Question Paper Set on Thermodynamics ._ Define Thermodynamics on the basis of theoretical background and compare it with Mechanics or discuss the scope of thermodynamics. . Define the followings: (a) Thermodynamic system, surroundings & boundary. (b) Thermodynamic equilibrium. (c) Thermodynamic variables. (d) Indicator diagram. (e) Thermodynamic processes. (£) Quasi-static process, (g) Thermodynamic concept of heat. (h) Internal energy & internal energy function. (i) Thermodynamic Potentials. @) Perpetual machine of first kind & second kind. (k) Heat engine & Thermal efficiency. (2) Compensation. (m)Heat Pump. (n) Thermal pollution. State, prove & discuss the followings: (@) Zeroth law of Thermodynamics. (b) First law of Thermodynamics. (©) Second law of Thermodynamics. (@) Third law of Thermodynamics. (©) Nernst’s equation. (®) Reciprocal & Reciprocity theorem. (g) Camot’s theorem. (h) Clausius’ theorem. (@ First order Phase Transition, (Clausius’ equation, Clapeyron’s equations & The combined equation of Clausius-Clapeyron) @) Second order Phase Transition. (Graphical analysis & Eherenfest's equation ) Discuss the followings: (a) Concept of reversibility & irreversibility. (b) Physical concept & interpretation of Enthalpy. (©) Adiabats are steeper then isotherm. (d) Specific heat for Polytrophic process. (e) Change of temperature of atmosphere with height. (£) Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck Statement, (g) Maxwell’s equation (via both reciprocal & reciprocity theorem and 2" law of Thermodynamics & expressions of Thermodynamic potentials) (h) Tds Equations. (i) Internal energy equations. (j) Heat capacity equations. (k) Additional Heat capacity equations. () Physical concept of entropy. (m) The entropy of the universe is always increasing. (n) Entropy and Unavailable Energy. (0) Entropy and disordemess.a 2 (p) Entropy & Non-equilibrium states, | (q) Working between same temperature limits, no heat engine can be more efficient than a Carnot's engine. (1) Working between same temperature limits, all reversible engines have the same thermal efficiency. (8) Physical significance of Helmholtz free energy & Gibb’s free energy. (t) Absolute scale of temperature, (u) Joule-Thomson experiment. (v) Concept of Inversion Temperature. . Analyse the following heat engines and calculate their efficiencies ( with Tds diagrams wherever possible): (a) Camot’s engine. (b) Steam engine. (©) Rankine cycle. (@) Otto cycle. (©) Diesel cycle. (f) Gasoline engine. (g) Stirling engine, (h) Refrigerator. . Define coefficient of volume expansion, isothermal Bulk’s modulus and isothermal compressibility and hence find relation between them. ”. Establish the following relations: (b) G, ~ C, = R for one mole of ideal gas and hence show that for Van-Der-Waals gas Cp — Cy = 2a — py? R{1+25-5)} (©) pv” = const. @ 1 = = where 7 is the efficiency of ideal Camot’s engine & « is the efficiency of ideal refrigerator. (o@), bo, oQ), = G=-pf ap. (0 F = Gea and hence show that =p Sgap {@(3)}, (@®)G= ror hence show that H = ~S J Zds. P (QU= and hence show that F = ~T f a. ap) 3@w) : - () 222 = 1 where 322 is known as the Thermodynamic Jacobian, (2) (8) _ (87) (8) 4; : @ o(5),G), @), ae) y 1 (without using the Jacobian) ‘apy (av) _ (ap) (2) 4 yi 5 A cy (2), (), ~ GB), (SF), = 4 (vithout using the Jacobian) 0 &=-7(38), aa @ G =-1(F2), om (3), =7G2),ov (28), (23) 6) ) F = fCdt—T far — ner inv ST + const () G = fc,dr—T Par +nerinp -st + const . Answer the problems: (a) Find the expression of work-done for an ideal gas undergoing through an isothermal process & an adiabatic process. Also find the expression for a real gas passing through an isothermal process. (b) Calculate the work-done by one mole of a gas during a quasi-static isothermal process where volume changes from v; to vy, when the equation of state is: @ = p(v—b) = RT. Gy py=arr(1- ®) where B = f(T). (Ul) p(v—b) = RTe7aTe (©) The equation of state of an ideal elastic substance is given by, L lo? rout) Where F is the tension, x is a constant and Lo is the value of length a zero tension state & it is a function of temperature T only. Derive an expression for the work required to change L from Lo to “2 quasi-statically & isothermally. (d) One mole of an ideal gas is expanded from (p;, V4, T) to (pz, v2,T) in two stages. In the first stage the opposing constant pressure is p, & the volume changes from v, to v and in the second stage the opposing pressure is pz and the volume changes from v to v2. Show that the work-done is maximum when p = (p;P2) & maximum value of work-done is,- Wrnax = 2RT(1— J(p2/P1)) (©) An ideal gas expands reversibly according to the equation, pv" = A(const) Show that, the heat absorbed by the gas is W a where W is the work-done by the gas during the process. (f) An ideal gas in a cylinder is enclosed by a piston of cross-section a. The atmospheric pressure is Po which is constant. An external force lifts the piston from a height fh, to hz both isothermally and adiabatically. Find the work-done by the applied force on the gas in each case. (g) A thermodynamic system is described in terms of five parameters p,v,Tym & n where TdS = dU + pdv — mdn. If G is defined by G = U + pv —TS, show that,- () dG =-SdT + vdp +mdn © ra 7 Gen ay (),=-@,, Ow) ~Ga)e= (Fon The Joule-Thomson Coefficient is a measure of the temperature change during a throttliny @) iB process, A similar measure of the temperature change produced by an isentropic change of pressure is provided by the coefficient 1s, where ps = G), Prove that, 4s ~ 4 = 2, ?(i) Show that in case of real gases, at inversion point (pi, v1.7), @ r=$(2-8) ay na 8(-2y () Prove that T; = #(1- a) for Dietreci Equation p(v — b) = Rear, (&) Show that Joule-Thomson Coefficient 1 defined as n = (32) is connected to the Joule- u Thomson coefficient 4 by the relation,- a a fede = uC fe 0) } 1 [c feo} | Hy + {5500} ()) Show that the inversion curve represents a parabola in case of J-T experiment. (m)Prove that, work-done in an adiabatic process is Wag = Cy(T; — Ty) where i & f denotes initial and final states. (n) Show that, for an ideal gas,- =C,InvZ P2 S2~$,= Gyin 2 + Gln Where for a real gas,- Also show that for an ideal gas,- Tr vy S2- 8, = Gylng? + Rin r, », In? — Rin2? = ¢, In + Cy In Th Py vy Py (0) Prove that for Van-Der-Waals’ gas, Tv — by“ = constant Hence show that, (p+ 5) @w- by = constant. v2 (p) Show that for an isentropic transformation,- oO ay, (q) Show that Clapeyron’s equation leads to p = Ke '/ar,