1. Why do we perform measurements in industry?

Measurements in industry are crucial for quality

control, process optimization, and compliance with
regulations. They help ensure safety, reduce costs, and
support data-driven decision-making. Measurements also
enable product testing, troubleshooting, and equipment
calibration, contributing to efficient and reliable industrial
operations.

2.List the applications of measurement system.

1.Manufacturing and Quality Control: Ensuring products
meet specified standards and tolerances.
2. Energy Management: Monitoring energy consumption,
generation, and distribution.
3.Construction and Civil Engineering: Surveying, quality
control, and structural assessment.
4.Scientific Research: Conducting experiments and
collecting data across various disciplines.
5.Telecommunications: Managing network performance,
bandwidth usage, and signal quality
3.Differentiate precision and accuracy in measurement.

Aspect Precision Accuracy

Definition Refers to the Refers to how
repeatability and closely
consistency of measurements
measurements. align with the
true or target
value.
Characteristics Precise Accurate
measurements measurements
have small are close to the
random errors or true or desired
variations and value, regardless
cluster closely of whether they
together cluster closely
together.
Example If you weigh an If your scale
object several accurately
times and get measures an
nearly the same object’s weight as
result each time, 100 grams when
it’s precise. it
actually weighs
100 grams, it’s
accurate.
Relationship Precision doesn’t Accurate
guarantee measurements
accuracy. Precise can still have
measurements some random
can be consists variability.
 wrong (biased)

4.Find the resolutions of an instruments if 1/10 th of a

scale division can be estimated with fair degree of
certainty. The FSD of instrument is 200V & number of
divisions are 100.

Resolution = Full Scale Deflection (FSD) / Number of

Division.
In this case, the FSD of the instrument is 200V, and the
number of divisions is 100. Plugging these values into the
formula:
Resolution = 200V / 100 = 2V
So, the resolution of the instrument is 2 volts. This means
that the instrument can measure values with a precision of
2 volts, and you can estimate values within 1/10th of a
scale division with fair certainty, which is 2V/10 = 0.2V.

5.Define dynamic error in an instrument.

Dynamic error: The difference between the true value
of the measured quantity to the value shown by the
measuring instrument under varying conditions
6.Write the difference between spring control and gravity
control.
BASIS OF GRAVITY SPRING CONTROL
COMPARISON CONTROL
Description In gravity control, In spring control,
adjustable small two hair springs
weight is used are used which
which produces exert controlling
the controlling torque.
torque.

Performance And In gravity control, In spring control,

Temperature the performance the performance
is not is temperature
temperature dependent.
dependent.
Controlling Controlling Controlling
Torque torque can be torque is fixed in
varied in gravity spring control
control
Cost
Rarely used for Very popularly
indicating and in used in most of
portable the instruments.
instruments.

7.Write the qualities of a spring to be used in an

instrument.
  They should be non-magnetic.
 They should be proof from mechanical fatigue.
 Where springs are used to lead current into moving
system they should have a small resistance, their
cross-sectional area must be sufficient to carry the
current without temperature rise affecting their
constant.

8.Why shunt resistors need? What are its basic

characteristics?
Shunt resistors are used to measure current and protect
circuits. They have low resistance, are very accurate, and
can handle a specific amount of power without
overheating. They're important for making sure things
work safely and correctly in electrical systems.
9.A DC voltmeter of range (0-3V) with internal resistance
3.1k is to be extended to measure 30V. Estimate the
value
of be used.

Given, V=30v
Vm=3v
To find m
m=V/Vm=30/3=10
10.What are disadvantages of PMMC instrument?
  Such instruments cannot be used for a.c.
measurements.
 About 50% more expensive than moving-iron
instruments because of their accurate design.
 Some errors are caused due to variations (with time or
temperature) either in the strength of the permanent
magnet or in the control springs.

11.Elaborate the operations of a measurement system

which can analyze process in an industry with neat
functional blocks of the system.

MEASURING INSTRUMENT

MECHANICAL ELECTRONICS

ELECTRICAL

MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

INSTRUMENTS

The first instruments used by mankind were mechanical in

nature and the principles on which

these instruments worked are even in vogue today. The

earliest scientific instruments used the same three essential
elements as our modern instruments do These elements are:
(i) a detector,

(i) an intermediate transfer device, and (m) an indicator,

recorder or a storage device

The history of development of instruments encompasses

three phases of instruments, mz

(i) mechanical instruments. (i) electrical instruments, and

(i) electronic instruments

1.5.1 Mechanical Instruments

These instruments are very reliable for static and stable

conditions But they suffer from a very major disadvantage
which is because, they are unable to respond rapidly to
measurements of dynamic and transient conditions. This is
due to the fact that these instruments have moving parts
that are rigid, heavy and bulky and consequently have a large
mass. Mass presents inertia problems and hence these
instruments cannot faithfully follow the rapid changes which
are involved in dynamic measurements. Thus it would be
virtually impossible to measure a 50 Hz voltage by using a
mechanical instrument but it is relatively easy to measure a
slowly varying pressure using these instruments Another
disadvantage of mechanical instruments is that most of them
are a potential source of noise and cause noise pollution.

1.5.2 Electrical Instruments

Electrical methods of indicating the output of detectors are
more rapid than mechanical methods, I is unfortunate that
an electrical system normally depends upon a mechanical
meter movement as indicating device. This mechanical
movement has some inertia and therefore these instruments
have limited time (and hence, frequency) response. For
example, some electrical recorders can give full scale
response in 0.2 s, the majority of industrial recorders have
responses of 0.5 to 24 s. Some galvanometers can follow 50
Hz variations, but even these are tog slow for present day
requirements of fast measurement

1.5.3 Electronic Instruments These days most of the scientific

and industrial

measurements require very fast responses. The mechanical

and instruments and systems cannot cope up with these
requirements. The necessity to step up response time and
also the detection of dynamic changes in certain parameters,
which require the monitoring time of the order of ms and
many times, us, have led to the design of today's electronic
instruments and their associated circuitry. These instruments
require use of semi-conductor devices. Since in electronic
devices, the only movement involved is that of electrons, the
response time is extremely small on account of very small
inertia of electrons. For example, a Cathode ray oscilloscope
(CRO) is capable of following dynamic and transient changes
of the order of a few ns (10 s).)
12.How controlling forces are produced? Exaplain with neat
diagram?

Controlling force. This force is required in an indicating

instrument in order that the current produces deflection of
the pointer proportional to its The system producing a
controlling force is called a "Controlling System. The functions
of the controlling system are:

(f) To produce a force equal and opposite to the deflecting

force at the final steady position of pointer in order to make
the deflection of the pointer definite for a particular
magnitude of current. In the absence of a controlling system,
the pointer will shoot (swing) beyond the final steady
position for any magnitude of current and thus the deflection
be indefinite.

(ii) To bring the moving system back to zero when the force
causing the instrument moving system to deflect is removed
In the absence of a controlling system the pointer will not
come back to zero when current is removed. Controlling force
is usually provided by springs
13.With aid of sketch explain in the working PMMC DC
voltmeter. Write its advantages and applications

Working principle of PMMC:

 Whenever a current caring conductor is located
within a magnetic field, then it experiences a force
that is perpendicular to the current & the field.
Based on the rule of “Fleming left hand”, if the
thumbnail of the left hand, middle, and forefinger
are at 90 degrees with each other.
 After that the magnetic field will be in the
forefinger, the flow of current will be across the
middle finger and finally, the force will be through
the thumb finger. Once the current flow within the
 coil on the aluminum former, the magnetic field
can be generated in the tesla coil in proportion to
the current flow.

Advandages:
 The scale in the instrument can be divided properly
 It generates no losses because of hysteresis.

 It uses less power

 It is not influenced by the stray magnetic field.

 High accuracy

Applications:
 It is used in the measurement of direct voltages
and currents
 Used to detect small currents in DC galvanometers.
 It is used to measure the change in magnetic flux
linkage in Ballistic galvanometers
 It is used as an Ammeter
 It is used as a Voltmeter
 It is used as an Ohm meter
 It is used as a Galvanometer.
 At low frequencies, the PMMC instrument along
with the rectifier is used to measure AC by
converting it into DC (<1mA).


14.Deduce the torque equation of PMMC instrument? A

PMMC has 0.8 wb/m^2 flux density and coil with surface
area of 13 mm^2. Estimate the torque and defelction if NO
of turns is 32 and current in 10mA. Take K=6.02*10^-6 N-
m/deg.
Torque equation:
  Torque produced in PMMC is given by, The
deflecting torque induced due to the coil’s
movement and this can be expressed with the
equation shown below;
Td=NBLdI …..(i)

Where,

‘N’ is the no. of turns in the coil

‘B’ is the density of flux within the air gap

‘L’ & ’d’ are vertical as well as horizontal lengths of the

surface

‘I’ is the flow of current in the coil

 The restoring torque can be provided to the moving

coil can be done with the spring and it can be
expressed as
Tc=Kθ (‘K’ is the spring constant) …..(ii)

 Final deflection can be done through the

equation Tc=Td
 Substitute the values of TcandTd in the above
equation, then we can get
Kθ=NBLdI ….(iii)

 Equation (iii) implies that deflection is directly

proportional to the current flowing and hence
scale in PMMC is linear.

ii. B=0.8 wb/m^2

 A=13mm^2
N=32
I=10mA
K=6.02*10^-6 N-m/deg
Td=?
θ=?
Td=NBIA
Td=0.8*13*10^-6*32*10*10^-3
Td=3.328*10^-6 N/m^2
θ=6.02*10^-6/3.328*10^-6
θ=1.81 deg