Chapter 1

Introduction

Computer Networking: A
Top Down Approach
7th Edition, Global Edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Pearson
April 2016

Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
 get “feel” and  what’s the Internet?
terminology  what’s a protocol?
 network edge; hosts, access net,
 more depth, detail physical media
later in course  network core: packet/circuit
 approach: switching, Internet structure
• use Internet as  performance: loss, delay,
throughput
example
 security
 protocol layers, service models
 history

Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network

PC
 billions of connected
server computing devices: global ISP

wireless
laptop
• hosts = end systems
smartphone • running network apps home
network
 communication links regional ISP

wireless • fiber, copper, radio,

links satellite
wired
links • transmission rate:
bandwidth

 packet switches: forward

router
packets (chunks of data)
institutional
• routers and switches network

Introduction 1-4
“Fun” Internet-connected devices

Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/

Tweet-a-watt:
Slingbox: watch, monitor energy use
control cable TV remotely

sensorized,
bed
mattress
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones

Introduction 1-5
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network

 Internet: “network of networks”

global ISP
• Interconnected ISPs
 protocols control sending, receiving
of messages home
• e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 network
regional ISP
 Internet standards
• RFC: Request for comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

institutional
network

Introduction 1-6
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network

 infrastructure that provides global ISP

services to applications:
• Web, VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, social nets, … home
network
 provides programming regional ISP
interface to apps
• hooks that allow sending
and receiving app programs
to “connect” to Internet
• provides service options,
analogous to postal service
institutional
network
Introduction 1-7
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific messages sent
… specific actions taken
when messages
protocols define format, order of
received, or other
events messages sent and received among
network entities, and actions taken
on message transmission, receipt

Introduction 1-8
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction 1-9
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-10
A closer look at network structure:
mobile network

 network edge:
• hosts: clients and servers global ISP
• servers often in data
centers
home
 access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links

 network core:
• interconnected routers
• network of networks
institutional
network
Introduction 1-11
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end

systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school, company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
 shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-12
Access network: digital subscriber line (DSL)

central office telephone

network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)

Introduction 1-13
Access network: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-14
Access network: cable network
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2
Mbps upstream transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
• unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
Introduction 1-15
 Access network: home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)

Introduction 1-16
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

 typically used in companies, universities, etc.

 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-17
Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access network connects end system to router
• via base station aka “access point”

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access

 within building (100 ft.)  provided by telco (cellular)
 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 operator, 10’s km
Mbps transmission rate  between 1 and 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

Introduction 1-18
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
 takes application message
 breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L L bits each
bits
 transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R 2 1

• link transmission rate, aka R: link transmission rate

link capacity, aka link host
bandwidth
• bandwidth is the maximum
rate of data transfer across a
given path.

Introduction 1-19
Physical media
 bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
 physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
between transmitter &  two insulated copper
receiver wires
 guided media: • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gbps Ethernet
• signals propagate in solid • Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-20
https://planetechusa.com/blog/ethernet-different-ethernet-categories-cat3-
vs-cat5e-vs-cat6-vs-cat6a-vs-cat7-vs-cat8/
Introduction 1-21
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper  glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple channels on cable transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
Gbps transmission rate)
• HFC
 low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic
noise

Introduction 1-22
Physical media: radio
 signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum  terrestrial microwave
 no physical “wire” • e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
 bidirectional  LAN (e.g., WiFi)
 propagation environment • 54 Mbps
effects:  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
• reflection • 4G cellular: ~ 10 Mbps
• obstruction by objects  satellite
• interference • Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
• 270 msec end-end delay
• geosynchronous versus low
altitude

Introduction 1-23
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-24
The network core
 mesh of interconnected
routers
 packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
• forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
• each packet transmitted at
full link capacity

Introduction 1-25
Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet

3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

 takes L/R seconds to transmit one-hop numerical example:

(push out) L-bit packet into
link at R bps  L = 7.5 Mbits
 store and forward: entire  R = 1.5 Mbps
packet must arrive at router  one-hop transmission
before it can be transmitted delay = 5 sec
on next link
 end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming
zero propagation delay) more on delay shortly …
Introduction 1-26
Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:

 if arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link
for a period of time:
• packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
• packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

Introduction 1-27
 Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source-
destination route taken by forwarding: move packets from
packets router’s input to appropriate
 routing algorithms router output

routing algorithm

local forwarding table

header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction 1-28
Alternative core: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “call” between
source & dest:
 in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and
1st circuit in right link.
 dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 circuit segment idle if not used by call
(no sharing)
 commonly used in traditional
telephone networks

Introduction 1-29
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
With frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), each circuit continuously gets
a fraction of the bandwidth. With TDM, each circuit gets all of the bandwidth
periodically during brief intervals of time (that is, during slots)
Introduction 1-30
Packet switching versus circuit switching

• Critics of packet switching have often argued that packet

switching is not suitable for real-time services (for
example, telephone calls and video conference calls)
because of its variable and unpredictable end-to-end
delays (due primarily to variable and unpredictable
queuing delays).
• Proponents of packet switching argue that (1) it offers
better sharing of transmission capacity than circuit
switching and (2) it is simpler, more efficient, and less
costly to implement than circuit switching.

Introduction 1-31
 Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
example:
 1 Mb/s link
 each user:
• 100 kb/s when “active” N
• active 10% of time users
• With circuit switching, 100 kbps must be 1 Mbps link
reserved for each user at all times.
 circuit-switching:
• 10(=1 Mbps/100 kbps) users
Because the probability of having more
•
 packet switching: than 10 simultaneously active users is
• With 35 users, the probability that there are minuscule in this example, packet
more than 10 simultaneously active users is switching provides essentially the same
approximately 0.0004
performance as circuit switching, but
• When there are 10 or fewer simultaneously
active users (which happens with probability does so while allowing for more than
0.9996), the aggregate arrival rate of data is less three times the number of users.
than or equal to 1 Mbps

Introduction 1-32
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
Packet switching versus circuit switching

is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”

 great for bursty data
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
• 1 user 1000 bit others idle, 1Mbps link 10 sec in circuit switching
 excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
• bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps

Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus

on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?
Introduction 1-33
Internet structure: network of networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
• residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
• so that any two hosts can send packets to each other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
• evolution was driven by economics and national policies
 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure

Introduction 1-34
Internet structure: network of networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-35
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP

access
to each other directly doesn’t access
net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-36
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

global
access
net
ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-37
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A

access
net ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-38
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
…. which must be interconnected
access access
Internet exchange point
net net
access
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access peering link

net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-39
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to
ISPs
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-40
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft,
Akamai) may run their own network, to bring services, content
close to end users
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
Content provider network
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access
net
ISP C
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net

Introduction 1-41
Internet structure: network of networks

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IXP IXP IXP

Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

 at center: small # of well-connected large networks

• “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national &
international coverage
• content provider network (e.g., Google): private network that connects
it data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs Introduction 1-42
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone

peering
… … …
…

to/from customers

Introduction 1-43
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-44
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
 packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
 packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Introduction 1-45
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay

 check bit errors  time waiting at output link
 determine output link for transmission
 typically < msec  depends on congestion
level of router
Introduction 1-46
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:

 L: packet length (bits)  d: length of physical link
 R: link bandwidth (bps)  s: propagation speed (~2x108 m/sec)
 dtrans = L/R dtrans and dprop  dprop = d/s
very different
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on trans vs. prop delay Introduction 1-47
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

 cars “propagate” at  time to “push” entire

100 km/hr caravan through toll
 toll booth takes 12 sec to booth onto highway =
service car (bit transmission 12*10 = 120 sec
time)  time for last car to
 car ~ bit; caravan ~ packet propagate from 1st to
 Q: How long until caravan is 2nd toll both:
lined up before 2nd toll 100km/(100km/hr)= 1
booth? hr
 A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-48
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

 suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr

 and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car
 Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at first
booth?
• A: Yes! after 7 min, first car arrives at second booth; three
cars still at first booth

Introduction 1-49
Queueing delay (revisited)

average queueing
 R: link bandwidth (bps)

delay
 L: packet length (bits)
 a: average packet arrival
rate
traffic intensity
= La/R
 La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0

 La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large

 La/R > 1: more “work” arriving
than can be serviced, average delay infinite!

La/R -> 1
* Check online interactive animation on queuing and loss
Introduction 1-50
“Real” Internet delays and routes
 what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
 traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-
end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
• sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
• router i will return packets to sender
• sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-51
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org

Introduction 1-52
 Packet loss
 queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite
capacity
 packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
 lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by
source end system, or not at all

buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss Introduction 1-53
Throughput (more)
 Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

 Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-54
Throughput: Internet scenario

 per-connection end-
end throughput: Rs
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) Rs Rs
 in practice: Rc or Rs
is often bottleneck
R

Rc Rc

Rc

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more
examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive/ Introduction 1-55
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-56
Protocol “layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
 hosts Question:
 routers is there any hope of
 links of various organizing structure of
media network?
 applications
 protocols …. or at least our
 hardware, discussion of networks?
software

Introduction 1-57
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

 a series of steps

Introduction 1-58
Layering of airline functionality

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

layers: each layer implements a service

 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by layer below

Introduction 1-59
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
 explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
 modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
• change of implementation of layer’s service
transparent to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of
system
 layering considered harmful?

Introduction 1-60
Internet protocol stack
 application: supporting network
applications
• FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
 transport: process-process data
transfer transport
• TCP, UDP
network
 network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination
link
• IP, routing protocols
 link: data transfer between physical
neighboring network elements
• Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
 physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction 1-61
ISO/OSI reference model
 presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data, application
e.g., encryption, compression,
machine-specific conventions presentation
 session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange
network
 Internet stack “missing” these
layers! link
• these services, if needed, must be physical
implemented in application
• needed?

Introduction 1-62
 message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-63
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-64
Network security
 field of network security:
• how bad guys can attack computer networks
• how we can defend networks against attacks
• how to design architectures that are immune to attacks
 Internet not originally designed with (much)
security in mind
• original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users
attached to a transparent network” 
• Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
• security considerations in all layers!

Introduction 1-65
Bad guys: put malware into hosts via Internet

 malware can get in host from:

• virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing
object (e.g., e-mail attachment)
• worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving
object that gets itself executed
 spyware malware can record keystrokes, web
sites visited, upload info to collection site
 infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for
spam. DDoS attacks

Introduction 1-66
Bad guys: attack server, network infrastructure

Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources

(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic
by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic

1. select target
2. break into hosts around
the network (see botnet)
3. send packets to target from
compromised hosts
target

Introduction 1-67
Bad guys can sniff packets
packet “sniffing”:
 broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
 promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets
(e.g., including passwords!) passing by

A C

src:B dest:A payload

B

 wireshark software used for end-of-chapter labs is a

(free) packet-sniffer
Introduction 1-68
Bad guys can use fake addresses

IP spoofing: send packet with false source address

A C

src:B dest:A payload

… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)

Introduction 1-69
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-70
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
 1961: Kleinrock -  1972:
queueing theory shows • ARPAnet public demo
effectiveness of packet- • NCP (Network Control
switching Protocol) first host-host
 1964: Baran - packet- protocol
switching in military nets • first e-mail program
 1967: ARPAnet • ARPAnet has 15 nodes
conceived by Advanced
Research Projects
Agency
 1969: first ARPAnet node
operational

Introduction 1-71
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets

 1970: ALOHAnet satellite

network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahn’s
 1974: Cerf and Kahn - internetworking principles:
architecture for interconnecting • minimalism, autonomy - no
networks internal changes required to
 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC interconnect networks
• best effort service model
 late70’s: proprietary
architectures: DECnet, SNA, • stateless routers
XNA • decentralized control
 late 70’s: switching fixed length define today’s Internet
packets (ATM precursor) architecture
 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes

Introduction 1-72
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

 1983: deployment of  new national networks:

TCP/IP CSnet, BITnet, NSFnet,
 1982: smtp e-mail Minitel
protocol defined  100,000 hosts connected
 1983: DNS defined for to confederation of
name-to-IP-address networks
translation
 1985: ftp protocol defined
 1988: TCP congestion
control

Introduction 1-73
Internet history
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
 early 1990’s: ARPAnet late 1990’s – 2000’s:
decommissioned  more killer apps: instant
 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on messaging, P2P file sharing
commercial use of NSFnet  network security to
(decommissioned, 1995) forefront
 early 1990s: Web  est. 50 million host, 100
• hypertext [Bush 1945, million+ users
Nelson 1960’s]  backbone links running at
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee Gbps
• 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
• late 1990’s:
commercialization of the Web

Introduction 1-74
Internet history
2005-present
 ~5B devices attached to Internet (2016)
• smartphones and tablets
 aggressive deployment of broadband access
 increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
 emergence of online social networks:
• Facebook: ~ one billion users
 service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own
networks
• bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous” access to
search, video content, email, etc.
 e-commerce, universities, enterprises running their
services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon EC2)

Introduction 1-75
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
 Internet overview  context, overview, “feel”
 what’s a protocol? of networking
 network edge, core, access  more depth, detail to
network follow!
• packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
• Internet structure
 performance: loss, delay,
throughput
 layering, service models
 security
 history

Introduction 1-76
 Chapter 1
Additional Slides

Introduction 1-77
 application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application

OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
Network (IP)
capture copy of all
Ethernet Link (Ethernet)
(pcap) frames
sent/receive Physical
d