GEN PHYSICS - Units that are made by

mathematically combining the

Units, Physical Quantities, and fundamental units:
Measurement DERIVED UNITS
- Force
PHYSICS - Speed
- Comes from a Greek word physis, - Electric Charge
meaning “nature”. DERIVED QUANTITIES
- It is the science that deals with the - Calculated from two or more
study of matter, energy, forces, and measurements.
the interaction between them. - Cannot be measured directly, they
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES need to be computed
- Are expressed in terms of METRIC PREFIXES
combinations of seven fundamental - Physical objects or phenomena may
physical units vary widely.
Seven Fundamental Physical Units Metric system
- Length - Includes many prefixes that can be
- Mass attached to a unit.
- Time - Is convenient because conversion
- Electric Current between metric units can be done
- Temperature simply by moving the decimal place
- Amount Of Substance of a number.
- Luminous Intensity. - Used to denote the different various
TWO MAJOR SYSTEMS OF UNITS factors of 10 in the metric system.
UNIT CONVERSION
SI Units
- Acronym for the French Le Systѐm Conversion factor
International d’unitѐs, also known as - Is a ratio expressing how many of
the metric system. one unit are equal to another unit.
- Used by most of the countries - Simply a fraction equal to 1
- The standard system agreed upon MEASUREMENT
by scientists and mathematicians. - All experimental uncertainty is due to
English Units their random errors or systematic
- Known as imperial system errors.
- Historically used in nations once Random errors
ruled by the British empire. - Are statistical fluctuations in the
- Today, the United States is the only measured data due to the precision
country that still uses English units limitations of the measuring device.
extensively. Accuracy
FUNDAMENTAL UNITS - It is how close the measurement is
- Physical quantities that are to the correct value for that
measured in base or physical measurement.
fundamental units
DERIVED UNITS
Precision - Is a physical quantity that has BOTH
- It states how well repeated magnitude and direction.
measurements of something REPRESENTATION OF VECTOR
generate the same or similar results.
SYSTEMATIC ERROR Arrow
- This error arise because of the - Is the symbol used to denote vector
incorrect calibration of the device. quantity
3 Types of Systematic Error Three Major Parts
- Instrumental Error
- Environmental Error Tail
- Observational Error - Indicates the origin of the vector
SIGNIFICANT FIGURE Body
- It consists of the fewest digits - Denotes the magnitude or the length
capable of expressing a measured Arrow head
value without losing accuracy. - Point to the direction of the given
- “Rounding” numbers is the usual vector
method of achieving significant Vector quantities
figures. - Can be identified by an arrow above
3 Rules Significant Figures the symbol.
- Non-zero digits are always DRAWING VECTORS
significant.
- Any zeros between two significant SCALING
digits are significant. - Assigning scales to represent
- A final zero or trailing zeros in the vectors in graphical method is
decimal portion only are significant. essential.
For addition and subtraction, use the Direction
following rules:
- Count the numbers of significant Add
figures in the decimal portion only of - Two vectors point in the same
each number in the problem. direction
- Add or subtract in a normal fashion. Subtract
- Your final answer may have no more - Two vectors point in the opposite
significant figures to the right of the direction
decimal than the LEAST number of RESULTANT
significant figures in any number in - Refers to the single vector that
problem. results from the combination of two
VECTORS or more vectors.
- It is the vector sum of all the
SCALAR individual vectors.
- Is a physical quantity that has only a METHOD: HEAD TO TAIL
magnitude. - Draw a rough sketch of the situation
- Number value with units - Choose a scale and include a
VECTOR reference direction.
 - Choose any of the vectors and draw of objects, without concerning itself
it as an arrow in the correct direction with the forces or the causes that
and correct length-remember to put produce such motion.
an arrow head on the end to denote VARIABLES
the direction.
- Take the next vector and draw it as Displacement (d)
an arrow starting from the arrow - Is a vector with direction pointing
head of the first vector in the correct from the initial to the final position
direction and correct length.
- Continue until you have drawn each Velocity (v)
vector-each time starting from the - Is the displacement of a body per
head of the previous vector. In this unit time.
ways, the vectors to be added are Acceleration (a)
drawn one after the other - Refers to change in velocity with
head-to-tail. respect to time.
- The resultant is then drawn from the Time (t)
tail of the first vector to the head of - Interval over which change occurs
the last. It’s magnitude can be AVERAGE VELOCITY
determined by the length of its arrow
using the scale. Its direction too can Velocity
be determined from the scale - Represents the rate of change of
diagram. displacement over a given amount of
VECTOR COMPONENT time
- Two dimensional coordinate system - Is a vector quantity like
DETERMINING THE RESULTANT AND displacement; can be positive or
DIRECTION OF MULTIPLE VECTOR negative
- Draw the vectors in the cartesian - Any instant of time or specific point
plane. No need to assign scale along the path.
anyway it will be solved Instantaneous velocity
mathematically. - The slope of the tangent to the
- Compute the x and y components of graph of the position as a function of
each vector. Note the sign of each time at that point.
component based on the location in ACCELERATION
the cartesian plane. - Represent the rate of change in
- Add all the x and y components. velocity over time.
- Calculate the magnitude of the CONSTANT ACCELERATION
resultant vector and direction by - Means that speed is changing
using the equations below. uniformly throughout the motion.
KINEMATICS: MOTION ALONG A - The velocity increases or decreases
STRAIGHT LINE at the same rate throughout the
motion.
KINEMATICS Negative acceleration can indicate either
- A branch of classical mechanics that of two conditions:
deals with the description of motion
 - The object has a decreasing velocity - The velocity is zero at the highest
in the positive direction. point of the projectile.
- The object has an increasing
velocity in the negative direction.
FREE FALL
- Any movement of an object in which Newton’s Laws of Motion
gravity is the only force acting on it
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) ISAAC NEWTON(1643-1727)
- Was that heavier objects fall quicker - In the 17th century, his three laws of
than lighter objects. motion, provided a comprehensive
- Proposed that in the absence of air framework that accurately described
or other resistance, objects fall at the the relationship between forces and
same acceleration. the motion of objects:
KINEMATICS: MOTION IN 2 DIMENSION Force
- Is defined as push or pull
PROJECTILE MOTION - The interaction of two bodies or a
- Motion experience by an object - body and its surroundings.
being thrown along the earth’s - Is a vector quantity thus it must have
surface following a parabolic path - magnitude and direction
Galileo Galilei Two types of forces
- Was the first scientist who describe
projectile motion through his CONTACT
observation and experimentation - When a force is directly involved in
and was published in his books in direct contact between two bodies
1590. Examples
Trajectory - Normal
- A parabolic path - Friction
Factors that affect the Projectile Motion - Tension
- Gravity - Applied forces
- Air Resistance NON-CONTACT
- Angle - Forces that act even when bodies
- Velocity/Speed are separated by empty space.
- Height - Also known as long-range forces.
HORIZONTAL MOTION Examples
- Projectiles follow a parabolic - Gravitational
trajectory - Electric
Acceleration - Magnetic forces
- Only occurs in the vertical Normal force
component - Force that surfaces exert to prevent
VERTICAL MOTION solid objects from passing through
- The motion of the object that travels each other.
along y-axis direction, where in the - Is a contact force.
motion changes in the whole travel. Applied Force
 - Force that is applied to an object by unless acted upon by an unbalanced
a person or another object. force.”

Buoyant Force Inertia

- The upward force exerted on an - It is known as the resistance of an
object wholly or partly immersed in a object to any change in its state of
fluid. motion, or the tendency of a thing to
- Also called Upthrust. continue moving once set in motion.
Newton’s 2ND Law
Friction force - It states that “if a net external force
- Opposes relative motion between acts on an object, the object
surfaces in contact. accelerates”
Weight Newton’s 3RD Law
- The gravitational force that the earth - States that “there is an equal and
exerts on a body. opposite reaction to every action”
Tension Force
- The pulling force exerted by a
stretch rope or cord on an object to
which it’s parallel.
Mass
- Measurement of an object's amount
of matter
Free body diagrams (FBD)
- Used to represent forces graphically.
- Shows the relative magnitude and
direction of all forces operating on
an object in a given condition.
- The length of the arrow indicates the
magnitude of the force.
- The direction of the arrow indicates
the force direction.
- Each force arrow is labeled to
specify the type of force applied to
each object.
- The object is usually represented as
a box or circle.
Newton’s First Law
- This law states that “An object at
rest remains at rest or an object in
motion remains in motion at a
constant speed and in a straight line,