Lintels and Arches 345 joists, used singly or in a combination of two or three. Built-up lintel consists of three RS.J’s spaced together and connected to each other polts passing through them at intervals. This system is embedded in vy enete and is cured like R.C. lintel. Tenet beep 158. ARCH An arch may be defined as mechanical arrangement of wedge- shaped blocks of stones or bricks mutually supporting each other and supported at the end by piers or abutments. In common with lintels, the function of an arch is to carry the weight of the structure above the opening. Because of their shape, the blocks support each other by the mutual pressure of their own weight and the structure remains in position by the resistance from the support. KLy Ba CBOWH. ——_-SPANDRIL. EXTRADOS. voussoiRs._ a" WIRADOS MAUHCH. PRINGING LINE. simak: mPost. mp oST. =] aput ment pa Fig, 157 Arch 159, (TECHNICAL TERMS The various technical terms used in arch’ work are described below: : (i) Abuiment or pier is the part of the wall or pier on which.the arch rests. . ; ; (i) Arch ring is a course of stones or bricks having a curve similar to that of the arch. (iii) Intrados or soffit is the under-surface of an arch. . ) Expudor ia the oirtet,gurtare, ot nm arch ot the onler Ke 9 the arch ring.Buildiy 2 uilding Construct @) Voussoirs or arch blocks or arch stones ate the shaped units forming the arch. Wedge (vi) Springing stone or springer is the first voussoir at spr: level on either side of the arch. SPringing (ii) Springing Tine is an imaginary line joining the two sprin; points. ging (vii, Crown is the highest point of the extrados or it is the 4; part of an arch. ighest (e) Key-stone is the highest central wedge-shaped block of arch. (@) Skew-back is the surface of the abutment on which the arch Tests. (xi) Span is the clear horizontal distance between the supports, (xii) Rise. is the vertical distance between the springing line and the highest point on the intrados. r rust ‘Stam cigcuLaR gs HoRsE Swoe, SEGMENTAL ARCHES, leur ancn FLORENTINE ARCH Fig. 158 ‘Types of archesintels and Arches se (xiii) Springing points are intrados. iv) Depth of the arch is the ain) intrados and the extrados, (xv) Haunch of the arch is the Portion of the arch situated central; Tavera hater a skew backs, area Gv) Spandril is the triangular walling enclosed by the extrados of the arch, 2 horizontal line from the cromy of the arch and a Perpendicular line from the springin 1g of the outer carve. the points at the extremities of the Perpendicular distance between the soTme ARCH Fig. 159 THREE CLUTRED ARCH ‘Types of arches usirvers OF ARCHES Arches derive their names from the shape of cetve formed. ae cmspSOlt or intrados. ‘The Type of arches commonly adop “onstruction work are ; - Q) Flat arch 2) Semi-circular arch @) Segmental arch346 TREL FOU ARCH MOORISH ARCH CIRCULAR HEAD TRLLFoW Anew Rew TOUTED ancy screvatD A Fig. 1510 Types of arches (4) Relieving arch 3) Dutch or French archnels and Arches _ 347 ddition, th f : savol fet at ceased ,arehior ioe ot eee 7 Us ‘ arc Bes ares et The-sanous.lype af abches betetheet aa arch, wits, ve’ been shown in Figs, MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION may be constructed wii ith bri f arches by material id Saeaniee stones or concrete. 1s. Arches classification oO! 3, BRICK ARCHES Depending upon the nature of + id works: i wks used, brick arches may be classified spear en vies, gauged brick arch and so on. ugh arches, axed brick Rough arches . These arches il S are built with ordi ; an ot ea wedge shape. In order that all the bed j tricks which normal to the curve of arch, the joints are made wedge ot may be ped. 151 Fig, 1511 Thus Rough brick arch the joi joints at the extrados are wider th intrados, a - The we nce Ic an those at the * Such rough pete shaped joints spoil the appearance of the arch and wi, The arc fs are not recommended for exposed brick-work- TC] sont the latter re generally used over wooden lintels in order to times term the weight of the masonry above. Hence they are to « Ated bri ed as “relieving arches” we rich + . e eshae arches, In this type of construction, the bricks are cul Thus the joints of the arch are of uniform thickness.sis Building Construction the wedge-shaped Since ly dressed, B units are not fine! the arch does not present an attractive. appearance. It is I therefore common to finish the brick work by plastering. Gauged brickarches. As | I the name suggests, gauged 1 bricks are those which have cI been accurately prepared to a i wedge shape for the arch t construction. Hard bricks can- not be used in this type of construction as it is difficult to cut them to true wedge shape ) accurately. Hence specially made bricks known as “rubber Fig. 1512 pricks” are used in the arch con- ei wae struction. The bed joints are very thin usually 1° mm. thick. Cement mortar is considered too coarse for such joints, hence lime putty is used for binding the blocks. The thin white joints add to the appearance of the finished work. Bonds in brick arches. For ordinary work, bricks in concentric rings of half bricks are laid with non-continuous radial joints. Each ring is fully completed before constructing the ring-immediately above it. For spans above 1'6 m, the concentric rings of brick work have a tendency to separate and there is a continuous danger of the whole pressure being thrown to one ring, which might get crushed and thus’collapse the entire arch structure. This danger is avoided either by. laying bricks alternately as headers and stretchers in section with continuous radial joints or by providing key stones at intervals. 1513. STONE ARCHES Considering the nature of workmanshij i ul nat ip and dressing of the mater stone arches may be divided in the following two raiegorics : 1. Rubble arches 2. Ashlar arches. Rubble arches. They ‘are constructed with rubble stones WH? have been hammer-dressed, roughly to required shape and size © voussoirs. In arch ring up to 38 cm. in thickness, all stones should be? the full depth of the arch. In arches above 38 cm, in thickness: stones are laid in two rings in alternate course of headers and suctcher This type of construction is weak in strength and is not attractive " appearance and is as such provided for small openings omy:yels and Arches Lin Fig. 1513 Semi-circular brick arch showing bond in brick work Fig. 1514 Flat stone arch Ashlar arches, essed full ang hes. They consist of arch stones which have been to their proper shapes. In all the cases where the‘ Building Constry, 350 (Ction i de of full thickness of is 60 cm. the voussoirs are mace OF tu of the a eee in fine mortar with their radial joints. Fig, 1815 Semi-circular stone arch The stones are laid as -headers and ‘stretchers alternately, all headers being of full depth of the ring and not more than two Stretchers going to make the full depth of the arch ring. In case where the arch thickness has to be more than 90 cm., only the quions and the Key-stones are made of the full thickness of the arch ring. In order that the voussoirs may be dressed to, wedge shape, a full size arch is fint Set out on a level platform. The sizes of voussoirs and that of the keystone are carefull 1c ly marked on the platform after leaving gap for the Mortar joints between them. This method of setting out require’ slight adjustment.and thereafter the required shape of the voussoits a key-stones is cut with help of arch set out on the platform. Finally tht stones are cut true to the shape of the template and the ‘voussoils thus formed satisfy Specification of the ashlar arch construction. 1514. CONCRETE ARCHES They are of two different 5 ck archss and monolithic concrete arches ; | '?P°S Mamely; concrete bloagets and Arches ut 351 Fig. 1516 Semii-circular stone arch Conerete block arches. For small. opening in a building, concrete block arches can be provided with advantage. The voussoirs, in the form of cement concrete blocks, are prepared in specially made moulds for the purpose. The mouids’of concrete block for the “key’ or skew backs are of slightly different dimerisions. The concrete mix usually adopted for block construction consists of one part of cement, two parts of sand and four parts of aggregates. After the concrete in the mould is fully set, the blocks of concrete are yemoved for curing in a water pond, constructed for the purpose. Generally, the concrete blocks are used without reinforcement. The arch construction with concrete block is similar to that for stone or brick arch construction 5 Monolithic concrete arches. Monolithic concrete arching is frequently used for roofing of buildings, culverts and bridges. The con- striction for smaller span with ordinary loading conditions requires NO reinforcements, ‘The arching can be done in lime conerete as well as in cement concrete., For roofing arches, a rise of 5 cm. for every 30 cm. of span is usually allowed when lime concrete is used. The minimum thickness of arch should not be less than 45 cm. for spans up to 3m. As a general rule, add 38 mm. for each additional 30 cm. of span- For larger spans, arches have to be reinforced.ss Building Construction Method of Construction. 5 Centering. The usual centering for arch construction consists of a horizontal frame of timber known as centre or turning piece. Th: centering differs according to the shape of arch curve, the material used in arch construction and the span of the opening. The centering may be of timber .or steel. Use of steel centering is very rare due to high cost ef material and is usually preferred in large construction works where the same centering is to be used a number of times. Wooden centering in its simplest form consists of a pair of solid ribs, cut from a plank of thickness required for centering. ‘The upper surface of the ribs is given the shape of the soffit of the arch to be constructed. Lagging or cross battens are nailed across the ribs at close intervals for supporting the voussoirs at top. The spacing of laggings may be increased in case of stone arch. The distance between the two ribs depends upon the thic- kness of the wall to be carried by the arch. Bearing pieces are nailed at the bottom of the ribs so as to enable them to be supported on the vertical props. For large spans, built up ribs are used instead of solid ribs. To facilitate easing or lowering of the centering, a pair of wedges is pro- ied between the supports and the bearing piece. Procedure of construction. After the centering is properly createo in position, skewbacks are first prepared and vousoirs are arranged in the form of arch curves starting from the skewbacks and proceeding towards the crown. Keystone is finally inserted to lock all the: voussoin in position. The voussoirs must be properly bedded to ensure strengt: TURNING PIECE Fig..1517 Centering for a segmental archee Limels and Arches 353 Fig, 1518 Centering for a semi-circular arch ~ and stability of the arch. After the key has been placed in position, the centre should be eased by slackening the wedges. During the process of casing, great care should be taken to see that the centre is lowered only by a small height say 3 mni, ‘The lowering of centre is necessary in stone arch construction as_it allows the voussoirs to settle upon their beds nicely. No load should be super-imposed. upon the arch work before it has fully set. The centre is removed before the construction of masonry above the arch. 1515, FLAT ARCH When used over opening of door or window, the flat arch acts Similar to a lintel. Flat arch, also known as Straight or camber arch, is laid With its bed joints radiating to centre. The skewback is made to rest in an inclined position so as to make an angle of 60° with the springing line. © extrados of the arch is horizontal but the intrados has a straight Camber or upward curvature. The camber is usually 2 mm. for every 30 cm. of span and is necessary to avoid optical illusion of sagging. Flat arches are not strong as compared with other forms. 1516. SEMI CIRCULAR ARCH The arch derives its name from the shape of the curve given to the arch soffit. The different types of semi-circular arches in stone and Utick masonry are shown in Figs. 15°13, 15°15, 15°16, and 15°30,Building Constructiy, Fig. 1519 Flat-brick arch Fig, 1820 Semi. ircular arch 1517, SEGMENTAL ARCH : ai This type of arch is segmental in shape and is commonly poe for openings of various sizes. The bed joints of segmental arch Ta is from a common, point, which lies below the springing line 2) equidistant from all points on the arch curve, When used over # Tit segniental arch is termed as “relieving arch”.Lintels and Arches 1518. RELIEVING ARCH Where a wooden brick relieving arch is u thus constructed relieves and hence the size of Tintel is required to span over wider opening, sually constructed above the lintel. ‘The arch the lintel of the lad from, the masonry above the lintel can be appreciably reduced. ‘The relieving arch should have its abutments cles r of the ends of the lintel so that the skewback slopes outward and away from the top edges of lintel ends. Thus the span of a relieving arch will be equal to the clear span of the opening Plus twice the bearing of the existing wooden lintel. The advantage in this type of construction is that the wooden lintel when dacayed can be replaced without affecting the stability of the structure, Fig. 1521 Relieving arch 1519. DUTCH OR FRENCH ARCH Z i is simi in design but differs in This type of arch is similar to a flat arch in e shape and method of construction. This form of arch is Not so sound and as such it is only suitable to be provided for small openings.356 x wo wu = x - What are the’ functions of lintels and arches ? In a neat + How will you proceed to construct a bi Building Construction Rig. 1522 Dutch or French arch Questions for Review sketch show the Parts of the latter giving their technical terms. regarding the position of the lintel, arran ig Masonry arch ? What type of “Centering would: you provide ? Sketch the entire arrangement showing the details of centering work. An opening of size 1'80 m. x 24 m. is to be Provided in a solid wall above Which there are two floors. What wreasures do you purpose to go ahead With the work ? Recommend type of linet beam above the opening with a suitable dimensioned sketch, - Write short notes on: () Wooden lintels (iif) Flat arch () Dutch or French arch What do you understand by the terms, atches and lintels ? Describe in brief the various types of arches used in modern construction. Tegard to an arch, (Abutment (i) Skew-back (ii) Spandri} (i) Voussoir () Key-stone (vi). Crown, (i) Reinforced brick lintels () Segmental arch (i) Relieving archimtels and Arches 357 consisting of three rings each in two-brick thi sis -brick thick wall wi i tick in Between. The span ofeach arch is 2m, tnd he ene races an, On yout sketch write down the following terms in te ripeke ir proper ‘spi places : (A Springing (i) Haunch (ii) Voussoir (iv) Skewback (») Spandril (vi) Crown (vii) Intrados (vii) Key (ix) Abutment (%) Extrados. Draw in plan,elevation and section a stone arch 366 m. centre to centre of . of 9 supporting piers. The piers are 60 cm. square. Show cl comprising the arch on adrawing and indicate by arrows. the| foleuing me (a) Extrados (6): Spandril (c) Haunch (d) Springing line (e) Intrados () Voussoir (@ Key-stone 10. Distinguish between a lintel and an arch. Make a neat sketch of a stone arch and name the various parts. ‘What are the various materials used in the construction of lintels. “Sketch an R.C.C. lintel. What are the different types of arches that are used in Describe any three types in detail with sketches. i. building construction?