
eight kinds of drinks. If a customer selects one item
-Ways to choose and arrange the vowels:
from each category, how many different outcomes
10 × 2 = 20
are possible?
21 × 20 × 20 = 8400
5 × 10 × 6 × 8 = 2400
14. How many 5-letter words can be made from the
6. A slot machine has the 4 suits of cards on one
first 8 letters of the alphabet if consonants cannot
wheel, 6 fruits on another wheel, 12 months of the
be next to each other, vowels cannot be next to each
year on the third wheel, and 9 planets of the solar
other, and vowels cannot be repeated but
system on the fourth wheel. How many groups of
consonants can be?
four figures can occur?
Vowels: A, E (2 vowels)
=4 × 6 × 12 × 9 = 2592
Consonants: B, C, D, F, G, H (6 consonants)
7. If three coins are tossed, in how many ways can Total for V-C-V-C-V=2×36=72
they land? number of ways to choose consonants is
2 x 2 x 2 =8 6 × 6 × 6 = 2166
number of ways to arrange the vowels in these
8. If two dice are rolled, how many possible positions is 2! =2
outcomes are there? Total for C-V-C-V-C=216×2=432
6 × 6 = 36 Total Arrangements=72 + 432 = 504
15. A contractor has 4 styles of homes, each with 3 11. How many three-digit numbers can be formed
styles of carports, 4 styles of decks, and 5 styles of using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 without
roofing. How many possibilities are there? repetition?
4 × 3 × 4 × 5 = 240 9 × 8 × 7 = 504

16. How many numbers greater than 4000 can be 12. Find the number of distinct permutations of the
formed from the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 using each letters of the word COMMOTION.
digit no more than once in each number?
The number of ways to arrange these 3 digits is 3!:
The number of ways to arrange 3 of these digits is =90720
again 3!:
The number of ways to arrange 3 of these digits is 13. How many permutations are there of the letters
again 3!: in the word BALLOON if the first and the last
6 (rom case 1) + 6 (from case 2) + 6 (from case 3) letters must either be N or B?
= 18

17. How many numbers greater than 500 can be

formed from the digits 2, 3, 5, 8, and 9 using each
digit no more than once is each number?
12(from case 1) + 12(from case 2) + Total permutations=30+30=60
12(from case 3) = 36
14. It how many ways can you seat two children
18. Marcin has 8 pairs of pants and 10 pairs of and three adults in a row of five seats if the children
shorts. In how many ways can he choose what to are not to sit together?
wear for the day The total number of arrangements of 5 people (2
Total choices=Choices with pants+Choices with s children + 3 adults) is given by: 5! =120
horts=8+10=18 the total arrangements with children sitting
together is: 4!×2!=24×2=48!
19. Suppose a girl has 5 pairs of pants, 3 skirts and Arrangements with children not together=120−48
7 blouses. How many different outfits are possible? = 72
Total outfits=5 × 3 × 7 = 105
15. Find in how many ways can two admirals, three
20. Suppose three coins are tossed, generals, and four lieutenants can he seated in a
a) how many possible outcomes are there? row of nine seats if
2x2x2=8 a) the admirals sit at each end.
b) how many times will you get at land 4 heads? 2!×7!=2×5040=10080
0
b) a general sits at each end and the lieutenants in
consecutive seats.
Exercise 4.2 Total=6×3!×4!=6×6×24=864

9. A group of 14 must select a president, a vice- 16. A picture is to be taken by lining up 4 of the 11
president, a treasurer, and a secretary How many players of a soccer team on the left, then 3 of the 9
ways can this be done? players of a baseball team in the center, and finally
4 × 13 × 12 × 11 = 24024 2 of 5 players from a basketball team on the right.
How many ways can this arrangement be done?
10. How many arrangements are there if 8 playing
cards are drawn from a deck of 52 cards?

= 30274762612000
 8. Ten points lie in a plane, no three of which are
collinear.
a) How many lines can be drawn using these points?
7920 × 504 × 20 = 79833600

17. A baseball team has 16 players.

a) How many different batting orders of 9 players
b) How many triangles can be drawn using the
can be formed from the players of the team?
vertices chosen from these points?

= 4151347200
b) Suppose that the team has three star players;
Ryan, glen and Manny, and that they most hat first, 9. A MSA Academy Inc., a four-person committee
second and third, respectively How many different is chosen from 15 teachers and principal. In how
batting orders are there for the team? many ways can the committee be formed if
a) the principal must be in the committee?
= 1235520
18. Seven boys and seven girls went to watch a
movie. How many ways can they be seated if: b) any four will be chosen from the group?
a) the boys are to sit together and so with the girls?
Total=2! × 7! × 7! = 2 × 5040 × 5040 = 50803200
b) the boys and the girls are to sit alternately? c) the committee consists of teachers only?
2 × (7!×7!) = 50803200
c) Grace and Joey are members of the group and
want to sit together all the time?
13! × 2! = 12454041600 10. From a list of 40 teachers, 5 aru to be promoted
to subject arca coordinator. In how many ways can
19. ln how many ways can you sit 8 people on a this be done?
round table
a) if there are no restrictions?
(n−1)! = (8−1)! = 7! = 5040
= 657727
b) if two particular persons want to sit next to each
other? 11. A chef can prepare 20 different dinners. in how
6! × 2! = 720 × 2 = 1440 many ways can he select 6 of them for today's menu?
20. Crisha has 5 different colored beads including
purple and pink. In how many ways can she arrange
= 38760
the bends in a string
a) if there are no restrictions? 12. A catering service offers 8 appetizers, 10 main
b) so that the purple and pink beads are adjacent to courses, and 7 desserts. A banquet committee is to
each other? select appetizers, 4 main courses, and 2 desserts.
4! × 2! = 24 × 2 = 48 How many ways can this be done?

Exercises 4.3

7. In how many ways can a committee of three be

formed from a group of 10 members?

= 120
 16. How many 4-person committees are possible
from a group of 10 people including Francis and
Jojo if:
a) there are no restrictions?

Total Ways=8 × 210 × 21 = 35280

13. One serving of banana split contains three b) both Francis and Jojo must be in the committee?
scoops of different flavors of ice cream, 3 different
syrups, 2 different types of nuts, and with or
without whipped cream. How many different ways
c) either Francis or Jajo (but not both) must be in
can a banana split be made if there are 12 ice cream
the committee?
flavors, 8 syrups, and 4 types of nuts to choose
from?

56 + 56 = 112

17. A warehouse receives a shipment of 20

computers, of which five are defective Eight
computers are then randomly selected and then
delivered in a store,
a) In how many ways can the store receive no
defective computer?
220 × 56 ×6 × 2 = 147840

14. A man is to walk from A to B along any of the

paths shown. If he walks north or east, how many
b) in how many ways can the store receives three
different routes can he take?
defective computers?
15. Suppose 6 female and 5 male applicants have
been successfully screened for 5 positions in how
many ways can the following compositions be
selected?
a) 5 people regardless of sex 10 × 3003 = 30030
c) Is how many ways can the store receive all five
defective computers?

b) 3 females and 2 males

c) at least 3 females
18. Find the number of different poker hands that
200+ 75 + 6= 281
contain exactly 3 kings, while the other remaining
d) 4 females and i male
2 cards do not form a pair

e) 5 females
19. Find the number of full houses in a poker hand, CHAPTER 5: PROBABILITY
that is, the number of poker hands with 3 of a kind
Exercises 5.1
and 2 of kind.
Total Full Houses=(Choices for 3 of a Kind)×(Sui 1. A card is selected at random from an ordinary
ts for 3 of a Kind)×(Choices for Pair)×(Suits for P deck of playing cards. Find the probability that the
air) card is
Total Full Houses=13 × 4 × 12 × 6 = 3744 a) heart.
20. A 5-card hand is dealt from a standard 52-card
deck. b) is black.
a) How many such hands are possible?

c) 4 or an 8.
b) How many hands contain both a queen and a
king? d) a red queen.
4 × 4 × 19,600 = 313,600
d) How many hands contain only red cards?

2. A coin is tossed four times

a) List all the possible outcomes
c) How many hands contain 3 face cards and an 8? HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTHT,
220 × 4 = 880 HTTH, HTTT, THHH, THHT, THTT, TTHH,
TTHT, TTTH, TTTT So, there are a total of 16
outcomes.
b) Find the probability that no tail turns up.

c) Find the probability that exactly one bead turns

up.

d) Find the probability that at least 3 tails turn up.

3. A large box contains 365 tickets, one for each

day of an ordinary year. Suppose one ticket is
selected at random.
a) Find the probability that the selected day is in
December.

b) Find the probability that the selected day is your

birthday (If you were born February 29 on a leap
year, the probability is 0 since there is no ticket for
your birthday.)
1 (march 10)
4) A box contains five red, two white, and three 7. A couple plans to have three children. Find the
green balls. If a ball is selected at random. find the probability that they will have
probability that it is a) all girls
a) red

b) exactly two boys or two girls.

b) green

c) all boys or all girls.

c) not red.

d) at least one child of each gender.

d) black

8. In a poker game, a player is given five cards.

e) white Find the probability that the player will get

A) 4 red and 1 black

5. A box contains 5 tickets numbered I through 5.
A ticket is selected at random from the box and a
die is rolled.
a) List the elements of the sample space.
The sample space is:
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6) (2, 1), (2, 2), =14950 × 26 = 388700
(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6) (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4),
(3, 5), (3, 6) (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6) There are a
b) 3 hearts and 2 diamonds.
total of 5×6=30 outcomes in the sample space.
b) What the probability that the sum of the numbers
is even?
Total even + even = 2 × 3 = 6 outcomes
Total odd + odd = 3×3=9 outcomes =286 × 78 = 22308

c) What is the probability that the number on the c) 2 queens, 2 aces, and 1 king
ticket is the same as the number on the die

Total combinations = 6 × 6 × 4 = 144

6. If there are 50 tickets sold for a raffle and a

person buys eight tickets, find the probability of
that person winning the prize 9. A six-digit number is formed at random from the
digits one through seven inclusive. No digit
appears more than unce in sath number. Find the
probability that the number will be

a) odd.
Total odd numbers = 4 × 5! = 4 × 120 = 480 12. Suppose Kristin buys 10 tickets out of 150
which will award 5 prizes on the basis of a random
drawing. What are the chances that Kristin will win

b) divisible by 3
Total divisible by 5 = 1 × 5! = 1 × 120 = 120
a) no prize?

c) even
Total even numbers= 3 × 5! = 3 × 120 = 360

b) exactly 3 prizes?
d) greater than 400 000
Total greater than 400,000 = 4×6! = 4×720 = 2880

10. Twelve books are placed on a shelf. Four of

these are Mathematics books. find the probability c) all the 5 prizes?
that the four Mathematics books are together.
Total Arrangements: 12! = 479001600
Treat the Four Mathematics Books as a Single Unit:
9! = 362880
Arrangements of 4 books: 4! = 24
d) at least one prize?
9! × 4! = 362880 × 24 = 8709120
P(at least one prize) = 1 – P(no prize) ≈ 1 − 0.083
= 0.917

13. What is the probability that the birthday of a

person chosen at random will fall
a) in May?
11. In a group of 8 people, what is the probability
that at least 2 persons have the same birthday (the
same month and day, excluding February 29),
b) between September 18 and November 8,
Probability that No Two People Share a Birthday:
inclusive?
365×364×363×362×361×360×359×358

14. Four men and three women are to be seated in

a seven-chair row. Find the probability for each
arrangement if
Total Arrangements: 7! = 5040
a) the women will sit together.
5! × 3! = 120 × 6 = 720 13×4×12×6=3744

b) a man will sit in the first sent. c) a regular lush (3 cards of the same suit, not all in
4 × 6! = 4 × 720 = 2880 sequence).
4×275×741=815220

c) the men and women will sit alternately.

4! × 3! = 24 × 6 = 144 d) a pair (2 cards of one denomination and 3 singles
of other denomination).
13×6×220×64=1,098,240

d) the men will sit together.

5! × 4! = 120 × 24 = 2880

17. In a certain city, 55% of the families own only

one car and 20% own exactly two can. One family
15. Eight of the 40 newly built cars are selected at is selected at random. Find the probability that the
random to be checked for steering defects. Suppose family selected has
10 of the 40 cars have such defects. a) one or two cars.
a) Find the probability that none of the selected cars
have steering defect.
b) no car or owns more than two cars.

b) Find the probability that at least one of the

selected cars have steering defect.

18. Thirty tickets numbered 1 to 30 are in a box.

Two tickets are drawn together. Find the
c) Find the probability that all & of the selected cars
probability that the
have steering defect.
Total possible outcomes:

a) sum of the two numbers is odd.

16. Suppose that you are given 5 cards from a well- 15×15=225
shuffled deck. Find the probability of getting b) product of the two numbers is even

a) a straight flush (5 cards in sequence, all of the 19. Three letters are chosen at random from the
same suit). word "DRAWING." What is the probability of
total number of straight flushes is: 10 × 4 = 40 choosing at least one vowel?
Total letters and combinations:

b) a full house (3 cards of one denomination, and 2

of another).
 b) drawing a club or a 6

4. A number is selected from (1, 2, 3…., 11, 12).

Find the probability of each event.
a) the number drawn is even

20. Two cards are chosen from a standard deck.

What is the probability of choosing
b) the number drawn is divisible by three

a) no hearts?
c) the number drawn is divisible by six

d) the number drawn is even or divisible by three

b) at least one heart?

Exercises 5.2
5. Five cards are dealt from a well-shuffled deck.
2. The probability of a student owning a cellphone Total Outcomes:
is 0.43, of owning an MP3 player is 0.38, and ol
owning both is 0.28, If a student is selected at
random, find the probability that he or she owes a a) Find the probability that all are face cards.
cellphone or an MP3 player.

b) Find the probability that 3 are face cards and 2

are eights.

3. A single card is drawn from a deck. Find the

probability of each of the following: c) Find the probability that all are face cards or all
a) drawing a black card or an ace are red cards.

d) Find the probability that none is a face card,

6) Brian feels that the probability of his striking out 8. For suburban married couples, the probabilities
the first batter in a baseball game is the 2/5, the that the husband, wife, or both will watch a certain
probability of striking out the second batter is ½, TV program are 0.18, 0.23, and 0.14 respectively.
and the probability of striking out both is 1/5 Find the probability that at least one of them
Assuming that these probabilities are correct, find watches the program.
the probability that Brian will strike out at least one P(H∪W) = P(H) + P(W) − P(H∩W)
batter. P(H∪W) = 0.18 + 0.23 − 0.14
P(H∪W) = 0.18 + 0.23 = 0.41
P(H∪W) = 0.41 − 0.14 = 0.27

9. In a Statistics class, there are 18 juniors and 10

seniors; 6 of the seniors are females and 12 of the
juniors are males. If a student is selected at random,
find the probability of selecting the following:
a) a junior
7. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability of
getting the following.
6 × 6 = 36 possible outcomes b) a senior
a) a sum of 6 or 7 or 8
(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1) → 5 outcomes
(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1) → 6
outcomes c) a male
(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2) → 5 outcomes
5(sum of 6) + 6(sum of 7) + 5(sum of 8) =
16outcomes d) a female

e) junior or a female
b) doubles or a sum of 4 or 6
P(junior or female) = P(junior) + P(female) −
(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6) → 6
P(junior and female)
outcomes
(1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1) → 3 outcomes
(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1) → 5 outcomes
f) a senior or a female
6(doubles) + 3(sum of 4) + 5(sum of 6) −
P(senior or female) = P(senior) + P(female) −
1(double counted) = 13outcomes
P(senior and female)

c) a sum greater than 9 or less than 4

g) a junior or a senior
Sums of 10: (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4) → 3 outcomes
P(junior or senior) = 1
Sums of 11: (5, 6), (6, 5) → 2 outcomes
h) a senior or a male
Sum of 12: (6, 6) → 1 outcome P(senior or male) = P(senior) + P(male) −
Total = 3+2+1=63 + 2 + 1 = 63+2+1=6 outcomes
P(senior and male)
Sums of 2: (1, 1) → 1 outcome
Sum of 3: (1, 2), (2, 1) → 2 outcomes
Total = 1+2=31 + 2 = 31+2=3 outcomes
6(sum greater than 9) + 3(sum less than 4) = 11. If one card is drawn from an ordinary deck of
9outcomes cards, find the probability of getting the following:
a) a king or queen or jack
b) s club or a heart or a spade

c) a king, a queen or a diamond

d) an ace or a diamond

e) a 9 or a 10 or a spade or a club

15. One card is drawn from a deck. Find the

probability of each indicated event
a) an ace, a king, or a queen

b) a heart or a 10

c) a red card

d) an ace, a king, & queen or a red card.