Polygraph An instrument that graphically records the physiological responses

such as respiration. blood pressure and pulse rate, and skin's resistance or
conductivity to electricity exhibited in response to a set of questions. The
term literally means "many writings from the Greek words poly and "grapos".
Other names: Deceptograph, Lie-detector, and Pneumo-Galvo-Cardio-
Sphygmograph.

Types of Polygraph:

1. Analog Polygraph a polygraph instrument that directly records the

responses of the subject on a piece of the chart.

2. Computerized Polygraph a polygraph instrument capable of monitoring,

recording, storing, and analyzing respiratory, electrodermal, and
cardiovascular activity.

Main Components:

a. Pneumograph It records the respiratory activity.

b. Cardiograph/ Cardiosphygmograph-It records cardiovascular activity.

c. Galvanograph Component responsible for producing the graphic recording

of skin resistance or Electrodermal Activity (EDA). EDA recently replaced the
term Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

d. Kymograph a motor that drives the polygraph chart under the recording
pen at a uniform rate of 1 division/ 5 seconds (1 division of the chart is
equivalent to ½ inch). This component is used only in analog polygraphs in
which the polygram is produced simultaneously with the application of
stimulus.

Accessory Components:

Polygraph Chair A chair designed to absorb concealed muscular movements

of the subject. To serve its purpose, an additional recording channel must be
provided in the polygraph to register the movements of the subject.
Plethysmograph Device that measures changes in blood volume in a part of
the body. Two common types of plethysmographs are occlusion (use of
inflatable cuff to restrict venous return while measuring volume changes
indirectly via pressure or resistance) and photoelectric (use of infrared light
emitter-collector diode pair that measures volume changes indirectly by
directing light into the skin and detecting its reflection back)

Polygram - A graphic representation containing selected physiological data

generated by an examinee during the data collection phase of a polygraph
examination. Also refers to the physiologic recording of responses of the
examinee in response to stimuli. Also known as: (Polygraph Chart or Test
Data)

Types of Polygrams.

1.Analog polygrams

2 Computerized polygrams

Polygraphist-Someone who has successfully completed formal education and

training in conducting polygraph examinations and is either authorized or
formally certified, by the examiner's agency, to conduct such examinations.
Other names: (Polygraph Examiner, Forensic Psycho-physiologist, and
Polygrapher)

Subject Person taking a polygraph examination. Also known as (Examinee)

Who may take the Polygraph test?

1. Victim

2. Witness

3. Accused
4. Job applicant

5 Employee/Personnel

Stimulus. A force or motion reaching the organism and excites the

preceptors. The polygraphist formulated a question to be used in the
polygraph examination,

Question string All questions that appear on the Polygram between test
commencement (X) and Test termination (XX)

ENDING OF

Serial position-the position of a question within a question string Also known

as Question

Purpose of Stimulus

to pose a threat to the security of the guilty subject

2 to establish the innocence of a truthful subject

Polygraph Examination A process that encompasses all activities that take

place between a PDD examiner and an examinee during the pretest, data
collection, test data analysis, and post-test phases of a polygraph
examination. Also known as (Polygraph Test. Lie-Detector Test, and
Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (PDD)

Utility of Polygraph Examination:

Law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies in the United States are
by far the biggest users of polygraph technology. In the United States alone
all federal law enforcement agencies either employ their own polygraph
examiners or use the services of examiners employed in other agencies

1. Law Enforcement-Polygraph Examination is used as a tool in the

investigation of crime.

2. Legal Community The result of the Polygraph Examination is used as

evidence in court (subject to the existing rules on the admissibility of
polygraph evidence). A polygraph examination is also used by the Parole and
Probation office in the US to evaluate if the parolees or probationers follow
the conditions of their release.

3.Private Sector- Polygraph examination is used in Pre-employment

Screening to check the honesty of applicants and to establish background
information. It is also used in Periodic Screening of employees to check their
loyalty and honesty For issues limited only to a person's Integrity, polygraph
examination can also be used.

Test Results:

1. Deception Indicated (DI) An opinion that indicates that an analysis of the

polygraph charts revealed the physiological responses to the relevant
question(s) are indicative of deception.

2 No Deception Indicated (NDI) An opinion that indicates that an analysis of

the polygraph charts revealed the physiological responses to the relevant
question(s) were not indicative of deception. No Significant Response (NSR)
is an equivalent term to NDI.

3. Inconclusive This is the examiner's required diagnostic opinion when an

examinee's polygraph record shows responses that are insufficient to
determine truthfulness or deception. In the recent year, polygraphists no
longer use this test result and if the subject is inconclusive, their diagnosis is
reduced to No Opinion

4. No Opinion (NO) An evaluation that indicates the examiner cannot render

a conclusive opinion of DI or NDI based on the physiological data on a given
set of charts. Based on earlier references, this result is the diagnostic opinion
of the examiner when the subject has been uncooperative during the test
and the data has been corrupted.

Accuracy of Polygraph Test Result:

If the properly trained examiner utilizes the established testing procedures,

the accuracy of the decisions made by polygraph examiners is very high
Generally, the accuracy level as based on several experiments is in the
range of 85%-95%

Errors in Polygraph Test Result:

1. False Positive occurs when a truthful subject is reported as deceptive.

2. False Negative occurs when a deceptive subject is reported as truthful.

Examination Room – A controlled environment where polygraph examination

is conducted. An Ideal Examination Room:

1. Spacious for two persons

Deception-the act of making someone believe something that is not true. It is

an act of

Deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.

Dicrotic Notch – graphic representation within the cardio tracing on a

polygraph chart caused by a backward surge of blood against the semi-lunar
valve in the left ventricle of the heart.

Distortion – change in polygraph tracings caused by artifact stimulus.

Lie- is an intentionally false statement to a person or group made by another
person or group who knows it is not wholly the truth.

Specific Response – A deviation from an examinee’s normal state of

homeostasis as evidenced by the tracings on a polygraph chart.

A sphygmomanometer or blood pressure meter (also referred to as a

sphygmomanometer) is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed
of an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical
manometer to measure the pressure.

Fear is the emotional response to a specific danger that appears to be

beyond a person’s defensive power.

Response-any activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an organism

resulting from stimulation

Reaction – It is an action in mental attitude evoked by external influence

Detection – Is an act of discovery of existence, presence of fat, or something

hidden or obscure.

Lying – the uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating false or misleading

information with the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and opinions of
others.

TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPHY

1. Psychological Leg Premise states that specific nervous system

components whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so
stimulated by the involuntary and emotional processes of the
 individual who is continuously attempting concealment of deception
especially if that individual has something at stake and the prevailing
circumstances lead him to believe thal exposure to deception is quite
possible although undesirable.

2. Physiological Leg Premise that among the physiological responses that

may be recorded are those that automatically occur only following the
stimulation of the specific nervous component system

3. Mechanical Leg Premise polygraph is capable of making graphic

records containing indelible information regarding physiological
responses of the subject

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LYING The Central Nervous System (CNS) is

composed of the brain and the spinal cord. All other nerve ways are within
the peripheral nervous system which separates into two: The Somatic
Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System.

1. Somatic Nervous System is involved with voluntary comparative over

skeletal muscles

2. Autonomic Nervous System involved those involuntary physiological

functions of the body and has considerable psychological impact as
well.

TWO DIVISIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) = the house keeping or

braking system. It is responsible for conserving energy and making
sure necessary bodily functions I restrains sympathetic arousal and
attempt to maintain homeostatic (homeostasis) normal.
 2. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is our emergency, or action system
= a system which causes the sudden and dramatic change.

1. Somatic Nervous System is involved with voluntary comparative over

skeletal muscles

2. Autonomic Nervous System involved those involuntary physiological

functions of the body and has considerable psychological impact as
well.

TWO DIVISIONS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) = the house keeping or

braking system. It is responsible for conserving energy and making
sure necessary bodily functions I restrains sympathetic arousal and
attempt to maintain homeostatic (homeostasis) normal.

2. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – is our emergency, or action

system, a system which causes the sudden and dramatic change

Lie refers to either untruthful or falsehood statements, any act that deceives
or creates false impressions. It is also synonymous with deceit, deception, or
fabrication.

Lying is uttering or conveying falsehood, creating a false or misleading

impression with the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts through the
opinion or affection of another.
Lying can be devastating, it does not only hurt the one who is being lied to,
but it also hurts the one who tells it. Lying is the common denominator in
many of our lives and recognizing some of the different types might help us
in dealing with the liars in our lives.

Kinds of Lies

1. White Lie/ Benign Lie it is used to avoid the harmful and realistic
implications of the truth. It will cause no discord if not discovered and
offers some benefit to the liar and the hearer. It is basically used to
lubricate interpersonal relationships.
2. 2. Black Lie - telling an untruth and attributing it to a false source. A lie
that accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause
dishonor or discredit one's good image
3. 3. Red Lie-a lie common to communist countries, it is used to destroy
common ideologies by means of propaganda. This involves political
interests and motives because this is a party of communist
propaganda strategy
4. 4. Aggressive lies - are self-serving and may potentially damage
others, and therefore, most people would see them as clearly immoral.
5. 5. Bold-faced Lielie that is told when it is obvious to all concerned that
it is a lie.
6. 6. Perjury making verifiably false statements on a material matter
under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any various statements
in writing. Perjury is a crime because the witness has sworn to tell the
truth, and for the credibility of the court, witness testimony must be
relied on as being truthful.
7. 7. Malicious lie a pure dishonesty to obstruct justice. It is a very pure
and unjustifiable kind of lie that is intended purely to mislead or
obstruct justice by a guilty accused person.
8. 8. Altruistic lies are those lies that are told to benefit someone else, to
reduce suffering, or to help increase self-esteem. Used to comfort,
protect and support the deceived.
9. 9. Pathological Lies- are those that are told even when there is little or
no apparent gain to the person who is lying. In fact, the lying often
occurs even when the results would be better if the truth were told. A
 lie made by persons who cannot distinguish right and wrong
Furthermore, the lie is not determined solely by situational factors and
appears to be compulsive or fantastic.
10. 10. Emergency Lies Defensive Lies- used when the truth may
not be told because of the harm that would come of it.
11. 11. Humorous Lies (Jocose Lie) those aimed at amusing the
listener, and any intent to deceive is transient and teasing
Characteristically, they involve some degree of preposterous
exaggeration.
12. 12. Bluffing is an act of deception that is not usually seen as
immoral because it takes place in the context of a game where this
kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players. This kind
of deception is accepted as a tactic and even expected.
13. 13. Exaggeration is when the most fundamental aspect of a
statement is true but the degree of its truthfulness is incorrect.
Maximization of felt emotions reflects a dramatic attempt to influence
another person.
14. 14. Minimization - The result of an individual's attempt to
dampen the extemal appearance of a more deeply experienced
emotion is minimization of emotional expression.
15. 15 Neutralization - An effort to mask emotional response by
adapting a "poker face". Psychoanalysts and other professionals may
display relatively little response in their efforts to appear
nonjudgmental of the patient's or client's statements.
16. 16. Substitution it's a common mechanism of hiding one's true
feelings. One of the most common techniques employed for this
purpose is to substitute "pleasure" for negative emotion. Smiling is one
of the easiest nonverbal communications to produce and may be used
to mask feelings of arrogance, anxiety, or boredom.
17. 17. Promotion Lie a kind of lie used in advertisement (or
marketing strategies) that is used to influence consumers to buy
products.

Different Types of Liars

Sociopathic Liars are those who lie continuously to get their own way,
without care or concern for others. They are goal-oriented
Compulsive Liars are someone who continually lies as a habit. They feel the
discomfort of being truthful because lying makes them feel night.

Occasional Liars are those who seldom tell lies. They are quick to ask
forgiveness from the individual that they lied to

Panic Liars are those who lie in order to avoid the consequences of
confession. They are afraid of embarrassment and believe that confession
will worsen the matter.

Occupational Liars are considered to be practical liars for they lie when it has
a higher "payoff than telling the truth

Tournament Liars are those who love to lie and are excited by the challenge
of not being detected. An interview is a contest they want to win, they realize
that they will probably be convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction
of hearing them confess.

Psychopathic Liars are the most difficult type; these persons have no
conscience and show no regret for dishonesty and the manifestation of guilt.

Ethnological Liars are those who are taught not to be a squealer

Pathological Liars are persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong due
to their sick minds.

Black liars are persons who always pretend what he is and what he thinks of
himself
While Liars are those who don’t usually think of themselves as true “liars”.
They justify their lies as Harmless and beneficial

Early human beings have their own way of determining lies or guilt on the
part of the accused and accuser. Their common method is thru the
application of “ordeal”. An ordeal is a severe test of character or endurance,
a trying course of experience, and a medieval form of judicial trial in which
the accused was subjected to physical tests. It is also a term of varying
meaning closely related to Medieval Latin “Del Indicum” meaning
“Miraculous Decision”.

Trial by Ordeal refers to the ancient method of trial in which the accused was
exposed to physical danger which was supposed to be harmless if he was
innocent. Tral by Combat was the earliest method of detecting deception of a
person or persons suspected of the commission of an offense. It is the
resolving of an issue through the strength of arms.

EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

1. Red Hot Iron Ordeal practiced in Rajhmal, North Bengal, the accused
placed his tongue to a red-hot iron nine times (9) unless burned
sooner. If burned, he is put to death as he is guilty. Not only just licking
the iron but also, he is made to carry the metal into his hands.

2. Ordeal by the Balance/practiced in Vishnu, India where the scale of

balance is used where the accused is placed on the other end while a
counterbalance was made. If he were lighter before then he will be
acquitted.

3. Ordeal by Rice Chewing practiced by Indians. It is formed with a kind of

rice called "sathee" prepared with various incantations. The person on
trial eats the rice and then spits upon an eyeful leaf. If saliva is mixed
with blood or the comer of the mouth swell or he trembles, he is
declared then a liar
4.
5. 4 Ordeal of the Red Water practiced in Eastern Africa were the accused
is made to swallow a small amount of rice after fasting for twelve hours
and then immersed in dark-colored water, if the accused ejects all the
rice, he is adjudged innocent.
6.
7. 5. Trial by Combat is a fight between the accuser and the accused,
whoever lost the battle will be adjudged guilty. It became a legal ordeal
in England during the time of "King Henry III"
8.
9. 6 Trial by Torture the accused was put into a severe physical test. If the
accused can endure such torture, he will be considered innocent.
10.
11. 7. Drinking Ordeal practiced in Nigeria and India where the
accused was given a decoction to drink by a priest-if innocent; no harm
befalls him, but if guilty, will die.
12.
13. 8. Trial of the Eucharist practiced in European countries where
this trial is reserved for the clergy and administered with pomp and
ceremony. If the accused was guilty it was believed that Angel Gabriel
will descend from heaven and prevent the accused from swallowing
the food given to
14.
15. him. 9. Ordeal of the Heat and Fire the accused has to walk
barefooted over burning coals, if unharmed the accused is innocent
16.
17. 10. Ordeal of the Boiling Oil or Water practiced in Asian countries
where the accused was forced to dip his hands into the boiling water or
oil and ask to pick up a stone in it. If he remains unhurt then he is
innocent.
18.
19. 11. Ordeal of the Red-Hot Needle a hot needle is pierced in the
lower lip of the accused: If blood flows from the wound the accused is
guilty
20.
21. 12. Ordeal of the Tiger is practiced in Thailand where the accuser
and the accused are placed together in the same way and a tiger is set
loose upon them. If both were spared, further elimination followed
22.
23. 13. Test of the Cross Ordeal practiced in Europe where the
accuser and the accused were made a stand with arms crossed on
 their breast. The one who endured the longest was deemed to have
told the truth, the other is a liar.
24.
25. 14. Donkey's Tail Ordeal the accused is asked to touch the tail of
the sacred ass in a room without the presence of anyone; he is made
to believe that the sacred ass will utter a sound if touched by guilty
hands After the accused has returned from the room, his hands will be
checked if dusted with black powder which was secretly smeared on
the tail of the ass which is not sacred at all, if so the accused is
innocent. The basis of this procedure is that they believe that a truthful
person will touch the tail of the ass even if no one is looking to prove
his innocence.