CHAPTER-5

SMART TECHNOLOGIES

5.0 Introduction

5.1 An Overview of Internet of Things (IoT)

5.2 Definitions of Internet of Things (IoT)

5.3 How Does IoT Works?

5.4 Key Features of IoT

5.5 Components of IoT

5.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of The IoT.

5.7 IoT Applications.

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, 'smart technology' is an emerging thrust area

everywhere in the world.
The word 'smart' refers to 'self-monitoring, analysis and
reporting technology.

Smart technology has become an extremely popular term,

and it allows the static (or) rigid objects or devices, such
as doors, refrigerators and washing machines can now
easily communicate with us through smart technology
applications.

Smart technology connects objects that are remotely

monitored and controlled through Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or
any other means of connectivity.

Thus, smart technology, uses artificial intelligence,

machine learning, and data analysis to transform objects
from static objects into dynamic (smart) objects.

Some examples of smart technology appliances are

Smart security cameras,
Smart phones,
Smart air-conditioning,
Smart lighting,
Smart refrigerators, etc.,

5.1 AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept of the

internet.
The term 'Internet of Things (IoT)' was used for the first
time by Kevin Ashton in 1999.

The IoT is the concept of connecting any device to the

internet and other connected devices.
The IoT is a considerable network of connected things and
people which collects and shares data about the
surrounding environment.

Connecting everyday usage of things with electronic

devices, software, and sensors to the internet enables us
to collect and exchange data without human interaction,
called the 'Internet of Things."

The Internet of Things is an advanced automation system

that deals with artificial intelligence, sensors, networking,
electronic devices, cloud messaging, etc., to deliver complete
systems for products or services.

The system created by IoT has greater transparency,

control, and performance.
The process is in three different steps, i.e.,
Collection and transfer of data,
Analyzing of the data and
The action taken.

IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for

participatory sensing, networking, and robotics.
A network of devices that make use of sensors, chips,
software, online connectivity, analytics and applications to
bring static physical objects to dynamic or smart objects.

Thus, the Internet of Things (IoT) can be described as a

'network of physical objects or people called things that
are embedded with software, electronic networks, and
sensors which allow these objects to collect and
exchange data.'

5.2 DEFINITIONS OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

1. According to Kevin Ashton, the internet of things defines

"the system of physical objects in the world that
connects to the internet via a sensor."
2. Forbes defined it as "a giant network of connected
things (which also includes people) -between people-
people, people-things, and things-things."

Thus, the Internet of things (IoT) is a system of interrelated

computing devices, mechanical and digital machines that
are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to
transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-
human or human- to-computer interaction.

5.3 HOW DOES IOT WORKS?

An internet of things (IoT) system consists of four different

components, namely
Sensors,
Connectivity,
Data processing, and
User interface.

IoT aims to take another level by connecting multiple

devices at a time to the internet, thereby facilitating
man-to-machine and machine-to-machine interactions.
The entire working process of IoT starts with the devices
themselves, such as
Smartphones,
Digital watches,
Electronic appliances like TV, air conditioners, washing
machines, etc. Which securely communicate with the loT
platform.

The platforms collect and analyse the data from all

multiple devices and platforms and transfer the most
valuable data with applications to devices.

Fig. 5.1 illustrates the scenario of lot and how it works.

 INTERNET DEVICES

FIG 5.1: How IoT Works

5.4 KEY FEATURES OF IOT

A brief review of the features has been given below:

1. Connectivity:
Connectivity refers to establishing a proper connection
between all the things to the IoT platform;
It may be a server or cloud which provides reliable, secured
communication.

IoT devices can be connected over

radio waves,
Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi, and
Li-Fi, (Light Fidelity) etc.,
Establishing various protocols of internet connectivity layers
to maximize efficiency and establish generic
connectivity across IoT ecosystems and Industry.

2. Analysing:
After connecting all the relevant devices, it comes to real-
time analyzing of the data collected and using it to build
effective business intelligence.

3. Integrating:
IoT integrates the various models to improve the user
experience internationally

4. Artificial Intelligence (AI):

Artificial Intelligence makes things smart and enhances life
through the use of data.
It enhances every aspect of life with data collection, artificial
Intelligence, algorithms, networks, etc.

5. Sensing:
The sensor is the most important part of an IoT network.
It detects or measures the required environmental changes
to generate the data.
It brings passive networks to active networks capable of
real-world integration by using RFID, light sensors, GPS,
etc., to gather data on a particular problem.

Without sensors and other devices, there could not be an

effective and efficient IoT environment.

6. Security/Safety:
Security is one of the important aspects of IoT. IoT devices
are prone to cyber-attacks and other cyber security-
related issues.
There is a high level of transparency and privacy issues with
IoT.
It is important to secure the end objects, the networks,
and the data that are transferred over the network.
7. Active Engagement:
IoT makes a connected technology, product, or service for
active engagement with each other.
IoT introduces a new platform for active content, product,
or service engagement.

8. Endpoint Management:
IoT must create utility for its users.
So, there must be a need for endpoint management.
Otherwise, it causes a complete failure of the system.

5.5 COMPONENTS OF IOT

The IoT components have been broadly divided into three

types:

1. IoT-Hardware,

2. IoT-Software, and

3. IoT-Technology and protocols.

1. IoT-Hardware:
The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a
Remote dashboard,
Servers,
Devices for control,
Routing or bridge device,
Sensors etc.
The set of devices that will respond and have the ability to
capture data and follow the instructions can be
considered IoT hardware.

These devices not only collect the data but also respond
to instructions based on the processed data.
The main hardware devices/components used in IoT are as
follows:

(a) Sensors:
Sensors are very useful and important for devices to fetch
data.
The most commonly used sensors in IoT devices are
Temperature sensors,
Pressure sensors,
Proximity sensors,
Optical sensors,
Gas sensors,
Smoke sensors, etc. In addition, it has four modules, such
as energy modules, power management modules,
sensing modules, and radio frequency modules.

(b) Chips:
An IoT chip is a small electronic device embedded in
objects, machines, and electronic devices.
It connects to wireless networks and sends and receives
data.
It consists of all the electrical and electronic appliances
such as
Microprocessors,
Microcontrollers,
Integrated circuits,
Radio frequency systems, etc

(c) Actuators:
An actuator operates in the reverse direction of a sensor.
It takes an electrical input and turns it into physical
action.
These are provided with a motion for the collection of data
to fetch details based on movements.

(d) Standard Devices:

Standard devices consist of generally used devices such as
Desktops,
Laptops,
Tablets,
Smartphones,
Routers,
Switches, etc.
Each of these devices has its own set of settings that allow
them to collect data.

2. loT-Software:
IoT software highlighted its key areas of networking and the
set of programs that help to get the activities done like the
data collection, processing, storage, and evaluating
instructions based on the processed data from the lot
software.
Operating systems, applications software, firmware, and
middleware are some examples of this category

Various software applications are as follows:

(a) Data Collection:

Data collection can be performed from various sources. It
uses certain protocols to aid sensors in connecting with
real-time, machine-to-machine networks.

It involves the core of the data collection aspects, ranging

from sending the data, filtering it, measuring it,
aggregating it, and, in the end, managing the security of
the collected data, then it is distributed over devices.

Then the system eventually transmits all the collected data

to a central server.

(b) Device Integration:

Device integration ensures that all components within the
IoT system are well integrated. It manages the various
applications, protocols, and limitations of each device has to
be handled properly to allow proper communication.
(c) Real-time Analytics:
Under Real-Time analysis, they collect the data and the
processing is done over this data.
There can be automated tasks that could run and analyse
this data for specific patterns for human analysis.

(d) Application and Process Extension:

These are more like enhancers over the existing
infrastructure for data collection and extend the reach of
existing systems and software to allow a wider, more
effective system.
This ensures that the data collection process can be drawn
to the attention to get the most out of it, from all
possible sources.
It supports improved productivity and more accurate
data collection.

3. IoT Technology and Protocols:

Technology and Protocols play an important role in IoT.
IoT focuses on standard protocols and networking
technologies.
The major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are
NFC, RFID, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy wireless,
radio protocols, LTE-advanced, and Wi-Fi direct.

These technologies support the specific networking

functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to a
standard uniform network of common systems.

The major technologies and protocols of IoT are:

(a) NFC and RFID:

Near-field Communication (NFC) and

Radio-frequency Identification Devices (RFID) are simple,
low-energy and flexible options for
Identity,
Access tokens,
Payments, etc.
(i) NFC:
It consists of electronic protocols for electronic devices,
specifically mobile devices and standard devices.

(ii) RFID:
This technology employs a 2-way radio transmitter and
receiver to identify and track associated tags of an object.

Radiofrequency (RF) modules manage communications

through their signal processing, Wi-Fi, radio transceiver,
Bluetooth etc.

(b) Low-Energy Wireless:

This technology substitutes the most high-power aspects of
an IoT.
Wireless links must remain in working mode, even though
sensors can power down over long periods.

Low-energy wireless not only reduces consumption but

also extends the life of the devices through less use.

(C) Low-Energy Bluetooth:

This technology supports the low-power needs of IoT.
It even supports standard technology with native support
across systems.

(d) LTE Advanced:

Long-term Evolution Technology-Advanced (LTE-A)
delivers and upgrades LTE technology.

It enhances coverage by reducing the delay between user

action and a web application's response to that action.

It powers IoT by expanding the range through the

Unmanned Ariel Vehicle (UAV) and other communication
applications.
(e) Radio Protocols:
Radio Protocols create private area networks, namely Z-
Wave, ZigBee, Thread, etc.

They enhance the power of local device networks without

investing high costs.

(f) WiFi-Direct:
WiFi-Direct works irrespective of the access point.
It allows peer- to-peer (P2P) connections and goes full-
fledged with the speed and pass through, but with
minimal delay.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE IOT

Advantages of the IoT

The key benefits of IoT technology are as follows:

1. Technical Optimization:
IoT creates the optimum utilization of technology.
It helps a lot in improving technologies and improving
their utilization.

2. Save Time:
Time is the primary factor which can be saved through an
IoT platform.
As it reduces human effort, then it saves time.

3. Reduced Waste:
IoT offers real-time useful information leading to effective
decision- making and management of resources, thereby
reducing wastage.

4. Improved Data Collection:

Traditional data collection has its limitations.
IoT facilitates immediate action on data for the required
activities.
5. Minimize Human Effort:
As the devices of Iot interact and communicate with each
other and do many tasks for us, then they minimize
human effort.

6. Improved Customer Engagement:

IoT allows to improve customer experience by detecting
problems and improving the process.

7. Efficient Resource Utilization:

One should know each device and its functionality, which
increases efficient resource utilization as well as
monitors natural resources.

8. Enhanced Data Collection:

It provides the data with an accuracy which is useful for
several purposes.

9. Improved Security:
All things are interconnected with improved security, and
then we can make the system more secure and efficient.

10. Safety, Comfort, Efficiency:

IoT provides safety, comfort, and efficiency through its
devices for the human community to a large extent.

11. Better Decision-making:

IoT creates the opportunity to make better decision-making
at the right time through its reliable data.

Disadvantages of the loT

1. Security:
IoT has many security issues.
As IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over
networks.
However, during this process, the system offers control
despite any security measures, and it can lead to various
kinds of network security- related problems or cyber-
attacks.

2. Privacy:
Privacy is the most important aspect of IoT.
IoT creates lots of privacy issues. Even without the active
participation of the user, the IoT system exposes
substantial personal data in detail.

3. Complexity in Nature:
The developing, maintaining and enabling the sophisticated
technology for the IoT system is quite complicated to
resolve issues.

4. Flexibility:
There is a Lot of flexibility in IoT.
It is mainly regarding integrating with another system, as
there are many diverse systems involved in the process,
which leads to several complications.

5. Compliance:
The IoT has its own set of rules and regulations. However,
because of its complexity, the task of compliance is quite
challenging.

6. Complexity of Data:
Analyzing the data is more complicated due to the data
collected by various devices being more complex. Moreover,
its maintenance and expansion are also a difficult tasks.
5.7 IOT APPLICATIONS

IoT applications are generally based on gathered data from

various devices and sensors.
The data is accessible by the users to have an insight into
all the devices and their respective data. With the gathered
information, the user can utilize the data and act
accordingly.
The loT applications are mainly concentrating on societal
needs with enabling technologies, such as scientific,
economic, technical, social, and institutional issues.

The following are some applications of IoT:

1. Smart cities.

2. Smart energy and smart grid.

3. Smart transportation and mobility.

4. Smart homes, smart buildings and infrastructure.

5. Smart factory and smart manufacturing.

6. Smart health.

7. Food security and water tracking.

8. Social networks.

9. Participatory sensing.

5.7.1 Smart Cities

There is no commonly accepted definition of a smart city.

The concept of a smart city varies from country to
country, depending on the
Local conditions,
Expected level of development, and
Willingness to change the attitudes of the city residents.

With the evolution of smart cities with their smart features,

the government has to play a crucial role in its
development.

In general, a smart city is an urban area that uses

technology to provide services and solve the city's
problems.

The running of day-to-day city operations and the

creation of city development strategies will drive the use
of the IoT. Smart cities use a combination of
The internet of things (IoT) devices,
Software solutions, and
User interfaces (UI) and
Communication networks.

Information and communication technologies (ICT) use

different types of electronic devices, the internet of things,
and sensors to collect data.
It helps in using the gathered data to manage assets,
resources, and services efficiently, and in return, use that
data to better improve the operations across the city.

The application of ICT, which includes

Dashboards,
Artificial intelligence (Al),
Cloud computing,
Machine learning (ML),
Machine-to-machine (M2M),
Mesh network,
Application programming interfaces (APIs) to increase
operational efficiency, share information with the public and
improve the qualitative services of the government towards
the welfare of the citizens.

An illustration of a model smart city is shown in Fig.5.2.

 SMART CITY
Smart Energy/Grid
Internet of things
Smart Data & Repository
Smart Retail
Smart Education
Smart Mobility
Smart Home
Smart Health
Smart Agriculture
Smart Government
Applications of the IoT in Smart Cities include:

1. Smart mobility and parking.

2. City lighting applications.

3. Efficient water supply.

4. Smart traffic management.

5. City surveillance with security cameras.

6. Reliable public transportation systems.

7. Smart mobility.

8. Smart energy and smart grid.

9. Smart home.

10. Smart health.

11. City transit applications.

12. Smart government.

13. Smart retail.

14. Smart education.

15. Smart libraries.

16. Smart data and repository.

17. Environmental and effective wastewater management

applications.

18. Sound pollution monitoring in busy traffic areas on a

real-time basis.
5.7.2 Smart Energy and the Smart Grid

1. Smart Energy:
It is observed that there are considerable variations
between energy supply and demand. Our future energy
supply should no longer be based on fossil resources like
Coal,
Gas,
Oil, etc., As a consequence, future energy supply needs to
be based on various renewable energy resources, like
Wind power,
Tidal power,
Hydropower,
Solar power, etc.

To meet the present and future energy demands, some

advanced systematic strategies should be adopted to cater
to the energy needs of the consumers. Due to the dynamic
nature of energy, supply requires an intelligent, efficient
and flexible electrical grid.

Smart energy provides an innovative concept for proper

utilization of energy at all levels. It is defined as a network
infrastructure based on standard communication
transceivers, gateways, and protocols which allow a real-
time balance between the generation and storage
capability with the energy demand.

The Internet of Energy (IoE), provides for power

distribution, energy storage, grid monitoring and
communication in all areas.
It allows units of energy to be transferred where it is needed.
Power consumption monitoring will be performed at all
levels with smart meters. Smart meters, provide
information to the users about energy consumption and
also allow them to identify energy wastage and optimize
individual energy consumption.
Applications of the IoT for Energy in several areas are as
follows:

1. Distributed energy resources.

2. Distributed grid management.

3. Energy transmission, energy efficiency, energy storage.

4. Wide area network for monitoring and optimization of

performance and preventing energy-related problems.

2. Smart Grid:
The electrical grid refers to the
Network of transmission lines,
Sub-stations,
Transformers, etc., that delivers electricity from the power
plant to industries, homes, businesses, etc.

The grid can efficiently react to power fluctuations by

controlling its electrical energy sources, such as
Generation,
Load, and
Storage, by a suitable reconfiguration.
All these functions will be based on networked intelligent
devices.

The smart grid is proposed to resolves the various issues of

the electricity grid. The smart grid is a communication
network which monitors the electrical grid to gather and
analyse data from different components of a power grid to
predict power supply and demand, which can be used for
effective power management

The smart grid is expected to route the energy produced

from both concentrated and distributed plants to the final
user with high security and quality of supply standards.
The smart grid receives the power from various forms of
power generative plants such as
Thermal,
Wind,
Solar,
Nuclear and
Tidal power and
The same power is to be transmitted to various users,
namely,
Smart homes,
Smart offices,
Electrical cars,
Electrical trains,
Smart factories, etc.
An illustration of a smart grid is shown in Fig.5.3.

FIG 5.3: Smart Grid

5.7.3 Smart Transportation and Mobility

The internet of things (IoT) has brought revolutionary

changes in the field of the transportation industry.
The application of the IoT in smart transportation and
mobility is providing several technology solutions for
transportation systems to more efficiently and improve
performance.
Connecting vehicles to the internet equipped with suitable
embedded devices and sensors will certainly make
transportation and mobility much easier and safer.

For this purpose, data collected from various sensors of the

vehicle by a smart dashboard unit will communicate
through the internet to the service centre.

Smart transportation systems will automate the

Roadways,
Railways,
Airways, etc.,

Smart transportation includes the use of several

technologies, such as
Traffic signal control systems,
Navigation,
Container management systems,
Automatic number plate recognition or
Speed cameras to monitor the speed of vehicles, and
Many advanced applications that integrate live data and
feedback from several other sources.

The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) will help the

optimum movement of people and goods,
public safety, and the environment.

An illustration of smart transportation and mobility is

shown in Fig. 5.4.
 FIG 5.4: Smart Transportation and Mobility

The following applications of IoT for smart transportation

and mobility are listed below.

1. Provide real-time traffic situations and weather

reports from time to time.

2. Improve freight tracking, inspection, safety, and

efficiency.

3. It makes sure that public transportation is more

reliable and convenient.

4. Observe and respond promptly to traffic incidents.

5. Redirect traffic, responding to road conditions or

weather emergencies.
6. Alert drivers of potentially hazardous situations from
time to time.

7. Guide an empty parking space by an indication.

8. Indicate speed limits and signal timing based on real-

time conditions.

9. Make use of a navigation system in real-time conditions.

10. Alert drivers to manage their fuel consumption of the

vehicles.

5.7.4 Smart Home, Smart Buildings and

Infrastructure

1. Smart Home:
A smart home consists of various recent technologies
through home networking for improving the quality of
living.

IoT -based smart home is emerging as an important area to

Improve living standards,
Security, and safety,
Safe energy and resources.

In recent times, the increasing usage of the internet in

home automation has primarily come with the networked
nature of electronic appliances due to the increasing rate
of adoption of various computing devices, like
Smartphones,
Tablets,
Laptops, etc.

Several organizations are working to equip homes with

technology that enables the occupants to use a single
device to control all electronic devices and appliances.
A smart home is a place that has highly advanced
automatic systems for controlling and monitoring
various home related devices such as

Lighting and temperature,

Home appliances like
Smart television,
Smart locks,
Smart air conditioners,
Smoke detectors,
Multimedia equipment,
Security cameras, etc.

An illustration of a smart home is shown in Fig. 5.5.

FIG 5.5: Smart Home

Applications of the IoT in smart home:

(i) Smart Home Security:

The main function of a smart home security application is
to monitor suspected activity in a smart home and alert
users and take necessary actions for security purposes.
It is used for alerting the user through email and text
messages.

(ii) Smart Home Appliances:

Smart appliances such as
Washing machines,
Air conditioners,
Water heaters,
Televisions, etc. are mainly used for scheduling tasks at a
predefined time and runtime integration between
appliances. Smart appliances save energy and time.

(iii) Smart Lighting:

Smart lighting is used for energy saving. Saving energy also
helps in reducing costs.
Smart lighting can be implemented with solid state
lighting or IP-enabled lights (through internet or wireless),
etc.

(iv) Smoke (or) Gas Detection: This application is used for

sensing the smart home environment for healthy living.
This application is also used for optical detection,
Ionization, and air sampling techniques.
It is capable of raising alerts to nearby fire stations in case
of fire and smoke and users via email/SMS and also
informing them about health risks.

(v) Smart Lawn and Garden Maintenance:

IoT can monitor plants, and make insights and
suggestions, through a combination of horticultural
sensors and data analytic spaired with relevant automated
machines.

(vi)Smart Kitchen:
IoT adds various sensors and connectivity to kitchen
devices, increasing the communication both between
kitchen devices and the user; to
Save time,
Increase cooking skills,
Improve the user's health,
Decrease food waste, etc.

2. Smart Buildings and Infrastructure:

The internet of things (IoT) has brought revolutionary
changes in the field of the building construction industry.

Many companies are considering building infrastructure

that integrates building automation with
Entertainment,
Healthcare monitoring,
Energy monitoring and
Wireless sensor monitoring in the home and building
environments.

Intelligent Building Management Systems (IBMS) can be

considered as a part of an information system. This
system is used by facilities managers in buildings to
manage energy use and energy procurement and for
proper maintenance of buildings systems.

It is based on the infrastructure of the existing Internet and

the Intranet and therefore utilizes the same standards as
other IT devices,

Applications of the IoT in buildings and infrastructures:

(i) Water management.

(ii) Lighting systems.

(iii) Building security and its access control with security

surveillance cameras.

(iv)Building safety and its fire (or) smoke detection and

alarm.
(v) Energy efficiency.

(vi)Energy information management.

(vii) Air quality control.

(viii) Predictive maintenance of building.

5.7.5 Smart Factory and Smart Manufacturing

1. Smart Factory:
IoT plays a vital role in transforming a traditional factory
to a modern or sophisticated factory for which, IoT
components are essential to creating a smart factory.

IoT devices such as cameras for machine vision and sensors

are needed throughout a manufacturing process to check
the
Status,
Gather data,
Analyse it and
Use insights to optimize operations.

In addition to the data collecting devices, the

manufacturing software compiles its data and allows users
to monitor and control all aspects of automated
production.

Incorporating system-wide physical, operational and human

assets enables factories to effectively manage the entire
production process through interconnected equipment,
operations and facilities, which results in increased
production efficiency.

An illustration of a smart factory is shown in Fig.5.6.

 Fig. 5.6: Smart Factorys

Applications of the IoT in smart factories:

(i) Data Management:

It securely collects and stores independent data from the
equipment, processes, and people at the appropriate time.

(ii) Monitoring and Control:

It displays real-time operational data in a customizable
interface, allowing for efficient control over processes
locally and remotely

(iii) Better Decision-making:

It allows you to analyse data across equipment and
facilities in one simple platform and can make more
informed and reliable business decisions at the right
time.

(iv)Reporting:
It uses several advanced algorithms, connects real-time
data with machine learning applications, as well as
distributed artificial intelligence and networking to make
calculations and provide predictions and estimates
accurately.
(v) Maintenance:
It comes with a set of powerful wizards and easy-to-use
tools, so you can create and maintain your projects
without needing programming skills.

(vi) Safety work Environment:

It creates an environmental friendly workplace by
optimizing the use of assets and operations. As it improves
the safety of personnel by automating laborious and
repetitive activities.

(vii) Effective Monitoring:

It can improve various elements in pharmaceutical,
automotive and other manufacturing industries and
improve the monitoring for better control.

2. Smart Manufacturing:
The evolution of IoT penetrates into the digitized
manufacturing process systems.
IoT interfaces can accelerate productivity, increase
efficiency and provide a competitive edge in the market.

The manufacturing software, like

Computer. Aided design and
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), is used to
design and manufacture products.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses Geometrical

design data to control automated machinery. CAM software
uses the models and assemblies created in CAD software,
like Fusion 360, to generate to turn designs into physical
parts.

Autodesk offers CAD and CAM software to help make the

process as most cost- effective.
The convergence of microelectronics and
micromechanical parts within a sensing device, the rise of
micro-robotics, and the customization made possible by
the software will significantly change the world of
manufacturing.

Applications of the lot in Smart Manufacturing are

mentioned below:

1. Manufacturing Operations:
IoT helps in collecting real-time data at every stage of
manufacturing, IoT components reveal process
redundancies and inefficiencies to be eliminated.

2. Quality Assurance:
The IoT components in manufacturing can collect data on
product defects. Simultaneously collecting data on other
parts of production, this data can reveal the source of
quality issues, thereby resolving the quality issues.

3. Increased Efficiency:
Implementation of IoT solutions can provide a much-
needed competitive edge to the manufacturers.

Manufacturers are constantly striving for

More production output,
Efficient manufacturing processes, and
More revenue.

4. Equipment Maintenance:
It can streamline equipment maintenance effectively to
minimize downtime and maximize productivity.

5. Safety and Sustainability:

IoT components can help to create a safer work
environment and a more sustainable process.
By providing
Sufficient data, and
Insights into workplace Injuries,
Energy use, and
Environmental performance.

6. Warehouse Operations:
IoT helps to assess how products should move in and out
of your warehouse to optimize efficiency and minimize
Labour costs.

7. Inventory Management:
It helps to utilize resources more effectively and
automate inventory management by tracking what
materials are used and restocking at the right time
without any interruption of the production process.

8. Supply Chain Management:

It can help a business to gain real-time supply chain
management information by monitoring products and
materials as they move through the supply chain
effectively.

5.7.6 Smart Health

The internet of things (IoT) has brought revolutionary

changes to healthcare services. The challenges in healthcare
have created new requirements for healthcare providers to
successfully deliver high-quality healthcare services.

Many recent types of research have identified the

potentiality of the IoT as a solution for healthcare.

IoT healthcare management systems have been developed

for specific purposes, including
Rehabilitation,
Diabetes management,
Assisted ambient living (AAL)
For elderly persons that will offer services in the areas of
assistance to carry out
Daily activities,
Health monitoring,
Getting access to medical and emergency systems, and
Facilitating rapid health support.

These systems have been designed for many purposes,

through their enabling technologies.
The convergence of
Bio-parameter sensing,
Information and communication technologies and
Engineering is turning health care into a new type of smart
health industry.

Some examples of IoT applications for medical devices are

Drug effectiveness tracking,
Medical data transferring tools,
Remote temperature monitoring for vaccines, sleep, and
safety tools for infants,
Vital signs data capturing,
Medication refill reminder technology,
Sleep monitor,
Air quality sensors,
Remote care,
Biometrics scanners, etc.

Applications of the IoT in Smart health:

IoT in healthcare helps in the following areas:

1. Emergency care.

2. Reducing emergency room wait time.

3. Tracking patients, staff, and inventory details.

4. Enhancing drug utility management.

5. Medical information distribution to the required parties.

6. Ensuring availability of critical equipment and hardware.

7. Remote medical assistance.

8. Data collection and its analysis for compilation of various

reports.

9. Medical case reporting and monitoring.

10. Telemedicine.

11. Hospital asset management.

12. Medical research.

5.7.7 Food and Water Tracking and Security

1. Food Security:
IoT-enabled food supply chains are mentioned as a
revolutionary change in food security. Recent
developments in information and communication
technologies (ICT) promote the challenges of food security.

The IoT devices like

Mobile phones,
Wireless sensor networks,
RFID systems,
global positioning systems (GPS), etc., as an important part
of the new generation of information technology, are
nowadays applied in the food chain to ensure
efficient delivery and food safety, according to specified
standards.

The application of IoT in food security is to avoid loss to

the agriculture sector.
Food security is developed through the 'Smart Agribusiness
Supply Chain Management System' (SASCMS) which
includes
Food production,
Processing,
Packing,
Distribution,
Transportation,
Storage and preparation, etc.

Applications of the IoT in food security:

It includes the following areas:

(1) Accuracy in analysing agriculture production.

(ii) Food production.

(iii) Food processing.

(iv)Food storage.

(v) Food distribution.

(vi)Food consumption.

(vil) Food traceability.

(viii) Controllability challenges.

2. Water Tracking:
IoT plays an important role in effective water management.
The IoT - enabled smart water management systems can
regularly monitor various metrics such as
Pressure,
Temperature,
Water level, and
Flow across all steps of the water system from sourcing to
recovery or recycling and improvement, and it provides
real-time Information at all levels. It can improve water
management in various ways.
Application of IoT in water tracking security:

(1) Water smart meters.

(II) Water leakage detection.

(iii) Water pressure management.

(iv)Water temperature.

(v) Remote water tracking

(vi)Water safety and quality monitoring.

(vii) Increased water consumption transparency.

(viii) Predictive maintenance of water.

5.7.8 Social Networks and IoT

Due to the explosion of information and communication

technologies (ICT) and IoT-enabled systems, many
changes have taken place in society.

Independent communication between social networks and

the internet of things is another important
interdisciplinary area.
Among different extensions of IoT, the Social Internet of
Things (SIoT) is the latest one. Social infrastructure is
converging with the internet of things, creating a new
phenomenon known as the 'social internet of things,
where IoT meets social infrastructure.

The Social Internet of Things (SIoT) presents an

environment in which connected devices are given
social meanings that can make them unique and
distinguishable from other connected devices or things.
SIoT uses distributed sensors and other connected devices
to improve the efficiency of social solutions in various fields
such as
Energy,
Utility services, and
Transportation.

Interconnected IoT gadgets have exceptionally affected

the way we relate and connect with others through
Facebook,
WhatsApp,
Instagram, and others.

Applications of the IoT in Social Networks:

1. Smart retailing.

2. Smart healthcare.

3. Smart traffic management.

4. Smart surveillance system.

5. Smart places.

6. Smart transportation.

5.7.9 Participatory Sensing

Participatory sensing has been a new concept recently. It

is the concept of communities contributing sensory
information to form a body of knowledge.

A participatory sensing network (PSN) is a promising

network to efficiently collect information or sensing data.
Participatory sensing network, tasks everyday mobile
devices, such as mobile phones, to form interactive,
participatory sensor networks that enable public and
professional users to gather, analyse and share local
knowledge and problems.

Growth in mobile devices, for example, smartphones, or

activity trackers, which have multiple sensors, has made
participatory sensing viable on a large scale.

Participatory sensing can be used to retrieve information

about the
Environment,
Weather,
Urban mobility,
Congestion as well as any other sensory information that
collectively forms knowledge.

Applications of the lot in participatory sensing can

provide the following information;

1. Weather, environmental information, and pollution.

2. Health, traffic congestion and urban mobility.

3. Disaster management, such as flood, fire, and health

issues.

4. Information about waste management, and road faults.

5. Retrieving information from an individual and group of

people.
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
Part-A
Short Answer Questions

1. Define the term IoT. (Jan. 2022)

2. How does IoT work? (Aug. 2021)
3. List out the key features of IoT.
(Mar. 2021; Apr. 2019; Oct. 2018)
4. List out the various components of IoT.
(June. 2022, 2019; Jan. 2022)
5. State the advantages of IoT. (June. 2022 Nov. 2020)
6. State the disadvantages of IoT. (Aug. 2021)
7. List out the various lot applications.
(Mar. 2021; Nov. 2019)
8. List out the hardware devices of IoT.
9. List out some technology and protocols used in IoT.
10. How does IoT explain the uses of IoT?
(Nov. 2019; Oct. 2018)
11. State the features of smart buildings. (June. 2019)
12. Briefly explain participatory sensing.
13. Briefly explain the social networks and IoT.
14. Explain briefly about smart cities. (Nov. 2020)

Part-B

Essay Type Questions

1. Define IoT. Explain its advantages and disadvantages.

2. Explain the application of lot for a smart city.
(Apr. 2019: Oct. 2018)
3. Explain Smart Energy and the smart grid with a neat
sketch.
(Jan. 2022; Aug. 2021; Nov. 2019, 2020; June. 2019)
4. Application of lot for smart health.
5. Describe the concept of a smart factory and smart
manufacturing. (Aug. 2021)
6. Application of IoT in smart transportation and mobility.
(June. 2022)