Chapter 01: Functions

Ms. A. Maphiri,
B. Maregere

University Of Venda
MAT 1143/MAT 1543

First Semester 2024

[email protected],
[email protected]
1 / 50
 Topic: Functions

Objectives:
✠ Explain what is meant by a Function.
✠ Describes the notation used to denote a Function
✠ Evaluate a Function when given a specific point/value
✠ Identify different types of functions, and able to sketch
their graphs.
✠ Find the Domain and Range of a Function.

2 / 50
 Introduction

Functions Overview:
⋇ Functions are the fundamental and important concept in
all mathematics, particularly in Calculus.
⋇ In nearly every physical phenomenon, we observe that one
quantity depends on another.
⋇ For example, under normal conditions, your height
depends on your age, the temperature depends on the
date, the cost of mailing a package depends on its weight.
⋇ We say that your height is a function of your age etc.

3 / 50
 Defination and Representation of a Function

✠ A function is define as a rule that recieves

an input and produces an output, where
each input is related to exactly one output.
✠ For example, the rule may be ’add 2 to the
input’. If 6 is the input, then 6 + 2 = 8 will
be the output.
✠ If −5 is the input, then −5 + 2 = −3 will
be the output.
✠ In general, if x is the input the x + 2 will
be the output.
✠ The input is referred to as the
independent variable because we are free
to choose its value.
✠ The output is called the dependent
variable because its value depends upon
the value of the input.
4 / 50
 Representation of a Function Cont....

✠ In a mathematical point of view, a

function can also be defined as a
mathematical rule that maps/assigns to
each element x in set A exactly one
element, called f (x), in set B.
✠ The set A is called the domain of f and B
is the range of f . Both are denoted by Df
and Rf respectively.
✠ Notable, the application of function is so
extensive in a real-world situation.
✠ For instance, in the biological context, one
can study the growth of a culture of
bacteria as a function of time.
✠ Therefore, in this case, the domain is a
certain set of values of time and the range
is the set of values of the size of the
culture.
5 / 50
 Notation Used for Function

⋇ We usually denote the input, the output and the function

by letters or symbols.
⋇ Commonly we use x to represent the input, y the output
and f the function, although other letters will be used as
well.
⋇ Considering again the previous example in which we add 2
to the input, and letting f be the function that ’add 2 to
the input’ and x be the input. Then we can write
f : x −→ x + 2.
⋇ However, an alternative, but commonly used, notation is
f (x) = x + 2.
⋇ This means that the function f takes an input x and
produces an output x + 2.
⋇ NB!! The quantity f (x) does not mean f times x but
rather indicates that the function f acts on the quantity in
6 / 50 the brackets.
 Function Evaluation

⋇ Often we are given a function and need to calculate the

output from a given input.
⋇ Example: A function f is defined by

f (x) = 3x + 1.

Calculate the output when the input is

(a) 4
(b) -1
(c) 0.
⋇ Solution:
(a) f (x = 4) = 3(4) + 1 = 12 + 1 = 13
(b) f (x = −1) = f (−1) = 3(−1) + 1 = −3 + 1 = −2
(c) f (0) = 3(0) + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1.

7 / 50
 Piecewise Function Evaluation

⋇ Sometimes a function uses different rules on different

intervals. For example, we could define a function as


 3x when 0 ≤ x ≤ 4



h(x) = 2x + 6 when 4 < x < 5




9 when x ≥ 5


⋇ In this case, the function is defined in three pieces

⋇ The value of x determines which part of the definition is
used to evaluate the function.
⋇ Hence, the function is said to be a piecewise function.

8 / 50
 Example: Piecewise Function Evaluation

⋇ Example: A piecewise function is defined by

x2 + 1 when − 1 ≤ x ≤ 2






y(x) = 3x when 2 < x < 6




2x + 1 when x ≥ 6


Evaluate (a) y(0) (b) y(4) (c) y(2) (d) y(7).

⋇ Solution:
(a) y(0) = (0)2 + 1 = 1
(b) y(4) = 3(4) = 12
(c) y(2) = (2)2 + 1 = 5
(d) y(7) = 2(7) + 1 = 15

9 / 50
 Basic Types of Functions: Polynomial Functions

⋇ Polynomial functions are the simplest, most commonly

used, and most important mathematical functions.
⋇ Therefore, it is essential for one to study and understand
polynomial functions due to their extensive applications.
⋇ The word polynomial is made up of two words, poly
which means many, and nomial which means the term.
⋇ Hence, when they are combined, we can say that
polynomials are ”algebraic expressions with many terms”.
⋇ Defination: Polynomial functions are expressions that
may contain variables of varying degrees, coefficients,
positive exponents, and constants.
⋇ Examples of polynomial functions include:

f (x) = 3x2 − 5 and g(x) = −7x3 + (1/2)x − 7.

10 / 50
 Standard Form for Polynomial Functions

⋇ In a standard form, polynomial functions are expressed as:

⋇ Where,
A. an , an−1 , ..., a0 are real number constants
B. an can’t be equal to zero and is called the leading
coefficient n is a non-negative integer
C. Each exponent of variable in polynomial function should be
a whole number
11 / 50
 Basic Types of Polynomial Functions

I. Monomials are polynomials that contain only one term.

Examples:
15x2 , 3b, and 12y 4
II. Binomials are polynomials that contain only two terms.
Examples:
x + y, 4x–7, and 9x + 2
.
III. Trinomials are polynomials that contain only three terms.
Examples:

x3 –3 + 5x, z 4 + 45 + 3z, and x2 –12x + 15

.
12 / 50
 Clasification of Polynomial Functions Based on
their Degree

A. Zero Polynomial Functions: These are type of

polynomial functions of the form f (x) = 0, which just
contains just 0 and no other term or variable. Thefore,
since f (x) = a constant here, it is a constant function.
B. Linear Polynomial Functions: These are polynomial
functions that have a degree 1. It is of the form
f (x) = ax + b. Some examples of a linear polynomial
function are f (x) = x + 3, f (x) = 25x + 4, and
f (y) = 8y–3.
C. Quadratic Polynomial Functions: These are type of
function that has a degree 2. It is of the form
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c. Some examples of a quadratic
polynomial function are f (m) = 5m2 –12m + 4,
f (x) = 14x2 –6, and f (x) = x2 + 4x.
13 / 50
 Clasification of Polynomial Functions Based on
their Degree Cont...

D. Cubic Polynomial Functions: A cubic polynomial

function has a degree 3. It is of the form
f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. Some examples of a cubic
polynomial function are f (y) = 4y 3 , f (y) = 15y 3 –y 2 + 10,
and f (a) = 3a + a3 .
E. Rational Polynomial Functions: These are type of
polynomial functions which are derived from the ratio of
two polynomial functions. It is expressed as,
f (x) = P (x)/Q(x), such that P and Q are polynomial
functions of x and Q(x) ̸= 0. For example,

x2 + 2x + 1
x2 − 4
is a rational polynomial function.
14 / 50
 Graphing Polynomial Functions

✠ To graph a simple polynomial

function, we usually make a table
of values with some random values
of x and the corresponding values
of f (x).
✠ Then we plot the points from the
table and join them by a curve.
✠ Let us draw the graph for the
quadratic polynomial function
f (x) = x2 .

x -2 -1 0 1 2
f (x) = x2 4 1 0 1 4

✠ We can see that the domain of

f (x) = x2 is the set of all real
numbers (or) (−∞, ∞) and its
range is the set of all real numbers
15 / 50 greater or equal zero, i.e., [0, ∞)
 Basic Types of Functions: Exponential Functions

⋇ Exponential functions are type of mathematical

functions which are helpful in finding the growth or decay
of population, money, price, etc that are growing or decay
exponentially.
⋇ As its name suggests, Exponential function involves
exponents.
⋇ But it is important to note that, an exponential function
has a constant as its base and a variable as its exponent
but not the other way round.
⋇ if a function has a variable as the base and a constant as
the exponent then it is a power function but not an
exponential function.
⋇ Definition: An exponential function is a function of form
f (x) = ax , where “x” is a variable and “a” is a constant
which is called the base of the function and it should be
16 / 50 greater than 0.
 Examples: Exponential Functions

⋇ We can recall that a basic exponential function, from its

definition, is of the form f (x) = bx , where ’b’ is a constant
and ’x’ is a variable.
⋇ But one of the popular exponential functions is f (x) = ex ,
where ’e’ is ”Euler’s number” and e = 2.718....
⋇ It is very important to know that, an exponential function
of the form: f (x) = ex , is known as a natural
exponential function.
⋇ This is one of the very interesting and special function in
calculus.
⋇ Examples of exponetial functions include:

f (x) = f (x) = bx , g(x) = abcx and h(x) = pekx .

17 / 50
 Examples: Exponential Functions

⋇ We can recall that a basic exponential function, from its

definition, is of the form f (x) = bx , where ’b’ is a constant
and ’x’ is a variable.
⋇ But one of the popular exponential functions is f (x) = ex ,
where ’e’ is ”Euler’s number” and e = 2.718....
⋇ It is very important to know that, an exponential function
of the form: f (x) = ex , is known as a natural
exponential function.
⋇ This is one of the very interesting and special function in
calculus.
⋇ Examples of exponetial functions include:

f (x) = f (x) = bx , g(x) = abcx and h(x) = pekx .

18 / 50
 Exponential Function Rules

⋇ The rules of exponential function are as same as that of

rules of exponents.
⋇ For any real numbers a and b, and positive integers m and
n we have
1. Law of Zero Exponent: a0 = 1
2. Law of Product: am an = am+n
3. Law of Power of a Power: (am )n = amn
4. Law of Power of a Product: (ab)m = am bm
m
5. Law of Power of a Quotient: aan = am−n , provided a ̸= 0.
6. Law of Negative Exponent: a−m = a1m , and a−n
1
= an
provided a ̸= 0.

n n
−n
n n
7. Combination of Laws: ab = abn , ab = ab = ab n ,
provided a, b ̸= 0.

19 / 50
 Graphing Exponential Functions

⋇ We can understand the process of graphing exponential

function by taking some examples. Let us graph two
functions f (x) = 2x and g(x) = (1/2)x .

20 / 50
 Graphing Exponential Functions Cont...

We can easily see that f (x) = 2x is increasing whereas

g(x) = (1/2)x is decreasing. Thus, the graph of exponential
function f (x) = bx .

21 / 50
increases when b > 1, and decreases when 0 < b < 1
 Asymptotes, Domains and Ranges in Exponential
Functions

⋇ The exponential function has no vertical asymptote as the

function is continuously increasing/decreasing. But it has
a horizontal asymptote.
⋇ The equation of horizontal asymptote of an exponential
funtion f (x) = abx + c is always y = c.
⋇ Thus, it is nothing but ”y = constant being added to the
exponent part of the function”.
⋇ From the previous two graphs, f (x) = 2x and
g(x) = (1/2)x , we can notice that the horizontal
asymptote is y = 0 as nothing is being added to the
exponent part in both the functions

22 / 50
 Asymptotes, Domains and Ranges in Exponential
Functions Cont...

⋇ We know that the domain of a function y = f (x) is the set

of all x-values (inputs) where it can be computed and the
range is the set of all y-values (outputs) of the function.
⋇ In the case of f (x) = 2x and g(x) = (1/2)x , we can
deduce that an exponential function can be computed at
all values of x.
⋇ Thus, the domain of an exponential function is the set of
all real numbers (or) (−∞, ∞).
⋇ The range of an exponential function can be determined
by the horizontal asymptote of the graph, say, y = d.
⋇ Thus, for an exponential function f (x) = abx ,
Domain is the set of all real numbers, or (−∞, ∞).
Range is f (x) > d if a > 0 and f (x) < d if a < 0.

23 / 50
 Basic Types of Functions: Logarithmic Functions

⋇ Logarithmic functions are an important medium of math

calculations.
⋇ Discovered in the 16th century by John Napier a Scottish
mathematician, scientist, and astronomer.
⋇ They have numerous applications in astronomical and
scientific calculations involving huge numbers.
⋇ Logarithmic functions are closely related to exponential
functions and are considered as an inverse of the
exponential function.
⋇ An exponential function:

ax = N

is transformed to a logarithmic function:

24 / 50
loga N = x.
 Defination and Properties of Logarithms

⋇ Definition: Suppose that b > 0 and b ̸= 1. Then, for

n > 0, there is a number p such that logb n = p if and
only if bp = n.
⋇ That is, logarithmic function is the inverse of the
exponential function ay = x.
⋇ Log functions include natural logarithm (ln) or common
logarithm (log).
⋇ Examples of logarithmic functions:
f (x) = ln(x − 2), g(x) = log 2(x + 5) − 2, h(x) = 2 log x
⋇ Properties of Logarithms: For all positive numbers m, n
and b, where b ̸= 1 and any real number p,
logb mn = logb m + logb n,
m
logb = logb m − logb n,
n
logb mp = p. logb m,
25 / 50 logb 1 = 0 and logb b = 1.
 Transformation between a Logarithmic Function
and a Exponential Function

✠ Some of the non-integral exponent

values can be calculated easily with
the use of logarithmic functions.
✠ Finding the value of x in the
exponential expressions 2x = 8,
2x = 16 is easy.
✠ But finding the value of x in
2x = 10 is difficult.
✠ We can use log functions to
transform 2x = 10 into logarithmic
form as log2 10 = x and then find
the value of x.

26 / 50
 Graphing Logarithmic Functions

⋇ We can recall that the exponential and log functions are

inverses of each other and hence their graphs should be
symmetric with respect to the line y = x.
⋇ Also, note that y = 0 when x = 0 as y = loga 1 = 0 for
any ’a’.
⋇ Thus, all such functions have an x-intercept of (1, 0).
⋇ Now, before drawing a log function graph, it is important
to have an idea of whether you’ll get an increasing curve
or decreasing curve as the answer.
⋇ If the base > 1, then the curve is increasing; and if
0 < base < 1, then the curve is decreasing.

27 / 50
 Graphing Logarithmic Function Cont....

✠ Find the domain and range.

✠ Find the vertical asymptote by
setting the argument equal to 0.
Note that a log function doesn’t
have any horizontal asymptote.
✠ Substitute some value of x that
makes the argument equal to 1 and
use the property loga 1 = 0. This
gives us the x-intercept.
✠ Substitute some value of x that
makes the argument equal to the
base and use the property
loga a = 1. This would give us a
point on the graph.
✠ Join the two points (from the last
two steps) and extend the curve on
both sides with respect to the
vertical asymptote..
28 / 50
 Domains and Ranges in Logarithmic Functions

⋇ To find the domain and range of a logarithms, let’s

observe some of the y-values (outputs) of the function
y = log x for different x-values (inputs).
When x = 1, y = log1 = 0
When x = 2, y = log2 = 0.3010
When x = 0.2, y = −0.6990
When x = 0.01, y = −2, etc
⋇ We can see that y can be either a positive or negative real
number (or) it can be zero as well.
⋇ Thus, y can take the value of any real number.
⋇ Hence, the range of a logarithmic function is the set of all
real numbers. Thus:
The domain of log function y = log x is x > 0 (or) (0, ∞).
The range of any log function is the set of all real numbers
(R)
29 / 50
 Domains and Ranges in Logarithmic Functions
Cont...

⋇ Example: Find the domain and range of the logarithmic

function f (x) = 2 log(2x − 4) + 5.
⋇ Solution: For finding domain, set the argument of the
function greater than 0 and solve for x.

2x − 4 > 0
2x > 4
x > 2

⋇ Thus, domain = (2, ∞). As we have seen earlier, the

range of any log function is the set of all real numbers. So
the range of f (x) is R.

30 / 50
 Basic Types of Functions: Trigonometric Functions

⋇ Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with

the relationship between ratios of the sides of a
right-angled triangle with its angles.
⋇ The ratios used to study this relationship are called
trigonometric ratios, namely, sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant, cosecant.
⋇ The word trigonometry is a 16th century Latin derivative
and the concept was given by the Greek mathematician
Hipparchus.
⋇ The word trigonometry is derived from two words
”Trigonon” and which means triangle and ”Metron”
which means measure.

31 / 50
 Trigonometry Basic Units

✠ There are two sets of units that are

commonly used to measure angles:
degrees and radians.
✠ Trigonometry basics deal with the
measurement of angles and
problems related to angles.
✠ If we draw a circle with radius r,
central angle θ and the length of
the arc equal to the length of the
radius r, then the central angle θ is
defined as 1 radian
arc length s
θ= = .
radius r
✠ Thus, the angle given by a
complete revolution contains 3600 ,
which is the same as 2π rad.
32 / 50
 Trigonometry Basic Units Cont....

⋇ Recall from geometry we know that the circumference of a

circle is equal to 2πr and one complete revolution is equal
to 3600 (degrees).
⋇ If we take the arc length of a circle as 2πr, then
2πr
θ= = 2π
r
This means that 3600 = 2π and 1800 = π.
⋇ Thus,

π
Degree × 1800
= radians

1800
Radian × π = degrees

33 / 50
 The trigonometrical functions/ratios

⋇ Consider the right angle ABC below

⋇ The side opposite the right angle is always called the

hypotenuse.
⋇ The side opposite θ is BC (called opposite side).
⋇ The remaining side is the adjacent to θ.
34 / 50
 The trigonometrical ratios cont...

⋇ Recall the right angle ABC, if we know the lengths of BC

and AC we can calculate BC . This is known as the sine of
AC
θ, or simply sin θ.
⋇ Similarly, we call AB the cosine of θ, written as cos θ.
AC
Finally, BC is known as the tangent of θ, written tan θ
AC
⋇ Thus, sine, cosine and tangent are known as the
trigonometric ratios and can be rewritten as follows.
side opposite to θ BC
sinθ = =
hypothenues AC
side adjacent to θ AB
cosθ = =
hypothenues AC
side opposite to θ BC
tanθ = =
side adjacent to θ AB
35 / 50 .
 The trigonometrical ratios cont...

⋇ Example: calculate sinθ, cosθ, tanθ for △ABC as shown

below:

⋇ Solutions:
opp BC 4
sinθ = = =
hyp AC 5
adj AB 3
cosθ = = =
hyp AC 5
opp BC 4
tanθ = = =
36 / 50
adj AB 3
 Finding angle given one of its trigonometric ratios

⋇ Give an angle θ, we can easily find sin θ, cos θ and tan θ

using scientific calculator. Often we require the reverse to
find the value of θ.
⋇ If sin θ = x. We write θ= sin−1 x, similarly for cos−1 and
tan−1
⋇ Example: Find θ if given the diagram below:

⋇ Solution:
 
3 3
cos θ = =⇒ θ = cos−1 = 0.93
37 / 50 5 5
 Exercises:

1 . A right-angled triangle PQR has a right angle at Q. PR =

5, PQ = 3, QR = 4 and ∠PRQ = θ. Find sin θ, cos θ and
tan θ.
2 . A right-angled triangle ABC √ has ∠CBA = 90°, AB = 3
cm, BC = 3 cm. and AC = 18cm. ∠CAB = θ. Without
using a calculator find (a) sin θ, (b) cos θ, and (c) tan θ.
3 . A ladder 14m long rests against the wall of a house. The
foot of the ladder rests on level ground 2m from the wall.
What angle does the ladder form with the ground.
4 . At a point on the ground that is 30m from the base of a
tree, the angle of elevation to the top of the tree is 650 .
How tall is the tree?
4 . George is standing on top of a cliff 200m above a lake.
The angle of depression to a boat on the lake is 210 . How
38 / 50
far is the boat from the base of the cliff.
 Trigonometric Identities

⋇ A trigonometric identity is a
relationship among
trigonometric functions.
⋇ The most foundamental and
useful of all trigonometric
identities is: r
y
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1. β
x
⋇ Derived from the Pythagoras
Theorem, which tells us that X2+y2=r2 (Pythagoras)
x2 + y 2 = r 2 .
⋇ Thus,
y 2 x2 x2 + y 2 r2
sin2 θ+cos2 θ = 2
+ 2 = 2
= 2 = 1.
r r r r
.

39 / 50
 Trigonometric Identities

⋇ From sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 if we

divide through by cos2 θ we
obtain tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ.
y
⋇ Similarly, if we divide both sides
of sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 by sin2 θ
we obtain 1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ. all ratios > 0
⋇ Based on the rule ”All sin θ > 0
Students Take Calculus” we S A
can have:
x
sin(−θ) = − sin θ T
C
sin(θ + 2π) = sin θ tan θ > 0 cos θ > 0
cos(−θ) = cos θ
cos(θ + 2π) = cos θ

⋇ Which show that sine is an odd

and periodic function, and
cosine is an even and periodic
40 / 50 function
 Trigonometric Identities: Additional/Subtraction
Formulus

The two basic identities called additional formulas:


sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y

From the additional formulars, if we replace y by −y, we

get the subtraction formulas:

sin(x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

From the above additional and subtraction formulas, we

can easily obtain:

tan x+tan y
 tan(x + y) = 1−tan x tan y


 tan(x − y) =
 tan x−tan y
1+tan x tan y
41 / 50
 Trigonometric Identities: Double Angle Formulus

From the additional formulas, if we replace y by x we

obtain the following double angle formulas:

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x
However, using the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, we obtain
the following alternate forms of the double angle
formulas for cos 2x:
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1


cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x
If we now solve these equations for cos2 x and sin2 x we
get the following half-angle formulas:
 cos2 x = 21 (1 + cos 2x)


1
sin2 x = 2 (1 − cos 2x).

42 / 50
 Trigonometric Identities: Product Formulus

From both the additional and subtraction formulas, we

derive the following product formulas:

sin x cos y = 12 [sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)]







cos x cos y = 12 [cos(x + y) + cos(x − y)]




sin x sin y = 12 [cos(x − y) − cos(x + y)]


43 / 50
 Graphing Trigonometry Functions

✠ Different properties of a
trigonometric function like domain,
range, period and amptitude can
be studied using the trigonometric
function graphs.
✠ The domain and range of sin and
cosine functions can thus be given
as:
sin θ: Domain (−∞, +∞);
Range [−1, +1]; period
(2π); and amptitude (1).
cos θ: Domain (−∞, +∞);
Range [−1, +1]; period
(2π); and amptitude (1).
✠ However, For trignometric function
of the form y = asinbθ and
y = acosbθ the amplitude is |a| and
44 / 50
the period is 360
|b|
.
 More on Function Domains

✠ Often the domain of a function is not stated explicitly.

✠ In such cases the domain is the set of all values of the
argument for which the given function makes sense.
✠ For example the domain of
√
f (x) = x

is the set of all non-negative real numbers since in our

case the square root makes sense only for x ≥ 0.
✠ In finding the domain (and in some instances the range) of
a function, always remember that square roots of negative
numbers and division by zero are not permissible.

45 / 50
 Example: More on Function Domains

Example 1:
✠ The squaring function assigns to each real number x its
square x2 . It is defined by f (x) = x2 . Find the domain
and range of f .

Solution:
✠ The domain of f is the set R of all real numbers.
✠ The range of f consist of all the values of f (x), that is all
the numbers of the form, x2 . But x2 ≥ 0 for all the
numbers x ∈ R.
✠ Therefore, Rf = {y|y ≥ 0} = [0, ∞).

46 / 50
 Example: More on Function Domains Cont...

Example 2:
(x + 3)
✠ Find the domain and the range of h(x) =
(x − 2)

Solution:
✠ h(x) is defined for all values of x except x = 2. Thus,
Dh = {x|x ∈ R, x ̸= 2}.
✠ To find the range, it will be beneficial to replace h by y to
(x + 3)
get y = .
(x − 2)
✠ Solving this equation for x yields, x = (3 + 2y)/(y − 1).
This shows that Rh = {y|y ∈ R, y ̸= 1}.
✠ It is worth noting that it is not always possible to make x
subject of the formula as was the previous case.
47 / 50
 Example: More on Function Domains Cont...

Example 3:
p
✠ Find the domain and the range of z(x) = − x(1 − x).

Solution:
✠ The domain of z is the set of all x such that x(1 − x) ≥ 0.
✠ The condition is met when both x and 1 − x are of the
same sign or one of them is zero.
x<0 x=0 0≤x≤1 x=1 x>1
x − 0 + + +
(1 − x) + + + 0 −
x(1 − x) − 0 + 0 −
✠ Thus Dz = {x| 0 ≤ x ≤ 1}. Rz = {y| − 1/2 ≤ y ≤ 0}.
✠ We considered the values of y corresponding to the values
of x in the domain.
48 / 50
49 / 50
50 / 50