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Integration

The document provides an overview of integration in calculus, defining it as the process of calculating integrals to find areas, volumes, and other quantities. It distinguishes between definite and indefinite integrals, explains their significance, and presents various applications in fields such as physics, engineering, and economics. Additionally, the document includes examples and formulas related to integration, emphasizing its importance in solving complex problems involving continuous change.

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9 views

Integration

The document provides an overview of integration in calculus, defining it as the process of calculating integrals to find areas, volumes, and other quantities. It distinguishes between definite and indefinite integrals, explains their significance, and presents various applications in fields such as physics, engineering, and economics. Additionally, the document includes examples and formulas related to integration, emphasizing its importance in solving complex problems involving continuous change.

Uploaded by

alimlak04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University of Karbala
College of Engineering
Department of biomedical engineering
Evening study Stage 1

Supervisor by: Murtadha Aziz.


Done By

Hadeel Ali Abd Al-Hassan


Fatima Sabeeh Hadi Fatima Abdullah Abbas

2025/1/14
Integration is the calculation of an integral. Integrals in maths are used to
find many useful quantities such as areas, volumes, displacement, etc. When
we speak about integrals, it is related to usually definite integrals. The
indefinite integrals are used for antiderivatives. Integration is one of the two
major calculus topics in Mathematics, apart from differentiation (which
measure the rate of change of any function with respect to its variables).
Table of Contents:

 Integration Definition

 Integral Calculus

 Integration – Inverse Process of Differentiation

 Integrals
o Definite Integral
o Indefinite Integral

 Integration Formulas

 Examples

The integration denotes the summation of discrete data. The integral is


calculated to find the functions which will describe the area, displacement,
volume, that occurs due to a collection of small data, which cannot be
measured singularly. In a broad sense, in calculus, the idea of limit is used
where algebra and geometry are implemented. Limits help us in the study of
the result of points on a graph such as how they get closer to each other until
their distance is almost zero. We know that there are two major types of
calculus –

 Differential Calculus
 Integral Calculus
The concept of integration has developed to solve the following types of
problems:

 To find the problem function, when its derivatives are given.


 To find the area bounded by the graph of a function under certain
constraints.
These two problems lead to the development of the concept called the
“Integral Calculus”, which consist of definite and indefinite integral. In
calculus, the concept of differentiating a function and integrating a function
is linked using the theorem called the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

In Maths, integration is a method of adding or summing up the parts to find


the whole. It is a reverse process of differentiation, where we reduce the
functions into parts. This method is used to find the summation under a vast
scale. Calculation of small addition problems is an easy task which we can
do manually or by using calculators as well. But for big addition problems,
where the limits could reach to even infinity, integration methods are used.
Integration and differentiation both are important parts of calculus.

According to Mathematician Bernhard Riemann,


“ Integral is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a
curvilinear region by breaking the region into thin vertical slabs”.
Let us now try to understand what does that mean:
Take an example of a slope of a line in a graph to see what differential
calculus is:
In general, we can find the slope by using the slope formula. But what if we
are given to find an area of a curve? For a curve, the slope of the points
varies, and it is then we need differential calculus to find the slope of a
curve.
You must be familiar with finding out the derivative of a function using the
rules of the derivative. Wasn’t it interesting? Now you are going to learn the
other way round to find the original function using the rules in Integrating.

We know that differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of the


functions and integration is the process of finding the antiderivative of a
function. So, these processes are inverse of each other. So we can say that
integration is the inverse process of differentiation or vice versa. The
integration is also called the anti-differentiation. In this process, we are
provided with the derivative of a function and asked to find out the function
(i.e., primitive).
We know that the differentiation of sin x is cos x.
It is mathematically written as:
(d/dx) sinx = cos x …(1)
Here, cos x is the derivative of sin x. So, sin x is the antiderivative of the
function cos x. Also, any real number “C” is considered as a constant
function and the derivative of the constant function is zero.
So, equation (1) can be written as
(d/dx) (sinx + C)= cos x +0
(d/dx) (sinx + C)= cos x
Where “C” is the arbitrary constant or constant of integration.
Generally, we can write the function as follow:
(d/dx) [F(x)+C] = f(x), where x belongs to the interval I.
To represent the antiderivative of “f”, the integral symbol “∫” symbol is
introduced. The antiderivative of the function is represented as ∫ f(x) dx. This
can also be read as the indefinite integral of the function “f” with respect to
x.
Therefore, the symbolic representation of the antiderivative of a function
(Integration) is:
y = ∫ f(x) dx
∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C.

You have learned until now the concept of integration. You will come
across, two types of integrals in maths:

 Definite Integral

 Indefinite Integral

An integral that contains the upper and lower limits then it is a definite
integral. On a real line, x is restricted to lie. Riemann Integral is the other
name of the Definite Integral.
A definite Integral is represented as:
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Indefinite integrals are defined without upper and lower limits. It is
represented as:
∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C
Where C is any constant and the function f(x) is called the integrand.

Importance of Integration

Integration plays a vital role in solving problems related to areas,


volumes, and other continuous accumulations. Its applications extend
to:

 Physics: Calculating work, energy, and motion.


 Engineering: Analyzing stresses, strains, and structural designs.
 Economics: Determining total costs, revenue, or demand from
marginal functions.
 Biology: Modeling population growth or drug concentration over
time.
Integration Formulas
Solve some problems based on integration concept and formulas here.
Example 1: Find the integral of the function:
3
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0

Solution:
𝑥3 3
= ( )0
3
33 03
= ( )–( )
3 3

=9
Example 2: Find the integral of the function: ∫x2 dx
Solution:
Given ∫x2 dx
= (x3/3) + C.
Example 3:
Integrate ∫ (x2-1)(4+3x)dx.
Solution:
Given: ∫ (x2-1)(4+3x)dx.
Multiply the terms, we get
∫ (x2-1)(4+3x)dx = ∫ 4x2+3x3-3x-4 dx
Now, integrate it, we get
∫ (x2-1)(4+3x)dx = 4(x3/3) + 3(x4/4)- 3(x2/2) – 4x + C
The antiderivative of the given function ∫ (x2-1)(4+3x)dx is 4(x3/3) +
3(x4/4)- 3(x2/2) – 4x + C.

Integration is a cornerstone of calculus, providing powerful methods to solve


complex problems involving continuous change. Its versatility in
applications across science, engineering, and economics highlights its
significance. Whether calculating areas, volumes, or other cumulative
quantities, integration remains an indispensable tool in understanding and
modeling the real world.

Reference:
1. Stewart, James. (2016). "Calculus: Early Transcendentals" (8th Edition).
Cengage Learning.
2. Thomas, George B., and Finney, Ross L. (2014). "Thomas' Calculus"
(13th Edition). Pearson Education.

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