PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 1855

2nd Semester: Midterms - British Government adopts English

East India Company selection
examinations
LESSON 2: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE - French and German Governments
follow shortly
History of Psychometrics
● Chinese Influence 1883
● Individual Differences: Darwin and - US establishes the American Civil
Galton Service Commission
● Experimental Psychologists - Developed and administered
● The Study of Mental Deficiency competitive examinations for
● Intelligence Testers government service jobs
● Personality Testers
→ Individual Differences: Darwin and
→ Chinese Influence Galton

2000 BCE Individual Differences

- Scattered evidence of civil service - Despite similarities, NO two humans
testing in China are exactly alike

206 BCE - 220 CE Darwin’s Stand

- Han Dynasty in China develops test - Because some of these individual
batteries differences are more “adaptive” than
- Two or more tests used in others
conjunction - These individual differences, over
- Test topics include civil law, military time, lead to more complex,
affairs, agriculture, revenue, intelligent organisms
geography
Galton (Cousin of Darwin)
1368 CE - 1644 CE - “Applied Darwinist”: Some people
- Ming Dynasty in China develops possessed characteristics that made
multistage testing them “more fit” than others
- Local tests lead to provincial capital - Wrote “Hereditary Genius” (1869)
tests; Capital tests lead to national - Sets up an anthropometric
capital tests laboratory at the International
- Only those that passed the national Exposition of 1884
tests were eligible for public office
For 3 pence, visitors could be measured
1832 with:
- English East India Company copies a. The Galton Bar: Visual
Chinese system to select employees discrimination of length
for overseas duty b. The Galton Whistle: aka
“Dog Whistle”, determines
 highest audible pitch (circa
1900) John Friedrich Herbart
- Galton also noted that people with - Mathematical Models of the Mind
Mental Retardation also tend to have - Founder of Pedagogy as an
diminished ability to discriminate academic discipline; went against
among heat, cold, and pain Kant
- Other Advances of Galton:
a. Considered by some as the Ernst Heinrich Weber
Founder of Psychometrics - Sensory Thresholds, JND: Just
b. Pioneered rating scales and Noticeable Difference
questionnaires
c. First to document Gustav Theodor Fechner
individuality of fingerprints - Mathematics of Sensory Thresholds
d. Studied efficacy of prayer of Experience
e. First to apply statistics in the - Founder of Psychophysics
measurement of humans - Considered one of the founders of
f. Founder of Eugenics Experimental Psychology
- Weber-Fechner Law: First to relate
Galton’s Famous Students: sensation and stimulus
- Considered by some the founder of
● Karl Pearson (Pearson R) psychometrics
- Student of Galton - Influences many prominent
- Extended Galton’s early work psychologists (Wundt, Freud)
with statistical regression
Wilhelm Wundt
● James McKeen Cattell - Considered one of the founders of
- First to use the term “Mental psychology
Test” - First to set up a psych laboratory
- US dissertation on reaction
time based upon Galton’s Edward Titchner
work - Succeeded Wundt
- Brought Structuralism to America
→ Early Experimental Psychologists - His brain is still on display in the
Psychology Department at Cornell
Early 19th Century Scientists, generally
interested in identifying common aspects, Guy Montrose Whipple
rather than individual differences - Student of Titchner’s pioneer of
- Differences between individuals was human ability testing
considered a source of error, which - Conducted seminars that changed
rendered human measurement the field of psych testing
inexact - APA issues its first set of standards
- Sounds a lot like things from your for professional psychological testing
past (ex. ANOVA) and your coming because of his criticisms
future
Louis Leon Thurstone - French Society for the Psychological
- Large contributor to Factor Analysis Study of the Child urged French
- Attended Whipple’s seminars ministers to develop special classes
- Approach to measurement was for children who failed to respond to
termed the Law of Comparative normal schooling
Judgment - Ministers required a way to identify
the children
→ Interest in Mental Deficiency - First Intelligence Test: Binet - Simon
Scale of 1905
Jean-Etienne Esquirol (French Physician) - Standardized Sample: 50 normal
1805 children aged 3-11 years
- Favorite student of Philippe Pinel - 1908 Binet-Simon Scale:
(founder of psychiatry) Introduction of Mental Age
- Manuscript on “Mental Retardation”:
Differentiated between insanity and Alfred Binet’s Legacy
mental retardation. Insanity had a - 1911: Binet-Simon Minor Revision
period of normal intellectual (Binet dies)
functioning - 1912: Kuhlmann-Binet Revision
- Attempted to develop a system to (Extends testing downward to 3
classify people into these many months of age)
degrees but found that the - 1916: Lewis Madison Terman and
individual’s use of language Stanford Colleagues revised Binet’s
provided the most dependable test for use in the US (Introduction of
continuum the term IQ)

Edouard Seguin (French Physician) 1840s Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100 = IQ
- Pionerr in training Mentally Retarded
people Robert Yerkes (World War I)
- Rejected the notion of Incurable - Need for large-scale group
Mental Retardation administered ability tests by the
- 1837: Opens first school devoted to army.
teaching mentally retarded children - Army commissions Yerkes, then
- 1866: Experiments with head of the American Psychological
physiological training of mental Association, to develop two
retardation (sense training, muscle structured tests of human abilities.
training that is still used today; leads - Army Alpha: Requires reading
to nonverbal tests of inteligence ability.
Seguin Form Board) - Army Beta: Does not require reading
ability.

→ Intelligence Testing - Testing “Frenzy” Hits between WW1

and the 1930s
Alfred Binet, 1905 - Testing Frenzy of the 1930s
- 50 years after Esquirol and Seguin
 - 1937: Revision of the Stanford-Binet - Subjects are shown the
includes over 3000 individuals in pictures and asked to write a
standardization story including: What has led
- 1939: Wechsler-Bellevue up to the event shown, What
Intelligence Scale (David Wechsler, is happening at the moment,
subscales were “adopted” from the What the characters are
Army Scales; Evolves into the feeling and thinking, and
Wechsler Series of Intelligence What the outcome of the
Tests). story was.

→ Personality Testing Second Coming of the Structured Test

- Early 1940s: Structured Tests were
Personality Testing intended to measure being developed based on better
Personality Traits psychometric properties.
- Trait: Relatively enduring
dispositions NOT temporary states ● Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI,
First Rise and Fall: Structured Tests 1943)
● Woodworth Personal Data Sheet - Tests like the Woodworth
- First objective personality made too many assumptions.
test meant to aid in - Meaning of test response
psychiatric interviews could only be determined by
- Developed during World War empirical research.
I - Most widely used (MMPI-2,
- Designed to screen out MMPI-A).
soldiers unfit for duty
- Mistakenly assumed that a ● Sixteen Personality Factor
subject’s response could be Questionnaire
taken at face value - Raymond B. Cattell (Early
1940s).
Slow Rise: Projective Tests - Based on Factor Analysis.
● Hermann Rorschach Inkblot Test
(1921)
- Started with great suspicion; → Filipino Testing
first serious study in 1932
- Symmetric colored and b&w 1926: The University of the Philippines -
inkblots Department of Psychology is established
within the School of Education
● Thematic Apperception Test - Agustin Alonzo, is the chairman
- Henry Murray and Christina
Morgan, 1935 1930s: The Department of Psychology at
- “Ambiguous” pictures though the University of Sto. Tomas is established
considerably more structured
than Rorschach
1932: Sinforoso Padilla organizes the 1975: The Pambansang Samahan ng
Psychological Clinic at the University of the Sikolohiyang Pilipino is founded by Virgilio
Philippines Enriquez
- Several universities in the Visayas
1933: Jesus Perpinan sets up the Far and Mindanao establish psychology
Eastern University Psychological Clinic departments

1938: Angel de Blas sets up the 1982: The PAP decides the time has come
Experimental Psychology Laboratory in the for the quality control in the practice of
University of Sto. Tomas psychology.
- It introduces a bill in the Batasang
1948: Estefania Aldaba-Lim sets up the Pambansa that would require
Institute of Human Relations at Philippine practicing psychologists to be
Women’s University licensed

1954: Joseph Goertz established the 1985: Amaryllis T. Torres is named an

Psychology Department at the University of Outstanding Young Scientist by the NAST
San Carlos
1986: EDSA Revolution overthrows the
1961: Fr. Jaime Bulatao established the Marcos dictatorship
Department of Psychology and the Central - Psychologists play a key role in the
of Guidance Bureau at the Ateneo de new government’s Moral Recovery
Manila University Program

1962: The Philippine Psychological Corp. is

found. Offers psychological services and it 1987: Ma. Lourdes Arrelano-Carandang’s
is the main retailer of psychological tests book Filipino Children Under Stress is
- The Psychological Association of the published
Philippines (PAP) is founded - The book is cited by the Catholic
Mass Media Awards for “its
1963: The PAP holds its first annual fascinating probe of a sad social
convention, leading to its first publication, concern, written in lucid language for
Symposium on the Filipino Personality the lay reader who cares deeply
about our children”
1968: The Philippine Journal of Psychology,
the first journal of the PAP makes its first 1988: Alfredo V. Lagmay is named
appearance National Scientist by President Corazon
Aquino.
1970s: Psychology becomes the MOST
popular undergraduate major in many
colleges and universities
- Psychological testing flourishes as
the overseas contract workers boom
begins