Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 1
Introduction & stress

Instructor: Twana A. Hussein

[email protected]
Fall Semester 2020
Civil Engineering Dept.
Tishk International University
Course objective

 To show how to determine the stress, strain, and deflection

suffered by bi-dimensional (and simple tri-dimensional)
structural elements when subjected to different loads (e.g.
normal, shear, torsion, bending and combined loads).

 Once the state of stresses and strains has been established for a
particular structure type, the student will be able to evaluate the
allowable loads and associated allowable stresses before
mechanical failure
 Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course students should be able to:
 Understand the fundamental concepts of stress and strain and the relationship
between both through the strain-stress equations in order to solve problems for
simple tri-dimensional elastic solids.

 Calculate and represent the stress diagrams in bars and simple structures
 Solve problems relating to pure and non-uniform bending of beams and other
simple structures
 Solve problems relating to torsional deformation of bars and other simple tri-
dimensional structures
 Understand the concept of buckling and be able to solve the problems related to
isolated bars
Course outline:
 Fundamentals of stress and strain
 Allowable stresses, allowable loads, and safety factors
 Tension, Compression and Shear
 Torsion
 Bending
 Buckling
 Deflections of beams
 Introduction.
 Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship between the external
loads on a body and the intensity of the internal loads within the body.

 It is not possible solely on basis of force calculation to assess the

structural integrity of a component or structure.

 Strength of materials is obviously a core subject for mechanical and

structural engineers, since it enables us to determine by calculation, if the
components we design will function as intended or fail.

 In order to do so, we define the term stress as a measure for internal force
per area acting inside a structure.
Introduction.
 Converting our internal forces to stresses by calculations
provides us with a measure that contrary to forces can be
related to characteristic material values.

 We will furthermore consider the problem related to

calculation of deformations in components and structures.

 On basis of calculated deformations, it will be considered

how to calculate strains as a measure for how large
deformations are relative to the dimensions of the considered
component.
 Recap: the concept of static equilibrium
 From statics, we know that the following three relations apply
if a plane mechanical system is in static equilibrium,

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0 (1-1)

 Equation 1-1 basically reads, that we can sum up all forces in

the directions of a cleverly chosen coordinate system and
furthermore calculate the sum of moments around a point of
our own choice.
 Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
 Reactions
 Surface forces developed at the supports/points of contact between
bodies.
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

 Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces and a

balance of moments

 For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin O,

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0
∑ 𝑀x = 0 ∑ 𝑀y = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0

 Best way to account for these forces is to draw the body’s

free-body diagram (FBD).
Internal Resultant Loadings
 Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force and
moment acting within a body.
 In general, there are 4 different types of resultant loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M
Example 1.1
 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross
section at C of the beam.
 Solution:
 Free body Diagram
Distributed loading at C is found by proportion,

Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,

,
 Solution:

Applying the equations of

equilibrium we have
 Example 1.2
 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B
of the pipe. The pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a vertical
force of 50 N and a couple moment of 70 N·m at its end A. It is fixed to the
wall at C.
 Example 1.2
 Free body Diagram
 Solution:

 Calculating the weight of each segment of pipe,

• Applying the six scalar equations of equilibrium,

Solution:
 Stress
Both the analysis and design of a given
structure involve the determination of
stresses and deformations.
Normal Stress- Axial Loading
• The resultant of the internal forces for
an axially loaded member is normal to a
section cut perpendicular to the member
axis.

• The force intensity on that section is

defined as the normal stress.
 Normal Stress

 The normal stress at a particular point may

not be equal to the average stress but the
resultant of the stress distribution must satisfy

 The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
 A uniform distribution of stress in a section
implies that the line of action of the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
 Normal Stress

 A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
 If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,
then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.
 The stress distributions in eccentrically
loaded members cannot be uniform or
symmetric.
 Example 1.3
 Two solid circular rods are welded to a plate at B to form a
single rod, as shown in the figure. Consider the 30kN force at
B to be uniformly distributed around the circumference of the
collar at B and the 10 kN load at C to be applied at the
centroid of the end cross section. Determine the axial stress in
each portion of the rod.
 Example 1.4
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm.
Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is
subjected to the loading shown.

 Solution:
 By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.
 Solution:
 Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is

constant,
the largest average normal stress is
 Example 1.5

Solution:
By drawing a free-body diagram of the top segment,
the internal axial force P at the section is
 Shearing Stress
 Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the member
AB.
 Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section
C and are called shearing forces.
 The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is
defined as the shear of the section and is equal to the
load P.
 The corresponding average shear stress is,

 Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member

surfaces to maximum values that may be much larger
than the average value.
 The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be
 Shearing Stress

 The average shear stress distributed over each sectioned area

that develops a shear force.

 τ = average shear stress

 P = internal resultant shear force
 A = area at that section
Shearing Stress Examples
 Bearing Stress in Connections
 Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
 The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
 Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
 Allowable Stress
 Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a
member.
 A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load.
 The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided
by the allowable load
 Example 1.6

Solution:
 For equilibrium we have
 Solution:
 The pin at C resists the resultant force at C. Therefore,

 The pin is subjected to double shear, a shear force of

15.205 kN acts over its cross sectional area between the
arm and each supporting leaf for the pin.
The required area is
Example 1.7
Solution
 Example 1.8
 The shaft is subjected to the axial force of 40 kN. Determine the average
bearing stress acting on the collar C and the normal stress in the shaft
Example 1.8
 Example 1.9
 The beam is supported by a pin at A and a short link BC. Determine the
maximum magnitude P of the loads the beam will support if the average shear
stress in each pin is not to exceed 80 MPa. All pins are in double shear as
shown, and each has a diameter of 18 mm
Example 1.9( solution)
 Example 1.10
 During the tension test, the wooden specimen is
subjected to an average normal stress of 2 ksi.
Determine the axial force P applied to the specimen.
Also, find the average shear stress developed along
section a–a of the specimen.
Example 1.9