me chap 3
me chap 3
Hamirpur
UNIT 3
MACHINING OPERATIONS AND
STUDY OF LATHE MACHINE
Dr. P. K. Sood
Associate Professor
MACHINIING
Machining is the process of
cutting, shaping, or removing
material from a work-piece using
a machine tool.
Various Machining Operations
• Machining operations are
classified into 3 principle
processes and they are
Turning, Drilling And
Milling.
• Reaming
• An operation used to make an existing hole dimensionally more
accurate and/or to improve surface finish
The Turning Process
Using Engine Lathes
• Operate on all Types of
Materials
• Use of single-point
tools
• Skilled Labor
• Low Production Rate
History Of Lathe Machine
• Lathe forerunner of all machine tools
• First application was potter's wheel
– Rotated clay and enabled it to be formed into
cylindrical shape
• Very versatile
• Used for turning, tapering, form turning,
screw cutting, facing, drilling, boring,
spinning, grinding and polishing operations
Types of Lathes
• Engine lathe
– Not production lathe, found in school shops, tool
rooms, and job shops
– Primarily for single piece or short runs
– Manually operated
Turret lathe
– Used when many duplicate parts required
– Equipped with multisided tool post (turret) to which
several different cutting tools mounted
• Single- and multiple-spindle automatic lathes
– Six or eight different operations may be performed on
many parts at the same time
– Will produce parts for as long as required
Lathe and Its Various Components
A lathe is a machine tool which is used to rotate
a work piece to perform various operations
such as turning, facing, knurling, grooving etc.,
with the help of tools that are applied to the
work piece.
Block diagram of center
lathe
Specification
• Height of center
• Length between the
centers
• Length of bed
• The swing diameter over
bed
• The swing diameter over
carriage
• Maximum diameter of bar
• Spindle speed, motor hp
Main Parts of Lathe Machine
• . Headstock
• 2. Tailstock
• 3. Bed
• 4. Carriage
• 5. Lead Screw
• 6. Feed Rod
• 7. Chip Pan
• 8. Hand Wheel
Parts of lathe
Carriage
Headstock
Cross-slide Apron
Lathe Components
Bed: Usually made of cast iron. Provides a heavy
rigid frame on which all the main components are
mounted.
Ways: Inner and outer guide railsn that are
precision machined parallel to assure accuracy of
movement.
Headstock: mounted in a fixed position on the
inner ways, usually at the left end. Using a chuck,
it rotates the work.
Gearbox: inside the headstock, providing multiple
speeds with a geometric ratio by moving levers.
Lathe Components
Spindle: Hole through the headstock to which
bar stock can be fed.
Chuck: 3-jaw (self centering) or 4-jaw
(independent) to clamp part being machined.
Tailstock: Fits on the inner ways of the bed and
can slide towards any position the headstock
to fit the length of the work piece. An optional
taper turning attachment would be mounted
to it.
Tailstock Quill: Has a Morse taper to hold a
lathe center, drill bit or other tool.
Carriage: Moves on the outer ways. Used for
mounting and moving most the cutting tools.
Cross Slide: Mounted on the traverse slide of
the carriage, and uses a handwheel to feed
tools into the workpiece.
Lathe Components
Tool Post: To mount tool holders in which the
cutting bits are clamped.
Compound Rest: Mounted to the cross slide, it
pivots around the tool post.
Apron: Attached to the front of the carriage, it has
the mechanism and controls for moving the
carriage and cross slide.
Feed Rod: Has a keyway, with two reversing pinion
gears, either of which can be meshed with the
mating bevel gear to forward or reverse the
carriage using a clutch.
Lead Screw: For cutting threads.
Split Nut: When closed around the lead screw, the
carriage is driven along by direct drive without
using a clutch.
Lathe Components
Quick Change Gearbox: Controls the movement
of the carriage using levers.
Steady Rest: Clamped to the lathe ways, it uses
adjustable fingers to contact the work piece
and align it. Can be used in place of tailstock
to support long or unstable parts being
machined.
Follow Rest: Bolted to the lathe carriage, it uses
adjustable fingers to bear against the
workpiece opposite the cutting tool to
prevent deflection.
LATHES AND LATHE OPERATIONS
Workholding Devices and accessories - A chuck
• 3 or 4 jaws
• 3 jaws generally have a geared-scroll design that makes the jaws
self-centering. Used for round workpieces [bar stock, pipes tubing]
• 4 jaw independent chucks. Used for square, rectangular, or odd
shaped more ruggedly than three jaw chucks, four-jaw chucks are
used for heavy workpieces
• jaws can be reversed
• chucks: power actuated [pneumatically or hydraulically] or manual
chucks available in various designs & sizes: selection depends on:
1. type & speed of operation
2. workpiece size
3. production & accuracy requirements.
4. jaw forces requirements
Workholding Devices and accessories - A Collet
• Customarily performed on
a drill press, but can be
done on a vertical mill and
on a lathe
Knurling