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lecture 5

The document discusses key concepts in electromagnetic theory, including isotropic dielectric materials, homogeneous materials, and the Poynting vector, which represents the flow of energy in electromagnetic waves. It explains the energy density of electric and magnetic fields, and introduces the concept of irradiance as the average energy per unit time per unit area. Additionally, it includes exercises to apply these concepts in practical scenarios involving harmonic electromagnetic waves.

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mohammadtaoubi
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8 views

lecture 5

The document discusses key concepts in electromagnetic theory, including isotropic dielectric materials, homogeneous materials, and the Poynting vector, which represents the flow of energy in electromagnetic waves. It explains the energy density of electric and magnetic fields, and introduces the concept of irradiance as the average energy per unit time per unit area. Additionally, it includes exercises to apply these concepts in practical scenarios involving harmonic electromagnetic waves.

Uploaded by

mohammadtaoubi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page35

2-9) Isotropic dielectric material


A dielectric whose polarization always ha a direction that is parallel to the applied electric field, and a magnitude does
not depend on the direction of electric field is isotropic dielectric material.
In general isotropic means that the properties of materials are the same in all directions

2-10) Homogeneous material


Homogeneous means that something is uniform throughout. A homogeneous material means a material which has
uniform composition and uniform properties throughout.

2-11) The Poynting Vector


Any EM wave exists within some region of space, and it is therefore natural to consider the radiant energy per unit
volume or energy density ‘U”.

First: We suppose that the electric field 𝐸 itself can somehow store energy. When a parallel-plate capacitor of
1
capacitance ‘C’ is charged to a voltage ‘V’ we can imagination that the energy 𝑐𝑉 2 is stored. With a plate area ‘A’ and a
2
separation ‘d’ we can prove that the energy density of he electric field is:
1
𝑢𝐸 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2 (43)
2
Second: The energy density of the B-field also can be determined by considering a hollow coil of inductance ‘L’ carrying a
current ’I’. A simple air-core solenoid of cross-sectional area ‘A’ and length ‘l’ with N turns has the following energy
density of the field B:
1
𝑢𝑚 = 𝐵2 (44)
2𝜇0
The relation 𝐸 = 𝑐𝐵 leads to 𝑢𝐸 = 𝑢𝑚 and then we can write the total EM energy density as:

1
𝑢 = 𝑢𝐸 + 𝑢𝑚 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2 = 𝐵2 (45)
𝜇0
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page36

Let S symbolize the transport of energy per unit


time across a unit area :

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐽 𝑤
( 2 = )
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑚 𝑚2

In the adjacent figure, an EM wave traveling with


a speed c through an area A. During interval of
time ∆𝑡 , only the energy contained in the
cylindrical volume 𝑢(𝑐∆𝑡𝐴) will across A.

𝑢(𝑐∆𝑡𝐴
Thus 𝑆= = 𝑢𝑐 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2 𝑐 = 𝜀0 𝑐𝐵𝐸𝑐 =
∆𝑡 𝐴
1
𝜀0 𝑐 2 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵 (46)
𝜇0

For isotropic media, the energy flows in the


direction of the propagation of the wave, then In case of a harmonic in free space:
𝐸 = 𝐸0 cos 𝑘𝑟 − 𝑤𝑡
𝑆 = 𝜀0 𝑐 2 𝐸 × 𝐵 (47) 𝐵 = 𝐵0 cos 𝑘𝑟 − 𝑤𝑡
Then
| 𝑆 | is the power per unit area crossing a surface
whose normal is parallel to 𝑆 𝑆 = 𝜀0 𝑐 2 (𝐸0 × 𝐵0 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑘𝑟 − 𝑤𝑡 (48)
The vector 𝑆 is called “Poynting Vector”. This expression represents the instantaneous flow of
energy per unit area per unit time.
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page37

2-12) Irradiance
It should be evident that 𝐸 × 𝐵 cycles from max. to min. at optical frequency ≈ 1015 Hz; 𝑆 is an extremely rapidly
varying function of time (indeed, twice as rapid as the fields, since cosine-squared has the double of cosine). Therefore
its instantaneous value is a very difficult quantity to measure directly. This suggests that in everyday practice we employ
an averaging procedure. That is we absorb the radiant energy during some finite interval of time using for example, a
photocell, a film plate, or the retina of human eye, then 𝑆 = 𝜀0 𝑐 2 (𝐸0 × 𝐵0 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑘𝑟 − 𝑤𝑡 to be useful, suggest we
take a moment to study the average values. The time-averaged value of some function f(t) over an interval T is written
as:
𝑇
1 𝑡+
2
< 𝑓 𝑡 >𝑇 = 𝑇 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (49)
𝑇 𝑡−
2
For an interval of time T, We can prove that
< 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 > 𝑇 =< 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡 > 𝑇 = 0 (50)

1
< 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑤𝑡 > 𝑇 = (51)
2
We define the irradiance by the average energy per unit time per unit area, then for T>>𝜏 , 𝐼 =< 𝑆 > 𝑇
Then
𝑐𝜀 𝑐 𝑐
𝐼 = 0 𝐸0 2 = 𝑐𝜀0 < 𝐸 2 > 𝑇 = 𝐵0 2 = < 𝐵2 > 𝑇 (52)
2 2𝜇0 𝜇0

With a linear, homogeneous, isotropic dielectric medium


𝑣𝜀 𝑣 𝑣
𝐼 = 𝐸0 2 = 𝑣𝜀 < 𝐸 2 > 𝑇 = 𝐵0 2 = < 𝐵2 > 𝑇 (53)
2 2𝜇 𝜇

𝑃
We call I radiant flux density 𝐼 = where P: radiant flux.
𝐴
Electromagnetic Theory and Photons / Chapter 1 P2205/2023/page38

Exercises

Ex1) Imagine a harmonic plane EM wave traveling in the z-direction in a homogeneous isotropic dielectric. If the wave,
whose amplitude is 𝐸0 , has a magnitude of zero at t=0 and z=0, show that its energy density is given by
𝑢 𝑡 = 𝜀𝐸0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑘(𝑧 − 𝑣𝑡)
And find an expression for the irradiance of the wave.

Ex2) The electric field of an EM plane wave is expressed by 𝐸 = (− 2.99𝑉


𝑚
)𝑒 𝑖(𝑘𝑧−𝑤𝑡) 𝑒𝑦
Give that 𝑤 = 2.99 × 1015 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 and 𝑘 = 107 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚. Find:
a) The associated vector magnetic field
b) The irradiance of the wave.

Ex3) A linearly polarized harmonic EM plane wave with a scalar amplitude of 10V/m is propagating along a line in the xy-
plane as its plane of vibration. Write a vector expression describing the wave assuming both 𝑘𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑦 are >0. Calculate
the radiant flux density, taking the wave to be in vacuum (𝜀0 = 8.8542 × 10−12 𝑆𝐼)

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