Work, Energy, and Power
Chapter 4
Work is done only when a force
succeeds in moving the body upon
which it acts.
Gaspard Coriolis
• Work done in moving a body is equal to the
product of force exerted on the body and the
distance moved by the body in the direction of
force.
• Work done= Force x Displacement
• W= F x s
• Work is a scalar quantity.
• Work can be positive or zero or negative.
• Work done by friction is negative as the
displacement is opposite to the friction.
A man holding a
book in his hands
in stationary
position does not
do any work since
the weight of the
book acting on him
does not produce
any displacement.
Work done
=F cos𝛉 x s
=Fs cos 𝛉
Work done
=F cos𝛉 x s
=Fs cos 𝛉
To find the work done:
carefully consider the
force involved and the
displacement.
Work done can be both
positive, negative or
zero.
Positive, Zero, and Negative Work Done
1. The work done is positive if
the force acts on a body in
the direction of its motion.
W= Fs cos 𝛉
W= Fs cos 0
W= Fs (cos 0=1)
Positive, Zero, and Negative Work Done
2. The work done is zero if the
force acts on a body in the
direction perpendicular to its
motion.
W= Fs cos 𝛉
W= Fs cos 90ο
W= Fs (cos 90ο=0)
Positive, Zero, and Negative Work Done
3. The work done is negative
if the force acts on a body in
the direction opposite to its
motion.
W= Fs cos 𝛉
W= Fs cos 180ο
W= Fs (cos 180ο=-1)
Examples
• When we throw a ball vertically
upwards, the work done by our
force is positive whereas the
work done by the gravitational
force is negative since it acts in
the direction opposite to the
motion of the ball.
When the ball falls back, the
work done
Energy
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Energy is a scalar quantity.
• SI unit of energy is ‘joule’ or ‘J’
Different Forms of Energy
Potential Energy Kinetic Energy
Different Forms of Energy
Potential Energy
1. Gravitational
Energy- the energy
stored in an object’s
position. The amount
of gravitational
energy stored in an
object depends on
its height and mass.
Different Forms of Energy
Potential Energy
2. Chemical Energy- the
energy stored in the bonds
of atoms and molecules.
Different Forms of Energy
Potential Energy
3. Nuclear energy- the energy that
holds the nucleus of an atom. When
the nuclei of atoms are split apart,
very large amounts of energy can be
released.
Different Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy
1. Heat (thermal)energy- is
the energy due to vibration
and movement of the atoms
and molecules within
substances.
Different Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy
2. Radiant energy- is a form
of energy that includes
electromagnetic waves.
Different Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy
3. Sound energy- is the
movement of energy through
substances in longitudinal
(compression/rarefaction)
waves.
Different Forms of Energy
Kinetic Energy
4. Electrical energy-
is energy related to forces
on electrically charged
particles and the movement
of those particles (often
electrons in wires, but not
always).
Different Forms of Energy
Mechanical energy
It is the sum of potential and
kinetic energy.
Energy Conversions
Energy in the 1ˢᵗ Energy in the 2ⁿᵈ Energy in the 3ʳᵈ
Device
Form Form and 4ᵗʰ Form
A body is thrown
Kinetic energy Potential energy
upwards
Sound, light & Heat
A body is dropped
(spark)if the body is
from a height above
Potential energy Kinetic energy stone or heavy metal
the surface of the
falling on the hard
earth
surface
Heat and Light
Filament bulb Electrical energy
energy
Also Light energy if
Electric iron Electrical energy Heat energy
an indicator is fixed
Transformation of Energy
Energy in the 1ˢᵗ Energy in the 2ⁿᵈ Energy in the 3ʳᵈ
Device
Form Form and 4ᵗʰ Form
Potential energy of
Hydroelectric power
water stored in high Kinetic energy Electric energy
station
dam
Nuclear power Kinetic energy and
Nuclear energy Heat energy
station then electric energy
Windmill for Kinetic energy of
Electrical energy
electricity wind
Transformation of Energy
Energy in the 1ˢᵗ Energy in the 2ⁿᵈ Energy in the 3ʳᵈ
Device
Form Form and 4ᵗʰ Form
Microphone Sound energy Electrical energy
Loudspeaker Electrical energy Sound energy
Chemical energy of
Gas stove Heat and Light
LPG
1. Carrying a Backpack
2. Pushing a Car
3. Sliding a Box Across a Floor
4. Climbing Stairs
5. Rowing a Boat
6. Pulling a curtain to the side to open a window.
7. A waiter carries a tray straight across the room at
shoulder height.
8. A person standing holds a heavy box
9. A book rests on a table.
10. A ball thrown up into the air and coming back down
Transformation of Energy
1. Which example has chemical energy present in it?
A. electric circuit
B. light bulb
C. medicine
D. Television
2. What form of energy can travel through a vacuum or an empty space?
A. electrical energy
B. light energy
C. mechanical energy
D. sound energy
3.Which of the following shows that electrical energy is changed to light
energy?
A. hot iron
B. lighted fluorescent bulb
C. switching on the radio
D. a boy running after drinking water
Transformation of Energy
4.What is always produced when there is energy transformation?
A. chemical
B. electricity
C. heat
D. light
5. Which form of energy does a moving object possess?
A. light energy
B. sound energy
C. chemical energy
D. mechanical energy
Power
• Power is defined as the rate of doing work or consuming
energy.
Power= Work done P= W
Time taken t
Power= Energy consumed P= E
Time taken t
Power
• It is a scalar quantity.
• SI unit of power is ‘watt’
• 1 watt = 1 joule per second.
• 1 watt is the power when 1 joule of work done in 1 second or 1
watt is the power when 1 joule of energy is consumed in 1
second.
• 1 kilowatt= 1 watt
• 1 megawatt= 1, 000,000 watt
• Another unit of power is called ‘horse power’ or ‘hp’
