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Chapter-6-Electricity

Chapter 6 discusses the fundamentals of electricity, including static and current electricity, electric charge, and the flow of current in circuits. It explains the differences between series and parallel circuits, detailing their respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the chapter covers factors affecting resistance in wires, such as length, thickness, material, and temperature.

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Michelle Pacheco
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Chapter-6-Electricity

Chapter 6 discusses the fundamentals of electricity, including static and current electricity, electric charge, and the flow of current in circuits. It explains the differences between series and parallel circuits, detailing their respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the chapter covers factors affecting resistance in wires, such as length, thickness, material, and temperature.

Uploaded by

Michelle Pacheco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 6: ELECTRICITY

1. Define basic terms related to


the concept of electricity
2. Compare and contrast two
forms of electricity: static and current
3. Explain how electric current
flow in a circuit
4. Explain the difference between series and
parallel connections
Static Electricity
STATIC ELECTRICITY
•Everything is made of atoms which contain POSITIVE particles
called PROTONS and NEGATIVE particles called ELECTRONS.

Electron (-) Proton (+)

Neutron
•An atom will usually have the same number of positives and
negatives
•This makes the atom NEUTRAL.

Electron (-) Proton (+)

Neutron
Electrical Charge

Electric charge is given the symbol

Q
Electrons are the charge carriers
that flow in an electrical circuit –
from the negative to positive
terminals.
Electrical Charge

• Charge is measured in

•Coulombs
• which is given the symbol

•C
Electrical Charge

• The charge on a proton is

•1.6 x -19
10 C
• which is the same size as the charge on an electron.
Electrons have a negative charge
(Q) measured in coulombs (C).

Electrons move round a circuit from


negative to positive (remember like
charges repel, opposites attract) giving
rise to an electric current.
Conductors and Insulators

•What makes something a good


conductor?
Charge, Current, and Time

• Electric current is given the symbol

•I
•Electric current is the movement of
negative charges (electrons) in a
circuit
Charge, Current, and Time

• Current is the amount of charge flowing


per second and is given the unit

•Amps (A)
What is static and current electricity?

•Static electricity is
an energy that stays
in one place while
current electricity
moves as current to
produce heating,
lighting, cooking,
washing clothes and
others.
The charge does not move.
What is static and current electricity?

•When electrons move, they carry


electrical energy from one place to
another. This is called current
electricity or an electric current.
Electric currents are also involved in
powering all the electrical appliances that
you use, from washing machines to
flashlights and from telephones to MP3
players.
Voltage

•Voltage is the electric force that causes


the free electrons to move from one atom
to another. It measures the difference in
electrical energy between two parts of a
circuit; the bigger the difference in energy,
the bigger the voltage. It is measured in
volts.
Voltage

• A volt is the measure of electric pressure. The symbol for volts is


V. For example, 230V is a bigger voltage than 12V.

Voltage is measured using a device called


voltmeter. Some types of voltmeter have a pointer
on a dial, but most have a digital display. To
measure the voltage across a component in a
circuit, you must connect the voltmeter in parallel
with it.
Voltage
Current

•current is the flow rate of the


electrons in the circuit. It is
electricity in motion.
•-is measured in Ampere or amps
•The symbol for amps is A. For
example, 20A is a bigger current
than 5A.
Different Types of Circuit

•There are different ways in which


you can connect cells and
components (such as lamps) to
create a circuit:
• series
• parallel
Series Circuit

•A series circuit is a circuit where there is


only one path from the source through all of
the loads (light bulbs) and back to the
source. This means that all of the current in
the circuit must flow through all of the loads.
Series Circuit
Series Circuit

Problems with Series:


The more devices (resistors) in a series circuit, the less
current passes through (dimmer bulbs).

If one resistor breaks (a bulb goes out) the entire


series is turned off.
Series Circuit
Resistance in a Series Circuit.
You can calculate the total resistance of a series circuit by adding up the
resistance of each component.
Rtotal =R1 + R2 + R3
In the given circuit,
R total = 2 + 3 + 4
Series Circuit

• Current = amount of charge (flow of electrons)


• Like the flow of water
• Since only one path if some electrons flow through R1,
then they have to continue flowing through R2 and R3.

• Since the Current is the same through the entire circuit

IT=I1=I2=I3
Series Circuit
•Voltage is the electric equivalent of water
pressure.
• The higher the voltage, the faster electrons will flow
through the conductor.
•Each component has resistance that causes a
drop in voltage (reduction in voltage).

•Total Voltage = The sum of voltage drops


across each series resistors
VT = V1 + V2 + V3…
Series Circuit

•Voltage in a Series Circuit.


1.The voltage for each component depends on its
resistance.
2.The voltage across all of the components adds up to
the supply voltage from the cell or battery. In energy
terms, the work done by the cell on each coulomb of
charge equals the work done on the components of
the circuit.
• V sup = V1+ V2+ V3
Parallel Circuit

Advantages
• The more devices (resistors) in a parallel circuit, does not
decrease the current (does not dim bulbs).
• If one resistor breaks (a bulb goes out) the rest do not.

Problems
• Current doesn’t stay the same for entire circuit
• So energy is used up quicker
• So the total current increases = faster electrons = hotter
wire = fire?
Parallel Circuit

• Current = amount of charge (flow of electrons)


• Like the flow of water through multiple pipes, current splits into different
branches.
The total current entering the circuit must equal the total current
leaving.
• Since there are multiple paths, the current splits
• The Total Current is the sum of the currents in each branch
IT=I1+I2+I3
Parallel Circuit

•Current is different in each branch


depending on resistance
• Lower resistance → Higher current
• Higher resistance → Lower current
Parallel Circuit

• Voltage is the electric equivalent of water pressure.


• Just like higher water pressure pushes water faster, higher voltage
pushes electrons to move more quickly through a circuit.
• In a parallel circuit, voltage remains the same across all
branches.
• Total Voltage in a Parallel Circuit:
• Since all branches share the same voltage, the total voltage is equal to
the voltage of each branch:
VT=V1=V2=V3
• This is different from a series circuit, where voltage is divided
among components
Parallel Circuit
Factors Affecting Resistance of a Wire

1. Length of the wire


-A long wire offers more resistance because the
number of collisions in a long wire is more than
a short wire. Thus, an increase in the length of
the wire increases its resistance.
Factors Affecting Resistance of a Wire

2. Thickness of the wire


- A thicker wire allows more space for electrons
to flow, resulting in less resistance. This is
because there are more pathways for the
electrons to travel through, reducing collisions
and hindrances to their movement.
Factors Affecting Resistance of a Wire

3. Material of the wire


Resistance depends on the material of the
wire as the concentration and the
arrangement of atoms is different in different
materials.
The resistance of wires of same length and
same area of cross-section but of different
materials will be different.
Good high reconductors such as metals
have low resistance. Insulators such as
glass have high resistance.
Factors Affecting Resistance of a Wire

4. Higher temperature
A higher temperature of the wire causes the
ions in it to vibrate more rapidly. As the
number of collisions increases, resistance
also increases.

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