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Thermodynamics Unit 03

Perpetual Motion Machines (PMMs) are theoretical devices that defy thermodynamic laws, categorized into three types: PMM1 (first kind), PMM2 (second kind), and PMM3 (third kind), each violating fundamental principles of energy conservation and efficiency. The Carnot Theorem states that no engine can exceed the efficiency of a reversible engine operating between the same temperature reservoirs, and all reversible engines have the same efficiency regardless of the working substance. The Carnot cycle illustrates an ideal reversible thermodynamic process involving four key operations: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression.

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27 views5 pages

Thermodynamics Unit 03

Perpetual Motion Machines (PMMs) are theoretical devices that defy thermodynamic laws, categorized into three types: PMM1 (first kind), PMM2 (second kind), and PMM3 (third kind), each violating fundamental principles of energy conservation and efficiency. The Carnot Theorem states that no engine can exceed the efficiency of a reversible engine operating between the same temperature reservoirs, and all reversible engines have the same efficiency regardless of the working substance. The Carnot cycle illustrates an ideal reversible thermodynamic process involving four key operations: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression.

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Perpetual Motion Machines (PMMs) are hypothetical devices that would operate indefinitely

without an external energy source, violating the laws of thermodynamics. There are three main
types:

PMM1: Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind


●​ Concept: Produces work continuously without any energy input.
●​ Violation: Violates the first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be
created or destroyed, only transformed.
●​ Example: A wheel that spins forever without any external force.

PMM2: Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind


●​ Concept: Converts heat energy into work with 100% efficiency.
●​ Violation: Violates the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat cannot
spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter1 body.
●​ Example: An engine that extracts heat from a single reservoir and converts it entirely into
work.

PMM3: Perpetual Motion Machine of the Third Kind


●​ Concept: Overcomes friction and other resistive forces to maintain perpetual motion.
●​ Challenge: While friction can be minimized, it cannot be completely eliminated in real-world
systems.
●​ Example: A pendulum that swings forever without losing energy to friction or air resistance.

Key Points:
●​ All three types of PMMs are theoretically impossible due to the fundamental laws of
physics.
●​ The concept of perpetual motion has fascinated inventors and scientists for centuries, but
no successful PMM has ever been created.
●​ Understanding PMMs helps to illustrate the limitations of energy conversion and the
importance of the laws of thermodynamics.

Carnot Theorem

According to Carnot Theorem:

Any system working between T1 (hot reservoir) and T2 (cold reservoir) can never have
more efficiency than the reversible engine operating between the same reservoirs.

Also, the efficiency of this type of engine is independent of the nature of the working
substance and is only dependent on the temperature of the hot and cold reservoi
rs.

HEA and HEB are the two engines operating between the given source at temperature T1 and
the given sink at temperature T2.
5.10. COROLLARY OF CARNOT’S THEOREM

‘‘The efficiency of all reversible heat engines operating between the same temperature levels is
the same”. Refer Fig. 5.6. Let both the heat engines HEA and HEB be reversible. Let us
assume ηA > ηB. Similar to the procedure outlined in the Article 5.9, if HEB is reversed to run
say, as a heat pump using some part of the work output (WA) of engine HEA, we see that the
combined system of heat pump HEB and engine HEA, becomes a PMM2. So ηA cannot be
greater than ηB. Similary, if we assume ηB > ηA and reverse the engine HEA, we observe that
ηB cannot be greater than ηA ∴ ηA = ηB. Since the efficiencies of all reversible engines
operating between the same heat reservoirs are the same, the efficiency of a reversible engine
is independent of the nature or amount of the working substance undergoing the cycle.

Carnot Cycle
A Carnot cycle is defined as an ideal reversible closed thermodynamic cycle. Four
successive operations are involved: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion,
isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression. During these operations, the
expansion and compression of the substance can be done up to the desired point and
back to the initial state

Following are the four processes of the Carnot cycle:

●​ In (a), the process is reversible isothermal gas expansion. In this process, the amount of
heat absorbed by the ideal gas is qin from the heat source at a temperature of Th. The gas
expands and does work on the surroundings.
●​ In (b), the process is reversible adiabatic gas expansion. Here, the system is thermally
insulated, and the gas continues to expand and work is done on the surroundings. Now the
temperature is lower, Tl.
●​ In (c), the process is a reversible isothermal gas compression process. Here, the heat
loss qout occurs when the surroundings do the work at temperature Tl.
●​ In (d), the process is reversible adiabatic gas compression. Again the system is thermally
insulated. The temperature again rises back to Th as the surrounding continue to do their
work on the gas.

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