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SWEDISH
A COMPLETE COURSE FOR BEGINNERS

Vera Croghan

TEACH YOURSELF BOOKS

 To
Richard, Karin, Michael and James

Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the consultants, Ivo and Ingwor Holmqvist and Gun
Sjoberg, for checking the material and making many valuable suggestions, and also my
brother and his wife, Claes and Agneta Gudmundson, for providing me with most of the
realia for the exercises. I am very grateful to Kungliga Operan for permission to use an
opera ticket, to the Svenska Institutet for the photographs on page 226, and to Volvo for
pictures of their cars.
I am also very much indebted to my colleague, Bente Elsworth, for her help and good
advice; to Philip Holmes and Ian Hinchcliffe, whose grammatical works I have used; and
to Andrew Cornish, Karen Donnelly and David Hancock for the illustrations.
Lastly, I would like to thank my editors, Helen Coward, Kate Jarratt and Sarah Mitchell,
for their patience and help.
Vera Croghan, June 1995
For UK orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 39 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4TD.
Telephone: (44) 01235 400414, Fax: (44) 01235 400454. Lines are open from 9.00 — 6.00,
Monday to Saturday, with a 24 hour message answering service. Email address:
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(847) 679 2494.
Long-renowned as the authoritative source for self-guided learning - with more than 30
million copies sold worldwide - the Teach Yourself series includes over 200 titles in the
fields of languages, crafts, hobbies, sports, and other leisure activities.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Croghan, Vera
Swedish
I. Title
439.782421
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-68139
First published in UK 1995 by Hodder Headline Pic, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH
First published in US 1995 by NTC/Contemporary Publishing,
4255 West Touhy Avenue, Lincolnwood (Chicago), Illinois 60646-1975 U.S.A.
The ‘Teach Yourself name and logo are registered trade marks of Hodder & Stoughton
Ltd.
Copyright © 1995 Vera Croghan

In UK: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or
any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details
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Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.
In US: All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, or otherwise, without prior permission of NTC/Contemporary Publishing
Company.
Typeset by Transet Limited, Coventry.
Printed in Great Britain for Hodder & Stoughton Educational, a division of Hodder
Headline Pic, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH by Cox & Wyman Ltd, Reading,
Berkshire.
First published 1995
Impression number 14 13 12 11
Year 2004 2003 2002 2001
 CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Pronunciation 3
1 Passet, tack! Your passport, please! 13
Formal and informal introductions and greetings.
Addressing people and saying ‘thank you’. Simple
statements and questions.
2 Tack for maten! It was a lovely meal! 28
Discussing where you live. Phrases used at meal times.
Proposing a toast and expressing appreciation.
Counting from 0 to 12.
3 Hur dags stiger ni upp? What time do you get up? 41
Telling the time, parts of the day and days of
the week. Saying what you do during the day. Counting
from 13 to 100 and doing simple sums.
4 Vill du folja med? Would you like to come? 55
Discussing leisure activities and the weather.
The seasons.
5 Nar dppnar banken? When does the hank open? 68
Phrases used at a bank and about Swedish money.
Counting from 101 to 1 000 000 000 000.
6 Hur mycket kostar det? How much is it? 82
Phrases used in shops. Accepting and declining
offers in shops.
7 Var ligger kafeet? Where is the cafe? 99
Asking for and giving directions. Apologising and
responding to apologies.
8 Far jag be om notan? May I have the hill, please? 113
Ordering a meal in a restaurant. Stating likes and dislikes
concerning food and drink. Complaining about the food
or the service.
9 Har du kort i hogertrafik?
Have you ever driven on the right? 130
Asking for, granting or refusing permission.
Enquiring about ability and offering advice.
Road signs and cardinal points.
10 Midsommar i Dalama Midsummer in Dalecarlia 145
Discussing where you come from and what languages
you speak. Asking others to do things, offering assistance
and telling others not to do something.
11 Vart ar ni pa vag? Where are you going? 158
Making suggestions and accepting offers. Asking
somebody to speak slowly. Expressing displeasure.
12 Pa fjallvandring i Lappland Walking in Lapland 173
Asking for information and expressing preference.
Stating requirements when booking railway tickets.
The months of the year.
13 Har ni nagot rum ledigt? Have you a room vacant? 189
Enquiring about hotel rooms and facilities. Booking a room.
Asking for information about tourist attractions
and events. Expressing satisfaction. Dates.
14 Var har du varit? Where have you been? 202
Saying that you like or dislike something.
Making enquiries. Expressing disappointment.
15 Vilken linje ska jag ta? Which line should I take? 217
Using public transport and hiring a car. Expressing
surprise and doubt. Talking about politics.
16 Vad ar det for fel pa er? What’s the matter? 233
Talking about illnesses and ailments. Medical advice.
Persuading somebody to do something. Promising to do
something. Expressing indifference.
17 Har du lust att aka skidor? Would you like to go skiing? 249
Making arrangements on the telephone. Phrases used
in telegrams.
18 God Jul! Happy Christmas! 263
Writing letters. Accepting and declining invitations.
Expressing gratitude.

Key to the exercises 276

Some useful verbs 283

Swedish-English glossary 287

Index to Grammar Notes 307

 INTRODUCTION

This course is designed for the absolute beginner and requires no pre¬
vious knowledge of any foreign language. The aim of the course is to
enable you to use Swedish in everyday situations and also to provide
some background information about Sweden and the Swedish culture.

Swedish is not a difficult language for an English-speaking student to

learn. Like English, it is a Germanic language so many words are
similar, for example: man, bok, hus, hund, land, hand, finger.
Many loan-words from German, French and Latin are also imme¬
diately recognisable to anyone with a knowledge of these languages,
for example German Frau, fragen, Freiheit, Rathaus become fru,
fraga, frihet, radhus in Swedish. French restaurant, parapluie,
sergent, milieu become restaurang, paraply, sergeant, miljd in
Swedish. From Latin there is museum, laboratorium, pastor, uni-
versitet and so on.
In these days of easy communications, TV programmes and films, and
science and technology using an international (English!) terminology,
more and more American and English words are entering the
Swedish language, making it increasingly accessible to English-
speaking people.

1
 SWEDISH

- How to use the book -

Each of the 18 units follows the same pattern.

Introduction. An introduction in English that explains what you

will learn in the unit.

Samtal. {Dialogue.) X There are some dialogues at the beginning

of each chapter. Using the cassette, listen to them first to see how
much you understand, then read them carefully.

Vocabulary. 5 The vocabulary section that follows each dialogue

contains the new words and expressions that you will need to under¬
stand it.

Ratt eller fel? {True or false?)Statements about the dialogue that

may be true or false. The aim of this exercise is for you to check
whether you have understood the text.

Vad ni behover veta. {What you need to know.) Comments on life

in Sweden relevant to the dialogue.

Sa har sager man. {What to say.) The important words and expres¬
sions used in the dialogues are repeated here.

Grammatik. {Language patterns.) Notes explaining grammat¬

ical structures and how to create your own sentences.

Ovningar. {Exercises.) b In these you practise the new words and

information you have learnt.

Forstar du? {Do you understand?) Further dialogues and texts,

testing your comprehension.

In addition, the symbol IS indicates material included on the accom¬

panying cassette.

The best way to make progress is to work a little every day. Listen to
the cassette and read the dialogues several times, learning the vocab¬
ulary before you start the exercises.

Teach Yourself Swedish tells the story of John, a young Englishman

who is going to stay in Sweden for a year to gain experience in the
import and export trade. He also wants to see something of Sweden.
His Swedish friend, Ake, stayed with John’s family on an exchange,
and now John is going to stay with Ake’s family.

2
 PRONUNCIATION

Swedish is probably one of the easiest languages to learn to pro¬

nounce as it is usually pronounced as it is written. Once a few general
rules have been learnt - and you have mastered the specific Swedish
sounds - it is quite straightforward.

The easiest way to learn the pronunciation is to listen to the cassette

and imitate the native speakers there. The Swedish radio and
Swedish films - if they haven’t been dubbed - are also very helpful.
Radio Sweden can be found on short wave around the world and in
most of Europe on several frequencies, e.g. medium wave (AM) 1179
kHz 254 m, although reception is not always good.

The most important things to remember when pronouncing Swedish

words is that all letters should be pronounced distinctly, even
unstressed end vowels, and vowels and consonants in endings, e.g.
pojke (boy), fore (before), sedan (afterwards), tradet (the tree).
The Swedish alphabet has 29 letters:

A a (pronounced a) K k (pronounced ka) U u (pronounced u)

// // //
B b ( be) L 1 ( ell) V v ( ve)
// u //
C c ( se) Mm( em) W w( ve)
// a //
D d ( de) N n ( en) X x( eks)
// a //
E e ( e) 0 o ( o) Y y( y)
// a //
F f ( eff) P p ( pe) Z z ( sata)
u
Gg(
//
ge) Qq ( ku) A a( //
a)
a
H h (
//
ha) R r ( arr) A a( //
a)
// u //
I i ( i) S s ( ess) 0 6 ( 6)
// u
J j ( ji) T t ( te)

3
 SWEDISH

The last three letters are vowels; this means that Swedish has nine
vowels, as y is always a vowel in Swedish. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u,
y, a, a, 6.

The vowels in Swedish are pure sounds, not a combination of two

sounds (diphthongs) as they often are in English. Diphthongs only
occur in dialects.
The pronunciation of Swedish letters is explained below. However,
the comparisons with English sounds are only approximate. Therefore
you should listen carefully to the cassette where native speakers have
recorded the sounds and sample words. The guide below is only
intended to help you if you have any difficulties. For most people, imi¬
tating the voices on the cassette is by far the easiest way to learn the
correct pronunciation.

Vowels
The Swedish vowels may be long or short, but vowel length is con¬
nected with stress. By stress we mean that it is more prominent than
the other letters in the word.
A stressed vowel is long:
• as end-vowel in words of one syllable: ja, vi, nu, se, tva.
• before a single consonant in the same syllable (exceptions see
below): mor, far, vara, heta, gata, jul.
A stressed vowel is short:
• before two or more consonants: flicka, gubbe, apple, kali, kopp.
(Except before -r: bam, lard.)
• in a few common words of one syllable: han, hon, den, min, din,
sin.
• often in words of one syllable ending in -m or -n: vem, hem, kom,
kam, som, rum, dum, man, in, kan, men, mun, an.

An unstressed vowel is always short: the last a in tala, resa; the e in

pojken, aker, etc.

The vowels are divided into two groups:

a, o, u, a are hard vowels
e, i, y, a, 6 are soft vowels.

This distinction is important for explaining the different pronuncia-

4
 PRONUNCIATION

tions of the consonants g, k, and the consonant combination sk before

the different vowel groups (see below).
Swedish letter Pronunciation Example
long a like a in father far {father)
short a like the a- sound in but katt {cat)
long e no English equivalent. A little
like e in ear, but with the tongue
muscles very tense med {with)
short e like e in men penna {pen)
long i like ea in heat liv (,life)
short i like i in kiss hiss {lift)
long o like oo in moon with tightly
rounded lips bok {book)
short o like oo in book with less tightly
rounded lips blomma {flower)
longu no English equivalent. Start with
the u- sound in true, but round
the lips very tightly hus {house)
short u like u in full, but not so tensely
rounded lips as the long u hund {dog)
long y no English equivalent. Like the
long i but with tightly
rounded lips ny {new)
short y no English equivalent. Sounds
like the short i but with
rounded lips syster {sister)
long a like the aw- sound in raw ga {go)
short a like o in Scot atta {eight)
long a like the first vowel in the
diphthong ea in bear ata {eat)
short a more open than the English
e in set latt {easy)
long 6 no equivalent in English. The
tongue is in the same position
as for e but the lips are founded
and protruded sot {sweet)
short 6 like the u- sound in curt
but shorter bocker {books)

5
 SWEDISH

The short vowels are often slightly more open than the long vowels.
This is most noticeable when an a or 6 is followed by an r, for example:
Long vowels Short vowels
har (here) haija (ravage)
lara (teach) larde (taught)
hor (hear) horde (heard)
dor (dies) dorr (door)

Pronunciation exercises
Practise the vowel sounds by repeating these words aloud. You will
find it helpful to listen to the examples on the cassette first.
Long vowels Short vowels
a Karin Anna
Malin Magnus
e Erik Pelle
Eva Svensson
i Lisa Nils
Brita Birgitta
o Ola Olle
Moberg Mollberg
u Rut Ulla
Sture Gunnar
y Tyra Yvonne
Ystad Yngve
0
a Ake Marten
Aland Angermanland *
a Par Saffle
Vanem Vattem
6 Oland Bjorn
Soder Onnestad
Note: Some words spelt with o are pronounced with an a- sound, for
example:
Mona Lotta
Roland Stockholm
 PRONUNCIATION

Consonants
Swedish Pronunciation Example
letter
b like b in bad bo {live)
c is found mainly in words of foreign
origin. As a rule, it represents the
same sound as in the foreign word.
Thus it is pronounced as s in front
of the soft vowels (e, i, y, a, o) but as
k in front of the hard vowels (a, o, u, a) cykel {bicycle),
in stressed syllables, and always cancer {cancer),
as k in front of k flicka {girl)
d approximately as in English, but with
the tongue just behind the upper teeth dam {lady)
f like f in firm fem (five)
g like g in go in front of the hard vowels gata (street),
(a, o, u, a) or consonants in stressed god (good),
syllables Gud (God),
ga (go),
gris (pig)
g like j in front of the soft vowels ge (give),
(e, i, y, a, 6) in stressed syllables gissa (guess),
gyllene (golden),
gass (geese),
gora (do, make)
g like j finally after 1 and r alg (elk),
berg (mountain)
h like h in hot het (hot)
j like y in you ja (yes)
k like k in keep in front of the hard kan (can),
vowels (a, o, u, a) or consonants ko (cow),
in stressed syllables kunde (could),
kal (cabbage)
klo (claw)
k like ch in church in front of the kedja (chain),
soft vowels (e, i, y, a, o) in stressed kind (cheek),
syllables kyss (kiss),
kara (dear),
kopa (buy)

7
 SWEDISH

1 like 1 in leaf liv (life)

m like m in me mor (mother)
n like n in no ny (new)
p like p in plate plats (place)
q like k in king quiche (quiche)
r is a rolled r made with the tip of the
tongue in central and northern
Sweden, but in the south it is made
with the root of the tongue at the back
of the mouth ren (clean)
s like voiceless s in see. In Swedish s
is never voiced as in measure se (see)
t is pronounced with the tongue
just behind the upper teeth tand (tooth)
v like v in very vem (who)
w like v in very. It only occurs in
names and words of foreign origin WC (toilet)
x like ks, never like gz as in example herrX (Mr X)
z like voiceless s in see. It only occurs
in names and words of foreign origin zoo (zoo)
ng like ng in ring, never like ngg as
in England ung (young)
gn like ngn regn (rain)
sk like sk in skate in front of the hard ska (shall),
vowels (a, o, u, a) or consonants in sko (shoe),
stressed syllables skulle (should),
skal (cheers),
skriva (write)
sk like sh in she in front of the soft sked (spoon),
vowels (e, i, y, a, o) in stressed skina (shine),
syllables skygg (shy),
skar (pink),
skon
(comfortable)
sch, sj, skj, stj, si(on), ti(on) like sh in she marsch (march),
sjo (lake),
skjuta (shoot),
stjarna (star),
passion
(passion),
station (station)

8
 PRONUNCIATION

kj,tj like ch in Charles without the initial kjol (skirt),

t- sound tjock (thick)
Note: d, g, h, 1 are mute in front of j at the beginning of words or in
compound words when these consonants belong to the same syllable:
djup (deep), gjort (done, made), hjul (wheel), ljud (sound).
k followed by n is pronounced (unlike in English): kniv (knife), kna
(knee).

q, w, x, z only occur in names and foreign words. Then q is pro¬

nounced like a k, and w is pronounced like a v. Qu is pronounced like
kv, e.g. Qatar, WC (toilet), Wennergren, Quist, Quinnan (in old
texts or jokingly = woman). X is pronounced like ks, e.g. extra
(extra), and z is pronounced like voiceless s, e.g. zebra (zebra).
t is pronounced in nation (nation) and motion (exercise).
1 is mute in karl and varld.
rs is pronounced like sh in mash in central and northern Sweden, but
not in the south, where the two letters are pronounced individually,
e.g. person (person).
In rd, rt, rl, m the r is assimilated with the following consonant so
that these are pronounced almost like their English equivalents in
central and northern Sweden. However, in the south the two letters
are pronounced individually, e.g. hard (hard), svart (difficult),
harlig (glorious), barn (child).

Pronunciation exercise
Practise the following tongue-twisters. Pay particular attention to the
fact that the same sound can be spelt in several ways! Some of these
sentences feature on the accompanying cassette and, if you have it,
you will find the practice very useful,
b Barbros bror badade bara i Barseback.
c Cecilia cyklade genom centrala Cypem efter cigaretter och cit-
roner.
d David drack druvsaft och drog igang dragspelsmusiken.
f Fiffiga Fia friade till den forfarlige Fredrik.
g Gerd gillade gyttjebadet efter gympan.
Gustav grillade grisen i gryningen.
h Helan och Halvan har halsats med heja-rop hela halva hosten.
j Det satt en arg alg i julgranen i Goteborg.

9
 SWEDISH

k Kerstin kisade kyligt mot kycklingen i Koping.

Karin kramade den kluriga katten Katarina.
1 Lasse linkade lamt langs Lunds lummiga alleer.
m Mats matade manga misstrogna musiker med miljovanlig median,
n Nisse nobbade nagra nattliga nojen med Nora,
p Pelle passade pa att prova pistolen pa papegojan.
q Quist diskvalificerade Quinnan.
r Rut rosade Rolfs rara renar.
s Sven svarade snallt nar Sixten skrek svordomar.
t Trofasta Tilda tackade tandlakaren nar han drog ut den trasiga
tanden.
v Vill du veta var Vilhelm var i veckan?
x Xantippa spelade xylofon for Xerxes,
z Zigenaren Zakarias sag solen i zenit pa Nya Zeelands zoo.
ng I England talar engelskoma engelska.
gn Magnus vankade lugnt bakom vagnen i regnet.
kn Knut knyt knuten! Knut knot knuten utan knot,
sk Den skenheliga chefen i den skara skjortan spelade skivoma i
den skona stjamklara skargardskvallen.
Det ar skam att skryta och skravla i skolan.
sj Sju sjuka sjukskoterskor skotte sju sjosjuka sjoman.
stj Stjal inte stjaman!
skj Jag gomde skjortoma i skjulet.
tj Karringen tjatade pa tjejen att inte kyssa den tjugonde kinesen
pa kinden. Tjosan!

- Stress -
Swedish has sentence stress (the words that are most significant for
the meaning are stressed) and word stress (different syllables in
stressed words are stressed).
Word stress. The stress is normally on the first syllable of every word
except in a number of loan words from other languages where there is
no completely reliable rule. A great many by now follow Swedish pro¬
nunciation rules, at least in part, but others may retain the stress on
the syllable that carried the stress in the original language. That is
usually the case with words of French or Latin origin, e.g. restaurang
(restaurant), novell (short story), museum (museum), studera (study).

10
 PRONUNCIATION

If a word begins with the prefixes be-, for-, ge-, the stress is on the
syllable following these prefixes, e.g. betola (pay), fdrstd (under¬
stand), gedigen (solid).

If a syllable other than the normal first syllable is stressed, the vowel
in this syllable has been italicised in this book.

Accent
Swedish is a tone language, which means that more than one tone may
be used in one word. That is why it sounds as if Swedes are singing
when they speak. There are two such word accents in Swedish: ‘sin¬
gle tone’ (also called accent one or acute accent) and ‘double tone’ (also
called accent 2 or grave accent).

Single tone, as in English, is used in words of one syllable. Note that

even when a one-syllable word takes an ending, it keeps its single
tone accent, e.g. boll (ball) - bollen (the ball), hund (dog) - hunden
(the dog).

Single tone is also used in many two-syllable words ending in -el, -en,
-er, e.g. cykel (bicycle), vatten (water), vinter (winter), and in pre¬
sent tense verb forms ending in -er, e.g. reser (travel).

Double tone is used in most words of more than one syllable and in
most compound nouns, e.g flicka (girl), tradgard (garden), as well
as in verb forms ending in -a, -ar, -ade, -at, -ad, e.g. tala, talar,
talade, talat, talad (speak, spoke, spoken). In words with double
tone the main stress is on the first syllable - a falling tone -, but
there is also a strong secondary stress on the second syllable - a ris¬
ing tone, e.g. lampan (the lamp), spela (play).

Single tone Double tone

The difference in tone is used to distinguish between words which are

spelt the same way but mean different things, for example:

11
 SWEDISH

Single tone Double tone

^nden (the duck) (the spirit)
^Iten (the bit) (bitten)
Note: The line indicates the pitch, i.e. the height of the tone of your voice.

- Everyday pronunciation -
The written language and the spoken language do differ. Note the
following forms of words commonly used in normal speech:
• The final consonant is normally dropped in some very common
words: ja/g (I), da/g (day), va/d (what), go/d (good), me/d (with),
de/t (it), mycke/t (much).
• Och (and) is usually pronounced as a, and nej (no) is pronounced
as na.

• In normal speech the pronouns mig (me, myself), dig (you, your¬
self), sig (himself, herself, itself, themselves) are pronounced as
mej, dej, sej, and they are sometimes written this way as well.
De (they) and dem (them) are pronounced as damm. Nagon,
nagot, nagra (some / any / body, some I any I thing, some I any) are
pronounced nan, nat, nara. Sadan (such) is pronounced san.
Sedan (afterwards) is pronounced sen.
• Adjectives ending in -ig usually drop the -g in the spoken lan¬
guage, for example: roli/g (funny), traki/g (boring).

• The past tense of the verbs saga (say) and lagga (lay) are written
sade and lade but pronounced sa and la. Skall (shall) is pro¬
nounced ska and now normally also written this way.
The imperatives tag (take) and drag (pull) are pronounced ta and
dra.
The present tense ar (is) is pronounced e.

12
 PASSET, TACK!
Your passport, please!

In this unit you will learn

• how to introduce yourself and how to address people
• how to exchange greetings in formal and informal situations
• how to form simple statements and questions

D- Samtal (Dialogue) -
3
Robert and Jane Taylor and their son John, from London, arrive at
the ferry terminal in Gothenburg. They are going through passport
and customs control.
Passkontrolldren God morgon. Passet, tack!
Herr Taylor Varsagod.
Passkontrolldren Vad heter ni?
Herr Taylor Robert Taylor, min fru heter Jane Taylor och
var son heter John Taylor.
Passkontrolldren Varifran kommer ni? *
Herr Taylor Vi kommer fran England.
Passkontrolldren Vad har ni for yrke?
Herr Taylor Jag ar ingenjor, min fru ar sekreterare och John
ar praktikant pa en import- och exportfirma.
Passkontrolldren Har ni varit i Sverige forut?

— 13
 SWEDISH

Herr Taylor Nej, det har ar forsta gangen.

Passkontrolloren Hur lange ska ni stanna?
Herr Taylor Jag och min fru ska bara stanna en vecka, men
var son ska stanna ett ar.
Passkontrolloren Det var allt, tack. Trevlig resa!

passkontrolloren Immigration P* on; here: at

officer en a, an
god morgon good morning import- och exportfirma import
passet the passport and export firm
tack thank you; here: please har ni varit i Sverige forut? have
varsdgod/a here you are you been to Sweden before?
vad heter ni? what is your name? nej no
ni you det har ar forsta g&ngen this is
min fru my wife the first time
och and hur lange ska ni stanna? how
vdrson our son long will you be staying?
varifrdn? from where? ska shall
kommer come bara only
vad har ni for yrke? what is your en vecka a week
occupation? men but
jag ar / am ett dr a year
ingenjor engineer det var allt that was all
sekreterare secretary trevlig resa pleasant journey
praktikant trainee

Ratt eller fel? (True or false7)

(a) Roberts fru heter John.
Cb) Det ar forsta gangen John ar i Sverige.
(c) John ska bara stanna en vecka.

- Samtal (Dialogue) -
After collecting their luggage they go through the green exit, as they
have nothing to declare.

The Svensson family are waiting for the Taylors at the quayside. Ake
Svensson has been staying with the Taylors on an exchange, so he
knows them, but the parents have never met.
 YOUR PASSPORT, PLEASE!

Fru Svensson Ar det John som kommer har?

Ake Svensson (to mother) Nej, det ar det inte, men dar ar han.
(to John) Hej, John! Valkommen!
John Taylor Hej, Ake! Sa rohgt att ses igen.
Herr Svensson Goddag, goddag, Mrs Taylor. Goddag, Mr Taylor.
Valkomna till Sverige!
They shake hands.
Herr Svensson Jag heter Anders och min fru heter Ulla. Vi sager
val du till varandra?
Mr Taylor Javisst! Det tycker jag. Jag heter Robert och min
frus namn ar Jane.
John Ar det din bror, Ake?
Ake Ja, det ar min lillebror. Han heter Lars, men han
kallas Lasse.
John Hej! Roligt att traffas, Lasse! Talar du engelska?
Lasse Ja, lite grann.

ar is till varandra to each other

det it, that jav/sst yes, certainly; yes,
som who of course
kommer is coming det tycker jag / think so too
har here namn name
detar det inte it isn’t ar det din bror is he (lit. that) your
dar there brother
han he lillebror little brother
hej hello, hi kallas is called
valkommen/valkomna welcome roligt att traffas nice to meet you
sd roligt att ses igen how nice to talar du engelska? do you speak
see you again English?
goddag how do you do ja yes
till to lite grann a little
Sverige Sweden
vi sager val du let’s drop the titles,
shall we?

Ratt eller fel? (True or false7)

(a) John sager till Ake: ‘Sa roligt att ses igen’.
(b) Robert Taylor vill inte saga du till Anders.
(c) Akes lillebror heter Lasse, men han kallas Lars.
 SWEDISH

Vad ni behover veta

(What you need to know/)
Greetings
Swedes have a reputation for being rather formal people. They are
very fond of shaking hands and seldom meet without doing so.
However, the rigid etiquette of the past is rapidly changing as the
younger generation becomes more spontaneous.

Goddag. How do you do. The most common greeting in formal situ¬
ations.
Hej. This is by far the most popular greeting in informal situations,
corresponding to hello or hi. It is also used when parting.
God morgon. Good morning.
God natt. Goodnight. Used when going off to bed.
Adjo. Goodbye.
Varsagod when addressing one person, Varsagoda when address¬
ing more than one person. Here it means here you are. It is widely
used when handing something to someone, but it can also mean
please in certain situations, for example Varsagod och sitt! (Please,
take a seat!).

Valkommen when addressing one person, Valkomna when

addressing more than one person.

Tack Swedes say tack very frequently, for example when receiving
something and also when asking for something. It means thank you
but if it comes at the end of a sentence it usually means please, e.g.
Passet, tack! (Your passport, please!).
Tack sa mycket thanks very much
Ja, tack Yes, please
Nej, tack No, thank you

Yes and no
ja yes
javisst yes, certainly; yes, of course
nej no (usually pronounced na)
inte not
aldrig never

16
 YOUR PASSPORT, PLEASE!

Titles
Herr Mr
Fru Mrs
Froken Miss (Frk is an abbreviation of frdken)
Note: These titles, and all other titles, are spelt with a small letter
unless they stand at the beginning of a sentence. Some of the older
generation of Swedes are still keen on using titles when addressing
people, especially if they have a professional title. They use the title
immediately followed by the surname, for example: direktor
Svensson, ingenjor Taylor, doktor Andersson, prins Gustav.

— S3 har sager man (What to say) —

How to:
• ask
Vad heter du/ni/? someone’s name
Vad har ni for yrke? someone’s job
Talar du/ni/ engelska? if someone speaks English

• say
Jag heter Anders Svensson. your name
Han heter John. someone else’s name (m)
Hon heter Jane. someone else’s name (f)
Jag ar ingenjor. what you do
Jag kommer fran England. where you are from
Roligt att traffas! nice to meet you
Trevlig resa! pleasant journey

• greet
Hej, John! a friend
Goddag, fru Svensson formally

17
 SWEDISH

0 — Grammatik {Language patterns) —

1 En morgon (a morning) and

ett pass (a passport)
A noun is the word or name for a person, place or thing, e.g. en man
(a man), England, Andrew, en gata (a street), ett namn (a name).
Swedish nouns are either en- words (common gender) or ett- words
(neuter gender). About 75% of nouns are en-words, and 25% are ett-
words. Although most words for living things are common gender and
the words for many ‘things’ are neuter gender, there are unfortunate¬
ly no simple rules to tell whether a noun is common gender or neuter
gender. The indefinite article {aIan in English) is en in front of a
common gender noun, but ett in front of a neuter gender noun.
Most of the nouns in the first dialogue are common gender nouns:
en fru en gang
en son en vecka
en ingenjor en resa
but there are also some neuter nouns:
ett pass
ett yrke
ett ar

2 I, you, he/she/it, we, you and they

These words are called personal pronouns. A pronoun replaces a
noun, e.g. ‘Robert is an engineer./He is an engineer’. Below is a com¬
plete list of the personal pronouns in the forms you use when they are
the subject of a clause, i.e. they denote the person or thing taking
action:

/ jag (pronounced ‘ja’)

you du/Du (singular - when speaking to one person only)
he han (pronounced ‘hann’)
she hon (pronounced ‘honn’)
it den (when replacing an en- word)
det (when replacing an ett- word, pronounced ‘de’)

18
 YOUR PASSPORT, PLEASE!

we vi
you ni (plural - when speaking to more than one person)
Ni (singular - when addressing one person deferentially)
they de (pronounced ‘deimm' in everyday language). Sometimes written ‘dom’.

du/Du and ni/Ni (you)

Du is singular, so you only use it if you speak to one person. If you
want to show respect, you can use a capital in writing. Ni is plural, so
you use it when speaking to more than one person. However, it is also
used when speaking to one person with whom you are not familiar. Ni
was the formal and polite form of address until recently, but du is
gaining ground. If you are in doubt about which form to use, wait and
see what form the Swede uses and then use the same form.
Note: The pronunciation is the same for jag (since the g is mute) and
for ja (yes), but it is always obvious from the context which word the
speaker means.

3 Yes, it is; No, it isn’t

The corresponding replies in Swedish are:
Ja, det ar det. Yes, it is. (lit. yes, that it is)
Nej, det ar det inte. No, it isn’t, (lit. no, that it isn’t)

4 The infinitive of Swedish verbs

A verb is a word which states the action of a noun, e.g. ga (go). The
infinitive is the form of the verb which expresses the action, state or
idea without being restricted by person or number. In English it is
usually preceded by the preposition to, for example to be is att vara,
to stay is att stanna and to come is att komma in Swedish.
The Swedish infinitive normally ends in unstressed -a, which is
added to the stem. The stem is the main part of the verb without any
endings, e.g. vara (be), stanna (stay), komma (come).
If a verb consists of only one syllable and ends in a stressed vowel, no
-a is added in the infinitive, e.g. bo (live), ga (go).

19
 SWEDISH

5 The present tense

Swedish verbs are much simpler than English verbs as the same form
is used throughout the tense. Tense indicates the time when the
action takes place. Thus han kommer (he comes) is present tense, as
the action takes place at the present time.
The present tense of almost all Swedish verbs ends in -r, usually -ar
or -er. There have been several examples of verbs in the present tense
in the dialogues, for example: Vad heter ni?, Vad har ni for yrke?,
Ar det John som kommer har?
Those verbs which end in a vowel other than -a in the infinitive add
only an -r in the present tense, e.g. bor, gar.

ar (am, are, is)

While the verb to be has three different forms in the present tense in
English (7 am, you are, he is), there is only one form in Swedish:

jag ar vi ar
du ar ni ar
han ar de ar
hon ar
den ar
det ar

Here is the present tense of the verb komma (to come):

jag kommer till Sverige vi kommer till Sk&ne

du kommer till Stockholm ni kommer till Heathrow
han kommer till Goteborg de kommer till England
hon kommer till Gotland
den kommer till Dalarna
det kommer till Malaren

The present tense is used to describe:

(a) something that is happening now: John kommer nu (John is
coming now). (Note that the English continuous tense with
verbs ending in -ing corresponds to a simple verb form - present
or past tense - in Swedish.)
(b) something that usually happens: Han gar ut med hunden
varje dag (He goes out with the dog every day).

20
 YOUR PASSPORT, PLEASE!

(c) something that will happen (if there is an expression of time, for
example: next year, tomorrow, soon, etc.): Herr och fru Taylor
reser tillbaka till England om en vecka (Mr and Mrs Taylor
will go back to England in a week).

6 Word order in statements and questions

Statements
John ar har. John is here.
Hon heter Jane. She is called Jane.
Han ar ingenjor. He is an engineer.
Questions
If you want to ask a question you just change the word order so you
start with the verb.

Ar John har? Is John here?

Heter hon Jane? Is she called Jane?
Ar han ingenjor? Is he an engineer?
The answer to this type of question may be ja (yes) or nej (no). If the
answer is yes to a negative question (e.g. Heter hon inte Jane?), the
Swedish reply is jo.
Another type of question is when you start with a question word, e.g.
vad (what). The principle is the same: you start with the question
word, then comes the verb, then the subject followed by other parts of
the sentence.
Vad heter du? What is your name?
Vad har ni for yrke? What do you do?

7 Jag ar ingenjor (I am an engineer)

In Swedish we do not use the indefinite article (a/an in English) in
front of words for occupation, religion, nation ality or political affiliation.

Min far ar lakare. My father is a doctor.

Han ar protestant. He is a Protestant.
John ar engelsman. John is an Englishman.
Olof Palme var socialdemokrat. Olof Palme was a
Social Democrat.

21
 SWEDISH

Note: Words for nationality, religion and political affiliation (nouns

and adjectives) are spelt with a small letter in Swedish.

8 Possession: my wife’s name

No apostrophe is used before the genitive -s in Swedish, and the noun
following a genitive never takes an end article:
Min frus namn my wife’s name
Akes lillebror Ake’s little brother
Anders firma Anders’ firm
stadens namn the name of the town

Ovningar (Exercises)
1 Write down the appropriate greetings and farewells.
(a) Mother greets sleepy boy in the morning.

— 22 —
 YOUR PASSPORT, PLEASE!

(b) Two businessmen meet.

(c) The businessmen say goodbye to each other.
(d) Two girls meet.
(e) Boy says farewell to girl.
if) Father to children at bedtime.
2 Answer the following questions in Swedish.

(a) Vad heter Roberts fru?

(b) Vad heter Johns mor (mother)?
(c) Vad heter Ullas man (husband)?
(d) Vad heter Akes far (father)?
(e) Vad heter Akes lillebror?
(/) Vad heter du?
3 Change the statements into questions.
(а) Familjen Taylor kommer fran England.
(б) Robert Taylor ar ingenjor.
(c) Det ar John.
(d) Han kallas Lasse.
(e) Det var allt.
4 Replace the bold words with pronouns.
Example: John kommer fran England - Han kommer Iran England.

(a) Anders fru heter Ulla.

(b) Ullas man heter Anders.
(c) Robert och Jane och John bor i London.
(d) Du och din fru ar valkomna.
(e) Du och jag talar engelska.
(/) Resan var trevlig.
(g) Passet ar engelskt.
5 Complete the following dialogue by adding your answers.

Eva Hej! Vad heter du?

You (Tell her your name.)
Eva Jag heter Eva. Jag kommer fran Malmo. Kommer du
ocksa fran Malmo?
You (Say No, I come from England.)
Eva Bor du i Oxford?
You (Say No, I come from London.)

23 —
 SWEDISH

6 Complete the following dialogue by adding your questions.

You (Say Hello. Ask what he is called.)
Bo Jag heter Bo Svedberg.
You (Ask if he comes from Sweden.)
Bo Ja, jag kommer fran Sverige.
You (Ask if he lives in Stockholm.)
Bo Nej, j ag bor i Goteborg.
7 Answer the questions relating to the family below. Write com¬
plete sentences.
Example: Vad heter Svens fru? - Hon heter Svea Andersson.
(a) Vad heter Sveas man?
(b) Vad heter Pers lillebror?
(c) Vad heter Pers storasyster?
(d) Vad heter Olles storebror?

Familjen Andersson

24
 YOUR PASSPORT, PLEASE!

(e) Vad heter Olles lillasyster/

(/) Vad heter Lisas pappas fru?
(g) Vad heter Ingelas mammas man?

gift med married to lillasyster little sister

storasyster big sister mamma mother
storebror big brother pappa father

8 Answer the following questions using the information provided

below.

(а) Var kommer Greg Harris ifran?

(б) Vad har han for yrke?
(c) Vad heter Mr MacGregor i fomamn?
Cd) Var kommer han ifran?
(e) Vad har han for yrke?
(/) Vad har Frida for yrke?
(g) Vad ar Fridas eftemamn?

Greg Harris Alexander MacGregor Frida H&kansson

pilot pilot var... ifr^n from ... where

tandlakare dentist fornamn Christian (first) name
larare teacher efternamn surname
Skottland Scotland

25
 SWEDISH

Forstar du?
(Do you understand?)
In this section you are not expected to understand every single word
at once. You should try to catch the key expressions and work out the
rest from the context.

Samtal (Dialogue)
Ake sees two neighbours and introduces John to them.
Ake Hej, hej, Ingrid! Hejsan, Kerstin! Det har ar John fran
England. John ska vara har i ett ar. Han vill gama tala
svenska med er.
Ingrid Hej, John! Vill du folja med oss till Liseberg?
John Ja, gama.
Kerstin Kom da. Vi ska mota mamma och pappa dar.
Ake Ar din pappa hemma redan?
Kerstin Ja, han kom igar. Han ar sjokapten och de hade medvind
i Engelska kanalen.
John Ar din mamma ocksa ledig nu?
Kerstin Ja, hon ar ledig hela sommaren, for hon ar larare.

hejsan hi! redan already

det har this kom came
er you igir yesterday
vill garna would like to sjokapten (sea) captain
svenska Swedish medvind following wind
med with Engelska kanalen the Channel
vill du folja med oss? would you ocksd also
like to come with us? ledig free
kom da come then hela sommaren all the summer
mota meet for because
hemma home

Ratt eller fel? (True or false?)

(a) John vill tala engelska med Ingrid och Kerstin.
(b) Kerstins pappa ar hemma nu.
(c) Kerstins mamma ar inte ledig pa sommaren.
 YOUR PASSPORT, PLEASE!

Goteborg
Gothenburg is a Swedish city that many tourists come to first,
especially British people. Ferries to and from England, Denmark,
Norway, Holland and Germany ply the port; trains from the conti¬
nent and planes from all over the world go to Gothenburg. There
are also large industrial companies there such as Volvo and SKF,
the Swedish Ball Bearing Company. Many Scots have settled here
and left their mark both on the city and the language.
Goteborg ar Sveriges andra stad, men Goteborg har den storsta
hamnen i Skandinavien. Staden kallas ‘Lilia London’. Goteborg
har manga museer och teatrar. Utanfor Goteborgs konstmuseum
vid Gotaplatsen star Carl Milles beromda staty Poseidon.
Stockholmama och goteborgarna kivas alltid om vilken stad som
ar bast.

andra second star stands

en stad city, town beromda famous
storsta largest en staty statue
hamnen the port, harbour stockholmama the Stockholmers
lilla little goteborgarna the Gothenburgers
m&nga many kivas om argue about
ett museum (pi. museer) museum alltid always
teatrar theatres vilken which
utanfor outside som that, which
konstmuseum art museum bast best
vid at

Ratt eller fel? (True or false?)

(а) Goteborg ar den storsta staden i Sverige.
(б) Det finns manga museer i Goteborg.
(c) Poseidon ar den storsta faijan som gar till Goteborg.

27
 2
TACK FOR MATEN!
It was a lovely meal!

In this unit you will learn

• how to discuss where you live
• phrases used at meal times
• how to ask for things or decline offers at the table
• how to propose a toast and express appreciation
• how to count from 0 to 12

®- Samtal -
§
Like many Swedes the Svensson family live in a flat of moderate size
in a building not more than three to five storeys high, with shops and
all amenities nearby.

The families arrive and park the cars.

Anders Har ar det. Vi bor pa oversta vaningen, tre trappor upp. Vi
tar hissen.
Ulla Varsagoda och stig pa!
Jane Vilken vacker utsikt!
Anders Ja, vi ser hamnen och alia batama hariffan.
Ulla Ar ni torstiga? Maten ar strax fardig, men ni vill val ha
nagot att dricka forst?

28 —
 IT W/tS A LOVELY MEAL!

Robert Ja, tack! En kail 61 skulle smaka gott.

Jane Jag vill nog hellre ha ett glas sherry, tack.

bor live maten the food

pa oversta vaningen on the top strax soon
floor fardig ready
tre three ni vill val ha / suppose you
tre trappor upp on the 3rd floor would like
(lit. three stairs up) val / suppose
upp up nagot something
tar take att dricka to drink
hissen the lift forst first
stig pa step in kali cold
vilken what a en 61 a beer
vacker beautiful skulle smaka gott would be nice
(en) utsikt (a) view smaka taste
ser see gott nice (food)
alia all nog probably (here: / think)
batarna the ships, the boats hellre rather
harifran from here ett glas a glass
torstiga thirsty

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Familjen Svensson bor pa bottenvaningen.
(б) De har en vacker utsikt over hamnen.
(c) De vill inte ha nagot att dricka fore maten.
id) Maten ar inte fardig nar de kommer.

fam/ljen the family fore before

bottenvaningen the ground floor nar when
over over
UM

Samtal
Half an hour later.
Ulla Varsagoda! Middagen ar serverad.
Jane Tack sa mycket.
Anders Vad far vi? Vi ar mycket hungriga.
Ulla Inlagd sill till forratt, sedan kyckling, dillpotatis,
gronsaker och sallad. Till efterratt ska vi ha

29
 SWEDISH

smultron och gradde.

Robert Det later gott.
Ulla Anders, vill du vara snail och servera snapsen!
Anders Javisst! Skal och valkomna till Sverige!
Alla hojer glasen Skal!

middagen the dinner (en) efterratt (a) dessert

serverad served vi ska ha we'll have
vad feir vi? what will we get? smultron wild strawberries
mycket very gradde cream
hungriga hungry det later gott that sounds good
inlagd s/ll pickled herrings vill du vara snail och ... please
till for snapsen the aquavit
(en) forratt (a) starter skSI cheers
sedan afterwards Sverige (pronounced Svarje)
(en) kyckling (a) chicken Sweden
dillpotatis potatoes boiled with dill alia all
gronsaker vegetables hojer raise
(en) sallad (a) salad glasen the glasses

Ratt eller fel?

(a) De ar inte hungriga.
(b) Ulla serverar sill till efterratt.
(c) De dricker snaps till sillen.

Samtal
After a little while.
Robert Jag skulle vilja ha lite salt och peppar.
Anders Varsagod.
Ulla Far det vara lite mera?
Robert Mycket gama. Det smakade verkligen gott.
Jane Nej, tack, j ag ar sa matt. Jag maste halla diet.
Lasse Kan jag fa lite mera efterratt?
Ulla Sa gama. Ar det har lagom?
Lasse Tack, det ar bra.
When they have finished eating.
Robert Tack for maten! Det var mycket gott.
Ulla Ingen orsak. Vi dricker val kaffet pa balkongen. Vill ni ha

30
 IT W/*S A LOVELY MEAL!

socker och gradde till kaffet?

Jane Nej, tack. Bara en slat kopp kaffe.
Ulla Vad vill ni ha till frukost i morgon?
Jane Vi vill gama prova en svensk frukost. Vad brukar ni ata?
Ulla Vi boijar med ett glas juice. Anders och pojkama ater fil
och jag ater flingor och mjolk. Vi dricker kaffe och ater
smorgasar ocksa.
Jane Det blir bra. Vi vill ata det samma som ni, fast jag vill nog
gama ha en kopp te med mjolk till frukosten.
Ulla Det ska du fa.

jag skulle vilja ha / would like to balkongen the balcony

have (ett) socker sugar
lite a little bara only
(ett) salt salt en slat kopp kaffe a cup of black
(en) peppar pepper coffee
fdr det vara lite mera? may I give vad vill ni ha till frukost? what
you a little more? would you like to have for
mycket gama yes, please, breakfast?
I would love it i morgon tomorrow
garna willingly, gladly prova try
det smakade verkligen gott svensk Swedish
it really did taste nice vad brukar ni ata? what do you
s£ so usually have?
matt satisfied, full up borjar begin
jag mdste hdlla diet I am on a diet pojkama the boys
en diet a diet fil (mjolk) (thin) yoghurt
kan jag M? can I have? flingor cornflakes
sd garna by all means; with (en) mjolk milk
pleasure smorgdsar open sandwiches
ar det har lagom? will that do ? det blir bra that will be nice
det ar bra that’s enough samma same
ingen orsak you are welcome fast though
dricker drink te tea
kaffet the coffee det ska du you shall have that

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Robert vill gama ha mera.
(b) Jane ar inte matt.
(c) Lasse halier diet.

— 31
 SWEDISH

- Vad ni behover veta -

Addresses
Addresses are written as follows:

'Nrtfciw kUm
Sfwfafah f-A111

Storgatan corresponds to High Street, 7 is the number of the house,

A the entrance door and III indicates that the person lives on the
third floor. 395 84 is the postal code, which always stands in front of
the name of the town.

Mealtimes
Varsagoda When a hostess is ready to serve she invites the guests
to come to the table with the phrase Varsagoda, maten/frukosten
/middagen/kvallsmaten (supper) ar serverad.
Inlagd sill Every self-respecting housewife in Sweden has her own
- or her mother’s - recipe for pickled herrings!
Dillpotatis Swedes are very partial to new potatoes boiled with
dill. They also use this herb in white sauces, with fish and crayfish.
Smultron Wild strawberries are probably the Swedes’ idea of heav¬
en on earth!
Tack for maten When leaving the table after the meal it is good
manners to go up to your hostess and say tack for maten. A word of
praise won’t go amiss, so don’t be shy! Also, when you next meet your
host or hostess you should say tack for senast, even if it is months
after the dinner party.

32
 IT WMS A LOVELY MEAL!

Ingen orsak (lit. No cause) You are welcome, Don’t mention it, It’s
quite all right is the standard reply when someone thanks you for
something.
Skal and snaps are probably the best known Swedish words to
most foreigners, but for the uninitiated, snaps is a dram of aquavit
drunk from a small, tapered glass. Skal (lit. bowl) has survived from
the days when a drinking bowl was used.
Ata frukost Swedes use the word ata where English people use
have if they actually partake of the meal. Ha would merely imply that
they have it in store in the house.
Please There are a number of ways of saying please when asking
someone to do something, for example:
Vill du vara snail och racka mig saltet!
Var snail och rack mig saltet!
Rack mig saltet, ar du snail!
Snalla Anders, rack mig saltet!
They are all interchangeable, so you can choose whichever you like.

Sa har sager man

How to:
• ask for things at the table
Kan jag fa ... ? May I have... ?
Jag skulle vilja ha .. I would like to have...
Jag vill gama ha ... I would love to have...
Jag vill hellre ha ... I would prefer...

• accept offers
Ja, tack. Yes, please.
Tack, mycket gama. With pleasure, certainly.

• decline offers
Nej, tack. No, thanks.
Tack, det ar bra. That’s enough.
Jag ar matt. I’ve had enough (food).

33
 SWEDISH

• offer things to others

Far det vara lite mera? May I give you a little more?
Ni vill val ha ... ? Would you like?

• other phrases
Jag ar hungrig. I’m hungry.
Jag ar torstig. I’m thirsty.
Det var mycket gott. It was very nice.
Tack sa mycket Thank you very much.
Skal! Cheers!

H- Grammatik

1 How to say ‘the’

The is an ending in Swedish, not a separate word as it is in English. If
the noun is an en- word (common gender) and ends in a consonant,
-en is added at the end of the word. If the noun is an ett- word
(neuter gender) and ends in a consonant, -et is added.
en vaning a flat vaningen the flat
en hiss a lift hissen the lift
ett vin a wine vinet the wine
ett hus a house huset the house
Nouns that end in an unstressed vowel only add -n or -t respectively,
for example:
en flicka a girl flickan the girl
en gata a street gatan the street
ett apple an apple applet the apple
ett frimarke a stamp frimarket the stamp
These endings are called the definite article.
Note: The noun following a genitive never takes an end article, e.g.
stadens namn (the name of the town), husets nummer {the number
of the house).

34
 IT WAS A LOVELY MEAL!

2 The additional definite article

If there is a qualifying word (e.g. an adjective) immediately before the
noun, Swedish uses both a separate word - den in front of the adjec¬
tive that precedes en- words, det in front of the adjective that pre¬
cedes ett- words, de in front of plural words - and the definite article
at the end of the word.
den fina vaningen the nice flat
det fina huset the nice house
de fina husen the nice houses
den/det/de is called the additional definite article.

3 Vilken vacker utsikt!

Notice how vilken is used in exclamations. You can also use en
sadan (such a), e.g. en sadan vacker utsikt! (Lit. such a beautiful
view).

4 Harifr&n (from here)

Note the inverted word order in words such as:

harifran from here (lit. here from)

darifran from there (lit. there from)
varifran from where (lit. where from)
uppifran from above (fit. up from)
nerifran from below (lit. down from)
framifran from the front (fit. forward from)
bakifran from the back (fit. back from)

5 Kan, ska, vill, m&ste, f&r, later

These verbs are called modal verbs. They correspond to the English
verbs can — shall — will — must — may — let. The important thing about
them is that they can only be followed by a plain infinitive, i.e.
an infinitive without att (‘to’ in English) in a two-verb clause, for
example:
Kan jag fa lite socker? Can I have some sugar?

— 35 —
 SWEDISH

Han ska vara har ett ar. He will stay here a year.
Vill du ha mera? Do you want some more?
Du maste komma till Sverige. You must come to Sweden.
Skulle jag kunna fa lite mera? May I have some more?
Du far komma nu. You may come now.
Lat oss saga du. Let’s drop the titles.

6 Ha - har, ta - tar
Ha (have) and ta (take) are infinitives. The present tense of these
verbs are:

jag har jag tar

du har du tar
han/hon/den/det har han/hon/den/det tar
vi har vi tar
ni har ni tar
de har de tar

7 A cup of coffee, a glass of sherry

There is no word corresponding to of in expressions indicating
measure like en kopp kaffe (a cup of coffee), en flaska vin (a bottle
of wine), ett glas vatten (a glass of water).

8 Vem, vad, vilken (who, what, which)

These words are used in direct and indirect questions. They are called
the interrogative pronouns. In this unit you have met vad far vi?
(what will we get?), vad vill ni ha? (what would you like?), vad
brukar ni ata? (what do you normally eat?). The common inter¬
rogative pronouns are:

vem who(m)
vad what
vilken which, who or what in front of or referring to en-words
vilket which, who or what in front of or referring to ett-words
vilka which, who or what in front of or referring to plural words

36
 IT WAS A LOVELY MEAL!

Vad cannot take a genitive -s. The others form their possessive by
adding an -s, e.g. vems, vilkens, vilkets, vilkas. Vem can only refer
to one person. In plural vilka must be used.
Vem ar hon? Who is she?
Vems hus ar det? Whose house is it?
Vilka filmer gillar du? Which films do you like?
Vad vill du gora? What do you want to do?

Note that vad cannot be used before a noun in Swedish as what can
be in English. What nonsense is translated as sadana dumheter in
Swedish. However, it is possible to say vad for en bil (what kind of
car), vad for ett hus (what kind of house), vad for namn (what kind
of names).

9 Numerals: 0-12
0 noil (pronounced ‘ncill’)
1 ett
2 tVcl
3 tre
4 fyra
5 fem
6 sex
7 sju
8 &tta
9 nio (pronounced ‘nie’ in everyday speech)
10 tio (pronounced ‘tie’ in everyday speech)
11 elva
12 tolv

Note that Swedes use the neuter form ett (not en) when counting.

H- Ovningar

1 Complete the column below.

Example: en vaning - vaningen
en familj... ett glas ...
en sekreterare ... ett hus ...

37
 SWEDISH

en trappa .. ett pass ...

en hiss ... ett vin ...
en hamn ... ett salt...
en kopp ... (ett) kaffe .
en middag.
(en) gradde .
2 Answer the questions in Swedish, as indicated.
(a) Vill du ha nagot att dricka? (accept)
(b) Vill du ha mjolk i teet? (decline)
(c) Vill du ha mera smultron? (I would love to)
(d) Ar det lagom? (Yes, it is enough)
(e) Vill du hellre ha kaffe? (I would prefer tea)
3 Say the following in Swedish.
(a) May I have a cold beer, please?
(b) Please can I have the salt?
(c) John, please serve the wine!
(d) Please, give me some coffee.
(e) I would like to have some sugar, please.
4 Ask for the following things in Swedish.

en flaska a bottle (en) apeis/nsaft orange juice

(ett) rodvin red wine (ett) vatten water

38
 IT WAS A LOVELY MEAL!

5 Fill in the missing words.

(From where).kommer hon?
Han tittar pa (looks at) huset (from above).och (from
below).. (from the front).och (from the back).
Kommer du inte (from here).?
Nej, jag kommer (from there).
6 Answer the questions about the dialogues in Swedish.

(a) Ar de torstiga?
(b) Lagar Anders middagen?
(c) Vill alia ha mera efterratt?
(d) Vill de inte ata frukost?
(e) Tackar Ulla for maten?
7 Fill in the missing numbers. Spell out the words.
Han har (1).huvud (head), (2).ben (legs), (6).
koppar, (3).tidningar (newspapers), (4).flaskor
rodvin, (8).glas, (5).bam (children).

8 Complete the dialogue.

You (Say you would like a cup of coffee.)
Siv Vill du ha socker och gradde till kaffet?
You (Say you would like milk and sugar.)
Siv Du vill val ha en smorgas ocksa?
You (Say no thanks, you are not hungry, only thirsty.)
Siv Ar det bra sa?
You (Say thank you, it was very nice.)

Fdrstdr du?

Smdrgdsbordet
Ni vill formodligen prova det beromda svenska smorgasbordet. Det
ar inte lika vanligt som det brukade vara - inte med de hundra
ratter som det brukade ha. Men manga hotell och fma restau-
ranger - och faijoma till Sverige - serverar smorgasbord till
lunch. For ett rimligt pris kan man ata ... och ata . . . och ata!

— 39 —
 SWEDISH

Man borjar vid ena andan av bordet med fiskratter - sill, rakor,
lax o.d. - sedan kott och aggratter, sedan efterratt, sedan ost. Man
dricker 61 och snaps till smorgasbordet. Men ta god tid pa dig - det
kan ta manga timmar!

smorgasbordet Swedish tradition- bordet the table

al buffet fiskratter fish dishes
formodligen probably rakor prawns
lika vanligt som as common as (en) lax salmon
brukade vara used to be o.d. (och dylikt) etc.
hundra hundred (ett) kott meat
ratter dishes aggratter egg dishes
fina fine (en)ost cheese
restauranger restaurants ta god tid pd dig allow plenty of
farjoma the ferries time
ett r/mligt pris a reasonable price timmar hours
man one, you samma the same
ena andan av one end of

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Smorgasbordet ar mycket vanligt i Sverige.
(b) Smorgasbordet har alltid himdra ratter.
(c) Man kan ata sa mycket man vill for samma pris.
(d) Man behover inte mycket tid for att ata smorgasbord.

40
 3
HUR DAGS
STIGER NIUPP?
What time do you get up?

In this unit you will learn

• how to say what time it is
• how to say what you do during the day
• how to say the days of the week and parts of the day
• how to count from 13 to 100

- Samtal -
BIO

Jane and Ulla discuss the daily routine in the Svensson family.
Jane Hur dags stiger ni upp pa morgonen?
Ulla Jag stiger upp klockan halv sju, for vi ater frukost tio over
sju. Lasse borjar skolan klockan atta, sa vi maste ga
harifran kvart i atta.
Anders Jag stiger upp tjugo i sju.,Jag maste vara pa kontoret
klockan nio, sa jag kor harifran fern over halv nio.
Ake Min vackarklocka ringer klockan sju. Jag boijar ibland
klockan atta och ibland klockan nio pa universitetet. Jag
tar sparvagnen fern i halv nio i morgon.
Ulla Vi dricker formiddagskaffe klockan halv elva och ater
lunch klockan ett, men det gor vi pa jobbet. Jag arbetar ju
deltid, sa jag gar hem efter lunchen. Jag handlar middags-

41
 SWEDISH

maten pa vagen hem. Lasse slutar skolan klockan halv

fyra, sa vi dricker te nar han kommer hem pa eftermidda-
gen, ungefar kvart i fyra.
Jane Nar ater ni middag?
Ulla Inte forran halv sju pa kvallen nar alia har kommit hem.
Vi dricker te nar Lasse har gatt till sangs vid halv nio-
tiden.
Anders Ulla och jag gar och lagger oss lite over elva, men Ake
stannar uppe till efter midnatt. Han ar en riktig nattuggla.

hur dags? at what time? arbetar work

stiger upp get up ju of course, as you know
halv sju at half past six deltid part-time
tio over sju ten past seven hem home
borjar skolan starts school handlar shop
en skola a school p£ vagen hem on the way home
kvart i citta a quarter to eight slutar finishes
tjugo i sju twenty to seven pd eftermiddagen in the
ett kontor an office afternoon
fem over halv nio twenty-five ungefar about
to nine inte forran not until
en vackarklocka an alarm clock pci kvallen in the evening
ringer rings har g£tt till sangs has gone to bed
ibland sometimes vid halv nio-tiden around half
en spdrvagn a tram past eight
fem i halv nio twenty-five past gar och /agger oss go to bed
eight lite over a little past
(ett) formiddagskaffe morning (en) midnatt midnight
coffee riktig true
gor do en nattuggla a night-owl
jobbet the place of work

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Lasse borjar skolan klockan nio.
(b) Ake boijar ibland klockan atta pa universitetet.
(c) De dricker te klockan halv elva pa formiddagen.
(d) Lasse gar och lagger sig ungefar tjugo over nio.

42
 WHAT TIME DO YOU GET UP?

- Samtal -
Ake and John discuss what they do in their spare time.
John Vad ska vi gora i kvall?
Ake I kvall maste vi stanna hemma och se efter Lasse. Dina foral-
drar ska ju ga pa konsert och det ar mandag idag och da gar
mamma och pappa ut. Mamma gar pa en kurs i fransk kon-
versation och pappa diskuterar politik med sina partivanner.
Men vi kan spela skivor eller titta pa TV.
John Gar du ocksa pa nagon kurs?
Ake Ja, pa tisdagama larjag mig spela gitarr, och pa torsdagama
gar jag pa en fotokurs.
John Vad gor du pa onsdagama da?
Ake Da brukar jag traffa mina vanner. Vi gar och fikar eller
kanske pa bio. Pa fredag ska vi ga pa en popkonsert. Vill du
folja med?
John Ja, gama. Vad hander pa lordagar och sondagar da?
Ake Pa lordagama gar jag till min idrottsklubb, och sedan gar vi
ut pa stan. Pa sondagama gar vi i kyrkan pa morgonen, och
pa eftermiddagen gar jag och pappa pa fotbollsmatch.

i kvall tonight en gitarr a guitar

se efter look after pa torsdagama on Thursdays
dina your en fotokurs a course in
foraidrar parents photography
en konsert (pronounced kdnsar) pa onsdagarna on Wednesdays
a concert traffa meet I
(en) mandag (a) Monday en van a friend
idag today fikar have a coffee
ut out kanske perhaps
en kurs a course (en) bio cinema
fransk French pa fredag on Friday
en konversat/on a conversation en popkonsert a pop concert
diskuterar discusses folja med come with us
(en) polit/k politics hander happens
sina his pa lordagar on Saturdays
partrvanner friends in his pa sondagar on Sundays
political party min my
spela skivor play records en idrottsklubb an athletic club,
titta look a sports club
nagon some pa stan (from staden) into town
pa tisdagarna on Tuesdays i kyrkan to church
lar jag mig / learn en fotbollsmatch a football match
 SWEDISH

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Lasse maste se efter John och Ake i kvall.
(b) Ake gar inte pa nagon kurs.
(c) Ake traffar sina vanner pa onsdagarna.
(d) Pa lordagarna gar Ake och Anders pa fotbollsmatch.

- Vad ni behover veta -

Clocks
Ett armbandsur - ett fickur - en vackarklocka - en ringklocka
- en kyrkklocka (a watch - a pocket watch - an alarm clock - a bell
- a church bell)

Although Swedish has the words armbandsur and fickur, the word
klocka is the normal word used both for clock, watch and bell. When
telling the time, it is the only word used.

Coffee
Swedes usually drink coffee in the morning, and coffee or tea in the
afternoon. Late at night they usually drink tea, often without milk. A
lot more coffee than tea is drunk, in fact more coffee per person is
drunk in Scandinavia than anywhere else in the world.

44
 WHAT TIME DO YOU GET UP?

Sa har sager man

How to:
• say what time it is
Klockan ar ett. It’s one o’clock.
Klockan ar fem over ett. It’s five past one.
Klockan ar kvart over ett. It’s a quarter past one.
Klockan ar tjugo over ett. It’s twenty past one.
Klockan ar halv tva. It’s half past one.
Klockan ar tjugo i tva. It’s twenty to two.
Klockan ar kvart i tva. It’s a quarter to two.
Klockan ar fem i halv tre. It’s twenty-five past two.
Klockan ar fem over halv tre. It’s twenty-five to three.

KLOCKAN ETT/TVA etc.

1

Note that half past an hour in English corresponds to half to the next
hour in Swedish, e.g. halv sju {half past six).
Note: No preposition is used where English has at\ for example,
skolan borjar klockan atta (school starts at eight o’clock).
It is also possible to abbreviate klockan to just kl., e.g. kl. 1 {one
o’clock). If you use the 12-hour clock, fm or f.m. (formiddagen) cor-
resonds to a.m. and em or e.m. (eftermiddagen) corresponds to p.m.

• use other common expressions in connection with clocks

Hur mycket ar klockan? What time is it?

Vad ar klockan? What time is it?
Min klocka gar fel. My watch is wrong.
Klockan gar fem minuter fore. The clock is five minutes fast.
Klockan gar tre minuter efter. The clock is three minutes slow.
Klockan star. The clock isn’t working.

45
 SWEDISH

Klockan har stannat. The clock has stopped.

Klockan gar ratt. The clock is right.
Klockan slar tolv. The clock strikes twelve.

• ask about daily routine

Hur dags stiger du upp? What time do you get up?
Nar ater du frukost? When do you have breakfast?
Nar gar du och lagger dig? When do you go to bed?
Hur dags gar du och lagger dig? What time do you go to bed?

Grammatik

1 Plural forms of Swedish nouns

The plural ending of most English nouns is -s, e.g. girls. It is not quite
so simple in Swedish as there are five main ways of forming the plural.
These are called the five declensions. Fortunately it is usually possi¬
ble to tell which declension a noun belongs to from the form of the
noun. The nouns belonging to the first declension are en- words, and
the majority end in -a in their singular form. They drop this -a before
the plural ending -or is added.
en flicka tva flickor
en gata tva gator
en skola tva skolor

A small number of first declension nouns do not end in -a in the

singular, so the plural ending is added to the singular form:

en ros a rose
tva rosor two roses

You have already encountered some of these first declension nouns,

e.g. en mamma, en pappa, en firma, en trappa, en resa.

From now onwards, nouns will be listed as they appear in dictionaries.

You can then see immediately from the endings if a noun is an en-
word or an ett- word, and the plural ending is also given. Thus the
dictionary would give you e.g. flick/a (-an -or) where the -an ending
tells you that flickan is the definite form singular (so the word must
be an en- word), and -or tells you that the indefinite form plural is

— 46
 WHAT TIME DO YOU GET UP?

flickor. -0 denotes that the word is unchanged in its plural form.

2 Veckodagarna (the days of the week)

sondag (pronounced: sonnda) Sunday
mandag (pronounced: mannda) Monday
tisdag (pronounced: tisda) Tuesday
onsdag (pronounced: onsda) Wednesday
torsdag (pronounced torsda) Thursday
fredag (pronounced: freda) Friday
lordag (pronounced: lorda) Saturday
Notice that Swedish does not use a capital letter for the names of the
days of the week.

3 pa
The versatile preposition pa is used both with the days of the week
and parts of the day.
Vad ska du gora pa sondag? What are you going to do
on Sunday?
Pa lordagama spelar Ake On Saturdays Ake plays
fotboll. football.
I England thicker man te In England one drinks tea
pa morgonen. in the morning.
Lasse gar till sangs tidigt Lasse goes to bed early
pa kvallen. in the evening.

4 Adjectives
An adjective is a word that denotes quality, e.g. stor (big, large), fin
(fine), dyr (expensive), billig (cheap), vacker (beautiful), lang (long),
hog (high), svar (difficult).
In Swedish adjectives take endings which have to agree with the
noun that the adjective refers to, i.e. an adjective referring to an en-
word in (the indefinite form) singular is in the basic form (the form
you find in the dictionary), whereas an adjective referring to an ett-
word in (the indefinite form) singular has -t added to the end.

47
 SWEDISH

All adjectives referring to plural nouns (i.e. both en- and ett- words)
must end in -a:
en stor stad ett stort museum stora museer
en fin bat ett fint yrke fina yrken
en dyr klocka ett dyrt land dyra klockor
This rule also applies to adjectives when the adjective follows the
noun that it refers to and a form of the verb to be:
staden ar stor museet ar stort batarna ar stora
From now onwards, adjectives will be listed in the vocabularies in
their basic form only, i.e. as they appear in the dictionaries, unless
they are irregular.

5 Ga
Ga is the normal word for translating the English verb to go or to
travel about vehicles. If a person is using some means of transport
aka is the most common word for translating go, as ga cannot be
used. Ga used about a person or persons can only mean to walk or to
leave, for example:
Nar gar taget? When does the train go?
Farjan gar till England The ferry goes to England.
Gar du till kontoret? Do you walk to the office?
Jag maste ga nu. I must leave now.

Note also the following expressions:

Han gar i skolan. He goes to school.
Hon gar i kyrkan. She goes to church.

6 Numerals: 13 - 100
13 tretton
14 fjorton
15 femton
16 sexton
17 sjutton
18 arton
19 nitton
20 tjugo

48
 WHAT TIME DO YOU GET UP?

21 tjugoett (-en) (often pronounced ‘tjuett’, ‘tjuen’)

22 tjugotv&
23 tjugotre
24 tjugofyra
25 tjugofem
26 tjugosex
27 tjugosju
28 tjugocitta
29 tjugonio
30 trettio, tretti
31 trettiett etc.
40 fyrtio, fyrti (always pronounced ‘forti’)
50 femtio, femti
60 sextio, sexti
70 sjuttio, sjutti
80 cittio, atti
90 nittio, nitti
100 (ett) hundra

En is used before en- words, e.g. tjugoen veckor.

Ett is used before ett- words, e.g. tjugoett ar.
Thus: etthundratjugoen dagar (121 days).
Note: Swedish uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point.

Matematik (arithmetic)
This is the normal way to do simple sums:
2+2=4 (tva plus tva ar fyra)
4-2 = 2 (fyra minus tva ar tva)
3x3 = 9 (tre ganger tre ar nio)
9+3 =3 (nio delat med tre ar tre)

H-- Ovningar -
1 Fill in the correct plural form of the nouns in the following
sentences.
(a) John talar svenska med tva svenska (girls).
(b) Ett ar har femtitva (weeks).
(c) Lararen vill ha svar pa alia (questions).
(d) I Goteborg finns det manga export-(firms).
(e) Anders oppnar tva (bottles).rodvin.

49
 SWEDISH

if) Manga (ferries).gar till Goteborg.

(g) De har flera (clocks).
(h) Det bor inte sa manga (people).i Sverige.

svar (-et, -0) answer mannisk/a (-an, -or) person,

frdg/a (-an, -or) question people

2 Answer the following questions in Swedish.

(a) Vad gor Ulla pa mandagama?
(b) Vad gor Ake pa tisdagama?
(c) Vad gor Ake pa onsdagama?
(d) Vad gor Ake pa torsdagama?
(e) Vad ska pojkama gora pa fredag?
(f) Vad gor Ake pa lordagama?
(g) Vad gor familjen Svensson pa sondagama?
3 (a) Look at the clocks and say in Swedish what time it is.

(.b) Answer the questions in Swedish.

(i) Hur dags ringer vackarklockan?

(ii) Hur dags stiger du upp?
(iii) Hur dags ater du frukost?
(iv) Hur dags gar du hemifran?
(v) Hur dags borjar du arbeta?
(vi) Hur dags ater du lunch?
(vii) Hur dags slutar du arbeta?

— 50 —
 WHAT TIME DO YOU GET UP?

(viii) Hur dags ater du middag?

(ix) Hur dags gar du och lagger dig?
4 Fill in the missing adjectives in the story below. Choose from the
following adjectives and use each adjective only once: billig, dyr,
fattig, fin, lang, hog, stor, svar, trevlig, vacker.
Make sure that the adjectives are in their correct form, and that
the story makes sense.
Eva bor i ett.hus i en.stad. Hon har en.
utsikt over en.park. Hennes lagenhet ar mycket.,
men ocksa mycket.Hon har bott dar en.tid, sa
det blir.for henne om hon inte kan stanna dar. Det finns
inte sa manga.lagenheter som en.student har
rad med.

m park (-en, -er) park

hennes her
tid (-en, -er) time
fattig poor
lagenhet (-en, -er) flat student (-en, -er) student
bott lived har rad med can afford

5 Insert the correct verb in the sentences below.

(a) Taget.kl. 21.08.
(b) Hur ofta.du till Sverige?
(c) Flyget.till London fyra ganger om dagen.
(d) Lasse.till skolan kl. kvart i atta.
(e) Hon.sparvagn till kontoret.
if) Faijan.till England varannan dag.
(g) .du till arbetet?
(h) Jag skulle vilja.till manen.

m tag (-et, -0) train

hur ofta? how often?
sparvagn (-en, -ar) tram
varannan dag every second day
flyget (colloquial) the planes skulle vilja would like to
fyra ganger om dagen four man/e (-en, -ar) moon
times a day

6 Fill in the words for the numbers in the following statements.

(a) Nar man ar (18).ar far man rosta. (When you are 18
years old you can vote.)
(b) Man far kopa brannvin i Sverige nar man ar (20).ar.

51
 SWEDISH

(You can buy aquavit in Sweden when you are 20 years old.)
(c) Tva veckor ar detsamma som (14).dagar. (Two weeks
is the same as 14 days.)
(d) Februari har bara (28).dagar. (February has only
28 days.)
(e) Fyra manader har (30).dagar. (Four months have
30 days.)
(f) Sju manader har (31).dagar. (Seven months have
31 days.)
(g) Ett halvar har (26).veckor. (Half a year has
26 weeks.)
(h) Medellivslangden i Sverige ar (75).ar for man och
(81).ar for kvinnor. (The average life expectancy in
Sweden is 75 years for men and 81 years for women.)
7 Do the following calculations in Swedish. Write the numbers in
words.

(a) 14 + 23 =
(b) 52 + 36 =
(c) 87-13 =
(d) 34-21 =
(e) 7x7 =
(f) 11x5 =
ig) 93 + 31 =
(h) 28+7 =

Forster du?

En ovanlig dag

Pa sondag stiger Lasse inte upp kl. 7. Han stannar i sangen for
han vet att hans mamma kommer med choklad med vispgradde pa
sangen till honom. Hans pappa och hans storebror kommer ocksa
och sjunger for honom, for det ar hans fodelsedag. Han far manga
presenter. Av Ake far han en ny fotboll. Mormor har stickat en
troja at honom, och farmor och farfar har skickat pengar till Lasse.

52
 WHAT TIME DO YOU GET UP?

I garaget star den finaste presenten - pappa och mamma har kopt
en dyr mountainbike till honom. Lasse har inte tid att ata frukost.
Han vill ut och cykla genast!

ovanlig unusual troj/a (-an, -or) sweater

sang (-en, -ar) bed farmor grandma (lit. father's
vet knows mother)
hans his farfar grandpa (lit. father's father)
choklad (-en) chocolate skickat sent
vispgradde (-n) whipped cream pengar money
honom him garage (-t, -0) garage
fodelsedag (-en, -ar) birthday st^r stands
sjunger sing finaste finest
present (-en, -er) present kopt bought
mormor grandma (lit. mother’s har inte tid hasn’t got time
mother) cykla cycle
stickat knitted genast at once

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Lasse stiger upp klockan sju pa fodelsedagen.
(б) Mormor har stickat en troja till Lasse.
(c) Farmor och farfar har skickat en mountainbike.

Sveriges befolkning
Anda in i var tid var Sveriges befolkning mycket enhetlig bade vad
betraffar etniskt ursprung, sprak, religion och kultur. De enda
minoritetema av betydelse var ungefar 15 000 lappar i norr och
finnar. Men under och efter andra varldskriget kom manga flyk-
tingar till Sverige. Under 60- och 70-talet kom en halv miljon ut-
lanningar till Sverige for att arbeta, i synnerhet fran Finland, men
ocksa fran Jugoslavien, Grekland och Turkiet. De kom av
ekonomiska skal. Sedan dess har Sverige huvudsakligen tagit
emot politiska flyktingar fran Asien, Afrika och Sydamerika. Av
Sveriges 8,7 miljoner invanare ar nu omkring en miljon invand-
rare. De har bidragit till att gora Sverige till en mangkulturell
nation.

53
 SWEDISH

befolkning (-en, -ar) population en halv miljon half a million

anda in i vdr tid right up to today utlanning (-en, -ar) foreigner
enhetiig homogeneous i synnerhet especially
bdde ... och both... and Jugoslavien Yugoslavia
vad betraffar with regard to Grekland Greece
etnisk ethnic Turkfet Turkey
ursprung (-et, -0) origin ekonomisk economic
sprdk (-et, -0) language skal (-et, -0) reason
relig/on (-en, -er) (pron: relijon) sedan dess since then
religion huvudsakligen mainly
kultur (-en, -er) culture tag it emot received
enda only polrtisk political
minoritet (-en, -er) minority Asien Asia
av betydelse of any importance Afrika Africa
ungefar approximately Sydamerika South America
lapp- (-en, -ar) Laplander invdnare (-n, -0) inhabitant
i norr in the north omkr/ng around
finn/e (-en, -ar) Finn invandrare (-n, -0) immigrant
andra varldskriget the Second har bidragit till have contributed to
World War m^ngkulturell multi-cultural
flykting (-en, -ar) refugee nat/on (-en, -er) nation
under 60- och 70-talet during the
'60s and '70s

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Sveriges befolkning var mycket homogen.
(b) Det firms manga minoriteter i Sverige nu.
(c) Ekonomiska flyktingar har kommit fran Asien, Afrika och
Sydamerika.
(d) Politiska flyktingar kom till Sverige huvudsakligen pa 60- och
70-talet.

54
 4
VILLDU
FOLJA MED?
Would you like to come ?

in this unit you will learn

• how to talk about leisure activities
• how to ask what the weather is like
• how to say what the weather is like
• how to describe the seasons

- Samtal -
John asks Ake about the summer cottage.
John Finns det nagonting man kan gora dar ute pa landet?
Ake 0, ja. Vi kan bada och segla, och spela tennis eller golf. Och
ibland ar det dans pa bryggan pa lordagarna.
John Har ni plats for oss allesammans i sommarstugan?
Ake Jada. Vi har tva sovrum och ettstort vardagsrum med oppen
spis. Och badrum med bastu. Vi.ater alltid pa verandan om
det ar vackert vader. Vi killar sover i gaststugan, dar vi har
tva vaningssangar. Dar kan vi spela var egen musik utan att
stora nagon. I morgon bitti ska jag jogga i skogen, och sedan
springer jag ned och tar mig ett dopp i havet fore frukosten. Vill
du folja med?
John Om du kan vacka mig, for jag vaknar nog inte sjalv.

— 55
 SWEDISH

ndgonting anything verand/a (-an, -or) veranda

man one om if
gora do vader (vadret, -0) weather
ute out kill/e (-en, -ar) boy
pg landet in the countryside sover sleep
o oh gaststug/a (-an, -or) guest-house
bada go swimming v&iingssang (-en, -ar) bunk bed
segla sail vkr our
spela play egen own
tennis (-en) tennis mus/k (-en) music
eller or utan without
golf (-en) golf stora disturb
dans (-en, -er) dance ndgon anyone
brygg/a (-an, -or) jetty i morgon b/tti early tomorrow
plats (-en, -er) room morning
oss us jogga go jogging
allesammans all of us skog (-en, -ar) forest
jadd oh yes springer run
sovrum (-met, -0) bedroom tar mig ett dopp have a dip,
vardagsrum (-met, -0) sittingroom plunge
oppen open fore before
spis (-en, -ar) here fire (place) vacka wake, rouse
badrum (-met, -0) bathroom vakna wake up
bastu (-n, -r) sauna sjalv by myself

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Pa lordagskvallen ar det alltid dans pa bryggan.
(б) De ater pa verandan nar det ar vackert vader.
(c) Ake och John ska jogga pa morgonen.

- Samtal -
The families arrive at the Svenssons’ summer cottage.

Jane Sa vackert det ar har ute vid kusten!

Anders Ja, havet ar vackert bade nar det stormar och nar det ar
lugnt.
Ulla Det ar sa skont har. Pa varen finns det sa mycket blom-
mor, och pa hosten kan vi plocka bar och svamp. Pa vin-
tem aker vi skidor eller skridskor har, sa vi anvander
stugan hela aret, inte bara pa sommaren.

56
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME?

Anders Vill ni komma med och bada medan solen skiner?

Ulla Det maste ni. Det ar ganska varmt i vattnet, atminstone
18 grader.
Robert Ja, det ska bli skont med ett dopp.
Ulla Vi ater middag klockan sex, sa stanna inte for lange pa
stranden.

har ute vid out here by bara only

kust (-en, -er) coast sommar (-en, somrar) summer
hav (-et, -0) sea komma med och bada come
bade ... och both ... and swimming
det stormar a gale is blowing medan while
lugn calm sol (-en, -ar) sun
skdn nice, pleasant skiner is shining
v£r (-en, -ar) spring ganska rather
host (-en, -ar) autumn varm warm
plocka pick vatten (vattnet, -0) water
bar (-et, -0) berry atmmstone at least
svamp (-en, -ar) mushroom grad (-en, -er) degree
vinter (-n, vintrar) winter det ska bli skont it will be nice
aka sk/dor go skiing dopp (-et, -0) dip, plunge
aka skr/dskor skate for lange too long
anvander use strand (-en, strander) beach
hela aret all the year

After breakfast the next morning.

Anders Vadret ar inte sa tint idag. Det ar molnigt och det blaser
lite for mycket. Jag hade planerat att vi skulle segla ut till
en liten o och ta matsack med oss. Men i morgon ska det
bli solsken igen, sa det ar bast att vi vantar med seglingen
till i morgon.
Ulla Spelar du tennis, Jane?
Jane Ja, men jag spelar inte sa ofta, sa jag ar nog inte i sa fin
form.
Ulla Vi kan val spela en match sa far vi se hur det gar.
Ake Far vi lana golfklubboma? „
Anders Ja, men Robert och jag ska ga en runda i eftermiddag om
det inte regnar, sa ni maste vara tillbaka senast klockan
ett.
Ake Det ar vi sakert, for vi ska bara ga nio hal. John och jag
tanker meta i eftermiddag. Fisken brukar nappa nar det
ar mulet som idag.

57
 SWEDISH

molnigt cloudy match (-en, -er) match

det blciser there is a breeze Idna borrow
lite for mycket a little too much golfklubb/a (-an, -or) golf-club
hade planerat had planned gd en runda play a round
liten small det regnar it is raining
6 (-n, -ar) island tillbaka back
matsack (-en, -ar) packed lunch senast at the latest
solsken (-et, -0) sunshine det ar vi sakert we are sure to be
igen again hdl (-et, -0) hole
det ar bast att vi vantar we had tanker intend to
better wait meta fish, angle
segling (-en, -ar) sailing brukar nappa usually bite
ofta often mulet overcast
form (-en) form

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Det ar varmt i vattnet.
(б) Man far inte plocka bar och svamp i Sverige.
(c) Robert och Jane och John vill ga och bada fore middagen.
id) Fisken brukar nappa nar det ar vackert vader.

Vad ni behover veta

Sommarstuga
Also called sommamoje (summer pleasure!). A surprisingly large
number of Swedes have a second home, either their own or rented. It
is used during the long summer holiday - schoolchildren are on holi¬
day for around ten weeks in the summer - when one of the parents
usually moves out to the summer house with the children, and the
other parent joins the family in the evenings or, if the distance is too
great, at the weekends. Nowadays it is popular for the parents to
stagger their summer holidays, so they can be with the children 4-5
weeks each during the vacation. It is also used during weekends and
holidays during the rest of the year. Sometimes there is an annex in
the ground, a gaststuga or lillstuga, for guests or grandparents.

Celsius
18° Centigrade is called 18° Celsius by Swedes after the Swede

— 58
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME?

Anders Celsius (1701-44) who gave his name to the Celsius ther¬
mometer, which uses the freezing and boiling point of water as the
basic endpoints.

Sd har sager man

How to:
• ask what the weather is like
Vad ar det for vader idag? What sort of weather is it today ?
Hur ar vadret: What’s the weather like?

• say what the weather is like

Det ar vackert vader. The weather is nice.
Det ar daligt vader. The weather is bad.
Det ar solsken. The sun is shining.
Det ar mansken ikvall. There’s a moon tonight.
Det regnar. It’s raining.
Det blaser. It’s windy.
Det stormar. It’s blowing a gale.
Det snoar. It’s snowing.
Det haglar. There is a hailstorm.
Det ar molnigt. It’s cloudy.
Det ar mulet. It’s overcast, dull.
Det askar. It is thundering.
Det blixtrar. There is lightning.
Det ar varmt. It’s warm.
Det ar kallt. It’s cold.

Note how Swedish uses impersonal expressions (expressions with det

as the subject) in most phrases concerned with the weather.

- Grammatik -

1 Plural forms of Swedish nouns

The most common plural ending of Swedish nouns is -ar. This is the
plural ending of the following words:

59
 SWEDISH

• en- words that end in an unstressed -e in the singular. They drop

this -e when the plural ending is added:

en pojke a boy tva pojkar two boys

en timme an hour tva timmar two hours
en finne a Finn tva finnar two Finns
• most en- words of one syllable. (A syllable is a vowel with sur-
rounding consonants.) For example:
en dag a day tva dagar two days
en bil a car tva bilar two cars
en sjo a lake tva sjoar two lakes
en var a spring tva varar two springs
en lapp a Laplander tva lappar two Laplanders
• most animals, for example:
en hast a horse tva hastar two horses
en sill a herring tva sillar two herrings
• trees which are native of Sweden:
en bjork a birch tva bjorkar two birches
en tall a pine tva tallar two pines
• words ending in -ing, for example:
en vaning a flat tva vaningar two flats
en tidning a newspaper tva tidningar two newspapers
• most en- words ending in unstressed -el, -er, -en. These drop the
-e of the last syllable before adding the -ar:
en cykel a cycle tva cyklar two cycles
en vinter a winter tva vintrar two winters
en oken a desert tva oknar two deserts
• words ending in -dom, for example:
en sjukdom an illness tva sjukdomar two illnesses
Note the following irregular plurals:
en mo(de)r a mother tva modrar two mothers
en dotter a daughter tva dottrar two daughters
en morgon a morning tva morgnar two mornings
en afton an evening tva aftnar two evenings

60
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME?

en sommar a summer tva somrar two summers

ett finger a finger tva fingrar two fingers
(Ett finger is the only ett- word belonging to the second declension!)

2 I landet, pd landet
I landet means in the country (i.e. in England, in Sweden), whereas
pa landet means in the countryside.

3 Kille, tjej
There are of course many synonyms for very common words. Whereas
pojke is the normal word for boy, the words kille and grabb are
common slang synonyms, favoured by the young people themselves.
For flicka (girl) there are the synonyms tjej, janta, tbs, though only
the first one is really popular these days.

4 Me, you, him/her/it, us, you and them

These words are called object pronouns. They are used when the pro¬
noun is the object of the verb action, for example: Robert loves her
(Jane): she (Jane) is the object of Robert’s loving. Below is a complete
list of the object forms of the personal pronouns:

me mig (pronounced ‘mej’)

you dig (pronounced ‘dej’)
him honom (pronounced ‘hctnn4m’)
her henne
it den/det (‘det’ is pronounced ‘de’)
us oss (pronounced ‘eiss’)
you er/Er
them dem (pronounced ‘d&mm’)

Note that these forms must be used if-a preposition precedes the
pronoun, for example:

Har ni plats for oss?

Vi ska ta matsack med oss.

61
 SWEDISH

5 De fyra drstiderna (the four seasons)

The four seasons are called:
var spring
sommar summer
host autumn
vinter winter
Note how Swedes use the preposition pa where English people would
use in: pa hosten, pa vintem.

6 Some time expressions

i forrgar the day before yesterday
tidigt i forrgar early the day before yesterday
igar yesterday
igar morse early yesterday morning
i morse early this morning
idag today
i kvall this evening
i morgon tomorrow
i morgon bitti early tomorrow morning
i overmorgon the day after tomorrow
Note that bitti can only be used about future time, normally only
about tomorrow morning, whereas tidigt can be used both about past
and future time.

7 Ldng/lange (long)
Both lang and lange are translated as long in English, but they are
not interchangeable. Lang can also mean tall. Lang is an adjective,
and therefore takes endings which agree with the noun to which it
refers. It can be used both about time and distances. Lange is an
adverb, and does not take any endings. It refers only to time and can
never be used before a noun.

Anders ar lang. Anders is tall.

Det var en lang natt. It was a long night.
Ake vantade lange pa John. Ake waited a long time for John.

62
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME?

8 Vacka/vakna (wake)
The Swedish verb vakna is used to translate wake if you wake by
yourself, but if you are woken by some other person or means, the
verb to use is vacka:
Jag vaknar tidigt. I wake up early.
Ulla vacker Lasse kl.7. Ulla wakes Lasse at 7 o’clock.

9 Spela/leka (play)
The English verb play corresponds to two verbs in Swedish: spela
and leka. The difference between them is that spela is used about
organised play, when there are written rules to be followed, but leka
is used about spontaneous playing, for example playing with dolls or
trains.
Stefan Edberg spelar tennis. Stefan Edberg plays tennis.
Bamen leker i sandladan. The children play in the sandpit.

Note: spela is used about music and the theatre.

10 Sjo/hav (sea)
Beware! Although the Swedish word sjo is the same word as sea, it
means lake. The English word sea is normally translated with hav,
although the names Nordsjon (the North Sea) and Ostersjon (the
Baltic) are exceptions to this rule - probably because the Swedes have
regarded them as their own lakes since the time when most countries
around the Baltic were Swedish.

H- Ovningar -
p

1 Fill in the correct plural forms in the sentences below.

(a) Ulla och Anders har tva (boys).

(b) De har atta (beds).i sommarstugan.
(c) Alla (young people).vill ha mountainbikes.
(d) En vecka har sju (days).
(e) Det finns manga (boats).i Stockholm.

— 63 —
 SWEDISH

(f) Ulla har tolv (cups).

(g) Volvo gor manga (cars).
ih) Lakama kan inte bota alia (illnesses).
ii) Manga (refugees).har kommit till Sverige.

m ungdom (-en, -ar) young people

lakare (-n, -0) doctor
bota cure

2 Insert the correct preposition, i or pa, into the following sentences.

(a) ... det landet ar det farligt att aka ut . . . landet, for det
firms manga vilda djur dar. (In that country it is dangerous
to travel out into the country as there are many wild animals
there.)
(b) Det firms manga sommarstugor ute ... landet.
(c) Det har ofta varit krig (war)... det landet.
id) Alla far plocka bar och svamp ... landet i Sverige.
3 Replace the words in bold with the appropriate pronouns.
Example: Ulla ger Lasse mera smultron - Hon ger honom mera
smultron

(a) James alskar (loves) Catherine.

(b) James och Catherine ser pa utsikten.
(c) Ulla serverar dig och mig.
(d) Du och jag ska ata middag hos Anders.
(e) Jag och Eva ska hjalpa (help) dig och honom.
(f) Robert och Jane bor hos Anders och Ulla.
4 Answer the questions as fully as possible in Swedish.
(a) Vad ar det for vader pa varen?

64
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME?

(b) Vad ar det for vader pa sommaren?

(c) Vad ar det for vader pa hosten?
(d) Vad ar det for vader pa vintem?
?l 5 Assume that it is Sunday today. Answer the questions in
Swedish.
(a) Vad var det for dag igar?
(b) Vad var det for dag i forrgar?
(c) Vad ar det for dag idag?
(d) Vad ar det for dag i morgon?
(e) Vad ar det for dag i overmorgon?
6 Fill in the correct word, lang or lange, in the following sentences.
Make sure that the correct endings are added when necessary.

(а) De bor pa en.gata.

(б) Robert vantar (is waiting).pa Jane.
(c) Det tar.tid innan varen kommer.
(d) Varfor var ni sa.pa stranden?
(e) Det var ett.ar.
(/) Ake stannar uppe.pa natten.
(g) Flyktingama kom i.batar.
(h) Den som vantar pa nagot gott vantar inte for.

I vantar waits for too

7 Insert the appropriate verb, vacka or vakna. Make sure that you
use the correct endings (infinitive or present tense endings).
Det finns manga satt (ways) att.manniskor pa om de
inte.sjalva. Nar solen skiner pa dem.de fiesta
(most people). En vackarklocka som ringer.nastan alia.
Rockmusik brukar.mammor och pappor. Om ingenting
annat.en pojke eller en flicka sa brukar kallt vatten ....
... dem. Da.de genast.
8 Fill in the missing present tense forms of the verbs spela or leka.

(a) Pele.fotboll.
(b) Lasse.kurragomma (hide-and-seek).
(c) I St. Andrews.man golf.
(d) .du fiol (violin)?

65
 SWEDISH

(e) Bamen (the children).pa stranden.

(/) Nationalteatem.Strindberg (the best known
Swedish playwright, 1849-1912).

9 Insert the correct word, en sjo or ett hav in the sentences below.
Make sure that the words are in the correct form.
(a) Den stora.vid Stockholm heter Malaren.
(b) .mellan Irland och Amerika heter Atlanten.
(c) .som ligger mellan Sverige och Finland kallas Ostersjon.
(d) Det finns hundra tusen.i Sverige.
(e) Vikingama seglade over det stormiga.som kallas
Nordsjon.
(/) Vad kallas.utanfor Japan?
(g) Om du vill se Nessie maste du aka till Loch Ness-.

10 Complete the following dialogue.

You (Say Good morning, and ask what the weather is like.)
Partner Det ar vackert vader idag. Solen skiner och det ar
ganska varmt.
You (Say Good, would you like to go out to the summer¬
house?)
Partner Ja, garna.
You (Say We can go swimming.)
Partner Det ar nog inte sa varmt i vattnet nu pa hosten, men
vi kan spela tennis.
You (Say you would rather go sailing if it isn’t too windy.)
Partner Ja, vi kan ta matsack med oss och segla ut till en liten o.
You (Say Tomorrow it is Sunday and we can play golf in
the morning.) ,
Partner Bra. Vi kan ocksa plocka bar och svamp pa eftermid-
dagen innan vi aker hem.
You (Say it will be nice.)

66
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO COME?

Forstdr du?

Ni har nog hort att Sverige har en hog levnadsstandard. Den ar

faktiskt bland de hogsta i varlden. Svenskama bor bra och ingen
behover vara hungrig. Manga har sommarstuga. De fiesta har
video, fargteve, frys osv och de tycker att det ar sjalvklart att man
ska ha bil. Men det har inte alltid varit sa. For hundra ar sedan
var Sverige ett mycket fattigt land. En fjardedel av svenskama
emigrerade mellan 1850 och 1920 eftersom de inte kunde fbrsoija
sig i Sverige. De fiesta akte till USA. Nu ar det tvartom. Manga
invandrare har kommit till Sverige for att fa ett battre liv.

hort heard man ska ha bi I one should have

levnadsstandard (-en, -er) a car
standard of living varit been
faktiskt really for...sedan ago
bland among fattig poor
de hogsta the highest land (-et, lander) country
varld (-en, -ar) (pronounced ‘vard’) fjardedel (-en, -ar) quarter
world emigrerade emigrated
svensk (-en, -ar) Swede mellan between
behover need eftersom as
de fiesta most people forsorja sig provide for
video (-n, v/deoapparater) video themselves
fargteve (-n, teveapparater) de fiesta most of them
colour TV dkte went
frys (-en) freezer tvartom the opposite
osv (och Sci v/'dare) etc. har kommit have come
de tycker att det ar sjalvklart they battre better
take it for granted liv (-et, -0) life

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Manga invandrare kom till Sverige for hundra ar sedan.
(б) Sverige har en hog levnadsstandard.
(c) Alla svenskar har bil.

67
 NAR OPPNAR
5
BANKEN?
When does the bank open ?

In this unit you will learn

• phrases used at a bank
• phrases used about Swedish money
• how to count from 101 to 1 000 000 000 000

m-- Samtal -
Robert Var ar banken?
Anders Den ligger vid torget.
Robert Nar oppnar den? Jag maste vaxla pengar.
Anders Banken oppnar inte forran klockan halv tio och den
stanger klockan tre. Jag ska ta ut lite pengar fran mitt
konto sa du kan folja med mig.
Lasse Pappa, kan du satta in pengama som jag tick pa fodelseda-
gen pa min sparbanksbok?
Anders Ja, det ska jag gama gora.

68 —
 WHEN DOES THE BANK OPEN?

bank (-en, -er) bank konto (-t, -n) account

ligger is situated sa so
torg (-et,-0) marketplace satta in deposit
oppnar opens tick got
vaxla change sparbanksbok (-en, -bocker)
stanger shuts savings book
ta ut withdraw gora do
fran from

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Banken oppnar klockan tre och stanger klockan halv tio.
(б) Anders ska satta in pengar pa sitt konto.
(c) Lasse vill att Anders ska satta in Lasses fodelsedagspengar pa
hans sparbanksbok.

2]- Samtal
US
At the bank.
Robert Jag skulle vilja losa in de har resecheckama.
Kassorskan Har ni legitimation?
Robert Jag har passet. Racker det?
Kassorskan Det gar bra. Hur vill ni ha pengama?
Robert Det mesta i sedlar, men lite vaxel. Kan jag fa en
femhundrakronorssedel, fyra hundralappar och resten
i vaxel, tack! Vilken ar vaxelkursen idag?
Kassorskan Det star pa den har listan?
Robert Kostar det nagot?
Kassorskan Ja, vi har en fast expeditionsavgift. Varsagod, har ar
pengama.
S] Robert Tack sa mycket.

jag skulle vilja / would like to racket det? is that enough?

losa in cash det g£r bra that’s all right
de har these hur? how?
resecheck (-en, -ar) traveller’s det mesta most of it
cheque femhundrakronorssedel (-n,
kassorska cashier (female) -sedlar) 500 kronor (bank)note
(en) legitimation proof of identity hundralapp (-en, -ar) 100 kronor note

69
 SWEDISH

rest (-en, -er) rest kostar det n&got? does it cost

vaxel (-n) cash, (small) change anything?
vaxelkurs (-en, -er) exchange rate expedit/onsavgift (-en, -er)
star is shown (lit. stands) commission, service charge
den bar this fast fixed
list/a (-an, -or) list avgift (-en, -er) charge, fee

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Robert maste ha passet med sig pa banken.
(б) Robert vill inte ha sedlar, bara vaxel.
(c) Det kostar pengar att losa in resecheckar.

- Vad ni behover veta

Banks
As mentioned in the dialogue, banks open at 9.30 a.m. and shut at 3
p.m. They are closed on Saturdays and Sundays. However, in the
major tourist cities you can also change money at Forex. They are
open seven days a week and stay open till late at night (times vary).
You can find Forex at the main stations and, sometimes, in the main
street. Credit cards are generally accepted in the same sort of places
as in other countries, though cash transactions are still the norm.

Swedish money
The Swedish monetary units (SEK) are called kronor and oren.
100 ore = 1 krona.

— 70
 WHEN DOES THE BANK OPEN?

Coins en femtiooring a 50 ore coin

en enkrona a 1 krona coin
en femkrona a 5 kronor coin
en tiokrona a 10 kronor coin
Notes en tjugokronorssedel a 20 kronor note
en ‘tjuga’ (slang) a 20 kronor note
en femtilapp a 50 kronor note
en hundralapp a 100 kronor note
en femhundrakronorssedel a 500 kronor note
en tusenlapp a 1000 kronor note

Prices are expressed as follows:

In writing In speech
1.50 or 1,50 enafemti
6.75 or 6,75 sexasjuttifem
Since the withdrawal of the smaller coins, shops automatically adjust
the final bill to the nearest 50 ore.
Note that Swedes use the plural form kronor but the singular form
ore when they talk about prices. You can say either tio kronor och
femti ore or, more common, tioafemti. Also note that Swedes use
the plural form pengar when referring to the amount of money, for
example:
Hon har valdigt mycket pengar. She has a lot of money.

The singular form en peng is only used to mean a coin.

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 SWEDISH

Identification
When cashing cheques or withdrawing money - or buying alcohol
from Systembolaget (the State Liquor Shop) - you may be asked for
proof of identity, legitimation (often abbreviated to just leg) for
security reasons. Adults usually use their driving licence and Swedes
under 18 normally carry an identity card, with photo and social secu¬
rity number, but a passport is enough for foreigners.

S3 har sager man

How to:
• ask for information

Var ar banken? Where is the bank?

Nar oppnar banken? When does the bank open?
Nar stanger banken? When does the bank close?
Vilken ar vaxelkursen? What is the exchange rate?
Kan ni losa in en resecheck? Can you cash a
traveller’s cheque?
Kan ni vaxla en hundralapp? Can you change a 100 kr note?
Kan ni vaxla en Can you change a 20 kr note
tjugokronorssedel i enkronor? into 1 kr coins?
Kostar det nagot? Does it cost anything?

• say what you need

Jag maste vaxla pengar. I must change money.
Jag ska ta ut pengar. I shall withdraw money.
Det gar bra. It is O.K.

• state your financial position

Jag har inga pengar. I have no money.

Jag har mycket lite pengar. I have very little money.
Jag har tillrackligt med pengar. I have enough money.
Jag har lite pengar kvar. I have some money left.
Jag har mycket pengar. I have a lot of money.

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 WHEN DOES THE BANK OPEN?

Grammatik

1 Word order in questions

You already know the word vad. Here are some more question words
from the dialogues: hur (how), nar (when), var (where), varfor
(why), vem (who), vilken (which).
Study the sentences below and pay particular attention to the word
order:
Hur vill ni ha pengama? How would you like your money ?
Vilken ar vaxelkursen? What is the exchange rate?
Var ligger banken? Where is the bank?
Vem ska ni traffa? Who are you going to meet?
Vad ska du gora What are you going to do?
When a question starts with a question word, the verb comes in the
second place, immediately after the question word, then comes the
subject, then the second verb (if any), followed by other parts of the
sentence. Thus the word order pattern is:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

question word verb 1 subject verb 2 other things (objects etc.)

Hur vill ni ha pengarna?

2 ‘Do’ in questions
Notice that there is no Swedish verb corresponding to the English
verb do when used in questions. Swedish uses a simple verb form, for
example:
Talar du engelska? Do you speak English?
Har ni legitimation? Do you have proof of identity?

Similarly, with a question word:

Nar oppnar banken? When does the bank open?

Hur lang tid tar det? How long does it take?

73
3 Word order in negative statements
and questions
If a statement contains a negative word, e.g. inte, icke, aldrig (not,
never), the negation is placed directly after the first verb, for example:

Jag talar inte svenska. I don’t speak Swedish.

Jag kan inte tala svenska. I cannot speak Swedish.
Det ar inte svart. It isn’t difficult.
Banket oppnar inte forran The hank doesn’t open until
klockan halv tio. half past nine.

If a question contains a negation, the negation is placed after the verb

and subject, for example:
Talar du inte svenska? Don’t you speak Swedish?
Kan du inte tala svenska? Can’t you speak Swedish?
Ar det inte svart? Isn’t it difficult?
Oppnar banken inte forran Doesn’t the hank open until
klockan halv tio? half past nine?

Negative questions starting with a question word follow the same rule,
i.e. first the question word, then the verb, then the subject, then the
negation, then the second verb (if any), then other things.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

question word verb 1 subject negation verb 2 objects etc.

Nar kan jag inte ta ut pengar?

Varfor vill ni inte folja med OSS?
Vem vill hon inte traffa?

4 Verbs with suffixes

If a verb is followed by a preposition or an adverb that belongs to the
verb (called a suffix), the suffix carries the main stress, for example:
Anders tar ut pengar.
Robert foljer med Anders.
Lasse vill satta in pengar pa sin sparbanksbok.
Robert loser in en resecheck.
Ulla stiger upp kl. halv sju.

74
 WHEN DOES THE BANK OPEN?

5 Plural forms of Swedish nouns

Most of the third declension nouns are en- words, although a small
number are ett- words. The plural ending is -er.
The words belonging to this declension are mainly ‘borrowed’ from
French or Latin. These have usually kept the stress on the syllable
that was stressed in the original language, so if the last syllable of an
en- word is stressed, its plural ending is most likely to be -er.
You will probably recognise most of these words, as they have become
‘international’.
en bank tva banker
en familj tva familjer
en balkong tva balkonger
Other words belonging to this declension that you already know are:
sekund, minut, manad, grad, student, vaxelkurs, kust,
industri, telefon, kamrat (friend), maskin, cigarett, diet, lunch,
present, restaurang, religion (pronounced ‘relijon’).
Note:
• A number of the third declension nouns are irregular in that they
change their stem vowel in the plural, for example: en stad - tva
stader, en natt - tva natter, en hand - tva hander (hand), en
tand - tva tander (tooth), en strand - tva strdnder, ett land -
tva lander, en bror - tva broder, en son - tva soner.
• A few double the end consonant in the plural (and thus the vowel
is short in the plural): en bok - tva hocker (book), en fot - tva
iotter (foot), en rot - tva rotter (root).
• Some that end in a vowel in the singular add just -r in the plural:
en sko - tva skor (shoe), en ko - tva kor (cow), en bonde - tva
bonder (farmer), en hustru - tva hustrur (wife), ett fangelse - tva
fangelser (prison).
• The loan-words ending in -or in the singular change the stress
from the syllable immediately before the -or in the singular to the -or
when the plural ending is added: en doktor - tva doktorer, en
professor - tva professorer, en motor - tva motorer, en traktor
- tva traktorer.
• Latin loan-words ending in -um drop the -um before any Swedish

75
 SWEDISH

endings are added: ett museum - tva museer, ett laboratorium -

tva laboratorier.

6 Som, vars, viiken, vad

These words are called relative pronouns. They replace the imme¬
diately preceding word (a noun or pronoun) in the main clause, and
they introduce a subordinate clause, for example:
Kan du satta in pengama Can you deposit the money
som jag fick pa fodelsedagen? which I got on my birthday ?

Som (who(m), which, that) is the most common relative pronoun. It

never changes its form and is used in both singular and plural, but it
cannot be preceded by a preposition. If there is a preposition it has to
be placed at the very end of the clause.
Vars (whose, of which), genitive of som, singular and plural, but is
only used in written language.
Viiken (who(m), which, that) is mainly used in written language. It
can be preceded by a preposition.

viiken replaces an en- word,

vilket replaces an ett- word,
vilka replaces a plural word,
vilkas (whose, of which) is only used in plural.
If a relative pronoun refers to a whole clause rather than a specific
word, only vilket can be used.
Vad (that, what) can be used as a relative pronoun, especially in the
phrase allt vad (all that). Note that vad must be followed by som if
it is the subject of a relative clause.
The relative pronoun can often be omitted, just as who, that, which is
often omitted in English. The rule is that this may be done whenever
it is possible to leave out the relative pronoun in English.

Kanner du flickan, Do you know the girl who

som bor dar? lives there?
Boken, (som) jag tycker sa The book (which) I like so
mycket om, ar utsald. much is out of print.
Pojken, vars fbraldrar ar rika, The boy whose parents are
gav honom en bil. rich gave him a car.

76
 WHEN DOES THE BANK OPEN?

Han fragade, fran vilken He asked which town

stadjagkom. I came from.
De ater mycket gronsaker, They eat a lot of vegetables
vilket ar nyttigt for dem. which is good for them.
Det ar allt (vad) jag vet. That is all (that) I know.

7 Numerals: 101 - 1 000 000 000 000

101 (ett) hundraett (-en)
200 tv& hundra
350 trehundrafemti
1000 (ett) tusen
10 000 tio tusen
100 000 (ett) hundra tusen
1 000 000 en miljon
1 000 000 000 en miljard
1 000 000 000 000 en biljon (en miljon miljoner)

Note that miljon, miljard and biljon have the plural forms
miljoner, miljarder, biljoner.
Numbers like 4 711 are written fyratusensjuhundraelva if you use
words.
Years are usually written in figures. However, if you write them out
in full you should write them as one word. You must not leave out the
word hundra (as is done in English). There is no och between the
hundreds and the tens, for example:
1789 sjuttonhundraattinio
1918 nittonhundraarton
2020 tjugohundratjugo or tvatusentjugo
Note that there is no preposition corresponding to in before years.
Swedish uses the word ar or nothing at all:
Vilhelm Erovraren erovrade William the Conqueror
England (ar) 1066. conquered England in 1066.

By adding -tal you can make a noun out of a number, for example:
ett hundratal manniskor around a hundred people
but
hundratals manniskor hundreds of people

77
 SWEDISH

Note also pa tjugotalet (in the twenties) and pa nittonhundratalet

(in the twentieth century).

E- Ovningar -
1 Write an appropriate question word in the sentences below.
Choose from the following words: hur, nar, vad, var, varfor,
vem, vilken.
(a) .ar banken?
(h) .ska ta ut pengar fran sitt konto?
(c) .lang tid tar det?
(d) .var Ake i England?
(e) .maste man ha legitimation med sig pa banken?
(/) .kostar det?
(g) .buss ska jag ta for att komma till torget?
(h) .ar det?
2 Make the following statements and questions negative by insert¬
ing inte in the correct place.
(a) Banken oppnar klockan ett.
(b) Det var dyrt.
(c) Ligger banken vid torget?
(d) Var det dyrt?
(e) Kan du vaxla en hundralapp?
(/) Nar ar banken oppen?
(g) Varfor vill du vaxla en hundralapp?
3 Insert the appropriate suffix in the following sentences.

(a) Robert foljer.Anders till banken.

(b) Anders tar.pengar fran sitt konto.
(c) Lasse satter.sina fodelsedagspengar pa banken.
(d) Robert loser.en resecheck.
(e) Jane maste ta.sig passet nar hon ska vaxla pengar.

4 Fill in the correct plural form of the nouns in the following sen¬
tences.

(a) Det firms manga (countries).med (coasts).vid

Ostersjon.
(b) En timme (hour) har sextio.och en minut har sextio

78
 WHEN DOES THE BANK OPEN?

(c) Vi har tva (hands).och tva (feet).

(d) Nagra (farmers).har flera (tractors).
(e) Alla (students).maste lasa (read) manga (books)

(f) Sverige har manga (industries).som exporterar

(machines).
(g) Mina (brokers).ar (doctors).
(h) Jag har tre (sons).som bor i andra (towns).
5 Fill in the missing relative pronouns:
(a) Middagen.du serverade var mycket god.
(b) Flickan var utlanning,.jag inte visste.
(c) Bamen.foraldrar ar invandrare talar bra svenska.
(d) Han talade om, pa.gata banken ligger.
(e) Jag vet inte,.ar bast.
(f) Allt.hon sade, var ratt.
6 Practise saying and writing the following numbers in Swedish.

(a) One English mile is 1.6093 km.

En engelsk mil ar.kilometer.
(b) Light travels at a speed of 186 000 miles per second.
Ljuset fardas.engelska mil per sekund.
(c) The distance to the moon is 384 400 km.
Avstandet till manen ar.kilometer.
(d) Sweden’s area is 449 964 square km.
Sveriges areal ar.kvadratkilometer.
(e) Stockholm has 1.5 million inhabitants.
Stockholm har.invanare.
(Did you remember that Swedish uses a decimal comma
instead of a decimal point?)
7 These are famous events in Swedish history. Write the dates in
words and read them aloud.
(a) The vikings’ visit to Holy Island in 793.
(b) The first Swedish king who converted to Christianity was
baptized in 1000.
(c) Stockholm was founded in 1250.
(d) King Magnus Eriksson’s law code, covering the whole coun¬
try, was issued in 1350.
(e) The Kalmar Union between Denmark, Norway and Sweden,

— 79
 SWEDISH

under Queen Margareta of Denmark, in 1397.

(f) Gustav Vasa, the father of the country, was crowned King of
Sweden in 1523.
(g) Peace of Westphalia, Sweden recognized as a European
Great Power, in 1648.
(.h) Sweden loses Finland to Russia in 1809.
(.i) Sweden’s last entry into war in 1814.
(j) Universal suffrage in 1921.
8 A British, an American and an Australian tourist have lost their
passports overboard in a boating accident. They must find their
embassies to get new passports. Read out the addresses to them.

Brittiska Ambassaden
Skarpogatan 6-8
115 27 STOCKHOLM (read: Postnummer etthundrafemtontjugosju)
Telefon 08/6670140 (read: Riktnummer noli atta. Abonnent-
nummer sex sex sju noil ett fyra noli)
Amerikanska Ambassaden Australiska Ambassaden
Strandvagen 101 Sergeis torg 12
115 27 STOCKHOLM 103 86 STOCKHOLM
Telefon 08/6630520 Telefon 08/6244660

Fdrst&r du?

Sverige ar ett langt och smalt land, som alia geografibocker talar
om for oss. Det ar nastan 1000 engelska mil langt fagelvagen, men
om du kor bil far du kora 1250 engelska mil, eller 200 svenska mil!
Bara 8,7 miljoner manniskor bor i Sverige, men landet ar tva och
en halv ganger sa stort som Storbritannien. Halva landet ar tackt
av skog. Det finns ocksa 100 000 sjoar, hoga berg, stora alvar och
bordiga slatter dar. 85% av befolkningen bor i sodra och mellersta
Sverige, sa om du aker upp till Norrland far du inte se sa manga
manniskor - du far kanske se flera renar an manniskor!

80
 WHEN DOES THE BANK OPEN?

smal narrow tackt av covered with

land (-et, lander) country skog (-en, -ar) forest
som as det finns there is, there are
geograf/bdcker geography books sjo (-n, -ar) lake
talar om tell berg (-et, -0) mountain
nastan almost alv (-en, -ar) river (Scandinavian
fdgelvagen as the birds fly large river)
om du kor b/l if you drive bordig fertile
en svensk mil a Swedish mile slatt (-en, -er) plain
(= c. 6 English miles) sodra southern
en miljon a million mellersta central
ganger times Norrland the name given to the
sd ... som as ... as northern half of Sweden
Storbritannien Great Britain ren (-en, -ar) reindeer

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Storbritannien ar tva och en halv ganger sa stort som Sverige.
(b) Hela landet ar tackt av skog.
(c) Bara 15% befolkningen bor i Norrland.
 6
HUR MYCKET
KOSTAR DET?
How much is it?

In this unit you will learn

• how to ask for things in shops
• how to accept offers in shops
• how to decline offers in shops

- Samtal

Ulla and Jane are going shopping.

Ulla Jag maste kila in pa matavdelningen pa varuhuset och handla
lite mat.
Jane Vad ska du kopa?
Ulla Bara farskvaror. Kott och fisk har vi i frysen. Jag har gjort
upp en lista. Vi behover 3 liter mjolk, brod, 1/2 kg smor, en bit
ost och ett dussin agg. Gronsaker och frukt koper jag pa torget
for dar ar allting farskare och billigare.
Jane Hinner vi titta pa klader och annat ocksa? Jag vill gama kopa
nagot svenskt att ta med mig hem.
Ulla Javisst, det gar bra.

82
 HOW MUCH IS IT?

kila in pop in kilo (-t, -(n)) kilo

matavdeining (-en, -ar) food hall ett halvt kilo half a kilo
varuhus (-et, -0) department store bit (-en, -ar) piece
handla go shopping, buy dussin (-et, -0) dozen
kopa buy frukt (-en, -er) fruit
bara only allting everything
farskvaror fresh food farskare fresher
frys (-en, frysskdp) freezer biliigare cheaper
gjort opp made hinner vi? will we have time?
behdver need titta look
liter (-n, -0) litre klader (plural) clothes
brod (-et, -0) bread annat other things

Samtal
At the market.
Ulla Vad kostar tomatema?
Forsaljaren 26 kronor kilot.
Ulla Det var dyrt. Da tar jag bara ett halvt kilo. Kan jag fa
en bunt mordtter ocksa och den dar gurkan?
Forsaljaren Varsagod.
Ulla Potatis behdver vi med. 2 kg, tack, och lite dill och
persilja, och ett stort salladshuvud.
Forsaljaren Ska det inte vara lite blabar? De ar sa fina idag, och
de kostar bara 12 kronor litem.
Ulla Jo, tack, det var billigt. Jag tar ett par liter. Hur
mycket kostar blomkalen?
Forsaljaren 20 kronor styck.
Ulla Nej, tack. Det var for dyrt. Men lite frukt maste jag
ha. 8 stycken applen och 4 stora paron, tack.
Forsaljaren Var det allt?
Ulla Ja, tack, nu racker det.
Forsaljaren Det blir 90 kronor jamnt.
Ulla Varsagod, det ar jamna pengar.
Forsaljaren Tack sa mycket.

vad kostar? how much are? gurk/a (-an, -or) cucumber

tomat (-en, -er) tomatoes potatis (-en, /-ar/) potato
forsaljare (-n, -0) market-trader persilja (-n) parsley
kan jag fd? may I have? salladshuvud (-et, -en) lettuce
bunt (-en, -ar) bunch (lit. head of lettuce)
morot (-en, mordtter) carrot
 SWEDISH

ska det inte vara? wouldn’t you (lit. per piece)

like? for dyrt too expensive
bl£bar (-et, -0) bilberry apple (-t, -n) apple
jag tar I'll have (lit. I take) paron (-et, -0) pear
ett par a couple of var det allt? ivas that all?
blomkdl (-en, blomk&lshuvuden) det racker that is enough
cauliflower jamnt exactly
styck (plural stycken) each jamna pengar the right amount

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Jane vill kopa nagot svenskt.
(b) Ulla koper kott pa torget.
(c) En liter tomater kostar 26 kronor.
(d) Ulla far ingen vaxel av forsaljaren.

Samtal
Ulla and Jane go to the clothes department. Ulla wants to change a
T-shirt which Lasse got for his birthday.

Ulla Kan jag fa byta den har trojan? Den var for liten. Jag
vill ha en storre storlek. Har ar kvittot.
Expediten Nasta storlek ar tyvarr slutsald. Vill ni ha pengama
tillbaka eller vill ni ha nagot annat?
Ulla Har ni inga andra trojor i en storre storlek?
Expediten Jovisst. Vi har manga olika sorter.
Ulla Vilken tror du blir bast?
Jane Den dar blir sakert bra. Jag ska ocksa ha nagra
strumpbyxor och ett par svenska traskor.
Expediten De finns pa Damavdelningen.
Jane Jag skulle ocksa vilja ha en sadan dar fin kofta som du
har. Var den dyr?
Ulla Ja, men det ar bra kvalitet. Det ar helylle. Den kan du
kopa pa Hemslojden.

Jane Hur mycket kostar den dar koftan med det vackra mon-
stret?
Expediten Den kostar 750 kronor. Vill ni prova den?
Jane Ja,tack.

84
 HOW MUCH IS IT?

Den ar for stor. Har ni nagon mindre?

Expediten Ja, men det blir ett annat monster.
Ulla Den koftan klar dig verkligen. Och den passar perfekt.
Jane Jag tar den. Kan jag fa ett Moms-kvitto, tack!
Expediten Varsagod.

i byta exchange ndgon (n&got, n&gra) some, any

sakert surely
(T-)troj/a (-an, -or) T-shirt
for I/ten too small strumpbyxor tights
storre larger ett par a pair
storlek (-en, -ar) size traskor clogs
kvitto (-t, -n) receipt damavdelningen ladies’ wear
exped/t (-en, -er) shop assistant koft/a (-an, -or) cardigan
nasta next kvalitet (-en, -er) quality
tyvarr unfortunately helylle pure wool
slutsdld sold out monster (monstret, monster)
tillbaka back pattern
ndgot annat something else prova try on
annan (annat, andra) other mindre smaller
olika different klar suits
sort (-en, -er) sort passar fits
vilken (vilket, vilka) which perfekt perfect
tror believe Moms-kvitto (-t, -n) VAT receipt
bast best

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Lasses troja var for stor.
(b) Ulla far inte byta trojan.
(c) Jane koper en helyllekofta.

- Vad ni behover veta

Shopping
Shops are usually open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. except on Saturdays,
when they close at some time between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. Large stores
often have a late evening opening, and a number are open on
Sundays.
Meat, vegetables and fruit are bought by the kilo (kg) in Sweden.

85
 SWEDISH

Sandwich meat and less weighty things are sold by the hekto, abbre¬
viated to hg (hectogramme). Milk and liquids (and sometimes berries
and soft fruit) are sold by the litre, and so is petrol.

lib 453 g
1 hg 3V2 oz

lkg 2.2 lbs

1 liter 13A pints
1 E. mile 1.6 km
1 Sw. mil 10 km (c. 6 English miles)

Moms
Swedes pay a tax called Moms (VAT) on most goods that tourists
may want to buy, but foreigners can get that refunded at the depar¬
ture port if they ask for a Moms kvitto at the time of purchase in
shops displaying the usual Tax-free sign. The goods must be bought
not more than a week before departure. It is well worth the trouble,
as Moms is quite high.

Sd har sager man

How to:

• ask for things in shops

Har ni nagon/nagot/nagra ...? Have you got any ... ?
Kan jag fa lite ... ? Can I have some... ?
Jag skulle vilja ha ... I would like to have ...
Jag ska be att fa ... ? May I have ... ?
Skulle jag kunna fa ... ? Could I have... ?
• say what you want
Jag tar den/det/dem. I’ll take it/them.
Ja, tack, det ar bra. Yes, please, it’s good.
• say that you don’t want something

Nej, tack, det ar for dyrt. No, that’s too expensive.

Nej, den passar inte. No, it doesn’t fit me.
Det ar inte vad jag vill ha. It isn’t what I want.
Den ar for stor. It’s too big.
Den ar for liten. It’s too small.

— 86
 HOW MUCH IS IT?

Jag tycker inte om den. I don’t like it.

Jag har inte rad med det. I can’t afford it.
Det ar bast att jag vantar. I had better wait.
• ask for information
Hur mycket kostar den/det/de? How much is it/are they ?
Vad kostar den/det/de? How much is Ware they ?
Hur mycket vill ni ha? How much would you like?
Racker det? Is that enough?
Nagot annat? Anything else?
Var det allt? Was that all?
Det blir 20 kronor jamnt. That is 20 (SEK) exactly.
Det ar jamna pengar. That is the right amount.
Kan jag fa ett kvitto? Can I have a receipt?
Kan jag betala med Can I pay in sterling I dollars?
pund/dollar?
Kan jag betala med kreditkort? Can I pay by credit card?
Varsagod. Here you are.

Grammatik

1 ‘Of’ in quantity or measurement expressions

The English preposition of has no equivalent in Swedish after words
denoting quantity or measurement. Note also that Swedish uses the
singular form of the measurement terms.

en halv liter fil half a litre of yoghurt

tre liter mjolk three litres of milk
fyra hekto ost four hectogrammes of cheese
fern kilo potatis five kilos of potatoes
tio kilometer ten kilometers
hundraattio mil hundred and eighty
Swedish miles

2 Halv, halvt, halva

Halv is an adjective and as such it takes adjective endings which

87
 SWEDISH

have to agree with the noun that halv refers to. Pay particular atten¬
tion to the word order.

en halv manad half a month

ett halvt ar half a year
halva manaden half the month
tva och en halv manad two and a half months

In the last example you should notice that, unlike in English, a noun
following en halv is in the singular even if it is preceded by a word in
the plural.
Note that in compound norms the basic form halv- is used:

en halvtimme half an hour

ett halvar half a year

3 Comparison of adjectives
As in English, most adjectives are compared with endings, for example:

billig, billigare, billigast cheap, cheaper, cheapest

farsk, farskare, farskast fresh, fresher, freshest
The form that denotes the higher degree is called the comparative
(here: billigare), and the form that denotes the highest degree is
called the superlative (here: billigast).
However, adjectives that end in -er, -el and -en drop the e when the
endings -are and -ast are added:
vacker, vackrare, vackrast beautiful
enkel, enklare, enklast simple
mogen, mognare, mognast ripe, mature
Some adjectives are compared with mer and mest instead of endings,
just as more and most is used in English. In Swedish, adjectives that
end in -isk, present and past participles and very long adjectives form
the comparative and superlative with mer and mest, for example:

Hon ar mer praktisk an Ake. She is more practical than Ake.

De mest intresserade elevema. The most interested pupils.
Det ar mer meningsfullt. That is more meaningful.

More about the present and past participles in Units 13 and 16.

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 HOW MUCH IS IT?

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and the

superlative. They are very common adjectives, so you will see them
more often than the regular adjectives. You have already met these
adjectives - here are their comparatives and superlatives:
bra/god battre bast good better best
stor storre storst large larger largest
hog hogre hogst high higher highest
liten mindre minst small smaller smallest
lang langre langst long longer longest
lag lagre lagst low lower lowest
mycket mer/a mest much more most
manga fler/a flest many more most
ung yngre yngst young younger youngest
gammal aldre aldst old older oldest
Please note that more and most must be translated into Swedish with
fler/a and flest if you can count the norm that it refers to, for example:
Det firms flera pojkar an There are more boys than girls
flickor i klassen. in the class.
but
Jag vill ha mera te, tack. I would like more tea, please.

The adjective dalig has two comparative and superlative forms:

dalig samre samst bad worse worst
dalig varre varst bad worse worst
Note that samre means less of a good property (e.g. health) but varre
means more of a bad property (e.g. bad behaviour).
The comparative never takes any endings, either in the indefinite or
the definite form, singular or plural.
en battre bil ett battre hus manga battre bilar/hus
den battre bilen det battre huset de battre bilarna/husen
However, the superlative does take endings in the definite form.
Superlatives ending in -ast add an -e. Superlatives ending in -st add
an -a (or -e if referring to a male in the singular), for example:

den finaste bilen det finaste huset de finaste bilarna/husen

den basta bilen det basta huset de basta bilarna/husen
The adjective liten has an extra form, lilla, which is used in the

89
 SWEDISH

definite form singular, and also when addressing people, usually

where English people would use dear. Sometimes lille is used when
addressing boys. It also has a special form in the plural, sma.

en liten bil ett litet hus manga sma pojkar

den lilla bilen det lilla huset de sma pojkama
Lilia Ingela! Lille Lasse!

4 Ndgon - ingen - annan - sadan - hel - all

These words can be used either together with a norm (in which case
they are adjectives) or independent of any noun (in which case they
are pronouns). They take endings which are similar to the adjective
endings. The forms of the words are identical whether they are adjec¬
tives or pronouns, for example:

some / any nagon bil nagot hus nagra pojkar

no ingen bil inget hus inga pojkar
another I other en annan bil ett annat hus andra pojkar
such en sadan bil ett sadant hus sadana pojkar
whole en hel vecka ett helt ar hela dagar
all all mjolk allt salt alia flickor

In the following examples they are used as pronouns:

Nagon spelar piano. Somebody is playing the piano.

Ingen vill ha den. Nobody wants it.
Andra sager nagot annat. Others say something else.
En sadan vill jag ha. I want one like that.

Note also the pronouns nagonting {some/any/thing), ingenting

{nothing), allting {everything), as well as nagonstans {some I any I
where) and ingenstans {nowhere).
Ingen/inget/inga can only be used instead of inte nagon/inte
nagot/inte nagra when the words inte and nagon etc. stand to¬
gether, for example:
Han har inte nagra pengar = Han har inga pengar.
but
Han sa att han inte hade nagra pengar.
This means that ingen/inget/inga cannot be used in subordinate

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 HOW MUCH IS IT?

clauses or in main clauses with more than one verb, because of the
strict rules governing the position of inte in Swedish. (See Units
5 and 18.)

5 Ett par (a pair of/a couple of)

The Swedish ett par corresponds both to a pair of and a couple of, for
example:
ett par skor a pair of shoes
ettparbyxor a pair of trousers
ett par liter blabar a couple of litres of bilberries
ett par vanner a couple of friends

Note: A pair of scissors is en sax.

6 This, these, that and those

These words are called demonstrative adjectives when they precede a
noun, but they can also be used as pronouns if they replace a noun. In
Swedish they have different forms depending on the gender and num¬
ber of the noun that they refer to or replace.
En- words Ett- words Plural forms
den har (this) det har (this) de har (these)
den dar (that) det dar (that) de dar (those)
den (stressed the) det (stressed the) de (stressed the)
When these words are used as adjectives (i.e. when they precede a
noun) the following noun must take the definite form:
den har gatan det har huset de har gatoma
den dar pennan det dar passet de dar blommoma
den gatan det huset de blommoma
p

There are also the demonstratives denna/detta/dessa but they are

mainly used in written language. A noun following these words
should be in the indefinite form, for example: denna bok, detta ar,
dessa manniskor.

91
 SWEDISH

7 Styck, stycken
This is a term widely used when shopping and in the import and
export trade. There is no English equivalent. Here it means of them,
but it corresponds more commonly to apiece, each or per unit, for
example:
Citronema kostar 2 kronor styck. The lemons cost 2 kr each.
Kan jag fa tre (stycken) Can I have three chops, please?
kotletter?
In the last example stycken is best left untranslated. You don’t have
to use it, but you may hear it from time to time.

8 Plural forms of Swedish nouns

Fourth declension nouns take -n in the plural. This is by far the
smallest declension, as only around 4% of Swedish nouns belong to
this category. They are easily recognisable, as they are all ett- words
and all end in an unstressed vowel, usually -e, for example:
ett apple tva applen
ett yrke tva yrken
ett kvitto tva kvitton
Other nouns belonging to this declension are: ansikte (face),
frimarke (stamp), ore, kilo, konto, orhange (earring), stalle
(place), minne (memory, souvenir), hjarta (heart).

One important group of nouns belonging to this declension are the

nouns ending in -ande or -ende which do not denote people, for
example:
ett leende tva leenden smile
ett forsvinnande tva forsvinnanden disappearance

There are also three irregular nouns:

ett oga tva ogon eye

ett ora tva oron ear
ett huvud tva huvuden head

92
 HOW MUCH IS IT?

2- Ovningar —
J 1 Ask politely for the following things in a shop.
(a) 1 litre of milk.
(b) V2 litre of yoghurt.
(c) V2 kilo of butter.
(d) IV2 dozen eggs.
(e) 2 loaves of bread.
(f) 3 kilos of potatoes.
(g) V4 kilo of coffee
(h) 2 hg of ham.
(i) 1 tin of anchovies.
(j) a couple of apples.

I limp/a (-an,-or) loaf(of bread)

ett kvarts kilo a quarter of a kilo
burk (-en,-ar) tin
ansjovis (-en,-ar) anchovies
skink/a (-an, -or) ham

2 Fill in the missing words as indicated.

(a) (He ate half a sandwich and drank half a bottle of red wine
in half an hour.) Han at.smorgas och drack.
flaska rodvin pa.
(b) (She ate half an apple and drank half a cup of coffee in half
the time.) Hon at.apple och drack.kopp kaffe
pa.tiden.
(c) (They saved half the salary so that they could go to Spain for
half a year.) De sparade.lonen sa att de skulle
kunna aka till Spanien under.
(d) (Half of Sweden is covered by forest.).Sverige ar
tackt av skog.
3 Answer the questions in Swedish as fully as possible. Use the
comparative forms of the adjectives/
Example: Vilken bil ar bast, en Mini eller en Rolls Royce?
En Rolls Royce ar battre an en Mini.

(a) Vem ar storst, Lasse eller Ake?

(b) Vilken ar billigast, Lasses troja eller Janes kofta?
(c) Vilken bil ar dyrast, en Mini eller en Rolls Royce?

93
 SWEDISH

(,d) Vilket berg ar hogst, Ben Nevis eller Mount Everest?

(e) Vilken stad ar minst, London eller Stockholm?
(/) Vilket land har flest invanare, England eller Sverige?
4 Fill in the correct form of the adjective liten in the following
sentences.
(a) Flickan ar ... (/) Staden ar ...
(b) Affaren ar ... (g) Landet ar ...
(c) Hjartat ar ... (.h) Huvudet ar ...
(id) Gatoma ar ... (.i) Ogonen ar ...
(e) Applet ar ... (/) Sjon ar ...
Den.flickan fran den .. .... staden i det.landet.
5 Answer the questions as in the example:
Example: Har du nagon penna? - Nej, jag har ingen penna.
(a) Har du nagon bil?
(b) Har du nagot socker?
(c) Har du haft nagon TV?
(d) Har du nagra bocker?
(e) Har du haft nagot hus?
(f) Har du nagon fru?
(g) Har du nagra bam?
6 Insert the correct demonstrative adjectives in the sentences below.
(a) Anders och Ulla bor i (this).huset pa (this).
gatan i (this).staden i (this).landet.
(b) John vill bjuda (that) . flickan pa (that) .
kafeet efter (that).bion.
(c) (Those).biobiljettema ar inte sa dyra som (these)
.operabiljettema.
7 Insert the correct plural forms of the missing nouns. Choose from
the following nouns: ansikte, frimarke, hjarta, konto, yrke,
apple, oga, ora.
(a) Janus hade tva.
(b) Robert maste kopa.
(c) Nagra manniskor har tva.pa banken.
(d) Manga kvinnor har tva.
(e) Ulla koper.pa torget.
(/) Du har ett par ...och ett par.
(g) St. Valentine’s day kallas Alla.-s Dag i Sverige.

— 94 —
 HOW MUCH IS IT?

8 Study the pictures of the clothes and the prices on page 96, and
the table below. Use them when answering the questions.

(a) When you arrive at Arlanda airport in Stockholm you find

that your suitcase has travelled on to Helsinki. The airline
gives you 1 000 kronor to buy some essential clothes until
the suitcase has been returned to you. It is expected tomor¬
row morning. You were very hot during the day but now you
feel cold. What would you spend the money on and how much
will it cost?
(b) Help a teenager from England who doesn’t know any
Swedish to buy a new outfit. He has 500 kronor to spend.
(c) Buy something nice for your sister’s birthday. You can afford
to spend 250 kronor. She likes jewellery.
(d) Describe the clothes you are wearing today, and count how
much you have spent on them!

S • damklader (ladies’ wear) 17

18
ett par sockor socks
ett par handskar gloves
1 klanning (-en, -ar) dress
19 ettparkangor boots
2 blus (-en, -ar) blouse
20 ett par stovlar wellingtons
3 kjol (-en, -ar) skirt
21 T-shirt T-shirt
4 kapp/a (-an, -or) coat
22 pyjamas (-en, -0) pyjamas
5 nattlinne(-t, -n) nightdress
23 jack/a (-an, -or) jacket
6 baddrakt (-en, -er) swimsuit
24 hatt (-en, -ar) hat
7 jumper (-n, jumprar) jumper
25 moss/a (-an, -or) cap
26 nasduk (-en, -ar) handkerchief
• underklader (underwear)
8 beha (-n, -ar) bra
• herrklader (men’s wear)
9 underklanning (-en, -ar) slip
10 ett par trosor briefs 27 kostym (-en, -er) suit
11 ett par strumpbyxor tights 28 skjort/a (-an, -or) shirt
29 ett par byxor trousers
• smycken (jewellery) 30 rock (-en, -ar) overcoat
31 kavaj (-en, -er) jacket
12 halsband (-et, -0) necklace
32 slips (-en, -ar) tie
13 armband (-et, -0) bracelet
33 troj/a (-an, -or) sweater
14 orhange (-t, -n) earrings

• bbde damer och herrar (unisex) • underklader (underwear)

15 ett par jeans jeans 34 undertroj/a (-an, -or) vest
16 ett par skor shoes 35 ett par kalsonger pants

95
SWEDISH

96
 HOW MUCH IS IT?

9 You are out shopping with a friend. Complete your parts of the
dialogue.
You (,Say you must buy something to bring back home.)
Ingrid Svenskt glas ar varldsberomt. Vill du titta pa det?
You (Say Yes, but you can probably not afford it.)
Ingrid Allt ar inte dyrt. Titta pa den dar lilla kristallskalen!
You (Say it is wonderfully beautiful, but unfortunately you
haven’t got that much money left.)
Ingrid De dar sma djuren i glas ar fantastiskt fina.
You (Say Yes, you’ll buy such an elk. It will be a good sou¬
venir of Sweden.)
Ingrid En dalahast maste du ocksa ha. De finns i alia stor-
lekar. Dalahasten ar Sveriges turistsouvenir nummer
ett.
You (Say Yes, of course, I must have one like that.)

glas (-et, -0) glassware fantastiskt fantastically

varldsberomt world famous alg (-en, -ar) elk
kristallskdl (-en, -ar) crystal bowl minne (-t, -n) souvenir
underbart wonderfully dalahast (-en, -ar) Dala horse
kvar left nummer (numret, nummer)
djur (-et, -0) animal number

Forstdr du?

Om pengar inte ar nagot problem sa ar det ett sant noje att handla
i Sverige. Det mesta ar vanligtvis av hog kvalitet och utsokt smak.
Enkelhet ar vad som karakteriserar svensk stil. Alla koper
svenskt glas. Orrefors, Kosta, Boda och Maleras ar nagra glasbruk
som ar kanda i hela varlden. Manga av de konstnarer som har
arbetat och arbetar dar har bhvit varldsberomda, t.ex. Simon
Gate, Edward Hald, Bertil Vallien, Mats Jonasson och manga
flera. Men allt ar inte dyrt. Om du ser ordet REA i ett skyltfonster
betyder det att det ar realisation och da saljer affaren manga
saker billigare, ofta till halva priset eller mindre. Detsamma galler
ordet Extrapris eller Nedsatt pris. Da kan du gora manga fynd.

97 —
 SWEDISH

problem (-et, -0) problem har arbetat have worked

sann (sant, sanna) true, real REA (short for realisation) sale
noje (-t, -n) pleasure skyltfonster (-fonstret, -0) shop
vanligtvis usually window
utsokt exquisite det betyder it means
smak (-en, -er) taste saljer sell
enkelhet (-en) simplicity sak (-en, -er) thing
karakteriserar characterises detsamma the same
stil (-en, -ar) style galler applies to
glasbruk (-et, -0) glassworks extrapris (-et, -er) special offer
kanda i hela varlden known nedsattpris reduced price
throughout the world fynd (-et, -0) bargain
konstnar (-en, -er) artist, designer

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Det ar ett noje att handla i Sverige.
(b) Manga svenska glaskonstnarer ar kanda i hela varlden.
(c) Extrapris betyder att priset ar extra hogt.

98
 VAR LIGGER
7
KAFEET?
Where is the cafe?

In this unit you will learn

• how to ask for directions
• how to give directions
• how to apologise
• how to respond when somebody apologises

3- Samtal -
I
Robert is asking Anders for directions.
Robert Jag ska traffa Ulla och Jane pa Kafe Continental om en
kvart. Var ligger det och hur ska jag ga for att komma dit?
Anders Det ar inte svart. Du ska ga over gatan nar du kommer ut
ur banken. Vid posten gar du till hoger over gatan igen pa
overgangsstallet vid trafikljusen. Ga snett over torget.
Fortsatt over gatan och ta till vanster forbi busshallplatsen.
Ga rakt fram over bron. Kafe Continental ligger dar vid
kanalen mitt emot en stor park.
Robert Hur lang tid tar det?
Anders Det tar bara fem minuter.
Robert Bra. Da hinner jag kanske ga in pa posten ocksa och kopa

— 99 —
 SWEDISH

frimarken och posta mina vykort.

Anders Da far du skynda dig for det ar ofta ko dar. Jag maste ga
till kontoret nu. Vi ses i kvall. Ha det sa trevligt!
Robert Tack for hjalpen.

traffa meet mitt emot opposite

kafe (-et, -er) cafe park (-en, -er) park
om in (time) tid (-en, -er) time
ligger is (lit. lies) tar takes
for att (in order) to bra good
dit there hinner have time to
over across kanske perhaps
ut ur out of posta post
posten the post office vykort (-et, -0) postcard
till hoger to the right ter have to
igen again skynda dig hurry up
dvergdngsstaile (-t, -n) pedestrian ofta often
crossing for because
traf/kljus (-et, -en) traffic light ko (-n, -er) (pronounced with
snett diagonally hard k) queue
fortsatt continue kontor (-et, -0) office
ta till vanster go left nu now
forbi past vi ses see you
busshillplats (-en, -er) bus stop ha det sa trevligt have a nice time
rakt fram straight on tack for hjalpen thanks for
bro (-n, -ar) bridge your help
kanal (-en, -er) canal

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Ulla och Jane ska traffa Robert pa Kafe Continental.
(b) Anders sager att det ar svart att komma dit.
(c) Det tar en kvart att ga till kafeet fran banken.
(d) Robert vill ga till posten och posta vykort.

Samtal
Jane and Robert have gone sightseeing on their own in a small town.
They are looking for a Turistbyra (Tourist Information Centre).
Robert stops a man in the street.

Robert Ursakta, kan ni tala om for oss om det finns en turistbyra i

 WHERE IS THE CAFE?

den har staden?

Mannen Ja, det finns det. Den ligger vid jamvagsstationen. Ga runt
hornet och ta tredje tvargatan till vanster. Da ser ni statio-
nen. Turistbyran ligger strax intill.
Robert Tack for hjalpen.
Mannen Ingen orsak. Jag hor att ni ar utlanningar. Vad tycker ni
om Sverige?
Robert Vi tycker om Sverige.

ursakta excuse me strax int/ll right next to

kan ni tala om for oss? can you ingen orsak don’t mention it!
tell us? hor hear
g£ runt hornet go round the corner tycker om think of
tredje third tycker om like
tvargat/a (-an, -or) crossroad

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Det finns ingen turistbyra i staden.
(б) Turistbyran ligger pa andra tvargatan.
(c) Stationen ligger strax intill turistbyran.

- Vad ni behover veta

Turistbyra There is usually a
turistbyra in every town where
there is something of interest to
tourists. Outside there is a green
sign with white lettering, in
English, as in the illustration.
Streets As you already know, the word for a street is gata, but
there are other words, too. The word that corresponds directly to road
is en vag. En aveny is, not surprisingly, avenue, but en alle is not
what you may have expected - it is a tree-lined avenue. The word that
corresponds to the English alley or lane is en grand or, sometimes,
en smalgata. The Swedish word tvargata is crossroad.
Forlat (mig), Ursakta (mig) When apologising you say either for¬
lat (mig) (forgive me) or ursakta (mig) (excuse me, I’m sorry,

—101
 SWEDISH

pardon). They are normally interchangeable, though forlat is

stronger.
Ingen orsak When someone apologises to you, you should say
ingen orsak (lit. no cause) or det gdr ingenting (it doesn’t matter)
... provided, of course, that it doesn’t!

Sa har sager man

How to:
• ask for directions
Hur ska jag ga for att How do I get to...?
komma till...?
Hur kommer man till...? How do I get to...?
Var ligger ...? Where is...?
Finns det nagon Is there a (restaurant)
(restaurang) har? here?
Hur lang tid tar det? How long does it take?
Var ar toaletten? Where is the toilet?
Kan ni hjalpa mig? Can you help me?

• give directions

Ga rakt fram. Go straight on.

Ga over gatan. Go across the street.
Ga snett over ... Go diagonally across ...
Ga till hoger. Go to the right.
Ta till vanster. Go to the left.
Ga forbi (sjukhuset). Go past the (hospital).
Ga langs (kanalen). Go along the (canal).
Ga tillbaka. Go back.
Ga genom (tunneln) Go through the (tunnel).
Fortsatt till (busshallplatsen). Continue to the (bus stop).
(Posten) ligger mitt emot... (The post office) is opposite ...
(Turistbyran) ligger bredvid ... (The tourist information centre)
is right next to ...

— 102
 WHERE IS THE CAFE?

•3- Grammatik

1 Plural forms of Swedish nouns

Most of the nouns belonging to the fifth - and last - declension are
ett- words that end in a consonant. They are unchanged in the plural,
for example:
ett bam a child tva bam two children
ett hus a house tva hus two houses
ett kok a kitchen tva kok two kitchens
This is the second largest declension as around 26% of the Swedish
nouns have no plural ending.
You will find that many words for categories belong to this group,
although the individual animals/trees etc. are en- words which do
have plural endings:
ett djur tva djur animal
ett trad tva trad tree
but
en hund tva hundar dog
en ek tva ekar oak
Apart from the ett- words ending in a consonant there are also some
en- words that stay unchanged in the plural, i.e. the en- words
ending in -are, -ande or -er denoting people, for example:
en arbetare tva arbetare worker
en larare tva larare teacher
en skadespelare tva skadespelare actor
italienare tva italienare Italian
en studerande tva studerande student
en resande tva resande traveller
en ordforande tva ordforande chairman
en musiker tva musiker - musician
en tekniker tva tekniker technician
en australier tva australier Australian

— 103
 SWEDISH

To recapitulate: To find out the plural ending of a noun you first

investigate from the surrounding words or the ending (en/ett,
den/det, the definite singular or an adjective ending) if the noun is
an en- word, in which case the plural form ends in an -r (either -or,
-ar, -er or -r), or for the -are, -ande, -er words above: no plural ending.
If the noun is an ett- word, the plural ending is an -n for the ett-
words ending in a vowel but there is no plural ending for the ett-
words ending in a consonant, apart from the few ett- words ending in
-er in the plural already mentioned in Unit 5. Below is a table show¬
ing the five different groups of norms and their plural endings:

(1) (2) (3) (3) (4) (5)

-or -ar -er -r -n no ending

flickor pojkar familjer skor applen bam

2 Flickorna (the girls), bamen (the children)

The in plural is an ending in Swedish, as was the in the singular. For
all en-words it is -na. The ett- words that end in a vowel in the singu¬
lar and add an -n in the plural, have just an -a added in the definite
form plural, so in effect they look like all the en- words. However, for
the ett- words that end in a consonant in the basic form singular, and
are identical in the plural, the definite form plural is -en.
Note that en- words ending in -are in the singular drop the final -e
before -na is added.
Below is a table showing the various noun-endings.

indef. sing. def. sing. indef. plural def. plural

(1) -or en flicka -n tv& flickor flickorna

(2) -ar en pojke -n tv& pojkar pojkarna
(3) -er en fam/lj -en tvci fam/ljer fam/ljerna
-r en sko -n tv& skor skorna
(4) -n ett apple -t tv& applen applena
(5) -0 ett barn -et tvci barn barnen
en arbetare -n tv& arbetare arbetarna
en ordforande -n tv& ordforande ordforandena
en pol/tiker -n tvei pol/tiker pol/tikerna

Note that -0 means that singular and plural are identical.

104
 WHERE IS THE CAFE?

Please note the following irregular nouns:

indef. sing. def. sing. indef. plural def. plural

en man mannen tv a man mannen man
ett oga ogat tvci ogon ogonen eye
ett ora orat tv& oron oronen ear

3 Tycka om
Note that the meaning changes if you change the stress between the
words tycka and om. If tycka is stressed, the phrase means What is
your opinion of...?, but if you stress om the phrase means to like, for
example:
Vad tycker du om EU? What is your opinion of the EU?
Alla bam tycker om choklad. All children like chocolate.

4 Ligga
The verb ligga (lit. lie) is used about houses, streets, towns, lakes,
islands, countries etc. where English would use is, is situated, lies,
stands, for example:
Huset ligger pa Storgatan.
Gatan ligger vid stationen.
Staden ligger vid havet.
Landet ligger i Europa.

5 Pa (on/in/at/to)
Examples of prepositions that you have already met are i, till, pa,
fran, av, over.
As a rule pa is used to translate on as a preposition of place, e.g. pa
bordet (on the table), pa golvet (on the floor), but in some expres¬
sions pa corresponds to in:
pa Storgatan in the High Street
pa landet in the countryside
pa himlen in the sky
Note: The Swedish word himmel means both sky and heaven. To

105
 SWEDISH

distinguish between these two meanings different prepositions are

used. Thus pa himlen means in the sky but i himlen means in heaven.
In other expressions pa corresponds to at or to, especially with public
buildings, places of work or places of entertainment:

pa banken pa operan
pa kontoret pa teatem
pa posten pa bio
pa kafeet pa restaurang
pa varuhuset pa sjukhuset

6 Stanna! G&! Fortsatt! Kop!

These verb forms are called the imperative forms. They are used
when you want to tell, ask or order someone to do something. Like the
present tense, the imperative is formed from the infinitive. The
imperative of the verbs which end in -ar in the present tense is iden¬
tical to the infinitive form, for example:

Infinitive Present tense Imperative

stanna stannar stanna! stop, stay

tala talar tala! speak
arbeta arbetar arbeta! work

However, those verbs which end in -er or just -r in the present tense,
form their imperative by taking away the present tense ending, so the
imperative is identical to the stem of the verb:

Infinitive Present tense Imperative

fortsatta fortsatter fortsatt! continue

kopa koper kop! buy
ga gar ga! go
Both the imperative and the present tense are identical with the stem
in those verbs which have a stem that ends in -r, e.g. gora, hora,
lara, kora.
Infinitive Present tense Imperative

gora gor gor! do, make

hora hor hor! hear
lara lar lar! learn
kora kor kor! drive

— 106
 WHERE IS THE CAFE?

Note: Swedish uses an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence

with an imperative.

Note also the imperative forms in expressions such as:

Hjalp mig! Help me!
Skynda dig! Hurry up!
Ha det sa trevligt! Have a nice time!

53- Ovningar -
1 Fill in the missing words in their correct form with the help of the
vocabulary below.
(a) Ulla har (a kitchen).med manga (cupboards).
(b) I (a cupboard).har hon (bread).och i ett
annat har hon (flour).och (rice).
(c) I (the fridge).har hon (a dozen eggs)., lite
(meat).och (half a kg of butter).
(d) Anders vill ha (a little sugar).i (the coffee).
men (no sugar).i (the tea).
(e) Ulla plockar manga sorters vilda (berries).till exem-
pel (raspberries).och (bilberries).
(/) Jane koper nagra (postcards).som visar svenska
(houses).

skip (-et, -0) cupboard till exempel (abbrev: t. ex.) for

mjdl (-et, -0) flour example (e.g.)
ris (-et, -0) rice hallon (-et, -0) raspberry
kylskdp (-et, -0) fridge visar show
vild (vilt, vilda) wild

— 107 —
 SWEDISH

2 Write questions in response to the following statements.

Example: Jag kan inte se nagra flickor - Var ar flickoma?

(a) Jag kan inte se nagra blommor.

(b) Vi har tva hundar.
(c) Du maste lasa nagra bocker.
(d) Hon vill kopa nya skor.
(e) Du skulle be om kvitton.
if) Han har flera larare.
(g) De har manga barn.
(h) Har finns inte nagra man.
3 Fill in the missing words. Remember that the adverbs (inte,
mycket, mest) are placed between tycka and om.
Ake fragar John vad han (thinks of).sommarstugan. John
svarar att han (likes).den, men han (doesn’t like)-...
vadret. Han (likes very much).maten, men han (likes
most).musiken. Vad han (thinks of).priset pa 61 i
Sverige vill han inte tala om, men han talar gama om att han
(likes).Sverige.

m kart/a (-an, -or) map, town plan

b/lverkstad (-en, -stader)
Drottninggatan Queen Street
Kungsgatan King Street
garage kiosk (-en, -er) kiosk
bens/nstation (-en, -er) petrol torgst&nd (-et, -0) market stall
station restaurang (-en, -er) restaurant
parkeringsplats (-en, -er) car bokhandel (-n) book shop
park mus/kaffar (-en, -er) music shop
tunnel (-n, tunnlar) tunnel apotek (-et, -0) pharmacy
jamvagsstation (-en, -er) biograf (-en, -er) cinema
railway station bio (-n) cinema
SJ (Statens Jarnvagar) the busshailplats (-en, -er) bus stop
State Railways kanal (-en, -er) canal
pol/sstation (-en, -er) police sta¬ sjukhus (-et, -0) hospital
tion oper/a (-an, -or) opera
hotell (-et, -0) hotel

4 Study the vocabulary above and the map on page 109 and answer
the following questions in Swedish. Be as precise as possible.
Example: Var ar turistbyran? - Den ligger pa Jamvagsgatan
mellan stationen och parkeringsplatsen mitt emot torget.

108
 WHERE IS THE CAFE?

Bensinstation
Sjukhus

— 109
 SWEDISH

(a) Var ar busshallplatsen?

(b) Var ar varuhuset Domus?
(c) Var ar Grand Hotell?
(d) Var ar bensinstationen?
(e) Var ar operan?
(/) Var ar j amvagsstaionen?
(g) Var ar sjukhuset?
(h) Var ar polisstationen?

till vanster/hoger om to the pd andra sidan om on the other

left/right of side of
i hornet av at the corner of

5 You have been asked for directions by a stranger. With the help of
the map and the vocabulary above tell him:
(а) how to find the post office when he is at the Grand Hotell.
(б) where to find the police station when his car has been broken
into at the car park.
(c) how to find the bus stop when he is at the bank.
{d) where he can buy some CDs or videos. He is at the restau¬
rant.
(e) where to find the department store when he is at the bus
stop.
(/) how to find the school when he is at the railway station.
(g) where to go to buy medicine as he comes out of the hospital.
(h) where he can buy petrol when he is at Parkvagen.
(i) where he can buy flowers and then find the way to the hospi¬
tal. He is at the railway station.
(j) where to go for a cup of coffee after a visit to the cinema. He
wants to sit outdoors.
Complete the following dialogue.
Vannen Vad ska du gora i kvall?
You (Say you are going out with a friend.)
Vannen Vem da? Och vad ska ni gora?
You (Say It’s Kerstin. First, you’ll go to the cinema and then
you’ll go to a cafe.)
Vannen Nar ska du traffa Kerstin, och var?
You (Say In half an hour at the cinema.)

— 110 —
 WHERE IS THE CAFE?

Vannen Hur ska du komma dit?

You (Say you’re taking the bus.)
Vannen Du kan folja med oss i bilen. Vi ska ga pa operan och
vi ska parkera bilen vid stationen. Da behover du bara
ga over torget for att komma till bion.
You (Say Thank you very much.)

- Forster du? -

Sverige har formodligen den renaste luften i Europa utom i

storstadema, men svenskama ar nog mer bekymrade an nagra
andra over miljoforstoringen. De tar verkligen problemet pa allvar,
och de gor mycket for att stoppa ytterligare fororening. De forsoker
overtala folk att anvanda kollektivtrafiken, sa att antalet bilar i
stademas centrum ska minska. De industrier eller personer som
fororenar marken eller vattnet far betala hoga boter, och de
stanger daghem, som ligger vid gatukorsningar, eftersom bilamas
avgaser ar sarskilt farliga lor sma bam.
Det som uppror svenskama mest ar att mycket - kanske det
mesta? - av fororeningen i Sverige har “importerats” fran andra
lander i Europa, och Sverige ar maktlost att forhindra det. Skogar
och sjoar forsuras, och Ostersjon ar nu ett av varldens mest forore-
nade hav. Eftersom det bor 70 miljoner manniskor i landema mnt
omkring Ostersjon, och flera andra lander vid Ostersjon har sa
stora ekonomiska svarigheter att de inte har rad med reningsverk
o.d., ar det ett mycket stort problem. Alla vill, men inte alia kan!

B renaste cleanest
luft (-en) air
problem (-et, -0) problem
pd allvar seriously
Europa (pronounced ‘Eropa’) stoppa stop
Europe ytterligare further
utom except fororening (-en, -ar) pollution
storstad (-en, -stader) big city forsoker try
svensk (-en, -ar) Swede overtala persuade
bekymrade worried anvanda use
an than kollekt/vtraf/k (-en) public
miljdfdrstoring (-en) transport
environmental pollution

— Ill —
 SWEDISH

antal (-et, -0) number farlig dangerous

centrum (-et, centra) centre uppror upset
minska decrease importerats been imported
industr/ (-n, -er) industry maktlos powerless
person (-en, -er) person forh/ndra prevent
fororenar pollute forsuras are acified
mark (-en, -er) ground varld (-en, -ar) (I is mute) world
betaia pay runt omkr/ng around
boter (plural) fines ekonomisk economic
daghem (-met, -0) day nursery svdrighet (-en, -er) difficulty
gatukorsning (-en, -ar) road har r&J med can afford
junction reningsverk (-et, -0) sewage works
eftersom as o.d. (och dylikt) etc.
avgas (-en, -er) exhaust fume sur acid
sarskilt particularly

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Luften i Sverige ar inte sa ren som luften i Europa.
(b) Svenskama tar problemet med miljoforstoringen pa allvar.
(c) Svenskama kan stoppa det sura regnet.

— 112 —
 8
fAr jag be
OM NOTAN?
May I have the hill, please ?

In this unit you will learn

• how to order a meal at a restaurant
• how to state likes and dislikes concerning food and drink
• how to complain about the food or the service

- Samtal -
CIH

Anders and Ulla Svensson and Jane and Robert Taylor arrive at a
restaurant.
Anders Hovmastam! Vi har bestallt ett bord for fyra.
Hovmastaren Valkomna! Hur var namnet?
Anders Anders Svensson.
Hovmastaren Vi har reserverat fonsterbordet dar borta. Passar
det?
Anders Det ar utmarkt. Kan vi fa se pa matsedeln, tack!
Vad rekommenderar ni?
Hovmastaren Idag rekommenderar jag var kalvstek eller ocksa
rodspatta. Den ar alldeles farsk.
Ulla Jag tycker vi ska ha nagot riktigt svenskt. Vad
sager ni om vastkustsallad till att boija med? Och
hjortron med glass till dessert?

— 113
 SWEDISH

Robert Vad ar vastkustsallad?

Ulla Det ar rakor eller krabba med svamp, tomater,
gurka, sallad och dill.
Robert Jag ar inte sa fortjust i fisk och skaldjur. Jag vill
hellre ha sparrissoppa och kalvstek.
Jane Jag alskar skaldjur, sa jag tar gama vastkustsallad.
Och kalvstek for mig ocksa. Jag tal inte fet mat.
Anders Jag tar gravad lax och flaskkotlett.
Ulla Jag tycker sa mycket om deras vastkustsallad, och
jag vill ha nagot latt efterat. Deras svampomelett ar
alltid sa latt och luftig. Den blir bra for mig.
Anders Froken, kan vi bestalla? Vastkustsallad for tva, en
sparrissoppa och en gravad lax. Sedan kalvstek for
tva, en svampomelett och en flaskkotlett. Till
dessert vill vi alia ha hjortron med glass och kaffe
efterat, tack.
Servitrisen Tack. Nagot att dricka? Har ar var vinlista.
Anders Ja, tack. Ett par flaskor rodvin, och mineralvatten till
min fru. Hon kor, sa hon dricker inte nagot starkt.

hovmastare (-n, -0) krabb/a (-an, -or) crab

(pron. ‘hovmastarn’) head waiter rak/a (-an, -or) prawn
har bestallt have booked jag ar inte sd fortjust i / don’t
bord (-et, -0) table care for
har reserverat have reserved skaldjur (-et, -0) shellfish
fonsterbord (-et, -0) table by sparrissopp/a (-an, -or) asparagus
the window soup
dar borta over there alskar love
passar det? will that suit you ? jag tdl inte fet mat fatty food
utmarkt excellent disagrees with me
matsedel (-n, -sedlar) menu gravad lax marinated salmon
rekommenderar recommend flaskkotlett (-en, -er) pork chop
kalvstek (-en, -ar) roast veal deras their
eller ocksd or else latt light
rodspatt/a (-an, -or) plaice efterdt afterwards
tycker think omelett (-en, -er) omelet
n&got riktigt svenskt something luftig airy
really Swedish bestalla order
vastkustsallad west coast salad servitr/s (-en, -er) waitress
borja begin vinlist/a (-an, -or) wine list
underbar wonderful mineralvatten (-vattnet, -0)
hjortron (-et, -0) cloudberry mineral water
glass (-en) ice cream kor (bil) drives
dessert (-en, -er) (pron. ‘dessar’) n&got starkt any alcohol
dessert

— 114 —
 MAY I HAVE THE BILL, PLEASE?

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Vastkustsallad ar en gronsakssallad.
(б) Robert tycker inte om skaldjur.
(c) Alla dricker rodvin till maten.

-Samtal
A few minutes later.
Anders (To the waitress:) Ursakta, varfor tar det sa lang tid
med varmratten? Och det har vinet ar for surt. Jag
bad om Medoc. Det fattas ett glas ocksa.
Servitrisen A, forlat! Det var mitt fel. Jag ska genast hamta Medoc
och ett glas till. Maten ar strax klar.
Jane Det har var verkligen underbart gott.
Ulla Ja, min omelett var lika fin som vanligt. Och vastkust-
salladen var battre an den brukar vara.
Anders Min kotlett var inte sa varm som den borde vara.
Ulla Du pratar for mycket. Du skulle lata maten tysta mun.
Anders Froken, far jag be om notan?
Servitrisen Varsagod.
Anders Ar det med eller utan dricks?
Servitrisen Det ar med 10%.
Anders Varsagod. Det ar jamnt.
Servitrisen Tack sa mycket. Valkomna tillbaka!

varmratt (-en, -er) main course pratar talk

for sort too sour Idta maten tysta mun (proverb)
det fattas ett glas a glass is keep silent while eating
missing f«ir jag be om notan? may I have
fel (-et, -0) fault the bill, please?
genast at once med eller utan dricks with or
hamta fetch without service charge
klar ready det ar jamnt please, keep
lika fin som vanligt as good as usual the change!
battre an den brukar vara better
than usual
 SWEDISH

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Maten tar lang tid.
(b) Vinet ar mycket gott.
(c) Dricksen ar med pa notan.

MATSEDEL

Forratter
Sparrissoppa
Leverpastej med rostat brod
Gravad lax
Vastkustsallad

Varmratter
Svampomelett
Lovbiff med persiljesmor
Rodspatta med pommes frites
Flaskkotlett med inlagd gurka
Kalvstek med arter och morotter

Desserter
Fruktsallad med gradde
Appelkaka med vaniljsas
Glass med varm chokladsas
Jordgubbstarta
Hjortron med glass

DAGENS RATT
Kottbullar med lingon

Brod, smor och sallad ingar i priset liksom en dryck

(lattol, mineralvatten eller kaffe)
 MAY I HAVE THE BILL, PLEASE?

leverpastej med rostat brod liver varm chokladsds hot chocolate

pate with toast sauce
lovbiff (-en, -ar) minute steak jordgubbstdrta strawberry gateau
persiljesmor (-et) parsley butter dagens ratt today's special
inlagd gurka fresh cucumber in a kottbullar med lingon meatballs
vinegar dressing with parsley and with cranberries
dill ingbr is included
arter peas pris (-et, -0) price
fruktsallad (-en, -er) fruit salad liksom like, as well as
appelkaka med van/ljsds apple dryck (-en, -er) drink
cake with vanilla custard

- Vad ni behover veta -

Hovmastaren A waiter is en kypare and a waitress is en servi-
tris, but these words are not used when addressing them. You
address them as hovmastaren (pronounced hovmastarn) or vakt-
mastam to the waiter and froken to the waitress.
Dagens ratt As in other countries, many Swedish restaurants offer
a Dish of the day, Dagens ratt, at a special price. Sometimes bread,
butter and a drink (milk, light beer, a soft drink or coffee) is included
in the price.
Alkohol Be warned! The Swedish laws are very strict, forbidding
almost all alcohol consumption by drivers. The stiff fines and the
automatic loss of the driving licence are intended as a deterrent, so
abstain from drinking any alcohol if you intend to drive.
The Swedish national strong drink is snaps or brannvin (aquavit) -
and strong is the word! There are many varieties, of which Skane
and Renat are perhaps the favourites. Snaps cannot be ordered at
the bar, only at the table, as it is not a drink to take without eating.
Also, the first snaps should be swallowed in one gulp, with the next
one you only swallow half a glass, afterwards a third or a quarter ... if
you continue you’ll most likely end up under.the table! Swedes have
many drinking songs which they sing before toasting each other and
taking the snaps on special occasions.
01 There are several classes of beer: starkol, also called exportol,
which is strongest, pilsner, of medium strength, and folkol and
lattol, which is hardly beer at all, and, unlike the others, can be

— 117 —
 SWEDISH

bought in ordinary grocer’s shops.

High taxes make most alcohol expensive - prohibitively expensive to
order at a restaurant - but you can get just about any drink you like
at Systemet (the State Liquor Shop). You can also buy imported
beers, though they are more costly.
There are also a variety of soft drinks. Ramlosa, Porla and Varby
are natural sparkling mineral waters. Fresh fruit juices are sold
everywhere.
Dricks Most restaurants add a 10% or 12.5% service charge to the
bill, and it is usual to round it up.
Hjortron (cloudberries) is a very special Swedish delicacy. They
only grow in the north in bogs or mires, so they are difficult to get
hold of. When they ripen in August it is rumoured that some
Norwegians come in by helicopter just to pick them. The big brown
bears are also very partial to them. Hjortron look like big, yellow
raspberries and have a unique and delicious flavour.

S& har sager man

How to:
• order food and drink
Kan jag fa lite ..., tack? Can I have some..., please ?
Jag tar ..., tack. I’ll take..., please.
Var snail och ge mig ... Please, give me...
• state likes and dislikes concerning food and drink
Jag alskar ... I love...
Jag tycker mycket om ... I like... very much.
Jag tycker inte om ... I don’t like...
Jag ar inte sa fortjust i... I don’t care for...
Jag tal inte ... ... disagrees with me.
Jag far inte ata/dricka ... I’m not allowed to eat!drink ...
Jag vill hellre ha ... I would rather have...
Jag foredrar ... I prefer...
Det smakar gott. It tastes good.

118 —
 MAY I HAVE THE BILL, PLEASE?

Det smakar mycket gott. It tastes very good

Det smakar underbart It tastes wonderful.
Det smakar ilia. It tastes bad.
Det smakar hemskt/forfarligt It tastes terrible lawful.
• complain
Varfor tar det sa lang tid? Why does it take so long?
Det fattas... .. .is missing
Maten ar kail. The food is cold.
Vinet ar surt/torrt. The wine is sour/dry.
Notan stammer inte. The bill is not correct.

• kott meat • gronsaker vegetables

kalv veal potatis potatoes
biff beef arter peas
oxkott beef morotter carrots
lamm lamb honor beans
far mutton lok onions
flask pork purjolok leeks
• charkvaror cooked meat vitk&l cabbage
skinka ham brysselk&l sprouts
pastej pate blomk&l cauliflower
korv sausage sallad lettuce
sparris asparagus
• fisk fish radisor radishes
lax salmon
torsk cod • bar berries
rodspatta plaice jordgubbar strawberries
korsbar cherries
• skaldjur shellfish krusbar gooseberries
rakor prawns bjornbar blackberries
krabba crab bldbar bilberries
hummer lobster ballon raspberries
• frukt fruit lingon cranberries
apels/n orange nypon rosehips
citron lemon hjortron cloudberries
banan banana kokt boiled
persika peach stekt fried
aprikos apricot grillad grilled
apple apple ugnsbakad roasted
paron pear rostat (brdd) toasted
plommon plum skar cut
melon melon skala peel
skiva slice
tillsatt add
smorj grease

119
 SWEDISH

H-Grammatik

1 Verbs: past tense of the first conjugation

There are four main groups of verbs, called the four conjugations. The
first three conjugations contain the regular or weak verbs, and the
strong or irregular verbs belong to the fourth conjugation. The differ¬
ence between the regular and the irregular verbs is that the regular
verbs form their past tense with endings, whereas the irregular verbs
form their past tense by a change of stem vowel. The past tense (also
called imperfect or preterite) is the verb form used to indicate that the
action took place in the past, e.g. spelade {played), var (was).
The first conjugation is by far the largest. We have already had many
examples of first conjugation verbs: tala, bada, stanna, arbeta,
borja, sluta, fraga, svara, titta, traffa.
The first conjugation verbs form their past tense by adding -ade to
the stem of the verb. Thus the past tense forms of the above verbs
are:
talade stannade boijade fragade tittade
badade arbetade slutade svarade traffade
Notice that all verbs ending in -era and -na in the infinitive take
-ade as their past tense ending, as do all recently introduced verbs,
e.g. serverade, reserverade, parkerade (all verbs ending -era
have the main stress on the e in -era), vaknode, oppnade,
regnade, joggade, fikade.

2 Komma och bada, std och ata

When English has an abbreviated clause consisting of an infinitive +
a verb ending in -ing, as in come jogging, Swedish has two verbs in
the same tense joined by och; for example:
Vill du komma och jogga? Do you want to come jogging?
De star och ater varm korv. They stand eating hot dogs.

120
 MAY I HAVE THE BILL, PLEASE?

3 God/gott, godare, godast

When talking about what food tastes like in a general sense, Swedes
use the neuter form gott regardless of the gender of the noun that it
refers to:

Glass ar gott. Ice-cream is nice.

but
Glassen ar god. The ice-cream is nice.
Note also that god is compared with endings instead of the usual
comparative and superlative forms battre and bast when referring to
how things taste; for example:

Fisk ar gott. Fish is nice.

Choklad ar godare. Chocolate is nicer.
Glass ar godast. Ice-cream is nicest.
The word god is not as common in Swedish as it is in English and it
is used mainly about food or if someone or something is morally
sound/righteous. In other cases, Swedish uses the word bra, which
cannot take any endings at all. Thus en god bok would most likely
be a book of sermons or similar. A book which is a good read is en
bra bok in Swedish.

4 Min bok, mitt hus, mina pengar

You have already met most of the possessive adjectives or pronouns.
They are the forms of the personal pronouns that correspond to the
genitive of the noun. Thus they express that someone possesses some¬
thing, hence the name.
In Swedish, possessive adjectives (when they occur before a noun) and
possessive pronouns (when they occur independent of any noun) are
identical:
Det ar min bil. It is my car.
Bilen ar min. The car is mine.
The following table shows the basic forms of the possessive adjectives
or pronouns:

121
 SWEDISH

min my, mine

din your, yours singular
rhans his
hennes her, hers non-reflexive forms
dess its
sin his, her, its reflexive form*
v&r our, ours
er your, yours plural
deras their, theirs non-reflexive form
sin their, theirs reflexive form*

*more about the reflexive forms in Unit 15.

The possessives ending in -s (hans, hennes, dess, deras) cannot
take any endings, but the others take endings similar to the adjective
endings in the indefinite form according to the table below:

Singular Plural
en- words ett- words both en- and ett- words
min mitt mina
din ditt dina
sin sitt sina
v&r Veirt v&ra
er ert era

5 Min lilla bil, hans dyra bil

As in English, nouns that are preceded by possessive adjectives must
be in the indefinite form, i.e. no endings are added to the nouns.
However, adjectives following a possessive word (norms, adjectives or
pronouns) must take the definitive ending -a; for example:
min lilla bil my little car
ditt stora hus your large house
hans unga fru his young wife
pojkens fattiga mor the boy’s poor mother
vara fina blommor our fine flowers
era billiga klockor your cheap watches
deras nya vaning their new flat
pojkamas dyra cyklar the boys’ expensive cycles

— 122
 MAY I HAVE THE BILL, PLEASE?

6 Lika ... som, samma ... som, inte sd ...

som, battre... an
If you want to compare two things, and they are of the same quality,
you should use lika . . . som. If they are identical, you use
samma ... som:
Omeletten ar lika fin som The omelet is as nice as usual.
vanligt.
Det ar samma pris som forra It is the same price as last year.
aret.

If the compared things are not of the same quality, you use either
inte sa... som or battre/samre/varre... an, for example:
Han ar inte sa stor som He isn’t as tall as his brother.
sin bror.
Hon ar battre an sin bror. She is better than her brother.
Han ar varre an sin syster. He is worse than his sister.
Patienten ar samre an igar. The patient is worse than
yesterday.

7 Samma, nasta, foijande, foregaende

Note that the words samma, nasta, foijande, foregaende {the
same, next, the following, the previous) never change their form, and
the noun does not have an additional definite article, nor does the
noun have any definite singular or definite plural endings. It can only
take an indefinite plural ending:

Hon hade samma hatt som igar. She wore the same hat as
yesterday.
De hade samma bocker som vi They had the same books as
hade. we had.
Nasta ar Next year
Foijande morgon The follpwing morning
Foregaende dag The previous day

123
 SWEDISH

Ovningar
1 Complete the dialogue below using the menu on page 116.
Kyparen Goddag. Har ni bestallt bord?
You (Say you haven’t. Ask if there is a free table.)
Kyparen Jada. Vill ni sitta vid fbnstret eller i hornet?
You (Say you prefer the corner table. Ask for the menu.)
Kyparen Vad far det lov att vara?
You (Order liver pate with toast, minute steak with parsley
butter, strawberry gateau and coffee.)
Kyparen Vill ni ha nagot att dricka?
You (Say that you only want a glass of water.)
Kyparen Ar det bra sa?
You (Say that you don’t want fried potatoes. You want rice.)
You (Call the waiter and ask for the bill.)
Kyparen Varsagod, har ar vaxeln.
You (Tell him to keep the change.)
2 Change the verbs from present tense to past tense.
(a) John talar svenska med de svenska flickoma.
(b) Robert och Jane stannar bara en vecka i Sverige.
(c) Vinet smakar beskt.
(d) Anders diskuterar politik med sina partivanner.
(e) Ake spelar gitarr pa tisdagama.
(/) Ulla parkerar bilen pa parkeringsplatsen.
ig) Ake joggar tidigt pa morgonen.
(h) Det regnar hela aret i England.

3 Complete the following sentences with the correct Swedish word

for good - and in the last sentence good, better and best.

(а) Svenskar tycker att hjortron smakar.

(б) Det ar en.film.
(c) Maten ar alltid.pa englandsfarjoma.
(d) Svensk TV har.barnprogram.
(e) Det ar.vader for segling.
if) Mother Theresa ar en.manniska.
(g) ., vi boijar i morgon.
(h) 01 ar., vin ar., konjak ar...

— 124
 MAY I HAVE THE BILL, PLEASE?

4 You have ordered a Kundens specialpizza (a pizza with cheese,

tomatoes and four other toppings of the customer’s choice). You
get a pizza with clams and egg.

Call the waitress and complain. Say you don’t like clams or egg -
you ordered ham, mushrooms, onions and peppers. Ask for a bottle
of apple juice at the same time. Be as polite as you can be under
the circumstances!

33. KUNDENS SPECIAL

(skinka, champ, rdkor, bacon, lok, salami, Oliver,
paprika, tonfisk, musslor, feferoni, kottfarssis,
ananas, banan, agg, bearnaisesis) 40:- 50:- 95:-
Tomat, ost och 4 valfria palagg!

valfria palagg toppings of the customer’s choice

mussl/a (-an, -or) clam
paprik/a (-an, -or) (sweet) peppers
applemust apple juice

5 Complete these sentences using the correct forms of the possessive

adjectives and the missing nouns.
(a) Jag tycker om (my daughter, my sons and my work)...
(b) Han tycker ocksa om (your car, your home and your
children)...
(c) Vad tycker ni om (his wife, his book and his boys)...?
(d) Du tycker val om (her child, her husband and her clothes)...?
(e) De tycker mycket om (our town, our land and our houses)...?
(f) Vi tycker mest om (your food, your wine and your dinners)...?
(g) Hon tycker inte om (their dog, their house and their
pictures)...
6 Combine the two sentences to form one sentence.
" Example: Det ar min dotter. Hon ar sot.,
Det ar min sota dotter.

(a) Det ar din bok. Den ar dyr.

(b) Det ar hans byxor. De ar billiga.
(c) Det ar hennes klanning. Den ar ny.
(d) Det ar vart hus. Det ar litet.

— 125 —
 SWEDISH

(e) Det ar era bocker. De ar bra.

(f) Det ar deras kok. Det ar stort.
7 This pyramid shows what the Swedish Public Health Authority
recommends people to eat to be in good health. The top shows
what people are advised to eat least of, the middle shows what
they ought to eat more of and the broad base shows what people
should eat most of.

(a) With the help of the words in the table of food above, tell us in
Swedish what people are recommended to eat least of.
(b) What ought people to eat more of?
(c) What should people eat most of?
(d) Some things mentioned in the previous units are conspicuous
by their absence in the pyramid (for example most drinks),
which means that they are not needed to maintain good
health. What missing things can you spot?
(e) Which things are most expensive - the things at the bottom or
the things at the top?

8 Insert the words which best fit the sentences. Choose from inte sa

126
 MAY I HAVE THE BILL, PLEASE?

- som, lika - som, mindre an, samma - som, stdrre - an. No

jokes, please!
(a) Flickor ar.duktiga.pojkar.
(b) Han ar.sin fru.
(c) Det ar.resultat.igar.
(d) Den har soppan ar.god.vanligt.
(e) Amerika ar.Storbritannien.

9 Here is a Swedish recipe. Unfortunately the instructions have got

mixed up. Arrange them in the correct order again!
Janssons frestelse (Jansson’s Temptation)
Ingredienser
5-6 potatisar
2 gula lokar
10 ansjovisar
2-3 dl gradde
50 g smor
Tillagning
(а) Lagg pa smoret i klickar.
(б) Satt in i ugnen i 225° i 45 minuter.
(c) Smoij en eldfast form.
(d) Tillsatt halften av gradden.
(c) Tillsatt resten av gradden och satt in i ugnen igen i
ungefar 10 minuter.
if) Skala och skiva potatis och lok.
(g) Lagg i ett lager potatis, sedan lok och ansjovis, sedan
potatis igen.

gul yellow tillsatt add

klick (-en, -ar) knob of butler rest (-en, -er) rest
ugn (-en, -ar) oven lager (lagret, lager) layer
eldfast form ovenproof dish

— 127 —
 SWEDISH

Forstdr du?
Om du blir hungrig i Sverige finns det manga restauranger att
valja mellan, ffan lyxrestauranger - med motsvarande priser - till
de verkligt billiga, dar man far sta ute och ata. Det finns inga ‘fish
and chips shops’ i Sverige. Korvkioskerna ar den narmaste
motsvarigheten. Dar kan man fa kokt eller grillad korv med senap
och ketchup i brod eller med potatismos.
Gatukoken har mer att valja pa, t.ex. grillspett, hamburgare,
laskedrycker och glass.

Om du bara vill ha kaffe eller te ar ett konditori det basta stallet.

De har lackra kakor och tartor och oftast smorgasar ocksa.

Andra billiga stallen ar grillbarer och lunchrestaurangerna i en

del varuhus. Lat inte lura dig av ordet “bar’ - dessa har inte vin-
och spritrattigheter, sa du kan bara fa lattol och laskedrycker dar.
Ordet ‘bar’ star har for sjalvservering.
En kvarterskrog ar en liten restaurang med bra mat till rimliga
priser, dar du kan fa ol och vin, men inte sprit.

Numera finns det ocksa manga etniska restauranger med t.ex. ital-
iensk, kinesisk eller indisk mat. De har blivit mycket populara.
Men vardshusen och gastgivargardama ute pa landet, i synner-
het i sodra Sverige, ar de mest genuina svenska restaurangema
med oftast mycket hog standard pa maten.

valja choose oftast in most cases

lyxrestaurang (-en, -er) luxury lur/a (-ar, -ade, -at) cheat
restaurant v/n- och spritrattigheter fully
motsvarande corresponding licenced
verkligt really sjalvservering self service
korvkiosk (-en, -er) hot-dog stand kvaderskrog (-en, -ar) local
den narmaste motsvarigheten the restaurant
closest equivalent sprit (-en) spirits, alcohol
senap (-en) mustard numera nowadays
potatismos (-et) mashed potatoes etnisk ethnic
gatukok (-et, -0) ‘street kitchen’ italiensk Italian
grillspett (-et, -0) kebab kinesisk Chinese
laskedryck (-en, -er) soft drink indisk Indian
konditorr (-et, -er) cafe, patisserie popular popular
lacker (lacked, lackra) delicious

— 128 —
 MAY I HAVE THE BILL, PLEASE?

vardshus (-et, -0) country inn i synnerhet in particular

gastgivargdrd (-en, -ar) old genu/h genuine
coaching inn standard (-en) standard

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Man kan kopa ‘fish and chips’ i korvkioskema.
(б) Det finns inga etniska restauranger i Sverige.
(c) Vardshusen och gastgivargardarna serverar svenska special-
iteter.

129
 9
HAR DU KORT I
-HOGERTRAFIK?-
Have you ever driven on the right?

In this unit you will learn

• how to ask for permission to do something
• how to grant or refuse permission
• how to enquire about ability
• how to offer advice

-Samtal-
Ake and John have borrowed Ulla’s car and have set out for
Dalecarlia, where they are joining Kerstin for the Midsummer cele¬
brations. The road is wide and straight, so John wants to have a go at
driving.
John Vagen ar ju bred och det ar mycket lite trafik nu. Kan jag
inte fa kora har?
Ake Har du kort i hogertrafik forut?
John Nej, men det ar val inte sa svart?
Ake Det kan vara besvarligt vid en rondell eller nar man kommer
till en vagkorsning. Det ar sarskilt farligt vid utfarten ffan
bensinstationer t.ex. Om du vill kora sa ar det nog bast att vi
kor av motorvagen och in pa en mindre vag, sa du far vanja
dig vid hur det kanns att kora pa hogra sidan av vagen.

130
 HAVE YOU EVER DRIVEN ON THE RIGHT?

John Det ar jag tacksam for.

Ake Har du korkortet med dig? Det maste man alltid ha med sig
om man kor bil i Sverige.
John Ja, det horde jag och jag laste ocksa att man maste kora med
halvljus pa hela tiden, till och med mitt pa dagen.
Ake Ja, det har faktiskt minskat trafikolyckorna avsevart.

ju you know, of course vanja dig get used to

bred (brett, breda) broad hur det kanns what it feels like
trafik (-en) traffic tacksam grateful
har du kort i hogertraf/k? have korkort (-et, -0) driving licence
you driven on the right? horde heard
forut before laste read
val / suppose halvljus dipped headlights
besvarligt difficult hela tiden all the time
rondell (-en, -er) roundabout mitt pa dagen in the middle of the
vagkorsning (-en, -ar) crossroads day
sarskilt particularly faktiskt really, in fact
farlig dangerous minskat decreased
utfart (-en, -er) exit traffkolyck/a (-an, -or) road traffic
det ar bast att vi we had better accident
kor av vagen drive off the road avsevart considerably

Ratt eller fel?

(a) John har aldrig kort i hogertrafik.
(b) John har inte korkortet med sig.
(c) Man maste inte kora med halvljus pa dagen.

-Samtal-
After some time.
Ake Du korde mycket bra. Du far kora pa motorvagen nu.
John Var ar den? Vi skulle val kora norrut, men jag tror vi
korde at oster. Jag har inte tittat pa kartan, sa nu har vi
nog kort vilse. Det ar val bast att vi kor tillbaka samma
vag?
Ake Nej, stanna sa fragar vi mannen dar borta om vagen!

John Ursakta! Hur kommer man till motorvagen?

Mannen Fortsatt genom byn till nasta vagskal och ta till vanster

— 131
 SWEDISH

dar.
John Tack for upplysningen.

norrut northwards by (-n, -ar) village

at oster to the east vagskal (-et, -0) crossroads (out of
vi har kort vilse we have lost our town)
way upplysning (-en, -ar) information
dar borta over there (any direction)

Ratt eller fel?

(a) De skulle kora osterut men de korde nog norrut.
(b) John tror att de har kort vilse.
(c) De maste ta till vanster vid nasta vagskal.

-Samtal-
A short while later.
John Vad ar det som har hant dar framme?
Ake Det ser ut som om en bil har kolliderat med en alg. Det ser
ilia ut. Vi maste hjalpa dem. Slapp av mig! Kan du kora fram
till nasta telefonautomat och ringa efter en ambulans och
begara hjalp av polisen? Numret till jourtjansten ar 90 000.
John Jag ska skynda mig.

dar framme over there (in front) ringa efter ring for
det ser ut som om it looks as if amulans (-en, -er) ambulance
har kolliderat med has collided begara request
with pol/sen the police
det ser H la ut it looks bad jourtjansten emergency services
hjalpa help skynda sig hurry
slapp av mig let me out
telefonautomat (-en, -er) pay
phone

Ratt eller fel?

(а) En alg har kolliderat med en bil.
(б) Ake och John kan inte hjalpa dem.
 HAVE YOU EVER DRIVEN ON THE RIGHT?

(c) Telefonnumret till polisen ar 90 000.

-Vad ni behover veta

Algar Unfortunately, car accidents
caused by elks are not as unusual
as you might imagine, even
though they have decreased con¬
siderably during the last few
years. This is partly due to a
Djur, alg decrease in the elk population
because of a virus, and also as a
result of the erection of roadside
fences in areas where elks are
common. It is estimated that 170
cars are written off each year
because of collisions with elks.
The warning signs should be
taken seriously, especially at
dawn and dusk when the elks are
on the move.

Sevardhet As you travel in the countryside

you should look out for blue and
white signs like the one shown
here. It tells you that you are near
a sevardhet (place of interest)
such as a rock carving, a picture
Sevardhet
stone, a castle or a historical site.

Rastplats There are other blue and white

signs which you may be unfami-

HI in HI
Rastplats Toalett Badplats
iar with, for example rastplats, a
lay-by with tables and seating
where you can have your picnic.
Usually there is a toalett (toilet)
nearby. Other signs are: stugby
(log cabins for hire), vandrarhem
(youth hostel), badplats (bathing
Stugby Vandrarhem Vandringsled
facilities), vandringsled (walking
route).

— 133
 SWEDISH

S3 har sager man

How to:
• ask for permission

Kan jag/inte/fa ...? Can 1/can’t I...?

Skulle jag kunna fa ...? Could I...?
• grant permission
Du far... You may...
Du kan ... You can ...
• refuse permission
Du far inte ... You must not...
Du kan inte ... You can’t...
• enquire about ability
Kan du (kora bil)? Can you (drive)?
Har du (kort i hogertrafik)? Have you (experience of driving
on the right)?
• offer advice
Det ar bast att vi... We had better...
Du horde ... You ought to...
Du skulle ... You should...

0- Grammatik

1 Verbs: past tense of the second conjugation

The present tense of second conjugation verbs ends in -er and the
past tense has either -de (if the stem ends in a voiced consonant) or
■te (if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (f, k, p, s, t) added to the
stem of the verb.

The voiced consonants are those where the vocal cords play a part in
the formation of the sound. Put your fingers on the front of the neck.
Pronounce ‘d’ (voiced) and‘t’ (voiceless), and feel the difference.

— 134 —
 HAVE YOU EVER DRIVEN ON THE RIGHT?

You have already had a number of second conjugation verbs. Here

follow their present and past tenses:
Infinitive Present tense Past tense
Ha stanga close stanger close/s stangde closed
stalla put staller put/s stallde put
svanga turn svanger turn/s svangde turned
ringa ring ringer ring/s ringde rang
behova need behover need/s behovde needed
lib kopa buy koper buy/s kopte bought
lasa read laser read/s laste read
aka go aker go/es akte went
tycka think tycker think/s tyckte thought
hjalpa help hjalper help/s hjalpte helped
Please note that verbs whose stem ends in an -r have no added pre¬
sent tense ending - the stem serves as the present tense - and verbs
whose stem ends in -nd drop the ‘d’ before endings starting with ‘d’
or V. A verb containing a double fin’ or ‘n’ drops one ‘m’ or V before
an ending starting with ‘d’ orV:

Infinitive Present tense Past tense

kora drive kor drivels korde drove
hora hear hor hearts horde heard
lara learn lar learn/s larde learnt
vanda turn vander turn/s vande turned
handa happen hander happen/s hande happened
glomma forget glommer forget/s glomde forgot
kanna feel kanner feel/s kande felt

2 The past tense of the third conjugation

The past tense of the third conjugation verbs (those verbs where the
infinitive ends in a vowel other than -a, and the present tense ending
is only -r) ends in -dde, so you see that the past tense endings of the
regular verbs are very similar. Here are the present and past tenses
of some common third conjugation verbs:

135
 SWEDISH

bo live bor live/s bodde lived

tro believe tror believe/s trodde believed
kla dress klar dress/es kladde dressed

3 Mdste (must)
The Swedish verb maste and the English verb must correspond to
each other if there is no negation in the same clause. The English
must not is rendered far inte in Swedish, and the Swedish maste
inte means need not, don’t have to.
The same difference exists of course in the past tense: fick inte
means wasn’t allowed to, whereas didn’t need to should be translated
as maste inte, since the same form - maste - is used for present
tense (must), past tense (had to) and future tense (shall/will have to).
Jag maste ga nu. I must leave now.
Man far inte roka har. One must not smoke here.
Polisen sade, att han maste The police said that he had to
legitimera sig. show proof of identity.
Vi maste resa hem snart. We shall have to go home soon.
Du maste inte vara dar forran You don’t have to be there until
klockan fern. five o’clock

4 Val - ju - nog
These are very common adverbs. Val expresses what the speaker
thinks, guesses or hopes. It is best translated by I suppose or a ‘tag
question’, for example:

Du ar val inte sjuk? You aren’t ill, are you?

Han ar val duktig? I suppose he is clever?

When stressed val means well, e.g. val betald (well-paid). It can also
mean too much when stressed, e.g. det ar val dyrt (it is rather
expensive).

So-called ‘tag questions’ are also translated by eller hur:

Hon ar gift, eller hur? She is married, isn’t she?

Ju appeals to the listener, expecting him/her to agree with you. It

means you know, of course, to be sure:

136 —
 HAVE YOU EVER DRIVEN ON THE RIGHT?

Det vet du ju. You know that, of course.

Unstressed nog means probably, I expect, though the speaker is not
quite sure:

Det blir nog regn i morgon. It will probably rain tomorrow.

Hon ar nog hemma idag. She is probably at home today.
When stressed nog means enough: det ar nog (that is enough).

5 O-
O- is a negation (corresponding to un-, in-, or dis-) when it is prefixed
to an adjective, an adverb or a verb, for example:
vanlig usual ovanlig unusual
lycklig happy olycklig unhappy
lydig obedient olydig disobedient
kand well known okand unknown
giltig valid ogiltig invalid
gift married ogift unmarried
bekvamt comfortably obekvamt uncomfortably
frivilligt voluntarily ofrivilligt involuntarily
gilla like ogilla dislike
However, the meaning changes altogether in certain words when o-
prefixed to it:

lycka happiness, luck olycka accident

gras grass ogras weed
vader weather ovader storm
djur animal odjur monster

6 Vaderstrecken (points of the compass)

Study the figure on the next page and note the words for the points of
the compass.

137
 SWEDISH

There are various methods of indicating directions.

You can use a noun:
i norr in the north mot/at norr to the north
isoder in the south mot/at soder to the south
i oster in the east mot/at oster to the east
i vaster in the west mot/at vaster to the west
Solen gar upp i oster och The sun rises in the east and
ner i vaster. sets in the west.
(b) You can make an adverb from the noun by adding the suffix -ut:
norrut northwards but norr om north of
soderut southwards soder om south of
osterut eastwards oster om east of
vasterut westwards vaster om west of
Kiruna ligger norrut, norr om Kiruna lies northwards, north
polcirkeln. of the Arctic circle.
Notice that with other adverbs indicating direction the suffix is -at:

bakat backward/s inat inward/s

framat forward! s nerat downward!s
utat outward!s uppat upward!s

(c) You can use an adjective: norra, sodra, ostra, vastra, for
example:

Skane ligger i sodra Sverige. Skane lies in southern Sweden.

(d) You can use the suffix -lig:

nordlig northerly, northern

sydlig southerly, southern

— 138
 HAVE YOU EVER DRIVEN ON THE RIGHT?

vastlig westerly, western

ostlig or ostlig easterly, eastern

Renama lever i de nordliga The reindeer live in the

delama av Sverige. northern parts of Sweden.
(e) You can use a prefix: nord-, syd-, dst-, vast-:
Sydafrika South Africa
Osteuropa Eastern Europe

El Ovningar
1 You have left the motorway for a picnic. Afterwards you have diffi¬
culties finding your way back. You decide to ask a Swede for help.
You {Apologise and say you have lost your way. Ask if he
can help you.)
The man Vart ska ni aka, norrut eller soderut?
You {Say you are going to Stockholm, northwards.)
The man Da ar det bast att ni vander och kor tillbaka. Nar ni
kommer ut ur skogen kommer ni till ett vagskal. Dar
finns det skyltar. Ni ska svanga till hoger dar.
You {Ask if it is far.)
The man Nej da, det ar bara nagon kilometer.
You {Ask if there is a petrol station nearby. Say you are
short of petrol.)
The man Ja, i byn, men da far ni kora rakt fram en halv kilome¬
ter. Det finns inga bensinstationer pa motorvagen.
You {Say you had better go to the petrol station first. Thank
him for his help.)
The man Ingen orsak. Lycklig resa!

nearby i narheten
to be short of petrol ha ont om bensin

2 Fill in the missing verb forms. Use the verbs byta, glomma, hjal-
pa, handa, kopa, stanga, tycka, aka. All the verbs follow the
patterns given in this unit. Use each verb only once.
Den tredje September 1967 .svenskama fran vanstertrafik
till hogertrafik. Man ordnade en folkomrostning da regeringen

— 139 —
 SWEDISH

fragade folket om de ville kora pa hogra eller vanstra sidan av

vagen. Folket sade att de ville fortsatta att kora pa vanstra sidan,
men majoriteten for vanstertrafik var inte sa stor. Da.
regeringen att det var bast att ga over till hogertrafik sa snart som
mojligt, for ju langre man vantade, desto dyrare skulle det bli. Fore
omlaggningen.det sa manga olyckor pa vagama nar sven-
skar.utomlands och nar utlanningar kom till Sverige.

Folk.vilken sida de skulle kora pa, och da rakade de ut for

frontalkrockar. Men man.skoloma, for skolbamen.
till med att dirigera trafiken under de forsta dagama och staten
.nya bussar med dorren pa hoger sida. Tack vare skolbamen
och den omsorgsfulla organisationen blev omlaggningen en stor
framgang, aven om elaka manniskor sade att det inte gjort nagon
skillnad - svenskama fortsatte att kora mitt pa vagen, som de alltid
gjort!

ordn/a (-ar, -ade, -at) arrange stat (-en, -er) state

folkomrostning (-en, -ar) diriger/a (-ar, -ade, -at) direct
referendum dorr (-en, -ar) door
regering (-en, -ar) government tack vare thanks to
majoritet (-en, -er) majority den omsorgsfulla organisat/onen
gd over till change (over) to the careful organisation
sd snart som mojligt as soon as framgdng (-en, -ar) success
possible aven om even if
ju ... desto the ... the elak malicious
omlaggning (-en) change-over gjort n&gon skillnad made any
utomlands abroad difference
rSka ut for be involved in, meet gjort done
with
frontalkrock (-en, -ar) head-on
collision

3 Fill in the most appropriate word - far, fick, maste/inte - in the

sentences below.

(а) Du (may).komma om du vill.

(б) Jag (must).aka hem i morgon.
(c) Hon (was allowed to).boija skolan i ar.
(d) Du (must not).dricka sprit nar du kor bil.
(e) John (had to).lara sig svenska innan han (was allowed
to).arbeta i Sverige.
(f) Du (don’t have to)....... kla om dig till middagen.

140
 HAVE YOU EVER DRIVEN ON THE RIGHT?

4 Complete the dialogue below by inserting val/ju/nog in the

appropriate places.

John Det hander.inte sa ofta att bilar kolliderar med

algar?
Ake Jo, det gor det faktiskt. Det ar.inte manga utlannin-
gar som vet hur ofta det hander. Algar ar.mycket
stora djur, sa det ar allvarhga olyckor. Vaije ar ar det
.nagra manniskor som dor.
John Man kan.satta upp flera viltstangsel langs vagar-
na?
Ake Det skulle.bli mycket dyrt, for stangslen maste
vara sa hoga. Algama vandrar.ocksa omkring, sa
det ar svart att veta var man skulle satta upp stangslen.
John Det ar.bast att vi saktar farten nar vi ser vam-
ingsmarkena.
Ake Absolut.

m vet know
alivarlig serious
vandr/a (-ar, -ade, -at) omkring
wander around
dor die saktar farten slow down
satta upp put up varningsmarke (-t, -n) warning
v/ltstangsel (-stangslet, -o) sign
game fences absolut definitely

5 Answer the questions in Swedish, as prompted.

Example: Ar vargar vanbga i Sverige? - Nej, de ar ovanhga.
(Are wolves common in Sweden? - No, they are
unusual.)

(a) Ar han gift? Nej,...

(b) Var Eva alltid lydig? Nej,...
(c) Gillade drottning Victoria Mrs Pankhurst? Nej,...
(d) Ar de nya skoma bekvama? Nej,...
(e) Ar det vackert vader nar det stormar? Nej,...
if) Var dinosauriema trevliga djur? Nej,...

6 Fill in the missing words.

(a) The light comes from the east.
Ljuset kommer fran.

— 141 —
 SWEDISH

(b) The Arctic Circle cuts through northern Norrland.

Polcirkeln gar genom.Norrland.
(c) The Norwegian Amundsen reached the South Pole in 1911.
Norrmannen Amundsen nadde.ar 1911.
(d) Oslo is situated northwest of Stockholm.
Oslo ligger.om Stockholm.
(e) Stockholm is situated southeast of Oslo.
Stockholm ligger.om Oslo.
(/) Columbus sailed westwards.
Columbus seglade.
(g) The wall between East and West Berlin was demolished in
1989.
Muren mellan.och.revs ar 1989.
(h) There are more Indians in South America than in North
America.
Det finns fler indianer i.an i.
(i) The Swede Nordenskiold discovered the North East Passage
north of Europe and Asia to the Pacific.
Svensken Nordenskiold upptackte.-passagen.
om Europa och Asien till Stilla havet.
(j) The southeasterly winds over southern Sweden came from East
Europe.
De.vindarna over.Sverige kom fran.
7 Study these weather charts for early January and answer the
questions according to the forecast.

142
 HAVE YOU EVER DRIVEN ON THE RIGHT?

(a) Hur stor ar skillnaden (the difference) i temperatur mellan de

nordligaste och sydligaste delama av Sverige mitt pa dagen?
(h) Hur stor ar den maximala skillnaden i temperatur pa kvallen.
(c) Vilken stad har mest solsken den har januaridagen?
(d) Vad for slags (What sort of) vader ar det i Stockholm?
(e) Beskriv vadret i Goteborg.
(/) Var snoar det pa dagen?
(g) I vilken del av Sverige ar det kallast pa kvallen?

alternating omvaxiande

Forster du?

Fran midnattssol till midvintermorker

Sverige ligger hogt uppe i norr. Sydspetsen ligger pa samma bredd-
grad som Alaska, Edinburgh och Moskva. Polcirkeln gar genom
Lappland, det nordligaste landskapet. Norr om polcirkeln ar solen
uppe hela dygnet under nagra veckor i juni och juli och det blir inte
riktigt morkt pa flera manader. Darfor kallas norra Sverige ofta for
Midnattssolens land. Men under de morkaste vintermanaderna
visar solen sig inte alls ovanfor polcirkeln, aven om man har lite
ljus mitt pa dagen aven dar.
Svenskama klagar ofta pa sitt klimat, men det ar faktiskt forva-
nansvart bra. Tack vare Golfstrommen ar klimatet mycket mildare
an pa andra platser som ligger lika langt norrut, fast naturligtvis
varierar klimatet mycket mellan de norra och de sodra delama. Pa
sommaren ar dagarna langa med mycket solsken - enligt statis-
tiken har en av Sveriges regnigaste stader, Goteborg, en timme mer
solsken om aret an Paris! - och det regnar mycket mindre an i
Storbritannien. Nederborden i Stockholm i form av regn eller sno ar
i medeltal 539 mm om aret, men bara 442. mm i Karesuando i norr.
Men vintem ar kail - mycket kail i norr - och lang. Fast solen skin-
er ofta pa vintem ocksa. Om man ror sig sa marker man inte kylan
utomhus sa mycket. Och naturligtvis har man centralvarme, sa
inomhus behover man inte frysa.

143
 SWEDISH

mktnattssol (-en) Midnight sun plats (-en, -er) place

midvintermorker Midwinter lika l^ngt as far
darkness naturligtvis of course, naturally
klimat (-et, -0) climate varierar varies
sydspetsen the southernmost del (-en, -ar) part
point enligt statist/ken according to the
breddgrad (-en, -er) latitude statistics
Moskva Moscow regnig rainy
polcirkeln the Arctic circle om Sret per year
landskap (-et, -0) province Storbritannien Great Britain
dygn (-et, -0) the 24 hour day nederbord (-en) precipitation,
riktigt really, properly rainfall
mork dark i form av in the state of
visa sig appear i medeltal on average
inte alls not at all ror sig keeps moving
ovanfor above marker notices
klagar pa complain about kyla (-n) cold
faktiskt actually utomhus outdoors
forvdnansvart surprisingly centralvarme (-n) central heating
Golfstrommen the Gulf Stream frysa be/feel cold
mild mild inomhus indoors

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Sodra Sverige ligger pa samma breddgrad som Alaskas sydspets.
(б) Polcirkeln gar mitt igenom centrala Sverige.
(c) Det ar ofta solsken pa vintern i Sverige.
(d) Klimatet varierar mycket mellan de sodra och norra delarna av
Sverige.

144
 10
MIDSOMMARI
DALARNA
Midsummer in Dalecarlia

In this unit you will learn

• how to say where you/others come from and what languages you
speak
• how to express ability and inability
• how to request others to do something and offer assistance
• how to tell others not to do something

Samtal

Ake and John discuss where to stay the night.

Ake Det var tur att vi tog med oss taltet och sovsackama. Kerstin
har ringt runt och det firms inte ett enda rum att hyra
nagonstans. Alla hotell och stugbyar ar fulla over midsom-
mar och vandrarhemmet och campingplatsen ar ocksa fulla.
John Om campingplatsen ar full kan vi val inte talta?
Ake Joda. I Sverige far man lov att sla upp ett talt en natt var
som heist utom nara nagon annans hus. Men Kerstins forald-
rar har sagt att vi gama far talta pa deras tomt.
John Det var bra.

— 145 —
 SWEDISH

det var tur it was lucky manfdrlovatt one is allowed to

tog med oss brought sld upp ett talt pitch a tent
talt (-et, -0) tent var som heist anywhere
sovsack (-en, -ar) sleeping bag natt (-en, natter) night
ring/a (-er, -de, -t) ring utom except
enda single ndgon annans somebody else’s
rum (-met, -0) room har sagt have said
hyr/a (hyr -de, -t) rent talt/a (-ar, -ade, -at) camp
ndgonstans anywhere, tomt (-en, -er) private plot
somewhere det var bra that’s nice
full full

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Ake och John har inte tagit med sig nagot talt.
(б) Det finns inte ett enda rum att hyra over midsommar.
(c) Alla far talta en natt var som heist i Sverige utom nara nagon
annans hus.
(d) Ake och John far talta pa Kerstins foraldrars tomt.

Samtal
Kerstin introduces Ake and John to her relatives.
Kerstin Ake och John, kom och halsa pa vara slaktingar fran
Amerika, faster Lisa och farbror Sam. Och det har
ar mina kusiner, Karin och Martin. De talar ocksa
svenska.
Ake Goddag.
Farbror Sam Goddag, goddag.
Faster Lisa Roligt att traffas.
Kusinema Hej, hej.
They shake hands.

John Hur har ni lart er svenska?

Karin Vi har alltid talat svenska hemma. Var farfarsfar
kom till Minnesota i slutet pa 1800-talet. Dar finns
det manga svenskamerikaner som fortfarande talar
svenska och laser svenska tidningar. Mamma ar
fodd i Sverige. Hon kom till USA for att halsa pa
 MIDSUMMER IN DALECARUA

slaktingar och da foralskade pappa sig i henne. De

forlovade sig samma ar och nasta ar gifte de sig. Jag
har varit i Sverige flera ganger, men det har ar fors-
ta gangen jag firar midsommar i Sverige.
Kerstin Var snail och hjalp oss att kla majstangen! Karin,
vill du vara snail och plocka blommor pa angen! Ni
pojkar far hamta bjorkkvistar, men ni far inte bryta
kvistar fran levande trad utanfor var tomt. Kran-
sarna har vi redan bundit, men alia maste hjalpa till
att resa majstangen. Det har kommit mycket folk
fran manga lander som vill vara med och dansa
kring majstangen i kvall.

halsa pd greet, say ‘how do forlova sig get engaged

you do’to gifta sig get married
slakting (-en, -ar) relative flera ganger several times
faster (-n, fastrar) (lit. fars syster) forsta gangen the first time
aunt (father’s sister) fir/a (-ar, -ade, -at) celebrate
farbror (-n, farbroder) (lit. fars bror) kla majstangen decorate the
uncle (father’s brother) maypole
kus/'n (-en, -er) cousin ang (-en, -ar) meadow
lar/a (lar, -de, -t) sig learn hamt/a (-ar, -ade, -at) fetch
kurs (-en, -er) course, class bjorkkvist (-en, -ar) birch branch
hemma at home bryt/a (-er, brot, brutit) break off
farfarsfar great-grandfather levande living, growing
i siutet pa at the end of krans (-en, -ar) wreath
fortfarande still har bundit have made
las/a (-er, -te, -t) read hjalpa t/ll help with
tidning (-en, -ar) newspaper res/a (-er, -te, -t) erect
ar fodd was born folk (-et, -0) people
halsa pa visit vara med take part
foralska sig i fall in love with kring around

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Kerstin her Ake och John att halsa pa faster Lisa och farbror Sam.
(,b) Faster Lisa ar fodd i Minnesota.
(c) Ake och John far bryta kvistar till majstangen var som heist.
(d) Bade svenskar och utlanningar aker till Dalarna for att fira
midsommar dar.
 SWEDISH

-Vad ni behover veta-

Midsommar The Midsummer celebrations are about the return of
summer. At this time it is only dark for a few hours in the south of
Sweden, and above the Arctic circle the sun doesn’t set at all - the
Midnight sun shines both day and night. Most people try to leave the
city and go out into the countryside, where they dance around a may-
pole, an old fertility symbol.
Midsummer Eve used to be celebrated on the 23rd of June, but it was
decided that it should be celebrated on the Friday that comes nearest
to June 24th in order to give people a long weekend.

S3 har sager man

How to:
• give factual information
Farbror Sam kommer Iran Uncle Sam comes from
Amerika. America.
Mamma ar fodd i Sverige. Mum was born in Sweden.
• express ability and inability
De talar svenska. They speak Swedish.
Hon kan spanska ocksa. She knows Spanish, too.
Ake kan spela gitarr. Ake can play the guitar.
Han kan inte spela fotboll. He cannot play football.
• offer assistance
Vi vill garna hjalpa er. We’ll be glad to help you.
• tell others not to do something

Du far inte talta nara nagons You mustn’t camp close to

hus. someone’s house.
Ni far inte bryta kvistar fran You mustn’t break off branches
levande trad. from growing trees.

— 148 —
 MIDSUMMER IN DALECARLIA

9-Grammatik

1 Verbs: present perfect and pluperfect tense

In English the past participle has three functions:
• to form the present perfect and the pluperfect tense
• to form the passive voice
• it can also be used as an adjective.
Swedish uses a special verb form, the supine, where English uses the
past participle, after har to form the present perfect and after hade
to form the pluperfect tense. The supine always ends in -t and it
never changes. It is only used in this position.
The supine is formed by adding -at to the stem of first conjugation
verbs, but only -t is added to the stem of both groups of second conju¬
gation verbs. In the third conjugation -tt is added, and the strong
verbs normally form supine by adding -it to the stem (with vowel
change, if applicable). The strong verbs are dealt with in more detail
in Unit 11.
Present perfect tense Pluperfect tense

Conj. I har talat have spoken hade talat had spoken

Conj. Ila har ringt has rung hade ringt had rung
har glomt has forgotten hade glomt had forgotten
har kant has known hade kant had known

Conj. lib har rest has travelled hade rest had travelled

Conj. Ill har bott has lived hade bott had lived

Conj. IV har varit has been hade varit had been

har tagit has taken hade tagit had taken
har kommit has come hade kommit had come
har bundit has bound hade bundit had bound

Note that the clauses in a sentence should have the same time, either
present or past time. If two things happen simultaneously or directly
after each other, you should use the same tense in both clauses.

— 149 —
 SWEDISH

2 Man, en, ens

Man is a very common pronoun in Swedish. It can be used to mean
one, you, they, people or we. It is used when you are not thinking of
any particular person or when you are talking about something that
concerns everybody, for example:
Man far lov att plocka bar var One is allowed to pick berries
som heist i Sverige. anywhere in Sweden.
The object form is en (see grammar point 9 in this unit for the reflex¬
ive form), and the possessive form is ens:
Man vet inte alltid vad ens You don’t always know what
vanner tycker om en. your friends think of you.

3 Full, fullt, fulla

Be careful when using the adjective full. Normally it means full, as in
hotellet var fullt (the hotel was fully booked) or det var fullt med
folk i rummet {the room was full of people), but if used about people
it means drunk:
Han var full igar. He was drunk yesterday.

4 Var som heist

Note the common expressions:
var som heist anywhere, wherever
vem som heist anybody, whoever
nar som heist at any time, whenever
vad som heist anything, whatever
hur som heist in any way, just anyhow
nagon som heist anybody, any whatsoever
ingen som heist none whatsoever
vilken som heist whichever, whoever, anyone

5 Slakt, slakting
Slakt means extended family and slakting/ar means relative/s. From
Swedish words for relatives you can tell precisely how people are
related, as is obvious from the family tree on the next page.

150
 MIDSUMMER IN DALECARLIA

Jakob Annika

The tree is drawn from the perspective of Ake, his brother Lasse and
his married sister Anna.

Blood relations are given in bold in the table. The tree is drawn from
the perspective of Ake, his brother Lasse and his married sister Anne.

Additional vocabulary for relations

farmorsmor great-grandmother on father’s side
moster (lit. mors syster) aunt (mother’s sister)
morbror (lit. mors bror) uncle (mother’s brother)
sonson grandson (son’s son)
dotterdotter granddaughter (daughter’s daughter)
barnbarn grandchild
systerson nephew (sister’s son)
brorson nephew (brother’s son)
systerdotter niece (sister’s daughter)
brorsdotter niece (brother’s daughter)
svarmor mother-in-law
svarfar father-in-law
svardotter daughter-in-law
svarson son-in-law
svagerska sister-in-law
svager brother-in-law
syssling/nastkusin second cousin
sambo live-in partner

151
 SWEDISH

6 Halsa pd
Pay special attention to which word is stressed in the expression
halsa pa. If you stress halsa the phrase means to greet or to say how
do you do, but it means to visit if the preposition pa is stressed.

7 Differences in the use of tenses

Unlike English, Swedish uses the present tense in the phrase
jag/han/hon/ar fodd about people who are still alive. When talking
about people who are no longer alive, past tense is used:
Jag ar fodd i Sverige. I was born in Sweden.
Strindberg foddes ar 1849. Strindberg was born in 1849.

On the other hand Swedish often uses past tense in some common
phrases where English has present tense:

Det var bra. That’s nice.

Det var roligt att hora. I’m glad to hear it.
Det var trakigt att hora. I’m sorry to hear it.
Det var synd. It’s a pity.
Det var snallt av dig. It’s kind of you.
Det var dyrt. That’s expensive.
Hur var namnet? What’s your name, please ?

8 Folk (people/persons - peoples)

The word folk presents special difficulties. When used in the singular
it means people/persons, but in the plural it means peoples. Since it
has the same form in the singular and in the plural in Swedish you
should look at the accompanying words to find out what it means in a
particular sentence, for example:

Det kom mycket lite folk till Very few people came to the
konserten. concert.
Drottning Victoria regerade Queen Victoria ruled over many
over manga folk. peoples.

9 Reflexive verbs and pronouns

Reflexive verbs consist of a verb and a reflexive pronoun. The reflex¬
ive pronoun denotes the same person as the subject:

152 —
 MIDSUMMER IN DALECARLIA

Hon lar sig svenska. She is teaching herself Swedish.

The reflexive pronouns are identical with the object forms of the per¬
sonal pronouns, except for the third person which has a special form
sig, which is used both in the singular and in the plural:

mig myself
dig yourself
sig himself/herself/itself/oneself
oss ourselves
er yourselves
sig themselves

Sig also corresponds to him, her, it, them when these words refer
back to the subject without the verb being reflexive, e.g. when they
are preceded by a preposition.
Han sag en bil bakom sig. He saw a car behind him.

There are a number of verbs which are reflexive in Swedish but not in
English. The most common of these are those to do with personal
hygiene, e.g. tvatta sig (wash), kamma sig (comb), raka sig (shave),
kla sig (dress), kla av sig (undress). Others are: kanna sig (feel),
satta sig (sit down), bestamma sig (make up one’s mind), skynda
sig (hurry), ta med sig (bring), bry sig om (care about), lara sig
(learn/teach yourself).

Note also the verbs foralska sig (fall in love), forlova sig (get
engaged), gifta sig (marry), skilja sig (divorce).

2-Ovningar-
1 Link the correct responses to the questions below.
(a) John, har du rest till Sverige ensam?
(b) Ake, har du ringt hem?
(c) Hade du lart dig svenska innan du traffade Ake, John?
(d) Har du kort hela vagen till Dalama sjalv, Ake?
(e) Har ni traffat manga ungdomar i kvall?
(/) Har ni hjalpt Kerstin att binda kransama?
(g) Karin, har du hittat nagra blommor pa angen?
(h) Hade du firat midsommar forut, John?

153
 SWEDISH

(i) Ja, jag har talat om att vi har kommit hit.

(ii) Ja, jag har hittat en massa blommor.
(iii) Ja, vi har dansat med bade svenskar och utlanningar.
(iv) Nej, mina foraldrarhar ocksa kommit till Sverige.
(v) Ja, men sedan har Ake pratat svenska med mig hela tiden.
(vi) Nej, Kerstin hade redan bundit kransama nar vi kom.
(vii) Nej, jag har inte hort att man firar midsommar i England
nufortiden.
(viii) Nej, John och jag har turats om (taken turns) att kora.

2 Fill in the correct form of the word full in the following sentences.
(a) Flaskan var.i morse.
(b) Alla affarema ar.med folk.
(c) Glaset ar.
(d) .manniskor ar trakiga.
(e) Det ar.-mane i kvall.
(/) Det var.hus pa teatem.
(g) Pa midsommarafton ar det tyvarr manga som dricker sig

3 Fill in the missing words nar som heist, vad som heist, var
som heist, vem som heist.
Man far inte dricka sprit (hard liquor).i Sverige. Det ar
t.ex. inte tillatet (permitted) att dricka starksprit pa allmanna
platser (public places).kan inte heller kopa sprit pa sys-
temet. Bara nar man ar 20 ar kan man kopa.dar, men inte
. Systemet ar alltid stangt pa lordagar, sondagar och
allmanna helgdagar (public holidays).

4 With the help of the table and the vocabulary of relations above,
work out how the various people are related.
Example: Nils ar slakt med Ulla. Nils ar Ullas morfar.
(a) Ulla ar slakt med Annika. Ulla ar Annikas ...
(b) Annika ar slakt med Ulla. Annika ar Ullas ...
(c) Anna ar slakt med Lasse. Anna ar Lasses ...
(d) Hakan ar slakt med Anders. Hakan ar Anders ...
(e) Jakob ar slakt med Anders. Jakob ar Anders ...
(/) Signe ar slakt med Ulla. Signe ar Ullas ...
(g) Annika ar slakt med Maria. Annika ar Marias ...
(h) Lasse ar slakt med Annika. Lasse ar Annikas ...

154
 MIDSUMMER IN DALECARLIA

(i) Karl ar slakt med Ulla. Karl ar Ullas ...

(j) Ulla ar slakt med Hakan. Ulla ar Hakans ...

5 Select the most suitable word from the following list to complete
the sentences below: alla/allt/hela/mycket/manga.
(a) I Afrika bor det.olika folk.
(b) .folk gar pa fotbollsmatcher i Sverige.
(c) .folket hurrade (cheered) nar Sverige vann.
(d) .folk talar engelska som forsta sprak.
(e) .folket gick hem.
(/) Det var inte.. folk i kyrkan.
(g) .folk vill ha fred {peace).
6 Insert an appropriate reflexive verb in the following sentences.
Make sure that they are in the correct tense.
(a) Lennart har.i Eva. {fall in love)
(b) Eva och Lennart.pa midsommarafton. {got engaged)
(c) De ska.nasta sommar. (get married)
{d) Hur.du.idag, battre eller samre? {feel)
(e) Du maste.for taget gar snart. {hurry)
(f) Det ar bara man som behover.{shave)
H 7 Somebody would like to dance with you. Complete the following
dialogue.

X Hej! Vill du dansa?

You {Say that you would be pleased to.)
X Var kommer du ifran?
You {Tell him/her where you come from.)
X Har du alltid bott dar?
You (Tell him/her whether you have or haven’t.)
X Vad gor du har?
You (Say that you are a tourist.)
X Ar du torstig? Ska vi ga till restaurangen och fa nagot att
dricka?
You (Say that you would love a cold beer.)
X Nu spelar de en vals. Ska vi dansa igen?
You (Say Yes, please, I would love to.)
X Tack for dansen.
You (Say Thank you, it was very nice.)

155
 SWEDISH

Forstar du?

Allemansratten
Enligt allemansratten ar naturen tillganglig for alia i Sverige. Det
betyder att vem som heist far ga, cykla, jogga eller aka skidor i skog
och over fait och angar, t.o.m. pa annans mark, men naturligtvis
inte vid nagons privata hus. Dar har de som bor dar ratt att fa
vara i fred. Man far plocka vilda bar (t.ex. hallon, bjombar, lingon,
blabar, hjortron) och svamp for eget bruk, och blommor ocksa, men
naturligtvis inte fridlysta blommor. Man far inte heller bryta kvis-
tar fran levande trad.
Man far inte jaga eller stora de vilda djuren, och det ar absolut
forbjudet att ta fagelagg.
Man far bara gora upp eld om det inte ar minsta risk for att elden
ska sprida sig, och man far aldrig elda pa klipphallar eftersom de
kan spricka.
Man maste stada efter sig och ta med sig skrapet hem om sop-
sackarna ar fulla.
Huvudregeln ar: Inte stora och inte forstora!

allemansratten the right of public gora upp eld light a camp fire
access minsta slightest
enligt according to far/a (-an, -or) danger
natur (-en, -er) nature sprida sig spread
tillganglig accessible, available klipphall (-en, -ar) bare rock
fait (-et, -0) field spricka crack and split
naturligtvis of course skad/a (-an, -or) damage
ratt (-en, -er) right skramm/a (-er, -de, -t) frighten
i fred in peace stad/a (-ar, -ade, -at) tidy up
for eget bruk for your own skrap (-et) rubbish
consumption sopsack (-en) dustbin
fridlyst specially protected huvudregel (-n, -regler) the main
jag/a (-ar, -ade, -at) hunt rule
stor/a (stor, -de, -t) disturb forstor/a (forstor, -de, -t) destroy

— 156
 MIDSUMMER IN DALECARLIA

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Man far aldrig ga over nagon annans mark.
(b) Man far bara plocka fridlysta blommor.
(c) Man far alltid gora upp eld.
(d) Alla maste stada efter sig.

— 157
 11
VART AR NI PA VAG?
Where are you going?

In this unit you will learn

• how to make suggestions
• how to accept an offer
• how to ask if someone speaks a language
• how to ask somebody to speak slowly
• how to deal with car breakdowns
• how to express displeasure

X-Samtal
When Ake and John set off in their car to go home, they see Sirkka
and Ilona waiting at the bus stop. They haven’t seen them since the
Midsummer Eve dance. They decide to offer them a lift.

Ake Hej igen, Sirkka! Vart ar ni pa vag?

Sirkka Vi ska till Skane. Vi tankte ta bussen till Falun och sedan
taget.
Ake Vill ni folja med till Goteborg? Det ar mer an halwags och
dariffan gar det manga tag till Skane.
Sirkka Ja, tack, mycket gama! Det ar jattesnallt av er.

— 158 —
 WHERE ARE YOU GOING?

John Vad ska ni gora i Skane?

Sirkka Vi ska mala pa Osterlen. Vi kanner nagra konstnarer dar
och landskapet ar sa annorlunda i Skane.
John Var kommer du ifran, Ilona?
Ilona Jag forstar inte. Var snail och tala langsamt, for jag kan
bara lite svenska.
John Varifran...ar...du?
Ilona Jag kommer fran Ungem. Jag har bara varit har en
manad.
Ake Du talar flytande svenska, Sirkka, men du ar finska. Hur
har du lart dig svenska?
Sirkka Jag kommer fran sodra Finland. Dar talar vi bade finska
och svenska.
John Talar du ungerska ocksa, Sirkka?
Sirkka Nej, men jag forstar en del ord, for finska och ungerska ar
beslaktade.
John Ni kan alia flera sprak. Vilka sprak lar ni er i skolan har i
Sverige?
Ake Engelska, forstas, men manga valjer att lasa ett sprak till.
Franska och tyska ar vanhgast, men man kan ocksa lasa
t.ex. spanska, italienska eller ryska. Bam till invandrare
far ocksa undervisning i sitt hemsprak.

vart ar ni pa vag? where are you bade ... och both ... and
going? ungerska (-n) Hungarian language
vi ska till we are going to en del some
tank/a (-er, -te, -t) think, plan to beslaktade related
jattesnallt very kind sprak (-et, -0) language
mai/a (-ar, -ade, -at) paint forstas of course
kann/a (-er, kande, kant) know valj/a (-er, valde, valt) choose
konstnar (-en, -er) artist las/a (-er, -te, -t) read, study
landskap (-et, -0) scenery franska (-n) French language
annorlunda different tyska (-n) German language
forsta (-r, forstod, forstatt) vanligast most common
understand spanska (-n) Spanish language
langsamt slowly italienska (-n) Italian language
kunna (kan, kunde, kunnat) know ryska (-h) Russian language
flytande fluent undervisning (-en) tuition
finska (-n, -or) Finnish woman hemsprak (-et, -0) mother tongue
finska (-n) Finnish language

159
 SWEDISH

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Sirkka kommer fran Skane.
(б) I sodra Finland talar manga bade finska och svenska.
(c) Ungerska och finska ar beslaktade.
(d) Alla svenska bam lar sig franska i skolan.

-Samtal-
After a few hours driving, Ake feels hungry.

Ake Ar ni inte hungriga? Jag tycker det ar dags att fika.

Sirkka Kan vi inte stanna vid nagot snabbkop och kopa nybakade
bullar och palagg och ata i det grona? Det ar en sadan vack-
er dag.
John Det var en bra ide. Vi har kaffe pa termosen, men vi kan
val kopa lite lask ocksa for det ar sa varmt. Vi kor av vagen
sa kan vi njuta av utsikten dar uppe.

det ar dags it is time i det grona in the open air

snabbkop (-et, -0) self-service termos (-en, -ar) thermos
shop, supermarket lask(edrycker) soft drinks
nybakade freshly baked njut/a (-er, njot, njutit) enjoy
bull/e (-en, -ar) roll
pdlagg (-et, -0) things to put on the
rolls

Samtal
After the picnic they continue their journey.

John Det var valdigt vad det skramlar!

Ake Det ar nagot fel... kanske punktering. Det ar bast vi stan-
nar och ser efter vad som har hant.
Ake Vi har tappat avgasroret. Vi maste kora till narmaste verk-
stad. Och vi maste fylla pa vatten i kylaren for motom har
gatt varm. Det var tur att det inte var nagot varre. En
mekaniker kan fixa ett nytt avgasror medan vi ater middag.
 WHERE ARE YOU GOING?

det var valdigt vad det skramlar fyll/a (-er, -de, -t) p£ fill up with
there is a tremendous rattle kylar/e (-en, -0) radiator
det ar nagot fel something is motor (-n, motorer) motor
wrong motorn har gStt varm the engine
punktering (-en, -ar) puncture is overheating
tapp/a (-ar, -ade, -at) lose mekaniker (-n, -0) mechanic
avgasror (-et, -0) exhaust pipe fix/a (-ar, -ade, -at) fix
narmaste verkstad nearest garage

After another stop they return but cannot find the car.
Sirkka Var ar bilen?
John
o
Den ar forsvunnen.
Ake Nagon har lanat den. Biltjuvar ar det varsta jag vet! Vi
maste genast anmala stolden for polisen. Det ser ut som om
vi maste ta taget allesamman. Vad ska mamma saga om vi
kommer hem utan hennes bil...

forsv/nn/a (--er, forsvann, forsvun- genast at once

nit) disappear anmal/a (-er, -de, -t) report
lein/a (-ar, -ade, -at) (borrow; stold (-en, -er) theft
euphemism for) steal det ser trt som om it looks like
biltjuv (-en, -ar) car thief allesamman all of us
det varsta jag vet / can’t stand it

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Att dricka kaffe kallas att ‘fika’.
(b) Pojkarna kan sjalva fixa avgasroret.
(c) Billanare ar inga tjuvar.

-Vad ni behover veta

Bilverkstad A garage where repairs and services are carried out is
called en bilverkstad. The word garage (pronounced garash) is
only used to refer to the garage where you keep a car. Bilverkstader
are found in all towns and large villages.
Vagar It has been said that happiness is driving on a Swedish road.

161
 SWEDISH

There are more than 700 miles of toll-free motorways and around
50 000 miles of trunk roads. All main roads are very good with little
traffic in comparison with other countries.

-S3 har sager man-

How to:
• make suggestions

Jag tycker det ar dags att... I think it’s time to...

Vi kan val...? We can..., can’t we?
Kan vi inte ...? Can’t we...?
Har ni lust att...? Do you feel like... ?

• accept an offer
Ja, tack, gama. Yes please, I would love it.
Det var en bra ide! That was a good idea!
Ja, det gor vi. Yes, we’ll do that.

• overcome language problems

Talar du engelska? Do you speak English?
Var snail och tala langsamt. Please speak slowly.
Jag for star inte. I don’t understand.
Kan du saga det en gang till. Please say it again.
Tala inte sa fort! Don’t speak so fast!

• deal with car emergencies

Det ar nagot fel pa bilen. There’s something wrong with
the car.
Vi maste kora till narmaste We must drive to the nearest
verkstad. garage.
Vi maste anmala det for polisen. We must report it to the police.

• express displeasure

Jag tycker inte om ... I don’t like ...

Jaghatar... I hate...
Det varsta jag vet ar... / can’t stand...!

— 162
 WHERE ARE YOU GOING?

Grammatik

1 Verbs: the fourth conjugation

As mentioned before, the main characteristic of the fourth conjuga¬
tion (the irregular or strong verbs, as they are also called) is that they
form the past tense by a change of stem vowel instead of by endings.
Often the stem vowel is changed in the supine as well. The present
tense ends in -er just like the second conjugation.
You have already met a large number of irregular verbs. There are
not as many irregular verbs in Swedish as in English, and most of
them conform to one of the patterns below.
Here are the main patterns. Notice that the present and the impera¬
tive tenses are formed from the infinitive, so the first vowel in the
vowel change pattern is the stem vowel of the infinitive, present and
imperative forms. The second vowel refers exclusively to the past
tense. The third vowel is the stem vowel of both the supine and the
past participle, as the only difference between them is that the nor¬
mal supine ending is -it and the past participle ending is -en in the
fourth conjugation.

i-a-u fourth conjugation verbs with a short i as stem vowel (the i is fol¬
lowed by two consonants) follow this pattern:
Infinitive Present Past Supine Past Part.
find finna tinner fann funnit funnen
sit sitta sitter satt suttit sutten
drink dricka dricker drack druckit drucken
win vinna vinner vann vunnit vunnen
l-e-i fourth conjugation verbs with a long i as stem vowel (the i is followed
by only one consonant) follow this pattern:
write skriva skriver skrev skrivit skriven
shine skina skiner sken skinit -
rise stiga stiger steg stigit stigen
u/y-6-u
invite bjuda bjuder bjod bjudit bjuden
enjoy njuta njuter njot njutit njuten
fly flyga flyger flog flugit flugen

— 163
 SWEDISH

a-o-a
travel fara far for farit faren
take ta(ga) tar tog tagit tagen
a-a-u
carry bara bar bar burit buren
starve svalta svalter svalt svultit svulten

Unfortunately some of the irregular verbs are doubly irregular - some

of their forms may be ‘strong’ but other forms comply with the regular
verbs.

Examples of common verbs which are doubly irregular are:

do, make gora gor gjorde gjort gjord

go g& gar gick gatt gangen
see se ser sag sett sedd
be vara ar var varit —

have ha har hade haft •havd

say saga sager sa/de sagt sagd
know veta vet visste vetat —

get fa f^r tick fatt —

give ge ger gav gett given

see se ser sag sett sedd
stand sta star stod statt -stadd

From now on only the infinitive, present, past and supine forms of the
irregular verbs will be given in the vocabularies (unless the verb is
doubly irregular, in which case all the forms will be given), as the
remaining forms can easily be constructed if you follow the rules
given above.

You will find a list of all the important irregular verbs and the auxil¬
iary verbs on page 283.

2 Nationality nouns and adjectives

Here are four lists of countries, men, women and languages spoken in
the respective countries.

— 164
 WHERE ARE YOU GOING?

Country Man Woman Language

America Amerika amerikan amerikanska engelska
Australia Australien australier australiska engelska
Denmark Danmark dansk danska danska
England England engelsman engelska engelska
France Frankrike fransman fransyska franska
Ireland Irland irlandare irlandska engelska/iriska
Iceland Island islanning islandska islandska
Italy Italien italienare italienska italienska
Norway Norge norrman norska norska
Portugal Portugal portug/s portug/isiska portug/isiska
Russia Ryssland ryss ryska ryska
Scotland Skottland skotte skotska engelska
Spain Spanien spanjor spanjorska spanska
Germany Tyskland tysk tyska tyska
China Kina kines kinesiska kinesiska

The respective adjectives are: amerikansk, australisk, dansk,

engelsk, fransk, irlandsk, islandsk, italiensk, norsk, portugi-
sisk, rysk, skotsk, spansk, tysk, kinesisk.

Note that only the name of the country is written with a capital.
Nationality adjectives as well as the words for the people and the lan¬
guages spoken in the respective countries are spelt with small letters.
Usually the word for a woman is identical with the word for the lan¬
guage spoken in her country. Also remember that there is no separate
g- sound, just a single ng- sound, in England, engelsman, engels-
ka and engelsk.

3 Difficult pronunciation of loan-words

A number of (usually French) loan-words do not follow Swedish pro¬
nunciation rules, as they in part have kept their original pronuncia¬
tion. Thus the stress is normally on the last syllable, and the -e is not
pronounced after the g, so the -ge is pronounced like English voice¬
less sh. Examples of such words are: garage, bagage {luggage), mas¬
sage, sergeant.
In the following words the g is again pronounced like an English sh
but the following e or i is pronounced: geni (genius), regi (film or
theatre direction), energi (energy), regissor (film director), generos
(generous), generad (embarrassed), ingenjor, passgerare (passen¬
ger), tragedi (tragedy).

— 165
 SWEDISH

Likewise, the j is pronounced in the same way as English sh in the

words journalist and justera (adjust), and so is sk in the very com¬
mon word manniska.

4 Mekaniker, australier
Words ending in -er denoting men, either their job description or
their nationality, have no plural ending as such, but they still take
the normal -na ending in the definite form plural:

Det fanns manga mekaniker There were many mechanics in

i verkstaden. the garage.
Masikema spelade en vals. The musicians played a waltz.
Vi behover fler tekniker. We need more technicians.
Indiema ar mycket stolta. The Indians are very proud.

5 Veta/kanna/kunna (know)
The English verb know corresponds to three different verbs in
Swedish, and they are not interchangeable.
(a) veta when it is a question of knowing facts:

Vet du vad det ar? Do you know what it is?

(b) kanna when it is a question of knowing people:

Kanner du Robert Redford? Do you know Robert Redford?

(c) kunna is used about skills, for example being able to play musical
instruments, sports or knowing languages.

Kan du spela fiol? Do you know how to play the

violin?
De kan spela fotboll. They know how to play soccer.
Kan du finska? Do you know Finnish?

6 Lasa - plugga (read/study)

The Swedish verb lasa is used both in the meaning to read and to
study. A very common slang word for swot is plugga:

Vilken tidning laser du? Which newspaper do you read?

— 166 —
 WHERE ARE YOU GOING?

Vi laste ryska i skolan. We studied Russian at school.

Alla pluggade pa en examen. All were swotting for an
examination.

7 Bilens delar (car parts)

— 167 —
 SWEDISH

1 ratt (-en, -ar) steering wheel

2 hjul (-et, -0) wheel
3 dack (-et, -0) tyre
4 vindrutetorkare (-n, -0) windscreen wiper
5 motor (-n, motorer) engine
6 framsate (-t, -n) front seat
7 bilbalte (-t, -n) seat belt
8 hastighetsmatare (-n, -0) speedometer
9 bagageluck/a (-an, -or) boot
10 lykt/a (-an, -or) headlight

S 11 gaspedal (-en, -er) accelerator,

throttle
blyfri unleaded
tank/a (-ar, -ade, -at) fill up with
12 fotbroms (-en,-ar) brake pedal petrol
13 handbroms (-en, -ar) hand broms/a (-ar, -ade, -at) brake
brake tut/a (-ar, -ade, -at) hoot
14 vaxelspak (-en,-ar) gear lever lagga in ettan get into first gear
15 koppling (-en,-ar) clutch pedal lagga in backen get into reverse
16 signalhorn (-et,-0) (tuta) horn gear
helljus (-et, -0) full beam bargningsbil (-en, -ar) breakdown
bens/n (-en) petrol van
bens/nmack (-en, -ar) petrol korfalt (-et, -0) lane
station forsakring (-en, -ar) insurance

2-Ovningar -
1 Below are some yellow and red forbudsmarken (restriction
signs) and some vamingsmarken (warning signs) and also some
blue and white pabudsmarken (command signs). Try to link the
signs to the correct explanations.

— 168 —
 WHERE ARE YOU GOING?

(a) Forbud mot gangtrafik.

Cb) Lagt flygande flygplan.
(c) Pabjuden gangbana.
(id) Forbud mot fordonstrafik.
(e) Tunnel.
if) Vajningsplikt.
(g) Farlig sidvind.
(h) Forbud att parkera fordon.
(i) Rakt fram eller vanstersvang.

m fordon (-et, -0) vehicle

vajningsplikt give way

2 Fill in the correct past tense form of the following verbs in the sen¬
tences below: bjuda, bryta, fara, flyga, ga, njuta, skina, stiga,
svalta, vinna.
(a) Solen.hela dagen.
(b) Hon.upp tidigt efersom faijan.kl. sju.
(c) De.oss pa middag.
{d) Vi.kvistar for att kla majstangen.
(e) De.till Finland forra aret.
if) Han.till Nya Zeeland.
(g) Bamen i Afrika.hela sommaren.
(,h) De.av utsikten.
(i) Brasilien.fotbollsmatchen.
3 Complete the following sentences.
Example: En man fran USA ar amerikan.
(a) En man som talar iriska hemma ar nog...
(b) Snorre Sturlasson var fran Island. Han var ...
(c) Hamish Macintosh fran Skottland ar forstas ...
(d) Lenin var den ... som ledde den ... revolutionen.
(e) Thor Heyerdahl talar norska eftersom han ar ...
if) En man fran Portugal kallas ...
(g) Eftersom Mao-Tse-Tung var... talade han ...
(.h) Ar Brigitte Bardot fransman? Nej, hon ar ...
4 Fill in the correct verb veta, kanna, kunna in the sentences
below. Use the present tense.
(a) .du nar man firar midsommar i Sverige?

169
 SWEDISH

(b) .du manga svenskar?

(c) .du rakna fran 1 till 100 pa svenska?
id) En mekaniker.allt om motorer.
(c) Ingen.vad som hande.
if) Sirkka.flera sprak.
(g) Jag.att jag inte.sjunga.
(,h) Hon.inte nagon som kan hjalpa henne.
(i) Barnet.inte tala annu.
5 Here is a list of descriptions of some parts of a car. Match each
description with the correct word for the part.
(a) Fyra stycken sadana sitter under bilen.
(■b) Man sitter pa det nar man kor.
(c) Man lagger sina vaskor dar.
(id) Man styr bilen med den.
(e) Den far bilen att ga.
if) Man kan stoppa bilen med den.
(g) Den tar bort regn och sno fran fonstret.
(.h) Den visar hur fort man kor.
(i) Man spanner fast sig med det.
(/) De maste lysa bade dag och natt nar man kor i Sverige.
ik) En vatska som driver apparaten som driver bilen.

a lagg/a (-er, la(de), lagt) lay

vask/a (-an, -or) bag, suitcase
spanna fast fasten
lys/a (-er, -te, -t) shine, be on
styr/a (styr, -de, -t) steer vatsk/a (-an, -or) liquid
vis/a (-ar, -ade, -at) show apparat (-en, -er) device,
fort fast apparatus

Forstcir du?

Svenska skolor
Obligatorisk skolutbildning for alia bam infordes mycket tidigt i
Sverige, redan ar 1842. Alla skolor ar samskolor, dvs bade pojkar
och flickor gar i samma skola och de far samma utbildning. Nu
maste alia ga i skolan i nio ar (skolplikt). Bamen kan fa boija

170
 WHERE ARE YOU GOING?

skolan redan nar de ar sex ar gamla, men manga vantar tills de ar

sju ar.
Under de forsta fern aren ar alia amnen obligatoriska och man tar
ingen examen. I de hogre klassema ar vissa amnen obligatoriska,
men man kan ocksa valja andra amnen - ekonomi, konst, sprak,
teknik etc - efter sina intressen. Man far bara betyg under de sista
aren. I en del skolor boijar man lasa engelska redan forsta aret,
men oftast boijar man med engelska under tredje eller fjarde aret.
Omkring 92 % av elevema fortsatter att studera i gym-
nasieskolan (corresponds roughly to the sixth form). Den har
manga olika studieprogram. Efter gymnasieskolan kan man fort-
satta vid universitet eller hogskola om man kommer in - konkur-
rensen ar hard.
De som slutar skolan efter de obligatoriska nio aren kan boija stud-
era igen pa komvux, en skola for vuxna, eller pa folkhogskola,
ett slags intematskola. Folkhogskoloma ar typiska for Skandi-
navien och mycket populara, men man kan inte komma in dar
forran man ar arton ar.
I Sverige far alia flera chanser att studera, om och nar de vill.

obligatorisk compulsory ekonom/ (-n, -er) economy

utbildning (-en, -ar) education konst (-en, -er) art
infor/as (infdrs, infordes, inforts) tekn/k (-en, -er) technology
be introduced intresse (-t, -n) interest
tidig early betyg (-et, -0) grade
redan already tredje third
dvs (det vill saga) that is to say fjarde fourth
skolplikt (-en) compulsory elev (-en, -er) pupil
schooling konkurrens (-en) competition
vant/a (-ar, -ade, -at) wait vuxen (vuxna) adult
amne (-t, -n) subject ett slags a kind of
examen (pi. examina) exam intematskola boarding school
vissa certain typisk typical
valj/a (-er, valde, vait) choose inte ... forran not until

— 171 —
 SWEDISH

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Man behover inte boija skolan i Sverige fbrran man ar 7 ar.
(b) Inga amnen ar obligatoriska i skolan.
(c) Det ar obligatoriskt att lasa engelska i svenska skolor.
id) Folkhogskolorna ar ett slags universitet.

— 172
 12
PA FJALLVANDRING I
LAPPLAND
Walking in Lapland

In this unit you will learn

• how to ask for information
• how to express preference
• how to ascertain and state requirements when booking railway
tickets
• to name the months of the year

- Samtal -

Ake and John discuss their journey to Lapland.

John Vad ska vi gora nu i juli?

Ake Vi ska aka upp till Lappland och se midnattssolen och lappar
och renar ocksa forstas, och sedan ska vi vandra i fjallen.
Naturen dar med de stora viddema, skogama, alvama och
de hoga fjallen ar unik.
John Hur ska vi komma dit? Ska vi kora?
Ake Vi kan naturligtvis kora, men det tar tre dagar om vi ska
hinna se nagot pa vagen, och da ar vi trotta nar vi kommer
fram. Bilen kommer ocksa att vara pa fel stalle efter fjall-
vandringen och det ar besvarligt.

173 —
 SWEDISH

John Kan vi inte flyga da?

Ake Det ar snabbt och bekvamt forstas, och vi kan fa ungdomsra-
batt eller studeranderabatt, och da ar det inte sa dyrt, men
man ser inte sa mycket. Jag foredrar nog taget, men vi kan
ju flyga hem.
John Tar inte taget valdigt lang tid?
Ake Jo, ungefar 24 timmar fran Goteborg till Abisko over
Stockholm, men det ar mycket bekvamt och man ser mycket
mera an nar man flyger. Pa fjarrtaget fran Stockholm Anns
det ocksa en bistro och biovagn, sa vi kan se tre stycken
filmer pa kvallen om vi har lust. Forst visar de en bamvanlig
film, sedan en familjefilm och sist en bamforbjuden aven-
tyrsfilm. Pa dagen tittar man forstas hellre pa naturen utan-
for tagfonstret.
John Blir det inte dyrt?
Ake Inte om vi koper reslustkort. Da betalar man rott pris pa
roda avgangar. Det ar bara ungefar halften sa dyrt.
John Du har sakert ratt. Vi tar taget dit, men jag vill hellre flyga
hem.

1 juli July
forstas of course
fore/dra (-drar, -drog, -dragit)
prefer
natur (-en, -er) nature, scenery valdigt tremendously
vidd (-en, -er) vast expanse, wide over via
open space fjarrt&g (-et, -0) long distance train
un/k unique biovagn (-en, -ar) railway carriage
det tar it takes with a cinema
hinn/a (-er, hann, hunnit) have om vi har lust if we feel like it
time to barnvanlig suitable for children
trott (trott, trotta) tired bamforbjuden for adults only
komma tram arrive aventyrsfilm (-en, -er) thriller
besvarlig difficult, awkward fonster (fonstret, fonster) window
flyg/a (-er, flog, flugit) fly reslustkort (-et, -0) discount
snabb fast travelcard
bekvam comfortable rott pris reduced price
ungdomsrabatt (-en, -er) youth rod avg&ng (-en, -ar) reduced
discount price departure
studeranderabatt (-en, -er)
student discount

— 174
 WALKING IN LAPLAND

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Man kan se midnattssolen i hela Sverige.
(b) Det tar ungefar tre dagar att kora fran Goteborg till Abisko om
man vill se nagot pa vagen.
(c) Det finns biovagnar pa alia svenska tag.
(d) Rott pris ar extra dyrt.

D Samtal
1
Ake and John are at the booking office at the railway station.
Ake Tva reslustkort och tva biljetter Goteborg-
Abisko turiststation over Stockholm med avresa
pa lordag, rod avgang. Kan man fa ungdomsra-
batt pa rott pris ocksa? Har ar mitt leg.
Biljettforsaljaren Det gar bra. Enkel eller tur och retur, rokare
eller icke-rokare, sowagn, liggvagn eller
sittvagn?
Ake Enkla biljetter, icke-rokare, liggvagn, tack.
Biljettforsaljaren Varsagod, har ar biljettema. Avgang kl. 13.10
och ankomst kl. 12.34. Tidema och vagn och
platsnumret star pa platsbiljetten. Taget gar
fran plattform 1, spar 2. Trevlig resa!
Ake Tack sa mycket.

biljett (-en, -er) ticket sittvagn (-en, -ar) ordinary seat

avres/a (-an, -or) departure ankomst (-en, -er) arrival
det gSr bra that’s O K. vagn (-en, -ar) coach
enkel single platsnummer (-numret, -nummer)
tur och retur (abbrev. T o R) return seat number
tickets ptatsbiljett (-en, -er) seat reserva¬
rokare smoker tion ticket
icke-rokare non-smoker plattform (-en, -ar) platform
sowagn (-en, -ar) sleeper spdr (-et, -0) track, line
liggvagn (-en, -ar) couchette trevlig resa have a nice journey

175
 SWEDISH

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Man kan inte fa nagon rabatt pa rott pris.
(б) Sowagn och liggvagn ar samma sak.
(c) Avgangstid och ankomsttid star pa platsbiljetten.

-Vad ni behover veta-

Getting around
Flyg Transport in Sweden is very good. Because of the great dis¬
tances, flying is popular for long distance journeys. If you don’t need
to travel during the rush hours (before 09.15 or between 14.30 and
19.15 weekdays) you can get a ticket at budget price, and your part¬
ner and children pay only a fraction of the price. The ticket must be
booked four days ahead of travel.

Tag Trains are run by SJ - Statens Jamvagar (the State

Railways). They are modem and extremely comfortable. Some trains
have special compartments for families (marked Fam) and access to
showers in sleepers. Tickets are valid for one month. Second class
travel is the norm. There is a high-speed train - X2000 - between
Stockholm and Gothenburg and on some other lines - with fax, cord¬
less telephone, photocopier, shop, bistro, radio and music pro¬
grammes, and so on.

Bussar There are plenty of short distance local buses, but not as
many long distance coaches. However, during the summer some long
distance buses are laid on for tourists and there are also coaches to
ski resorts during the winter. In the north, postal buses carry passen¬
gers as well as post.

Lappland Lapland, especially the part that lies north of the Arctic
circle, is the most unspoilt wilderness in Europe. Here lovers of
nature and adventure can find all they want - fishing, river rafting,
mountain hiking in summer, skiing and dog sledge tours in winter.

Kungsleden The most popular hiking route is Kungsleden (the

Royal Trail) which takes you through 135 miles of the mountain
world from Abisko to Kvikkjokk, but there are many other trails as
well. The trails in Jamtland or south of Stockholm and in Skane are
 WALKING IN LAPLAND

becoming increasingly popular.

-Si har sager man

How to:
• ask for information
Vad ska vi gora? What shall we do?
Hur ska vi komma dit? How shall we get there?
Ska vi (inte) kora? Shall we (not) drive?
Kan vi (inte) flyga? Can we (not) fly?
Tar inte taget lang tid? Doesn’t the train take a long
time?
Blir det (inte) dyrt? Will it (not) he expensive?
Kan man fa nagon rabatt? Can we get any discount?
• express a preference
Vi kan naturligtvis ... men We can of course... hut it is
det ar svart/dyrt difficult/ expensive.
Det ar snabbt och bekvamt It is fast and comfortable, of
forstas, men ... course, but...
Jag foredrar nog taget. I probably prefer the train.
Jag vill hellre flyga. I prefer flying.
• book railway tickets
En enkel biljett Goteborg- A single ticket Gothenburg-
Stockholm med X2000, tack. Stockholm by the X2000, please.
En tur och retur Stockholm- A return ticket Stockholm-Malmb
Malmo rott pris, tack. at the discounted price, please.
Nar gar taget? When does the train leave?
Nar ar vi framme? When do we arrive?
Fran vilken plattform gar From which platform does the
taget? train leave?

— 177
 SWEDISH

Grammatik

1 Verbs: the future tense

The future tense naturally indicates that something is going to hap¬
pen in the future. There are three ways of expressing the future in
Swedish:
(а) ska + an infinitive without ‘att’ is probably the least common
way. It is used when the subject has decided to do - or not to do -
something:
Jag ska lara mig svenska. I shall teach myself Swedish.
Jag ska inte ge upp. I shall not give up.
As an alternative it is also possible to use tanka + an infinitive with¬
out ‘att’ with the meaning of planning or intending to do something:
De tanker lara sig svenska. They intend to teach themselves
Swedish.
(б) kommer att + an infinitive expresses an assumption about what
is going to happen in the future:
Om du inte slutar roka kommer If you don’t stop smoking you’ll
du att fa cancer. get cancer.

This is a very common way of expressing the future tense, in particu¬

lar when det is the subject:
Det kommer att regna i morgon. It will rain tomorrow.
(c) the present tense is probably the most common way if there is a
time expression indicating future or if it is obvious from the context
that the action is taking place in the future:
De aker till Lappland i juli. They will go to Lapland in July.
Blir det inte dyrt? Won’t it be expensive?

2 The names of the months

The names of the months are as follows:
 WALKING IN LAPLAND

januari juii
februari augusti
mars September
apr/I oktober
maj november
juni dec ember

Note that Swedish does not use capital letters for the names of the
months.

3 Da sedan (then)
The English adverb then is ambiguous. Sometimes it means at that
particular time or in that case, and then it corresponds to da in
Swedish, but at other times it means afterwards, and then it must be
translated by sedan in Swedish.
Vi ska aka till Lappland efter We shall he going to Lapland
midsommer. Da ska vi se after Midsummer. Then we’ll
midnattssolen. see the midnight sun.
Har du engelskt korkort? Da far Have you got an English driving
du kora i Sverige ocksa. licence ? Then you are allowed
to drive in Sweden as well.
Vi ska aka till Lappland. Sedan We are going to Lapland. Then
ska vi aka till Skane. we’ll be going to Skane.

The Swedish words da and sedan are also ambiguous. Da can also be
a conjunction, meaning either when or as, though this is normally
found in more formal language, for example in business letters.
Sedan can be a conjunction or a preposition meaning after, since, as
well as an adverb, for example:
Vi kommer att mota er da planet We are going to meet you when
anlander. the plane arrives.
Da vi inte hort fran er antar As we haven’t heard from you
vi att ni inte ar intresserade. we assume that you are not
interested.
Sedan han slutade skolan har Since he finished school he has
han inte haft nagot arbete. not had any work.
Han har inte haft nagot arbete He hasn’t had any job since
sedan jul. Christmas.

— 179
 SWEDISH

4 Fjall, alv
Fjall is a word that is only used about high mountains in
Scandinavia. Mountains in the rest of the world are called berg:
Fj alien i Lappland ar mycket The mountains in Lapland are
gamla. very old.
Det hogsta berget i varlden ar The highest mountain in the
Mount Everest. world is Mount Everest.
Similarly, alv is only used about large, fast-flowing rivers in
Scandinavia. Smaller, slow-flowing rivers are called a. The general
word for large rivers, and for rivers in other parts of the world, is
flod:
Vindelalven ar kanske den Vindelalven is perhaps the most
vackraste alven i Sverige. beautiful river in Sweden.
Flera sma aar i Sverige kallas Several small rivers in Sweden
Svartan. are called Svartan.
Den mest kanda floden i The best known river in
England ar Temsen. England is the Thames.

5 Ankomma/anlanda (arrive), avgd (depart)

Ankomma and avga are only used about means of transport in
timetables and on notice boards in stations etc. and there you norm¬
ally see them in the forms ankommande and avgaende. Anlanda
can be used about people as well as planes, trains, buses, boats etc.
though in everyday speech komma/fram and ga are the most com¬
monly used words for arrive and depart, for example:
Var ar listan pa ankommande Where is the list of train
och avgaende tag? arrivals and departures?
Vi anlander med morgonplanet. We’ll arrive on the morning
flight.
Jag kom fram precis kl. 11. I arrived exactly at 11 o’clock.
Bussen gar om en kvart. The bus departs in a quarter of
an hour.

6 Du har ratt/fel (you are right/wrong)

Note the difference between English and Swedish in the phrase you

— 180
 WALKING IN LAPLAND

are right/wrong, which corresponds to du har ratt/fel in Swedish.

Ovningar
Lulea-Boden-Kiruna-Narvik
12 j#fi 1994 • 8 jan 1995
Tignamtner 3588 R 3588 R ' 994 IT 904 Si 980 H 971 13 9oi 13 3552 13 992 S3
2 kl 2 kl 2 kl 2 kl 2kf 2k! 2k! 2 k! 2 ki
Period 12/6-14/8 12/6-14/8 15/8-19/9
Miadag-Ftadag J*-F M-F H-F l*-F M-F IA-F M-F IFF M-F
IBtdag L.1 . t , t. .. 1... l L .. , ,1 L
SSo- a Hslgdag BsH Ml : SsH SoH SoH $8» SoH San SbH
Qftr of 25/8. 25/6, 24/12, 24/12, 24/6, 2m,
25/12,1/1 25/12,1/1 31/12 31/12 25/6, 24/12,
; 5/11, 31/12
24/12,
25/12.
31/12
0 fr lu!e£ C A 6,48 FlO.OO 016.35 016.54 Fl7.!6 019.48
36 i Botleti C 7.11 10.31 . 16.58 17.20 17.41 20.09
u mimti. . sw..w •:. mSiMMmm , mi. mmn. .
ft mmm. -vA> x v *,v . uw miii
m StQckfs&im C 40 - u"- : i • M.1 f?« .
36 fr A 7.35 Fio.43 "817.44
123 :lt Mufjek A 8.30 ill.41 818.39
156 fr Nattavaata i f Flg.08
204 t SalliitatB 9.36 12.42 19.43
204 it SatUvare A 9.50 F12 47 H9.43
262 ir FjSHSseit- . 1. . I ., . 20.26
265 if Kaitum { i 20-29
2?6 ir Stisjka i l 20 M
304 t Kiruna C 10,59 14.08 21.00
304 If Itlroaa C 8 7.15 8 7.15 B 7.15 All.15 814.23
315 ir Krokvik 8 7.23 8 7.23 8 7.23 I \
325 fr Raiitas 8 730 8 7.32 8 7.32 ... f - .1.
336 fr Rensjon 8 7 ,35 8 7.41 . 8 7,41 .1. i .
345 fr Berglors , 8 7.45 . 8 7.49 8 7.49 { i
355 U Tomatrksk 8 7.55 « 8 7.58 B 7.58 f . i
365 it Stenbacken 8 8.00 9 8 8.07 8 8.07 } I
3/5 fr Kaisspakta 8.10 9 8.16 8.16 i i. .
387 If Stcrdaleo 8.15 9 8.25 8.25 i I
397 it Abisko Ostra 8.25 8.35 8.35 12.27 15.34
399. fr. Abisko iiiriatsin 8,35 8.43 8.43 12.34 15.43
406.tr BjSrktiden 8.50 8.50 8.5Q 12.43 15 56
411 fr Torsahamn 8.54 9 9.01 9.01 \ 1
416 ir KopparAsen 8.57 9 9.06 9.06 1 i
423 ft liktaflikka. 9.07 9 9.13 9.13 1 1
426 fr Vassijaare : 9.09 S 9.18 9.18 13.06 16.18
430 fr KatterjAkk 9.11 9 9.24 9.24 13.10 16.25
433. ir RJksgrSnssa. 9.24 9.28 9.28 13.14 16.30
435 fr BjarnlleU i 9.35 9.35 13.22 16.38
446 If Katterat i 9.48 9.48 } 18.50
456 fr Rombakk i 10.00 moo i 16.59
463 fr Straumsnes i 10.11 10.11 i 17.08
.4/3...!.. Narvik,. 10.10 1025 10.25 .. 14 03 1/20

Awnirk#1*g*i
9 naitpiais vtd E10.
13 17.30 27/6-31/7.
14 Dagl dock ej 24/12,31/12.

Reslastkoft
fI,et 0,BBslBtlrabatl „
Tb, l sam! 25/6, 5/11. 25/12
dock ej 23/6. 22/12, 5/1
ge, BSM urisps BSda avgSisgar
Al samt 5/11,8/1 dock ej 7/1
BM-Todockej 23/6,5/1
F'fi.o dock ej 27/12
uti.o dock ej 27/12; gaiter si#-,$ov- och
liggvagrt
Under petioden 27/8-15/8 ges Reslust-
rabatt alia dagat

181
 SWEDISH

1 Answer the following questions with the help of the timetable.

(a) Det firms tva tag som Ake och John kan aka med fran
Goteborg Central till Abisko turiststation. Vilka nummer har
dessa tag?
(b) Nar avgar de har tagen fran Goteborg Central?
(c) Nar anlander de till Abisko turiststation?
(d) Vilka dagar gar de har tagen?
(e) Vilka dagar kan man fa reslustrabatt pa sommaren?
(/) Pa det tag som kallas Nordpilen (the Northern Arrow) kan
man bara fa rott pris pa roda avgangar pa lordagar. Vilket
nummer har det och nar avgar det fran Stockholm under juli
manad?
Dagl (dagiigen) daily
Helgdag public holiday

Note! If any part of a journey entitles you to rott pris you will get
a discount for the entire journey.
pH indicates that seat reservation is obligatory.
2 Select the most suitable way of translating the future tense in the
following sentences. Note that in some cases several ways are pos¬
sible, depending on how you interpret the English text.
(a) Jag (shall).gora det.
(b) Vi (shall).fa resultatet i morgon.
(c) (Are you going to).du kopa en Volvo?
(d) Nasta ar (will be).mitt sista ar har.
(e) Hon (doesn’t intend to).halsa pa honom.
(f) Tror du att det (will be).vackert vader idag?
(g) Han (is going to).boija skolan i ar.
(h) (Will).du stanna hemma ikvall?
(i) Du (will).bli gammal.

3 Answer the following questions in Swedish.

(а) Vilken manad ar den kortaste manaden?
(б) Vilka manader ar langst?
(c) Vilka manader har bara 30 dagar?
(d) I vilken manad firar svenskama midsommar?
(e) I vilken manad firar vi jul?

— 182 —
 WALKING IN LAPLAND

if) Nar ar det var i Sverige?

(g) Nar ar det sommar i Sverige?
(h) Nar ar det host i Sverige?
(i) Nar ar det vinter i Sverige?
4 Fill in the missing words, da or sedan, in the text below.
Svenskarna firar midsommar i slutet pa juni.dansar de
runt en majstang.brukar flickorna plocka sju sorters
blommor.far de inte prata med varandra.ska de
lagga blommorna under kudden.far de se den man som
de ska gifta sig med i drommen, om de har foljt reglerna.
kudd/e (-en, -ar) pillow
drom (drommen, drdmmar) dream
foljt reglerna followed the rules

183
 SWEDISH

5 Look at the railway ticket and seat reservation ticket on page 183.
Study them and answer the following questions in English.
(a) Where does the journey start and where does it end?
(b) Is it a single or a return ticket?
(c) At what time does the train depart?
id) At what time should the train arrive?
(e) In which coach will the passenger travel?
(/) Is it a smoker or non-smoker compartment?
(g) What is the seat number?
Ch) Is it an aisle or window seat?
6 Fill in the correct form of the words alv/a/flod in the following
sentences.
(a) Tillsammans ar Klaralven och Gota alv Sveriges langsta

(6) Det finns inga stora.soder om Goteborg.

(c) I den lilla.i Skane finns ett par sma oar.
(d) Den langsta.i varlden ar Nilen.
(e) De stora . i norra Sverige rinner fran nordvast till
sydost.
(f) Mississippi och Missouri ar de mest kanda.i Amerika.
(g) Man bor inte dricka vattnet i de sma.
7 Which word do you think fits best in the sentences below? Choose
between ankomma/anlanda, komma (fram), avga/ga and
make sure that you use their correct form.
(a) Vi moter dig nar du.
(b) Postbussen.vaije dag mellan de sma byama.
(c) Jag hoppas att presenten.i tid.
id) Nar vi.hade taget redan.
(e) Bade.och.tag ar forsenade (late).

8 Ake has sent a postcard to his parents. Read it and answer the
questions below in English.

alldeles lagom just right

mygg (-en) (collective) mosquitoes
vi ses snart! see you soon!

— 184 —
WALKING IN LAPLAND

185
 SWEDISH

(а) How far had the boys come when they sent the postcard?
(б) What sort of weather have they had?
(c) What will the girls do in Gothenburg?
id) What has been difficult for the boys?

3-Samtal-
John and Ake are talking together when they are approached by two
girls.
John Det ar verkligen underligt att se solen vid midnatt.
Ake Ja, det ar sarskilt besvarligt for foraldrar att overtyga sina
bam att det ar natt nar det inte ar riktigt morkt. Men det
varar inte sa lange, bara nagra veckor i juni och juh. Ju lang-
re norrut man ar ovanfor polcirkeln, desto langre kan man se
midnattssolen.
Jytte Ursakta, vi horde att ni ska vandra pa Kungsleden. Jag heter
Jytte och det har ar min syster Jenny. Far vi folja med er for
vi ar lite radda for att ga ensamma?
John Javisst. Ju fler desto battre. Vad ar ni radda for?
Jytte For att ga vilse, och ocksa for vargama och bjomama.
Ake Kungsleden ar mycket val markerad, sa dar kan ni inte ga
vilse. Det finns knappast nagra vargar kvar nu i Sverige,
och bjomama ser man inte sa ofta. Da ar sakert myggen
farligare.

underligt curious varg (-en, -ar) wolf

1 overtyg/a (-ar, -ade, -at) convince

var/a (-ar, -ade, -at) (to) last
bjorn (-en, -ar) bear
val markerad well-marked
ju ... desto the... the knappast hardly
radd afraid
ensam (-t, ensamma) alone, by
ourselves

— 186 —
 WALKING IN LAPLAND

ForstSr du?
Lapparna
Lappama eller samema, som de sjalva foredrar att kalla sig, och
som ar det officiella namnet, har levt hogst uppe i norr i de arktiska
eller subarktiska regionema i Norge, Sverige, Finland och Sibirien
sedan urminnes tider. De har ocksa kallats “Nordens indianer”
eftersom deras historia har mycket gemensamt med indianemas
historia.
Traditionellt var samema nomader - de foljde renama nar dessa
vandrade Iran skogama, dar de var under vintem, upp till bergen,
dar de var under sommaren. Nu ar det bara omkring 3 000 samer
som agnar sig at renskotsel. De flesta lever som resten av svenskar-
na, men samema far statligt stod tor att bevara sitt urgamla sprak,
samiskan, och sin kultur, som t. ex. de fargglada kladema.
Renskotseln har emellertid modemiserats. Nu anvander man
snoskoters, flygplan och radio.
Forut klarade samema sig nastan helt och hallet med produktema
som de fick fran sina renar. Darfor blev Tjemobylolyckan 1986 en
katastrof for dem. Bade renama och vad de at blev smittade av
radioaktiviteten. Till januari 1994 har 188 000 renar fatt kasseras
eftersom de inneholl for mycket cesium 137. Men det firms hopp -
cesiumhalten har minskat snabbare an vad expertema raknade
med, fast man tror att problemet med hoga cesiumhalter kommer
att finnas kvar atminstone till ar 2015.

same (-n, -r) Lapp, Laplander bevar/a (-ar, -ade, -at) preserve
officiell official ur/gammal (-gammalt, -gamla)
lev/a (-er, -de, -t) live ancient
sedan urminnes tider from time samiska (-n) the language of the
immemorial Lapps »
indian (-en, -er) (American) Indian kultur (-en, -er) culture
gemensamt med in common with farg/glad (-glatt, -glada) brightly
traditionellt traditionally coloured
nomad (-en, -er) nomad moderniser/a (-ar, -ade, -at)
omkr/ng (abbrev. o) around modernise
agnar sig St make their living from anvand/a (-er, anvande, anvant)
renskotsel reindeer keeping use
emellertid however snoskoter (-n, snoskotrar) snow¬
statligt stod state subsidy mobile

— 187 —
 SWEDISH

klarade sig managed f&tt kasseras had to be destroyed

helt och hailet entirely inneh&ll/a (-er, innehoil, innehailit)
produkt (-en, -er) product contain
Tjernobylolyck/a (-an, -or) the hopp (-et) hope
accident at Chernobyl cesiumhalt cesium content
ata (ater, at, atit) eat minsk/a (-ar, -ade, -at) decrease
katastrof (-en, -er) catastrophe, expert (-en, -er) expert
disaster raknade med calculated
smittade infected finnas kvar remain
radioaktivitet (-en) radioactivity dtm/nstone at least

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Samerna har inte bott i Sverige sa lange.
(b) Majoriteten av samerna agnar sig at renskotsel.
(c) Samiskan ar ett mycket gammalt sprak.
(d) Det finns inget hopp om att cesiumhalten i renarna ska minska.

Lapland

188
 13
HAR NINAGOT
RUMLEDIGT?
Have you a room vacant?

In this unit you will learn

• how to book a room in a hotel
• how to enquire about meals and facilities
• how to ask for information about tourist attractions and events
• how to express satisfaction
• how to write dates

B- Samtal -
1 Anders has been asked to book a room for an American business asso¬
ciate who has specified a first-class hotel in central Stockholm.
Anders telephones the Hotell Diplomat.
Anders Goddag. Har ni nagot rum ledigt lor tre natter,
den 26, 27 och 28 augusti?
Receptionisten Jada. Onskar ni ett enkelrum eller dubbelrum,
med bad eller dusch?
Anders Ett enkelrum med bad och toalett, tack. Ingar
frukosten i priset och finns det telefon och TV pa
rummet?
Receptionisten Frukosten ingar i priset. Alla vara rum har tele¬
fon, fargteve och radio.

— 189 —
 SWEDISH

Anders Tack, det var bra. Kan jag fa bekraftelse pa

bokningen. Rummet ar for Mr Bill Stacey fran
USA, men var snail och skicka bekraftelsen till
mig, direktor Anders Svensson, Storgatan 7 A,
395 84 Goteborg.
Receptionisten Tack sa mycket. Jag skickar bekraftelsen
omgaende.

1 ledig vacant
onsk/a (-ar, -ade, -at) wish
toalett (-en, -er) toilet
ingd (-r, ingick, ingdtt) is included
enkelrum (-met, -0) single room telefon (-en, -er) telephone
dubbelrum (-met, -0) double room fargteve (-n) colour television
bad (-et, -0) bath bekraftelse (-n, -r) confirmation
dusch (-en, -ar) shower omgdende by return

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Det finns inga lediga rum pa Hotell Diplomat.
(б) Mr Stacey vill inte ha ett dubbelrum.
(c) Anders kan snart fa bekraftelse pa bokningen.

Q -Samtal
Mr Stacey arrives at Hotell Diplomat.
Mr Stacey Goddag. Jag har reserverat ett rum for tre natter.
Portiern Valkommen. Hur var namnet?
Mr Stacey Mr Bill Stacey. Har ar bekraftelsen.
Portiern Det stammer. Rum nummer 307, pa tredje vaningen.
Har ar nyckeln. Pickolon visar er till ert rum och tar
hand om bagaget.
Mr Stacey Nar serveras frukosten?
Portiern Mellan klockan 7 och 9.30. Ni kan ocksa fa mat pa rum-
met nar som heist.
Mr Stacey Jag skulle ocksa vilja veta vad som hander i Stockholm
just nu, och en karta over staden vore bra att ha.
Portiern Varsagod, har ar en karta och ‘Stockholm this week’.
Broschyrer over de fiesta attraktionema ligger dar
borta. Det ar bara att valja. Vi kan ordna biljetter om

— 190 —
 HAVE YOU A ROOM VACANT?

ni vill.
Mr Stacey Tack, det var utmarkt.

reserver/a (-ar, -ade, -at) reserve broschyr (-en, -er) pamphlet

det stammer that’s right attraktion (-en, -er) attraction,
nyckel (-n, nycklar) key event
pickolo (-n) bellboy, porter det ar bara att valja please choose
tar hand om takes care of for yourself
hand/a (-er, hande, hant) happen ordn/a (-ar, -ade, -at) get, obtain
vore would be utmarkt excellent

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Mr Staceys rum ar reserverat for en natt.
(б) Rummet ligger pa forsta vaningen.
(c) Han kan fa mat pa rummet nar som heist.

Samtal
John and Ake have decided to go to the famous Stockholm Water
Festival. They have not booked any accommodation in advance and
turn up at a small hotel.
John Hej. Finns det nagra lediga rum?
Portiem Tyvarr inte. Alla vara rum ar upptagna under hela fes-
tivalen. Vilken prisklass ville ni ha?
John Sa billigt som mojligt, for vi ar studerande.
Portiem Da rekommenderar jag att ni gar till Hotellcentralen pa
Centralstationen. De har uppgifter om tillgangliga rum.
John Tack for radet! Det var bra.

upptagen (upptaget, upptagna) studerande (-n, -0) student

booked uppgift (-en, -er) detail, information
festival (-en, -er) festival tillgangHg available
prisklass (-en, -er) price category rid (-et, -0) advice
s£ ... som mojligt as ... as
possible

191
 SWEDISH

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Det finns inget ledigt rum pa hotellet.
(б) Priset pa rummet ar inte sa viktigt for John och Ake.
(c) Hotellcentralen har uppgifter om lediga rum i Stockholm.

-Vad ni behover veta-

Kraftskiva August is a very important month in the Swedish culi¬
nary calendar. Three major feasts take place. The crayfish season
starts at midnight on the second Wednesday of that month and con¬
tinues until early September. Swedes gather on verandahs and ter¬
races all over the country under gaily coloured Chinese lanterns
dressed in party hats and paper bibs for a moonlit feast called
Kraftskiva. Nowadays Sweden has almost run out of crayfish, so
most of them are imported, especially from Turkey - where inciden¬
tally they are considered inedible! The crayfish are boiled with salt
and plenty of flowering dill and eaten cold accompanied by aquavit
and beer, and with the August moon looking on, parties tend to be
very jolly.
Surstromming Crayfish don’t occur above Dalecarlia, so from the
third Thursday of August people in Norrland have their own feast on
surstromming, fermented Baltic herring. This is definitely an
acquired taste, and most ‘southerners’ steer well clear of it. The smell
says it all...!
Alagille Late August is the season for alagille in Skane and
Blekinge in the south of the country. Eels are the order of the day,
prepared in ten or twelve different ways, and served with aquavit.

-Sci har sager man-

How to:
• book a room in a hotel
Har ni nagot rum ledigt? Have you a room vacant?
Jag skulle vilja ha ett enkel/ I would like a single!double
dubbel rum. room.

— 192 —
 HAVE YOU A ROOM VACANT?

Jag skulle vilja ha ett rum med I would like a room with bath/
bad/dusch/luftkonditionering/ shower/air conditioning/
balkong. balcony.
Jag vill vara nara stadens I want to be near the town
centrum. centre.
Vad kostar det? How much does it cost?
• enquire about facilities
Nar serveras frukosten? When is breakfast served?
Finns det telefon/TV/radio/pa Is there a telephone/TV/radio
rummet? in the room?

• ask about tourist attractions and events

Jag skulle vilja veta vad som I would like to know what there
firms att se har. is to see here.
Kan ni tala om for mig ...? Can you tell me ... ?
Kan ni ordna biljetter till...? Could you get tickets to...?

• express satisfaction
Det var utmarkt! That’s excellent!
Det var bra. That’s good.
Det var snallt. That’s kind of you.

-Grammatik —

1 Ordinal numbers: 1st - 1000th

The Swedish ordinals are as follows:

1 forsta/forste 11 elfte
2 andra/andre 12 tolfte
3 tredje 13 trettonde
4 fjarde 14 fjortonde
5 femte 15 femtonde
6 sjatte 16 sextonde
7 sjunde 17 sjuttonde
8 &ttonde 18 artonde
9 nionde 19 nittonde
10 tionde 20 tjugonde

— 193 —
 SWEDISH

21 tjugoforsta 80 attionde
22 tjugoandra etc. 90 nittionde
30 trettionde 100 hundrade
40 fyrtionde 101 (ett)hundraforsta
50 femtionde 172 (ett)hundrasjuttioandra
60 sextionde 500 femhundrade
70 sjuttionde 1000 tusende

The two first ordinals take the optional ending -e when they refer to
males in the singular:
Min andre son ar kemist. My second son is a chemist.
As in English, the ordinal numbers are used as adjectives. l:a, 2:a,
4:e etc. are very common abbreviations for forsta, andra, fjarde, etc.
but the number alone is usually sufficient to indicate an ordinal, for
example in dates and in the names of kings and queens.
Rummet ar pa tredje vaningen. The room is on the third floor.
De olympiska spelen ager rum The Olympic Games take place
vart fjarde ar. every fourth year.
Bussen gar var femte minut. The bus goes every fifth minute.
Norwich den 19 augusti 1995. Norwich, 19 August, 1995.
Terminen borjar den 1 oktober. The term starts on October 1.
Rung Carl XVI Gustaf (pronounced Carl den sextonde
Gustaf)
Drottning Elizabeth II (pronounced Elizabeth den
andra)

2 Varje - var/vart - varenda/vartenda - var och

en/vart och ett - varannan/vartannat
Varje and var/vart mean each, every, but are not always inter¬
changeable. Varje is the most common of them and, unlike the oth¬
ers, is unchanged, whether it refers to an en- word or an ett- word.
Only var/vart can be used before an ordinal.
Varenda/vartenda (every single one) is used when the words are
particularly stressed.
Var och en/vart och ett means each one.
Varannan/vartannat means every second.

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 HAVE YOU A ROOM VACANT?

vaije/var gang every time

vaije/vart ar every year
var sjatte manad every sixth month
vartenda hus every single house
var och en av oss each one of us
vartannat ar every second year
Note also the expressions lite av varje all sorts of things and i varje
fall in any case.

3 The translation of English ‘-ing’ forms

In English a word ending in -ing can be either a noun, an adjective or
a verb, for example:
Laughing is good for you. Att skratta ar nyttigt.
a laughing clown en skrattande clown
He went away laughing. Han gick darifran skrattande
The child is laughing. Barnet skrattar.
As a noun it is translated by an infinitive in Swedish.
In the last three examples, the -ing form is a present participle used
as an adjective or a verb.
The Swedish present participle has two forms. If the infinitive form of
a verb ends in an -a (as it does for most verbs) the present participle
ends in -ande. If the infinitive ends in a vowel other than -a the pre¬
sent participle ending is -ende: grktande (crying), kommande (com¬
ing), stigande (rising), doende (dying), gkende (walking), \eende
(smiling).
In Swedish the present participle is seldom used as a verb. In practice
this happens only after the verbs komma, ga, bli and verbs of
motion, for example:
Han kom visslande pa vagen. He came whistling along the
road.,
Hon gick leende till honom. She went smiling to him.
The present participle is mainly used as an adjective or a noun in
Swedish, or occasionally as an adverb:
en sjungande flicka a singing girl
De studerande far rabatt. Students get a discount.

195
 SWEDISH

Hon var pafallande vacker. She was strikingly beautiful.

Note that all present participles used as nouns denoting people are
fifth declension en- nouns, so they don’t have a plural ending. If the
present participle nouns do not denote people, they are fourth declen¬
sion ett- nouns, so they take -n as the plural ending:
Alla overlevande ar sarade. All survivors are wounded.
Hon gav honom manga leenden. She gave him many smiles.
Han tick flera erbjudanden om He got several offers of work.
arbete.
Present participles used as adjectives or adverbs do not take any end¬
ings. They must be compared with mera and mest:
Det mest lockande erbjudandet The most tempting offer came
kom fran Unilever. from Unilever.

4 The spelling of words ending in -m or -n

Unfortunately, sometimes an m or n at the end of a word is not
doubled even though the vowel is short. Thus these words break the
normal pronunciation rules. Such words are: rum (room), hem
(home), dum (silly), kam (comb), kom (came), program (pro¬
gramme), min (my), din (your), sin (hisIher/its /their), man (man),
man (men), men (but), van (friend), mun (mouth), kan (can).

However, if an ending starting with a vowel is added, the m or n

respectively is doubled. Thus the number of ms or ns varies between
different forms of the same word, for example:

Noun Indef. sing. Def. sing. Indef. plural Def. plural

rum rummet rum rummen
hem hemmet hem hemmen
man mannen man mannen
Verb Infinitive Present tense Past tense Supine
komma kommer kom kommit
Adjective Basic Neuter Plural and def. form
dum dumt dumma

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 HAVE YOU A ROOM VACANT?

5 Nummer, numret, nummer, numren

In contrast to the above, a word containing an -mm or -nn normally
drops one -m or -n respectively when an ending starting with a conso¬
nant is added. This must be done if the ending starts with a -d or -t,
for example:

Noun nummer numret nummer numren

Verb glomma glommer glomde glomt forget
kanna kanner kande kant
kunna kan kunde kunnat
Adjective sann sant sanna

However, the double -m or -n is kept before -s endings (genitives and

verbs ending in -s), before suffixes and in compound words:
ett lamms ull a lamb’s wool
Det kanns bra. It feels good,
kvinnlig female
lammkotletter lamb chops

6 The subjunctive
The subjunctive causes few problems in Swedish, as it is not used
today in normal Swedish, apart from vore (from vara) and in a few
set phrases. It is normally formed by adding -e to the stem of the
verb. The subjunctive expresses wishful thinking or an unreal state,
an hypothesis etc., for example:
Det vore roligt om du kom. It would be nice if you came.
Leve brudparet! Hooray for the bride and
bridegroom!
Tack vare dig. Thanks to you.
Matte han komma! I do hope he’ll come!
Gud valsigne dig! God bless you!

The alternative to using the subjunctive is to use the ordinary past

tense or skulle + infinitive, or pluperfect and skulle + ha + supine:
Om jag var rik, skulle jag flyga If I were rich, I would fly with
med Concorde. Concorde.

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 SWEDISH

Om jag hade varit rik, skulle If I had been rich, I would have
jag ha flugit med Concorde. flown with Concorde.

-Ovningar-
1 State the accommodation requirements of the following people.
Example: Erik Johansson vill ha ett enkelrum med bad. Han
behover ocksa garage for sin bil.
Enkelrum Dubbelrum Bad Dusch Garage

Erik Johansson / / /
(a) Bertil och Siv
Andersson / / -

{b) Tore Olsson / / /

(c) Eva Skold / / eller / -

(d) FamiljenVik 2/ 1 / och 1/ /

2 Write the missing dates in words, as in the example.

Example: (4/7) I Amerika firar man den fjarde juli.

(a) (616) Sveriges nationaldag ar...

(b) (14/7) Fransmannen firar ...
(c) (17/5) I Norge firas ...
(d) (23/4) S:t George firas ...
(e) (4) Julen firas under det... kvartalet.
(/) (6) Det... budet (commandment).
ig) (7) Hon var i... himlen.

3 Insert the correct words in the following sentences:

(a) Vi aker buss {every).dag.

(b) Hon ar ledig (each).tredje sondag.
(c) Han vann {every single).gang.
{d) Hon kommer till Sverige {every).ijarde ar.
(e) {Each one).av barnen fick en present.
if) Ett flygplan landar {every second).minut.

4 Form a present participle noun or adjective appropriate for the fol¬

lowing sentences. Use the following verbs: cykla, do, falla (fall),
ga, le, leva, stiga.

(a) Trottoaren {the pavement) ar bara for.

198
 HAVE YOU A ROOM VACANT?

(b) .maste cykla pa gatan.

(c) Det ar svart att se de.bamen i Afrika pa TV.
id) Under 90-talet har vi haft . matpriser men
huspriser.
(e) Mona Lisas.ar beromt i hela varlden.
if) Ingen nu.har sett en dinosaurie.
5 A tourist who doesn’t know Swedish has asked you for information
about some Stockholm hotels. Read the descriptions of the hotels
below and summarise the information about each of the hotels in
English for him.
Grand Hotell Unikt lage vid vattnet bredvid Kungliga Operan.
Favoriserat av de kungliga, nobelpristagare och dignitarer.
Medlem av ‘The Leading Hotels of the World’. 319 rum.
Example: Grand Hotell is Stockholm’s luxury hotel. It is large and
beautifully situated in the centre by the water beside the Royal
Opera House, but it is expensive.
(а) Reso Hotell Reisen Forstklassigt hotell i gammaldags stil.
Lage i Gamla stan (The Old Town). Restaurang, barer, sauna.
Utmarkta konferensrum. 113 rum.
(б) Reso Hotell Amaranten Modemt och bekvamt hotell. Lage
vid City Air Terminal. Restaurang, barer, konferensrum. 410 rum.
(c) Scandic Crown Hotel Modemt hotell nara centrum. Med
Scandic Holiday Card bor bam under 13 ar gratis i foraldramas
rum. Tonaringar far eget mm for 150:-. Frukost ingar i priset.
Scandic Holiday Card kostar 100:- men en presentcheck for
100:- i Scandics restaurang + hundratals rabatter for Avis hyr-
bilar, bilfarjor, svenskt glas etc. ingar.
id) Welcome Hotell Barkarby 15 minuter fran centrum. Man
be talar fullt pris forsta natten men halvt pris foljande natter.
Frukost ingar i priset.
ie) Sommarhotell Modema studentrum med dusch och toalett.
Budgetpris. Utanfor centrum. Sarskilt lampligt for konferenser
och grupper.
if) af Chapman Vandrarhem ombord pa ett gammalt segelfartyg.
Centralt lage vid Skeppsholmen. Billigt.

1 lage (-t, -n) situation

gammaldags old fashioned
tondring (-en, -ar) teenager
segelfartyg (-et, -0) windjammer

199 —
 SWEDISH

6 Imagine you have been asked to book accommodation in

Stockholm for the following people. Choose the most appropriate
accommodation from the list above and explain your choice.

(a) A visiting President on an informal visit to Sweden.

{b) A family of five. Two children below 13, one son aged 17.
(c) Two teenagers on a restricted budget.
id) A busy commercial traveller from abroad. He has to fly to the
main Swedish cities, but wants to have Stockholm as his base.
(e) A young couple hoping to stay for a week, if their means allow
it. A central situation is not essential, but privacy is.
(/) An elderly couple who emigrated from Sweden to America in
their youth. They are particularly fond of everything old and
quaint.
(g) A group of foreign students studying modern architecture.

-Forstcir du?-

Stockholm
Man har kallat Sveriges huvudstad, Stockholm, for ‘Nordens
Venedig’. Den svenska forfattarinnan Selma Lagerlof beskrev
Stockholm som ‘staden som flyter pa vatten’. Stockholm ligger pa
fjorton oar mitt emellan Ostersjon och Malaren, Sveriges tredje
storsta sjo. Vart man an gar i Stockholm ar man inte langt fran
vatten och batar. Vattnet ar sa rent att man kan fiska lax och bada
mitt i centrum. Pa vintern brukar vattnet frysa till is i ungefar en
manad. Det ar vattnet och oarna, bergen och asarna som gor
Stockholm till en sa vacker stad. Ett annat namn som Stockholm
har fatt ar ‘Malardrottningen’.
Enligt Erikskronikan, som skrevs pa 1300-talet, var det Birger Jarl
som grundlade staden ar 1252. Namnet Stockholm anvandes forsta
gangen officiellt i ett brev som ar undertecknat av kung Valdemar
och Birger Jarl. Namnet kommer fran ‘stock’ (log) och ‘holme’
(islet). Enligt kronikan byggde Birger Jarl en fastning pa den holme
dar hans stock flot i land for att skydda hamnarna i Malaren mot
pirater. Staden vaxte langsamt, men har nu en och en halv miljon
invanare.
 HAVE YOU A ROOM VACANT?

i huvudstad (-en, -stader) capital

Nordens Venedig the Venice of
Erikskronikan the Eric Chronicle
grundlagg/a (-er, -lade, -lagt) lay
the North the foundation of
forfattarmn/a (-an, -or) authoress anvand/a (-er, -vande, -vant) use
beskr/v/a (-er, -skrev, -skrivit) brev (-et, -0) letter
describe underteckn/a (-ar, -ade, -at) sign
flyt/a (-er, flot, flutit) float kung (-en, -ar) (from konung) king
vart... an wherever fastning (-en, -ar) fortress
ren clean i land ashore
frysa till is freeze over pirat (-en, -er) pirate
£s (-en, -ar) ridge vax/a (-er, -te, -t) grow
Malardrottningen The Queen of Idngsamt slowly
Lake Malaren

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Man kan inte bada i Stockholm.
(б) Stockholm kallas ocksa ‘Malardrottningen’.
(c) Stockholm grundlades for att skydda befolkningen runt Malaren
mot pirater.

— 201 —
 VAR HAR DU VARIT?
Where have you been?

In this unit you will learn

• how to say if you like or do not like something
• how to ask where someone has been
• how to express disappointment

- Samtal —

John and Ake discuss their sightseeing programme in Stockholm.

John Vart ska vi ga forst?
Ake Jag tycker vi ska boija med Stadshuset, for det har blivit en
symbol for Stockholm. Bla hallen - som ar rod! - och Gyllene
salen med de fina mosaikema, dar festmiddagen for nobel-
pristagarna serveras ar mycket vackra.
John Ja, dit maste vi ga.
Ake Fore det stora ankracet kan vi val ocksa titta pa slottet. Det
har over 600 rum, och de fiesta ar tillgangliga for besokare.
Vi kan ju inte se allt, men representationsvaningama borde
vi val se. Det finns ocksa sju museer pa slottet. Av dem ar
val skattkammaren med alia kronjuvelema mest spannande.
John Jag tycker inte att det ar sa roligt med juveler. Vara kronju-

202 —
 WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?

veler i Towem ar val finare.

Ake I sa fall kan vi titta pa Gamla stan efterat.
John Var ligger Gamla stan?
Ake Just bakom slottet. Det ar den aldsta delen med gamla
medeltida hus, smala grander, trevliga butiker och mysiga
restauranger. Vet du, att Stockholms domkyrka, Storkyrkan,
har en beromd staty av S:t Goran och draken? Det ar alltsa
S:t George.
John Nej, jag trodde att han bara var skyddshelgon hemma i
England.

S Stadshuset City Hall

symbol (-en, -er) symbol
kronjuvel (-en, -er)
state regalia
crown jewel,

bid (bldtt, bld(a)) blue spannande thrilling

rod (rott, roda) red i sd fall in that case
gyllene golden efterdt afterwards
Gyllene salen the Golden Hall just bakom just behind
mosa/k (-en, -er) mosaic medeltida medieval
festmiddag (-en, -ar) banquet smala grander narrow lanes
nobetpristagare (-n, -0) Nobel but/k (-en, -er) shop, boutique
prize winner mysig (colloquial) (nice and) cosy
serveras is served domkyrk/a (-an, -or) cathedral
ankrace (-t, -n) duck race drak/e (-en, -ar) dragon
slott (-et, -0) palace, castle alltsd that’s to say, you know
tillganglig accessible, open tro (-r, -dde, -tt) believe
besokare (-n, -0) visitor skyddshelgon (-et, -0) patron saint
skattkammare (-n, -0) treasury

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Stadshuset har over 600 rum.
(б) Det finns sju olika museer pa slottet.
(c) Det finns en staty av S:t George i Stockholms domkyrka.

0-Samtal-
1 John and Ake split up as they have different interests. John then
failed to turn up at Kungstradgarden, where they had agreed to meet.
Ake Var har du varit?
John Jag gick till Vasamuseet, for jag tycker inte om modem

— 203
 SWEDISH

konst. Jag ar mer intresserad av batar.

Ake Jag blev besviken, for jag vantade pa dig i Kungsan. Vi hade
ju bestamt att vi skulle traffas dar.
John Forlat, men Vasa var sa imponerande att jag inte kunde slita
mig darifran. Jag tankte att jag inte skulle hitta dig i alia
fall, for det var ju sa fullt med folk i Kungsan, sa jag tittade
pa en gratis teaterpjas har i stallet.
Ake Jag trodde du var intresserad av miljon. Jag larde mig myck-
et om vattnet. Drygt 70% av jordens yta ar tackt av vatten,
men bara 1% gar att dricka, sa vi maste vara radda om
vattnet.
John Fick du biljetter till Paul McCartney?
Ake Nej, jag ar ledsen men det var utsalt pa Globen.
John Det var synd.

intresserad av interested in fullt med folk crowded

besv/ken disappointed miljo (-n, -er) environment
Kungsan (colloquial) drygt slightly more than
Kungstradg&rden (a park) yt/a (-an, -or) surface
imponerande impressive vara radd om take care of
slita mig darifrdn tear myself away jag ar ledsen I'm sorry
from there utsdlt sold out
hitt/a (-ar, -ade, -at) find det var synd that's a pity
i alia fall anyway

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Man kan se modem konst pa Vasamuseet.
(б) Det ar aldrig fullt med folk i Kungstradgarden.
(c) Bara 1% av vattnet pa jorden gar att dricka.

-Vad ni behover veta-

Vattenfestivalen For ten days in August Stockholm celebrates
with a festival that has no equal. It is now one of the most well-
attended events in Europe, with around 4 million visitors. The whole
city is transformed by 1,500 different events, most of them free of
charge, for example: music, theatre, dancing, samba carnival, and the
world fireworks championships.

— 204 —
 WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?

The water festival has a serious purpose, namely to protect the envi¬
ronment, and in particular water. The Stockholm Water Prize, intro¬
duced in 1991 and worth $150,000, is awarded to the person who has
done most for the water environment anywhere in the world. There is
also a junior prize, worth SEK 25 000 for a young person below 18 for
an idea or a practical invention to safeguard the water.
Globen The largest spherical building in the world. Major sporting
and cultural events take place there.
Vasa A Swedish warship which sank in Stockholm harbour on its
maiden voyage in 1628. Now rescued and beautifully preserved, it is
one of the main tourist attractions in Stockholm.

-Sa har sager man-

How to:
• say that you like something
Det ar sa vackert/intressant It’s so beautiful/interestingl
imponerande/spannande/kul. impressive/thrilling/amusing.

• say that you don’t like something

Jag tycker inte om modem konst. I don’t like modern art.
Det ar forskrackligt/hemskt/fult. It’s terrible!aw fullugly.
• ask where someone has been
Var har du varit? Where have you been?
Vart tog du vagen? Where did you get to?

• express disappointment
Jag blev besviken. I was disappointed.
Jag ar ledsen. I’m sorry.
Det var synd. That’s a pity.

—.205
 SWEDISH

Grammatik

1 Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify the meaning of an adjective, a verb,
another adverb or a whole clause. They can refer to place, time, quan¬
tity or manner. The most common adverbs are the negations inte,
aldrig, icke, ej.
Many adverbs are identical with the neuter form of the adjective.
These are compared in exactly the same way as the adjectives, for
example:
sent late senare later senast latest
gott good battre better bast best
hogt high hogre higher hogst highest
However, there are also many adverbs not derived from adjectives.
Apart from the negations there are the words ending in -en, such as
verkligen {really), troligen (probably), slutligen (finally) and the
words ending in -vis like naturligtvis (of course), vanligtvis (usual¬
ly), lyckligtvis (fortunately). These can of course not be compared
because of their meaning.
Please note that most of the place adverbs have two forms. One form
is used with verbs indicating rest or position at a place, and the other

206
 WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?

form is used with verbs indicating movement towards or from a place.

English used to have the same distinction, e.g. here/hither, there/
thither etc. Expressions of position answer the question var? (where?)
and expressions of movement answer the question vart? (where to?).
Below is a list of those adverbs with two forms.

Rest or position Movement

var where? vart where to?
har here hit to here
dar there dit to there
inne in(side) in in
ute out(side) ut out
uppe up upp up
nere down ner down
hemma at home hem (to) home
borta away bort away
framme in front, there, tram forward
at one’s destination

Var har du varit? Where have you been?

Vi ar har. We are here.
Vart ska vi ga forst? Where shall we go first.
Ni maste komma hit. You must come here.
Ake och John stannade inne Ake and John stayed in(doors)
hela kvallen. the whole evening.

There are a few idiomatic phrases:

De bor tre trappor upp. They live on the third floor.
Hon ringde hem. She phoned home.
Jag langtar dit. I long to go there.

2 Before
Before can be a conjunction, an adverb or a preposition.
As a conjunction (a word that links two clauses) it is translated by
innan, unless it is preceded by a negative clause, in which case it is
translated by forran. Thus inte... forran corresponds to not... until.
As an adverb it corresponds to previously, earlier and is translated by
forr, forut, tidigare. These words are interchangeable.

— 207
 SWEDISH

As a preposition it is translated by fore when it refers to time, but

framfor when it refers to place.
John korde pa en mindre vag John drove on a minor road
innan han korde pa motorvagen. before he drove on the motorway.
Ake vaknade inte forran Ake didn’t wake up until the
vackarklockan ringde. alarm clock rang.
John hade aldrig kort i John had never driven on the
hogertrafik forut. right before.
Du maste komma fore klockan You must come before five
fem. o’clock.
Han satt framfor mig pa bion. He sat in front of me at the
cinema.

3 Tycka/tanka/tro (think)
The English verb think corresponds to three different verbs in Swedish.
These verbs are rarely interchangeable.

(a) Tycka renders think when it means to hold an opinion or when it

is a matter of taste:

Jag tycker vi ska boija med I think we should start with the
Stadshuset. City Hall.
John tyckte att Vasa var John thought that Vasa was
imponerande. impressive.
Ake tycker att modem konst ar Ake thinks that modern art is
intressant. interesting.
(b) Tanka renders think when it means ponder, use one’s brain. Note
that think of is always translated by tanka pa:

Tank forst och handla sedan. Think before you act.

Ake tanker pa John. Ake is thinking of John.
(c) Tro renders think when it means believe, i.e. you cannot be sure,
but you believe something:

Jag tror att det blir vackert I cannot be sure but I think it
vader i morgon. will be fine tomorrow.
Vi tror pa Gud. We believe in God.

208
 WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?

4 Intresserad av, intresse i, intresse for

The expression interested in (art, sport etc.) must be translated by
intresserad av (konst, sport etc.):
Ake trodde att John var Ake thought that John was
intresserad av miljon. interested in the environment.
Of interest to or an interest in is translated by intresse for, unless it
refers to having an economic interest (i.e. shares) in a company, in
which case it is intresse i:
Den gamla damen fattade The old lady took an interest
intresse for pojken. in the hoy.
Riksdagsledamoter maste tala MPs must declare if they have
om ifall de har intressen i an interest in the companies
de bolag som diskuteras. which are being discussed.

5 Adjectives without endings

There are a number of adjectives which do not conform to the normal
pattern with regard to endings. In this unit we had gyllene, medel-
tida, gratis. These are typical of the adjectives which do not take any
endings whatsoever, namely adjectives ending in -e, -a or -s (though
those adjectives ending in -os like gracids (graceful), skandalos
(scandalous), nervos (nervous) do take normal adjective endings).
Examples of indeclinable adjectives are:
(a) Adjectives ending in -e, among them all present participles and
adjectives in the comparative form: leende (smiling), frammande
(foreign, strange), aldre (older), mindre (smaller), ode (deserted),
ordinarie (regular), ense (agreed).
(b) Adjectives ending in -a: bra (good), extra, akta (genuine), sakta
(slow), stilla (peaceful), samma ((the) same), nasta ((the) next), forra
((the) last), nutida (present day), datida (of that time).
(c) Adjectives ending in -s: stackars (poor), utrikes (foreign),
gammaldags (old fashioned), medelalders (middle-aged).
Some odd - but common - adjectives without endings are: fel (wrong),
slut (finished), flarran (far-away).

209 —
 SWEDISH

6 Adjectives with variations of the normal

endings
Other adjectives with minor variations to the regular pattern of end¬
ings are:

(a) Adjectives ending in a vowel in the basic form:

ny nytt nya new

fri fritt fria free
bla blatt bla/a blue

0b) Adjectives ending in a vowel + tt in the basic form:

latt latt latta easy, light
trott trott trotta tired
(c) Adjectives ending in a consonant + t in the basic form:
intelligent intelligent intelligenta intelligent
id) Adjectives ending in a vowel + d in the basic form:

god gott goda good

rod rott roda red
(e) Adjectives ending in a consonant + d in the basic form:
stangd stangt stangda closed
beromd beromt beromda famous

if) Adjectives ending in -ad inl the basic form:

alskad alskat alskade beloved
oppnad oppnat oppnade opened

fe) Adjectives ending in a vowel + m in the basic form:

dum dumt dumma silly
tom tomt tomma empty
(h) Adjectives ending in -nn in the basic form:
sann sant sanna true
noggrann noggrant noggranna careful

210
 WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?

7 Radd om, radd for

Note the difference in meaning between vara radd om (be careful
with, take care of) and vara radd for (be afraid of), for example:
Du horde vara radd om din You ought to take care of your
halsa. health.
Ar du radd for spindlar? Are you afraid of spiders?

]- Ovningar -
1 Answer the following questions, using dit/dar/hit/har.
Example: Var ar bilen? Den ar dar.
(a) Vart korde Ake och John? (to there)
(b) Var ligger staden? (there)
(c) Var ar du? (here)
(d) Vart cyklar Lasse? (to here)
(e) Var star skidoma? (there)
1 2 Construct suitable questions, using var or vart, to which the fol¬
lowing statements could be the answers.
Example: John ar i Sverige. - Var ar han?

(a) Robert och Jane bor i London.

(b) Marco Polo reste osterut.
(c) John traffade Kerstin i Goteborg.
(d) De korde till sommarstugan.
(e) John ringde hem.
(/) Robert och Jane ska resa hem.
3 Put the sentences in the right order to fit the pictures on the next
page. Then insert the correct form of the place adverbs in the text.
Choose from: dit/dar, fram/framme, hem/hemma, hit/har,
in/inne, ner/nere, upp/uppe, ut/ute. Some words are used
several times, others are not used at all.

(a) .bor familjen Svensson.

(b) Ake aker hiss.till tredje vaningen.
(c) Han gar.i huset.
(d) Han gar (out).i koket.

— 211 —
 SWEDISH

(e) Han halier (up).ett glas 61 at sig.

(/) och tar.en 61 ur kylskapet.

— 212
 WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?

(g) men John sager att han tycker om att vara.

(h) Sedan satter han sig.och vantar pa John.
(i) Nar John kommer tittar Ake. Da star John redan
.i rummet.
o

(j) Ake tanker att John kanske vill aka.till London, for
.ar alia hans vanner.
(k) Han star (in front).vid fonstret och tittar.
(/) Ake ar pa vag. Det ar kallt. Han gar fort,
sa han ar snart.

Note. If you translated ‘pours out’ as halier ut it would mean that

Ake poured the beer down the drain ... an awful waste!
4 Complete the text, using fore/framfor, forr/forut/tidigare,
innan, inte ... forran.

.jul ar det skont att sitta.den oppna spisen och

rosta applen., nar man inte hade centralvarme, hade alia
en oppen spis i huset. Det var.pa 1900-talet, som det blev
vanligt med centralvarme.dess var det kallt i husen om
vintern.

a centralvarme (-n)
dess then
central heating

5 Choose the correct word - tycka/tanka/tro - and the correct form

of the chosen word to fill the gaps in the sentences.
(a) Man.bast pa morgonen.
(b) Alla.att John talar flytande svenska.
(c) Manga.att det alltid regnar i England.
(d) Ake.att John skulle komma till Kungstradgarden.
(e) Vad.du om smorgasbordet?
(/) Ingen.att Danmark skulle vinna fotbollsmatchen.
4) Vad.du pa?
6 Choose the appropriate preposition - av/for/i - to complete the
sentences.
(a) Vad ar du mest intresserad., film eller teater?
(b) Ake har fattat intresse.miljon.
(c) Familjen Wallenberg har intressen.manga bolag.
(d) Flickorna ar bara intresserade.klader.

— 213
 SWEDISH

(e) Artikeln ar inte av nagot intresse.mig.

(/) Mannen var av stort intresse.polisen.
7 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the following ad¬
jectives: dum/hard/ny/medelalders/sann/stackars/stangd/akta.
Use each adjective only once.
(а) Den.studenten hade inga pengar kvar.
(б) Jag behover ett.batteri till bilen.
(c) Hon tick ett halsband med.parlor.
id) De fick svara pa manga.fragor.
(e) Det gamla brodet var.
(/) Han dansade med en.dam.
(g) Det var ett.ord.
(h) Kontoret var.pa sondagama.
8 You are in Stockholm and you would like a night at the theatre. A
Strindberg play is a must. Three Strindberg plays are advertised.
Read the advertisements and answer the questions that follow.

DRAMATEN
KASSAN OPPEN I DAO 10.00-19.00
TIL BEST. 10.00-U.OO. HU. 0»-6S7 06 «0. f AX 01-667 »< 00.

a;-i | AFTON SPELAR VI: zsensazzsziL:

DODSDANSEN
av August Strindberg marlonetteatern
19 00-21.55 pAFyran Briinnst) 6 vxl Stureplnn
utsAlt

spok
TEflTER
PremlAr Fontrln^sifarra
Pa turne i Argentina:
Ikvall pa
Buenos Aires
Stnndbergasalen N.Bantorget Stadsteater kl. 21 00
BUj 200843 el BoxofBce
Ater i Stockholm 3 9.

(а) Vilka titlar har de tre Strindbergspjasema?

(б) Vilken pjas ar den enda som du kan fa biljetter till?
(c) Var spelas den har Strindbergspjasen?
(d) Hur kan du kopa biljetter till den?
(e) Varfor kan du inte fa biljetter till de tva andra forestall-
ningama?

m forestallning (-en, -ar) performance

214
 WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?

9 You decide you need some light relief after the Strindberg play.
Three events have been recommended to you. Study the advertise¬
ments and answer the questions.

J ARLATEATERN
Shirley Valentine- kungsrtensft. 2 ( vlH farUpUnl

NYPREMIAR jelhoruUoren
av Willy Russel (DptrtHavCori ZtUtr

Oversatcning Gunilia Anderman

Regi: Bjorn Melander
I roller. GUNILLA NYROOS
"Suveran Shirley" Sundsvalls Tidn.
"Shirley Valentine
■ en teaterpdrla" Skinska Dagbl.
Spelas pa
Mosebaeke Etablissement
M&ndagar kl 19 00
Bilj. tel 08-644 54 20. 64 I 90 20.
640 46 60 kl 10.00-17.00.
Shirley Valentine Stockholms
- en p3rta! Operettensemble
“En operetr p,t rAtt sJitr" SvD
Oct Ar en stflfull. vackcr uppsAtt
ning med hpg ambldonsnivA
son i kAnnetecknar dentM ensembles
•Mpctc' Arbeter
-J STOCKHOLMS OPERETTENSEMBLE “V SISTA VECKORNA!
Operettfest Spelas frc-dor 19.30,
lor-sbn 15.00
tis-ons-tors 13.00
Kassad ttppen dAgtlgen >0 - IS
En fargsprakande kavalkad
Tet. 10 16 0?, t.0 19 02 _ /*
med operett. musikal och wienermelodier
Anne-Ue Klnnunen Mark Bartholdsson r=v.
Raymond Bidding
Ulriki Nilsson MtftUsNilsson
Pontus Hetander Wchm Schroldberger
Emil Dekov Eva Norberg
Wilhelm Schaaf Dansgrappen "Sweet feet”
HALLWYLSKA PALATSETS CARD
HAMNGATAN 4

(a) Vad for slags forestallningar ar de? (Dans, drama etc.)

(b) En av dem spelas bara en gang i veckan. Vilken ar det?
(c) Nar spelas den och vem spelar huvudrollen?
id) Du vill heist se den forestallningen. Hur kan du fa biljetter till
den?

Forster du?
Alfred Nobel
Sverige har haft manga uppfmnare och vetenskapsman som har
gjort landet kant i hela varlden. Alfred Nobels manga uppfmningar,
av vilka dynamiten var den viktigaste, gjorde honom fantastiskt rik

215
 SWEDISH

och beromd. Nobel var fodd i Stockholm av svenska foraldrar. Nar

ban var nio ar gammal flyttade han med sin familj till S:t Petersburg,
som var huvudstad i Ryssland vid den tiden. Han bodde i flera lan¬
der efterat och kom till slut att betrakta sig som varldsmedborgare,
men han gav aldrig upp sitt svenska medborgarskap, och svenska
ar ocksa spraket i det testamente som han skrev i Paris ar 1895.
Han testamenterade storsta delen av sin formogenhet till en stif-
telse, och rantan pa inkomsten fran den stiftelsen skulle delas upp
vaije ar i fern lika stora delar och delas ut till dem som har gjort sig
mest fortjanta inom omradena litteratur, fysik, kemi och medicin.
Ett sjatte pris, i ekonomi, har tillkommit senare.
Nobel instiftade ocksa ett fredspris, vilket kan verka ironiskt efter-
som dynamit spelat sa stor roll i krigen, men han ville ha fred i
varlden. Fredspriset delas ut i Norge, medan de andra prisen delas
ut i Stockholm den 10 december vaije ar i narvaro av kungaparet.

uppfinnare (-n, -0) inventor stiftelse (-n, -r) foundation

vetenskaps/man (-mannen, -man) rant/a (-an, -or) interest
scientist inkomst (-en, -er) income
uppfinning (-en, -ar) invention delas upp be divided up
dynamit (-en) dynamite delas ut be shared out, awarded
viktig important gjort sig fortjant distinguish
flytt/a (-ar, -ade, -at) move oneself
till slut in the end omrdde (-t, -n) area
betrakt/a (-ar, -ade, -at) sig regard fysik (-en) physics
himself kemi (-n) chemistry
varldsmedborgare (-n, -0) world tilikomma (tillkommer, tilkom,
citizen tillkommit) to be added
ge (-r, gav, givit) upp give up instift/a (-ar, -ade, -at) establish
medborgarskap (-et, -0) fredspris (-et, -0) peace prize
citizenship verk/a (-ar, -ade, -at) seem
testamente (-t, -n) will ironisk ironic
testamenter/a (-ar, -ade, -at) krig (-et, -0) war
bequeath i narvaro av in the presence of
formogenhet (-en, -er) wealth kungapar (-et, -en) royal couple

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Alfred Nobel uppfann dynamiten.
(б) Nobel skrev sitt testamente pa franska i Paris ar 1895.
(c) Nobelpriset i litteratur ar storre an de andra prisen.

216
 VILKEN LINJE
SKA JAG TA?
Which line should I take ?

In this unit you will learn

• phrases used about public transport and hiring a car
• how to express surprise
• how to express hesitation
• about the political scene

B-Samtal-
1 John is meeting Ake at Riksdagshuset but he doesn’t know how to get
there. He asks a man at S:t Eriksplan underground station for help.

John Var snail och tala om for mig vilken linje jag ska ta for att
komma till Riksdagshuset!
Mannen Det gar bra att ta forsta tag som kommer.
John Var ska jag ga av?
Mannen Vid Gamla stan eller T-centralen.
John Finns det ingen hallplats vid Riksdagshuset?
Mannen Nej, men det ar inte alls langt att ga.
John Maste jag byta tag?
Mannen Nej, alia tagen harifran passerar de stationema.

217
 SWEDISH

linje (-n, -r) line byta tag change trains

det gdr bra att... it is possible to... passer/a (-ar, -ade, -at) pass
g£ av get off

Ratt eller fel?

(a) John kan inte aka med tunnelbanan.
(b) Det finns ingen hallplats vid Riksdagshuset.
(c) Inga tunnelbanetag fran S:t Eriksplan passerar Gamla stan.

X-Samtal-
John and Ake have met up at Riksdagshuset and are waiting for the
guided tour.

John Kan du beratta lite om den svenska riksdagen. Hur gammal

ar den?
Ake Det ar svart att saga. Vikingama hade ju sina ting, dar alia
fria man fick rosta, men man brukar rakna ar 1435 som det
ar da den forsta svenska riksdagen sammankallades av den
svenske frihetshjalten Engelbrekt. Det unika med den var att
folket representerades av fyra stand: adel, praster, borgare
och bonder. I andra lander var det inte vanligt att bonder fick
vara med och bestamma, men i Sverige hade bondema en
mycket stark stallning till langt in pa 1900-talet.
John Var de inte livegna?
Ake Nej, de fiesta svenska bondema agde sin jord.
John Ar det verkligen sant?
Ake Ja, nu ar de bara 3,5% av befolkningen, men de producerar
mer an vad landet behover, sa overskottet exporteras.
John Nar avskaffades standsriksdagen?
Ake Ar 1866. Den ersattes med en tva-kammarriksdag ungefar
som i England, men ar 1970 infordes en en-kammarriksdag.
John Ar det verkligen battre?
Ake De fiesta tycker nog det.

218
 WHICH LINE SHOULD I TAKE?

1 beratt/a (-ar, -ade, -at) tell

riksdag (-en, -ar) parliament
bonder peasants
vanligt common, usual
viking (-en, -ar) viking vara med och bestamma take part
ting (-et, -0) (hist.) thing in decision making
rost/a (-ar, -ade, -at) vote stallning (-en, -ar) position
sammankal!/a (-ar, -ade, -at) livegen (livegna) serf, serfs
summon ag/a (-er, -de, -t) own
frihetshjalt/e (-en, -ar) champion overskott (-et) surplus
of liberty avskaffa (-ar, -ade, -at) abolish
un/k unique ersatta (ersatter, ersatte, ersatt)
stdnd (-et, -0) here: estate replace
adel nobility infora (infor, inforde, infort)
praster clergy introduce
borgare burghers

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Den svenska riksdagen ar gammal.
(б) De fiesta svenska bonder arbetade for andra.
(c) Sverige inforde en tva-kammarriksdag som i England ar 1970.

- Vad ni behover veta -

Tunnelbanan You can travel throughout Stockholm county for a
fairly modest sum by means of tunnelbanan (the underground),
buses, local trains and trams on the same ticket for one hour. The
entrances to the underground stations are marked with a blue T on a
white background. If you buy cash coupons at the start of your jour¬
ney there are no discounts available, so it is advisable to buy discount
coupons. Pensioners and young people under 18 get them at a reduced
price. They can also purchase tourist cards at a discount. These are
valid either for 24 or 72 hours for an unlimited number of journeys
on all SL’s (Storstockholms Lokaltrafik) routes, throughout the
whole of Greater Stockholm. The three-day card also includes free
admission to some tourist attractions. 'Don’t neglect to look at the
world’s longest art exhibition - the decorations in the underground
stations in Stockholm!
Skansen The oldest open-air museum in the world, with old build¬
ings from all over Sweden, old crafts, an aquarium, a Nordic zoo, etc.
A favourite place for Stockholmers.

219
 SWEDISH

Kultur The arts are well supported in Sweden, both by the people
and the state. You have the opportunity to see first class perfor¬
mances both of operas, plays, ballets and concerts. Sweden has pro¬
duced such opera stars as Jenny Lind, Jussi Bjorling, Birgit Nilsson
and Elisabeth Soderstrom. Actors like Greta Garbo, Ingrid Bergman
and Max von Sydow need no introduction, and when it comes to direc¬
tion Ingmar Bergman is in a class of his own.

Folkparker There are also performances of a less elitist kind.

Stockholm has 30 open air stages for all kinds of popular events, like
pop concerts or fringe theatre performances. There is also a large
number of folkparker all over the country. People go there to dance
and to enjoy performances of various kinds. Popular singers, musi¬
cians and other artists tour the country during the summer, perform¬
ing light-hearted comedies rather than serious theatre. They are very
dear to the people of Sweden.

Sa har sager man

How to:

• enquire about things

Var snail och tala om for mig ... Please tell me ...
Kan du beratta lite om ...? Can you tell me a little about...?
Hur gammal/stor ar...? How oldllarge is...?
• express surprise

Ar det verkligen sant? Is it really true?

Sager du det! Is that so!
• express uncertainty
Det ar svart att saga It’s difficult to say.
Ar det inte besvarligt...? Isn’t it difficult. ..?
Ar det verkligen battre ...? Is it really better... ?
Jag ar inte sa saker pa det. I’m not so sure of that.
Jag vet inte. I don’t know.

220
 WHICH LINE SHOULD I TAKE?

1-Grammatik

1 Verbs ending in -s
The most important group of verbs that end in -s are the ordinary verbs
that have an s added to their endings to express the passive voice.
Compare the two sentences:
Active voice Tjuven stal bilen. The thief stole the car.
(subje^><A^bj ect)
Passive voice Bilen stals av tjuven. The car was stolen by the
(subject) (agent) thief
Bilen stals The car was stolen.
In the active voice, the subject is active and carries out the action that
the verb describes. In the passive voice, the object of the active clause
becomes the subject, and the active voice subject is not mentioned or, if
the subject is known, the subject becomes the agent.
The preposition of the agent is av in Swedish (by in English). In
Swedish there are three ways of expressing the passive voice. The -s
passive is the most common. It is used both in the written and the spo¬
ken language, especially when the subject of the sentence is not known
or it is not important to identify the person who carries out the action.
In this unit we have had many examples of the -s passive, for example:
Riksdagen sammankallades av The parliament was summoned
Engelbrekt. by Engelbrekt.
Folket representeras av valda The people are represented by
man och kvinnor. elected men and women.
De sma partierna slapps inte in The small parties are not
i riksdagen. admitted into the parliament.

Passive constructions are particularly common in instructions and

notices:
Oppnas har! Open here!
Bor tillagas inom 24 timmar. Should be cooked within 24 hours.
Far ej vidroras! Must not be touched!
A small number of verbs always end in -s. You have already met fattas
in det fattas ett glas (o glass is missing) in Unit 8. Other common

221
 SWEDISH

such verbs are: andas {breathe), finnas {be, exist), hoppas {hope),
lyckas {succeed, manage), minnas {remember), skammas {feel
ashamed), trivas {be/feel happy).

A third group of verbs have an -s form which denotes reciprocal action,

i.e. what two or more people do with or to each other:

De mottes i Paris. They met (each other) in Paris.

Pojkarna slass. The boys fight (with each other).
De skildes. They parted (from each other).
Normally - but not always - these verbs also have a form without the
-s. Then the same thing can be expressed by the verb + varandra, for
example:

De motte varandra i Paris. They met each other in Paris.

Pojkarna slar varandra. The boys fight with each other.
Other reciprocal verbs are: hjalpas at {help each other), kramas
{hug), kyssas {kiss), ses {met), traffas {meet).

The -s forms are very simple to construct. You just add an -s to the
other endings of the verb in the infinitive, past tense and supine.
However, before adding the -s in the present tense you have to omit
the -r in the -ar ending of the first conjugation verbs. In the second
and fourth conjugations the -er is omitted. (In formal style, the e is
kept, and only the -r is omitted.) In the third conjugation you omit the
-r before adding the -s in the present tense. Study the table below.

Conjugation Infinitive Present Past Supine

1 bake baka/s baka/s bakade/s bakat/s
lla turn vanda/s vand/s vande/s vant/s
lib fry steka/s stek/s stekte/s stekt/s
III sew sy/s sy/s sydde/s sytt/s
IV write skriva/s skriv/s skrev/s skrivit/s

2 Sin, sitt, sina

In Unit 8 we looked at possessive adjectives and pronouns, and in the
third person singular and plural it was mentioned that Swedish also
has a reflexive form, namely sin in front of en- nouns, sitt in front of
ett- nouns and sina in front of plural nouns.

222
 WHICH LINE SHOULD I TAKE?

In English, the sentence he kissed his wife is ambiguous. It could

mean he kissed his own wife, which is all very well, but it could also
mean he kissed another man’s wife, which could give rise to serious
trouble, even though grammatically it is not objectionable! Like the
other Scandinavian languages, Swedish has a subtle way of avoiding
the risk of misunderstanding by using different words. Hans,
hennes, dess, deras is used when the object belongs to some other
person/s than the subject, whereas sin, sitt, sina means that the
object is the subject’s own.
Note that two conditions must be fulfilled when you use sin/sitt/sina:
• You can only use sin/sitt/sina in front of an object.
• The object must belong to the subject of that same clause.
From this it follows that you can never use sin/sitt/sina as part of the
subject, however many words the subject consists of. Nor can you use
sin/sitt/sina in front of an object if det was the subject of the clause
(since det cannot own anything!), apart from in a few old idioms.
Note also that in abbreviated clauses without a subject it is the
implied subject that counts. Study the examples below:
Lisa gick ut med sin hund. Lisa went out with her own dog.
Lisa gick ut med hennes hund. Lisa went out with her (some
other female’s) dog.
Han tycker om sin fru. He likes his wife.
Hans fru ar vacker. His wife is beautiful.
{Note: Hans fru is the subject, and there is no object in the clause.)

Lisa och Eva hatar sina laxor. Lisa and Eva hate their
homework.
De tycker, att deras laxor ar They think that their homework
svara. is difficult.
{Note: Deras laxor is the subject of the subordinate clause.)
Det ar hans far som har gett It is his father who has given
honom bilen. hint the car.

{Note: Det is the subject of the clause.)

Han sa till henne att ga hem He told her to go home to her
till sin mamma. mum.
{Note: The implied subject of the abbreviated clause is she. The full

223
 SWEDISH

clause would be: He told her that she should go home to her mum.)

3 Adjectives referring to males ending in -e

When referring to males the adjectives in the definite form singular
(i.e. after den) sometimes ends in e (instead of the usual a), as it
always did in the past. Nowadays the -e ending is used in more for¬
mal style, but it is normal - and more polite - to use it when address¬
ing men in letters, e.g. Rare John (Dear John). It is compulsory
when you use adjectives in the singular used as nouns referring to a
male person: Karl den store (Charlemagne), den dode (the dead
man), den gamle (the old man).

If the adjective had an -a ending, it could only refer to a female. Thus,

den doda could only mean the dead woman.

4 Adjectives used as nouns

It is much more common to use adjectives as nouns in Swedish than
in English, where you normally have to add a word like one, man, or
thing in the singular. However, in the plural it is common in both
English and Swedish to omit the noun:
den dove the deaf man
den dova the deaf woman
Det sorgliga ar att ... The sad thing is that...
Rosorna ar vackra. Vill du ha The roses are beautiful. Do you
den roda eller den vita? want the red one or the white
one?
de gamla the old
de fa the few
de duktiga the clever ones

5 Sjalv, sjalvt, sjalva

The pronouns sjalv/sjalvt/sjalva are only used for emphasis. Thus
they could be omitted without any change to the meaning of the sen¬
tence. Note that they are not reflexive. As you saw earlier in Unit 10,
grammar point 9, the reflexive pronouns are identical with the object
pronouns, apart from in the third person singular and plural where

224
 WHICH LINE SHOULD I TAKE?

Swedish has the special form sig. Look at the examples below:
Kungen delade /sjalv/ ut The King handed out the prizes
prisema. (himself).
Barnet gjorde det /alldeles sjalvt/. The child did it (all by itself).
Bondema agde /sjalva/ sin jord. The peasants owned their land
(themselves).

Swedish also has the adjective sjalva which does not take any end¬
ings except when it refers to a male person in the singular, when it
can have the optional form sjalve. The colloquial form sjalvaste can
be used about both males and females. Note that these adjectives pre¬
cede a noun in the definite form:
Sjalva drottningen kom till The Queen herself came to the
invigningen. inauguration.
Sjalva iden var sund. The idea itself was sound.
Sjalve kungen skot algen. The King himself shot the elk.

El- Ovningar
1 Here are some famous sights in Stockholm that you want to visit.
You approach a Stockholmer for advice about how to get to the
various places. The best view over Stockholm is from
Kaknastomet, the tallest building in Scandinavia.
You (Ask politely how to get there from T-centralen.)
Mannen Ta buss nummer 69.
You (Ask what is the quickest way to get to Skansen from
Norrmal mstorg.)
Mannen Ta sparvagnen. Den stannar just utanfor Skansen.
You (Ask where Kulturhuset is.)
Mannen Det ligger vid Sergeis torg, dar glasobelisken star mitt
pa torget.
You (Ask what is the easiest way to get to Sergeis torg from
Kungstradgarden.)
Mannen Det ar lattast att ga. Det tar bara fem minuter om
man gar Hamngatan rakt fram.
You (Ask how you can get to the theatre at Drottningholms
slott.)

— 225 —
 SWEDISH

1 The Royal Palace at Stockholm

2 below: The Drottningholm Court Theatre

3 The Kaknastornet
4

4 The Sergei's Torg glass obelisk

226
 WHICH LINE SHOULD I TAKE?

Mannen Ta baten fran stadshuset. Man kan komma dit med

tunnelbanan till Brommaplan och sedan buss, men det
ar mycket trevligare med baten.

T-centralen (tunnelbanecentralen) underground station

sparvagn (-en, -ar) tram

2 You are interested in going to the Opera. You phone the Opera.

You (Ask which opera is on (‘do you play’).)

Kassorskan Vi spelar Maskeradbalen, Un hallo in Maschera, av
Verdi.
You (Ask what the story is about (handlar om)J
Kassorskan Den handlar om den svenske kungen Gustav III
som blev skjuten har pa operan i Stockholm ar
1792.
You (Ask when the opera starts and ends.)
Kassorskan Den borjar klockan 19.30 och slutar 22.30.
You (You decide to go. Ask for two tickets.)
Kassorskan Tack. Det blir 500 kronor.
You (Ask if you can pay by credit card.)
Kassorskan Det gar bra.

skjuten shot
1
3 Mr Stacey has got a ticket to the famous Royal Opera. Study the

im INSLXPP EFT£R. SUREST 8WJ&S

fHittit 8«s W«i W* Sr

HUGER D^RR 4 13 ttl

Kf\0 M
Freeing
2,Sep.94 19

227
 SWEDISH

ticket and answer the following questions in English.

(a) Vilken opera och vilken dag har han fatt biljett till?
(b) Nar boijar forestallningen?
(c) Vad kostar biljetten?
(d) Vilken dorr ska han ga igenom och var ska han sitta?
(e) Vad hander om han kommer for sent?
(/) Vad hander om han inte kan ga den kvallen?

dorr (-en, -ar) door inslapp admission

parkett stalls aterloses is redeemed
bank (-en, -ar) row

4 Insert the correct form of the most suitable -s verb in the sen¬
tences below. Make sure that you use the correct tense. Use the
verbs below. To help you, the Roman numbers indicate the conju¬
gations.
Example: (vidrora. II) De elektriska ledningama far ej vidroras.
(The electric wires must not be touched.)
forbruka, I (consume)
hoppasI
kyssa lib
lyckas, I
minnas, Ha
traffa, I
skammas, Ila
stryka, IV (iron)
sy, III (sew)
salja, IV (sell)
vanda, Ila (turn)

(a) Skjortan behover ej.

(b) Kotlettema maste.efter halva tiden.
(c) Jag fick.for jag kunde inte.hans namn.
(d) De.ofta nar de gick i skolan.
(e) Cigaretter far ej.till barn.
(/) Kladerna har.i Indien.
C?) Medicinen bor.fore den 1.10.98.
(h) John.att Ake skulle.fa biljetter.
(i) De.nar ingen sag dem.

228 —
 WHICH LINE SHOULD I TAKE?

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229
 SWEDISH

Ake and John have been visiting one of Ake’s friends at Stockholm
University. They have decided to go to a tennis match at Globen
Arena in Stockholm. John has been sent ahead to buy a strip of 20
discount coupons for the Underground, as their three-day Tourist
cards have run out, and they have only one day left. Study the
underground plan and answer the questions that follow.
(а) Kan de aka direkt till Globen eller maste de byta tag?
(б) Vid vilka stationer kan de byta tag?
(c) Vilket ar det tag de maste ta forst?
(d) Vilket ar det tag som gar till Globen?
(e) SL har fern trafikzoner. Man behover 2 kuponger per person
for att resa i en zon, 3 kuponger for att resa i tva zoner osv.
Hur manga kuponger per person maste pojkama stampla i
biljettautomaten innan de gar over den rutade sparrlinjen?

stampla stamp
biljettautomaten the ticket machine
den rutade sparrlinjen the chequered
barrier line

Complete the text using one of the following words: hans/hennes/

deras/sin/sitt/sina.
Ake lanade.mors bil nar han skulle aka for att halsa pa.
van Kerstin. mors bil ar ganska gammal, men . mor
tycker mycket om.bil. Hon kopte den for.egna pengar,
och den har varit.stora fortjusning {delight). Hon anvander
den varje dag nar hon kor till.arbete och nar hon kor pojkar-
na tiU.idrottsklubb. Tyvarr blev.mors bil stulen. Ake vet
inte hur han ska tala om for.mor att.bil ar stulen och att
hon formodligen aldrig far se.bil igen.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjectives used
as nouns. The first three refer to males and the last two to females.
(а) (blind) Den.hade en hund med sig.
(б) (rodharig) Den.kallades Erik Rode.
(c) (yngst) Den.fick arbetet.
id) (sjuk) Den.blev samre.
(e) (liten) Den.var den trevligaste.

You have been invited to spend the weekend with friends at their
 WHICH LINE SHOULD I TAKE?

summerhouse at Dalaro by the coast southeast of Stockholm. You

have decided to hire a car and drive yourself so you can see some¬
thing of the countryside. You go to a biluthyrningsfirma.
Complete your part of the dialogue.

You (Greet the manager and say that you would like
to hire a car.)
Forestandaren Vill ni ha en liten, mellanstor eller stor bil?
You (Say that you would like a medium-sized car
with automatic gears.)
Forestandaren Hur lange vill ni ha bilen?
You (Say you want it over the weekend and ask how
much it is.)
Forestandaren Da kan ni fa en SAAB 900. Vi har specialpris
for veckoslut. Den kostar 500 kronor. Kan jag
fa se korkortet och passet, tack.
You (Say you want comprehensive insurance and
ask how much the deposit is.)
Forestandaren Helforsakring ingar i priset. Om ni betalar med
kreditkort behover ni inte betala nagon
deponeringsavgift.
You (Say Thank you, that’s all right.)

automatldda automatic gears

veckoslut weekend
helforsakring comprehensive insurance
deponeringsavgift deposit

Forstdr du?

Sverige ar en monarki, men kungen har inte langre nagon makt.

Han har bara ceremoniella funktioner. Han far inte delta i poli-
tiken. Ar 1979 bestamdes det att det aldsta bamet i kungafamiljen
ska arva tronen, sa prinsessan Victoria kommer att eftertrada kung
Carl XVI Gustaf. Makten ligger hos riksdagen med dess 349 riks-
dagsledamoter.
Regeringen ska se till att vad riksdagen bestammer blir gjort.

- 231
 SWEDISH

Statsministem ar ledare for regeringen. Folket kallas till riks-

dagsval den tredje sondagen i September vart tredje ar. Alla svens-
ka medborgare som ar 18 ar eller aldre har ratt att rosta, och
rostratten utnyttjas vanbgtvis av omkring 90% av befolkningen, ett
mycket hogt tal. Invandrare som har bott i Sverige i minst tre ar
far rosta i de lokala valen, men inte i riksdagsvalen forran de blivit
svenska medborgare.
Den forsta ombudsmannen utnamndes av riksdagen redan ar
1809. Vem som heist kan vanda sig till honom med ett klagomal.
Han ska skydda individen mot orattvis behandling av nagon stats-
tjansteman eller nagon byrakratisk institution. Nufortiden har
Sverige manga olika ombudsman, t ex KO (Konsumentombuds-
mannen), PO (Pressombudsmannen), BO (Bamombudsmannen).
Manga lander har foljt Sveriges exempel och utnamnt sina egna
ombudsman.

monark/ (-n, -er) monarchy ledare (-n, -0) leader

makt (-en, -er) power val (-et, -0) election
ceremoniella funkt/oner ratt att rosta the right to vote
ceremonial functions utnyttj/a (-ar, -ade, -at) exercise
del/ta(ga) (-tar, -tog, -tagit) take tal (-et, -0) number
part ombudsman (-nen, ombudsman)
polit/k (-en) politics, policy representative of the people
arv/a (-er, -de, -t) inherit utnamn/a (-er, -de, -t) appoint
tron (-en, -er) throne kiagomdl (-et, -0) complaint
eftertrad/a (-er, -de, eftertratt) skydd/a (-ar, -ade, -at) protect
succeed indiv/d (-en, -er) individual
r/ksdagsledamot (-en, -ledamdter) orattvis behandling unfair
member of parliament treatment
regering (-en, -ar) government statstjansteman (-nen, statstjan-
statsmin/ster (-n, -min/strar) steman) civil servant
prime minister konsument (-en, -er) consumer

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Kungen spelar en viktig roll i politiken.
(б) Sverige har riksdagsval vart tredje ar.
(c) Invandrare far rosta i de lokala valen efter tre ar i Sverige.
Cd) Ombudsmannen ar en mycket modem institution.
 16
VAD AR DET FOR FEL
PAER?
What’s the matter?

In this unit you will learn

• how to describe symptoms of illnesses and ailments
• how to persuade somebody to do something
• how to promise to do something
• how to express indifference

Q- Samtai -
1 John has got an upset stomach while in Stockholm. Ake takes him to
a vardcentral (health centre). The doctor’s secretary asks for his
personnummer (social security number) and his patientkort
(patient’s card). As he is British he hasn’t got any of these, but he
does have his passport and the Ell 1 form, so he is all right.

The doctor comes in and examines John’s tummy.

Doktor Ek Har ni eller har ni haft nagon allvarlig sjukdom?

John Nej da, bara masslingen for lange sedan.
Doktor Ek Gor det ont?
John Inte sarskilt.
Doktor Ek Det ar i vaije fall inte blindtarmsinflammation. Det ar
nog nagot ni har atit. Nar borjade ni ma ilia?

— 233 —
 SWEDISH

John Igar kvall, ett par timmar efter middagen. Jag ar ocksa
los i magen.
Doktor Ek Vad at ni?
John Fisk och glass till efterratt.
Doktor Ek I den har varmen blir maten skamd mycket fort. Ta
det har receptet till apoteket. Ta tva teskedar av
medicinen tre ganger om dagen och drick mycket, men
inget sott och ingen mjolk. Kom ihag, hogst atta
teskedar om dygnet - det ar farligt att overskrida
dosen.
John Tack sa mycket.

allvarlig serious diarrhoea

sjukdom (-en, -ar) illness varme (-n) heat
massling (en) (the) measles maten blir skamd the food goes
for...sedan ago off
gor det ont? does it hurt? recept (-et, -0) prescription, recipe
i varje fall in any case apotek (-et, -0) pharmacy, chemist
bi/ndtarmsinflammat/on (-en, -er) tesked (-en, -ar) teaspoon
appendicitis hogst at most
mk »la feel sick att overskrida dosen to exceed
jag ar los i magen / have the dose

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Doktom tror att John har blindtarmsinflammation.
(б) John tick ont i magen nagra timmar efter middagen igar kvall.
(c) Mat blir fort skamd nar det ar varmt vader.

- Samtal -
Ulla is unwell and Anders is concerned.
Anders Ar du sjuk? Du ser blek ut.
Ulla Usch, ja. Jag mar sa ilia.
Anders Ga till sangs och ta temperaturen sa ska jag laga frukost
at dig.
Ulla Tack, men jag bryr mig inte om nagon frukost. Jag vill
bara ha nagot att dricka. - - -
0, jag har 39,2 ifeber!
 WHAT'S THE MATTER?

Anders Jag ringde efter doktom. Han ar upptagen just nu, men
han kommer om ett par timmar.

After a couple of hours the doctor arrives.

Doktom Goddag, fru Svensson. Vad ar det for fel pa er?

Ulla Jag har en forfarlig huvudvark och det varker i hela krop-
pen. Jag har hosta och ont i halsen ocksa.
Doktom Jag maste lyssna pa lungoma och titta i halsen. Sag ah!
Ulla Aaah.
Doktom Det ar inte lunginflammation. Det ar nog inte sa farligt.
Ni har influensa, som sa manga andra just nu. Det gar
over om nagra dagar. Ta de har tablettema fyra ganger
om dagen. De ska losas i ett glas kallt vatten. Har ar lite
hostmedicin ocksa. Kom till min mottagning om en vecka.
Ulla Tack, doktom.

sjuk ill det varker i hela kroppen my

blek pale whole body aches
usch ugh, ooh host/a (-n) cough
jag mar sa /lla / feel so sick ont i halsen a sore throat
ga till sangs go to bed lyssn/a (-ar, -ade, -at) listen
ta temperaturen take one’s lung/a (-an, -or) lung
temperature hals (-en, -ar) throat
jag bryr mig inte om ... I don’t lunginflammat/'on (-en, -er)
care about... pneumonia
feber (-n) fever influensa (-n) flu
upptagen busy, engaged ga over pass
Vad ar det for fel pa er? what’s tablett (-en, -er) tablet
the matter? los/a (-er, -te, -t) dissolve
forfarlig terrible mottagning (-en, -ar) surgery
huvudvark (-en) headache

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Ulla vill inte ata frukost.
(b) Doktorn kommer genast.
(c) Doktorn tror, att Ulla snart blir bra igen.

235
 SWEDISH

Samtal
Lasse has suddenly got a bad toothache. Ulla takes him to the dentist.
Lasse Aj, det gor ont!
Tandlakaren Vill du att jag ska dra ut tanden?
Lasse Det gor detsamma.
Tandlakaren A nej, vi ska nog forsoka radda den. Men du horde
sluta att ata sa mycket godis, och du skulle borsta
tandema lite noggrannare. De tandema som du vill
behalla maste du borsta extra noggrant.
Lasse Jag lovar att borsta alia tandema vaije dag, och jag
ska aldrig mera ata godis.

aj! ow! ouch! godis (-et) sweets

det gor ont it hurts borst/a (-ar, -ade, -at) brush
dra (-r, drog, dragit) ut extract noggrann (noggrant, noggranna)
tand (-en, tander) tooth careful
det gor detsamma it doesn’t mat- beh^ll/a (-er, beholl, behdllit)
ter, 1 don't care keep
radd/a (-ar, -ade, -at) save lov/a (-ar, -ade, -at) promise

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Lasse bryr sig inte om om tandlakaren drar ut tanden.
(б) Tandlakaren vill inte radda tanden.
(c) Lasse lovar att aldrig mera ata godis.

_ Vad ni behover veta _

Illness and injury
Forsakringskassan If you are taken ill in Sweden and are a British
subject resident in the UK, you will be entitled to the same medical
facilities as the Swedes. However, this agreement does not apply to
citizens of the USA or the Commonwealth countries with the excep¬
tion of Australia, so you should check your insurance cover before
leaving home.

— 236
 WHAT’S THE MATTER?

Hospital in-patient treatment is free, including medicines, and so is

dental treatment for children. But if you have to visit a doctor, make
sure that the doctor is affiliated to Forsakringskassan (the Swedish
National Health Service). You can also go to the casualty ward at the
hospital, the Akutmottagning, or Vardcentralen (Health Care
Centre). Don’t forget your passport and an Elll form so that the doc¬
tor can recover the fee from Forsakringskassan.
The British Department of Health cannot refund any medical costs
incurred abroad, so medical insurance is advisable.
Apotek Pharmacies or chemists’ are called Apotek. They dispense
prescriptions and stock over-the-counter medicines.

The welfare system

Swedes enjoy a social welfare system, Valfardsstaten, that stretches
from the cradle to the grave. When a baby is born, the parents are
entitled to share a total of 12 months’ paid leave from work, and it is
the parents - not the employer - who decide who should take the
leave. Thus the parents could decide to take six months each, either
together or consecutively, or both parents stay at home with the baby
for the first three months and then the mother or the father looks
after the baby for the remaining months. The greater part of the costs
of medical care and prescribed medicines is subsidised by the
state. Old-age pensions are indexed to the cost of living. Average life
expectancy is high and rising, about 75 years for men and 81
for women.

237
 SWEDISH

Sd har sager man

How to:
• describe illnesses and ailments
Jag har ont i huvudet/ryggen. I’ve a pain in my head/back.
Jag har tandvark/oronvark. I’ve got toothache!earache
Det gor ont i benet. My leg hurts.
Det varker i ryggen. My back aches.
Jag ar forkyld. I’ve got a cold.
• persuade somebody to do something
Du skulle borsta tandema You should brush your teeth
noggrannare. more carefully.
Du borde sluta ata godis. You ought to stop eating sweets.
promise to do something
Jag lovar att aldrig ata godis. I promise never to eat sweets.
Jag lovar att sluta roka. I promise to stop smoking.
express indifference
Jag bryr mig inte om ... I don’t care about...
Det gor detsamma. It doesn’t matter.

1 huvud (-et, -en) 14 brost (-et, -0)

2 ansikte (-t, -n) 15 mag/e (-en, -ar)
3 pann/a (-an, -or) 16 stjart (-en, -ar)
4 og/a (-at, -on) 17 hoft (-en, -er)
5 or/a (-at, -on) 18 ben (-et, -0)
6 nas/a (-an, -or) 19 kna (- (e)t, -n)
7 mun (-nen, -nar) 20 tot (-en, totter)
8 kind (-en, -er) 21 (-n, -r)
9 hak/a (-an, -or) 22 arm (-en, -ar)
10 hals (-en, -ar) 23 armb&g/e (-en, -ar)
11 nack/e (-en, -ar) 24 hand (-en, hander)
12 axel (-n, axlar) 25 finger (fingret, fingrar)
13 rygg (-en, -ar) 26 tumm/e (-en, -ar)

238 —
 WHAT'S THE MATTER?

12

Some illnesses and ailments not mentioned in the dialogues are:

forkylning {cold), halsfluss (tonsillitis), migran {migraine), hosnu-
va {hayfever), sockersjuka {diabetes), hjartattack {heart attack),
hjamblodning {stroke).

Some common phrases:

Jag har feber. I have a fever.

Jag kanner mig frisk/sjuk/yr/matt. I feel well/ill/dizzy/faint.
Jag har hogt/l&gt/blodtryck. I have high/low blood pressure.
Jag ar allergisk mot fisk/ost. I am allergic to fish/cheese.
Han ar medvetslos. He is unconscious.
Hon bidder. She is bleeding.

Note: The word ben denotes both leg and bone, but it is always obvi-

— 239
 SWEDISH

ous from the context what the word means. Brest denotes chest and
breast. About women, brostet refers to ‘the chest’, brosten to the
breasts. Hals denotes throat (inside and outside) and nacke denotes
back of the neck.

PH Grammatik

1 The past participle

The past participle has the same stem as the supine, but different
endings. If you know what the supine form of a verb is, you can gener¬
ally construct the basic past participle form. Therefore the past par¬
ticiple form is not mentioned in dictionaries or vocabularies, unless it
deviates from the normal pattern.

Whereas the supine never changes its form, the past participle has
different endings depending on which conjugation the verb belongs to.
These endings change in a similar way to adjective endings, depend¬
ing on whether the noun that it refers to is an en- word, an ett- word
or a word in the plural or definite form. Study the table of endings
below.

Supine Past Participles

en-words ett- words plural and def.
forms
Conj.l
baked bakat bakad bakat bakade
Conj.lla
burnt brant brand brant branda
Conj.llb
fried stekt stekt stekt stekta
Conj.lll
believed trott trodd trott trodda
Conj.IV
stolen stulit stulen stulet stulna

As you can see, it is mainly the plural and definite form of the first
conjugation past participle that deviates by ending in an e. The other
conjugations conform with the variations of the normal pattern for
adjective endings. Look at the examples below:

— 240
 WHAT'S THE MATTER?

en bakad kaka den bakade kakan kakan ar bakad

ett bakat brod det bakade brodet brodet ar bakat
bakade kakor de bakade kakorna kakorna ar bakade
en brand kaka den branda kakan kakan ar brand
ett brant brod det branda brodet brodet ar brant
branda brod de branda broden broden ar branda
en stulen bil den stulna bilen bilen ar stulen
ett stulet brev det stulna brevet brevet ar stulet
stulna bilar de stulna bilama bilarna ar stulna

2 Compound verbs
A verb that has a syllable or another word attached to it is called a
compound verb. These are of two kinds. Some are inseparable, e.g.
those starting with an-, be-, er-, for-, miss-, und-, van- for example:
betala (pay). Others are separable, i.e. the attached word can stand
apart from the verb, e.g. kanna igen (recognise). However, in the pre¬
sent participle and past participle forms the separable verbs become
inseparable, for example:
Alla tycker om henne. Everybody likes her.

Hon ar omtyckt. She is well liked.

Han blev igenkand. He was recognised,
ett igenkannande leende a smile of recognition

3 Passive voice formed with bli or vara

When talking about the -s passive in Unit 15, it was mentioned that
there were two more ways of forming the passive voice in Swedish.
For these the past participle is needed. As in English, the past partici¬
ple can be used after a form of the verb to be to form the passive voice,
for example:
Kotletten ar grillad. The chop is grilled.
However, the passive form with vara + past participle is not very
common in Swedish. It is only used when no action takes place. It
denotes a state, a condition or the result of an action, but not the hap¬
pening itself.

241
 SWEDISH

As far as meaning is concerned, both the -s passive and the passive

with bli + past participle describe an action, i.e. denote a change.
The difference between passive with bli and passive with vara is
clearly visible in the following example. In English the sentence the
car was stolen is ambiguous. It can be translated into Swedish in two
ways:
• Bilen blev stulen nar jag (if it describes that the theft
var i London. occured while I was away)
• Bilen var stulen nar jag (if it describes that the theft
kom hem. had already occured by the
time I returned)

4 Doktor/lakare - sjukhus/lasarett - hospital/

mentalsjukhus
There are two words for doctor, doktor and lakare as in lakarmot-
tagning (doctor’s surgery), lakarundersokning (doctor’s examina¬
tion), jourhavande lakare (doctor on call). However, you always
address the doctor as doktom or doktor + his surname, e.g. doktor
Ek. A sjukskoterska (nurse) - even an avdelningsforestandare
(sister) - is addressed as syster + her first name, e.g. syster Karin.

There are also two words for hospital, sjukhus and lasarett, both
denote general hospital. The old word hospital was only used about
mental hospitals - nowadays called mentalsjukhus - so do make
sure you end up in the right place should you have the misfortune to
fall ill in Sweden!

5 Kvinna/doktorinna/lararinna - studentska/
sjukskoterska - dansos
There are some endings which always denote females: -inna, -ska,
-os:

kvinna woman studentska female student

doktorinna doctor’s wife skadespelerska actress
kejsarinna empress staderska female cleaner
lararinna female teacher sangerska female singer
forfattarinna authoress damfrisorska female hairdresser

242
 WHAT'S THE MATTER?

vaninna female friend sjukskoterska nurse

dansos female dancer massos masseuse
These days it is not politically correct to use different words for males
and females doing the same work, so a female teacher or author
should be called larare and forfattare respectively, though you will
see the special female forms in texts written not too many years ago.
A male nurse is called a sjukskoterska. Titles like kejsarinna, her-
tiginna (duchess) remain, but the words indicating wives of profes¬
sional men are not used nowadays.

6 End article in Swedish - possessive adjec¬

tive in English
A feature of the Scandinavian languages is that they use the definite
form of nouns denoting parts of the body or clothing where English
uses a possessive adjective, for example:
John har ont i magen. John has a pain in his stomach.
Doktorn tittar i halsen. The doctor examines her throat.
Han skakade pa huvudet. He shook his head.
Hon tappade nasduken. She lost her handkerchief.
Han hade handen i fickan He had his hand in his pocket.

7 Till followed by words ending in -s

There are a number of set expressions with till where the following
noun always ends in -s. These are expressions which have survived
from the past:
Ga/ligga till sangs. Go to/Be in bed.
Sitta till bords. Sit at the table.
Ga till sjoss/havs. Go to sea.
tillsammans together

8 Interjections
Inteijections are words that express strong emotion. Apart from the
swearwords the following groups are particularly common:

243
 SWEDISH

Expressions of pain: Aj! 0!

Aj, det gor ont! Ow, that hurts!
Expressions of surprise: Oj! 0! Oh dear!
Expressions of pleasant surprise: Al
A, sa vackert! Oh, how nice!
Expressions of disgust: Usch! Fy! Hu! Usch, sa hemskt! Ugh,
how awful!

9 Om dagen, i veckan
In expressions of frequency Swedish uses the preposition om without
any equivalent in English in the following expressions denoting
repeated actions:
en gang om dagen once a day
fyra ganger om dygnet four times in 24 hours
tva ganger om aret twice a year
In all other expressions of repeated action the preposition i is used:
en gang i sekunden once a second
tre ganger i timmen three times an hour
sex ganger i manaden six times a month

El- Ovningar -
1 What is wrong with these people? Match the people and the ill¬
nesses and ailments!
(a) hosta
(.b) huvudvark
(c) massling
(d) ont i magen
(e) tandvark
(/) ont i ryggen
(g) oronvark
(h) feber

244 —
 WHAT'S THE MATTER?

2 Fill in the missing past participle in the sentences below. To help

you, the numbers indicate the verb conjugation. Example: Den
hemlagade maten var skamd. (The home-made food was bad.)
(a) (grilla, I) Den.kycklingen var god.
(.b) (steka, lib) Det fanns bara.korvar.
(c) (branna, Ila) Vikingaskeppet blev.
{d) (forsvinna, IV) Polisen fann de.barnen.
(e) (bebo, III) Robinson Crusoe kom till en o-.o.
(/) (forlova, I) Det.paret ska snart gifta sig.
4) (stanga, Ila) Han kunde inte oppna det.fonstret.
(h) (kopa, lib) De.kladerna var dyra.
(i) (dricka, IV) Den.mannen kunde inte sta upp.

245
 SWEDISH

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words given
in brackets.
(a) (ansikte) Hon var rod i.
(b) (skor) Satt pa dig.
(c) (ben) Mannen brot.nar han akte skidor.
(d) (mun) Lasse stoppade chokladen i.
(e) (hatt) Professom glomde.

4 The interjections in the following exclamations have been mis¬

placed. Please put them in their appropriate places.
(a) Fy, vad det var roligt!
(b) Usch, sa snail du ar!
(c) 0, vad det luktar ilia!
(d) Oj, ett sadant trakigt vader!
(e) A, vad tjock (fat) jag har blivit!

5 Answer the questions following the example.

Example: (2/dygn) Hur ofta slar klockan 12? Tva ganger om
dygnet.

(a) (1/ar) Hur ofta firar du jul?

(b) (4/manad) Hur ofta aker du skidor?
(c) (2/dag) Hur ofta borstar du tandema?
(d) (6/vecka) Hur ofta spelar han tennis?
(e) (80/minut) Hur ofta slar hjartat?

6 You are in pain and you phone a doctor. Complete your part of
the dialogue.
You (Say that your back is aching.)
Doktor Ek Hur lange har ni haft ont i ryggen?
You (Say that it started last night.)
Doktor Ek Kan ni komma till min mottagning?
You (Say that you cannot. You are in bed.)
Doktor Ek Har ni feber?
You (Say that you haven’t got a temperature, but you
cannot sleep because your back is aching so much.)
Doktor Ek Kan jag fa namn och adress?
You (Say that you are Siv Eriksson, and you are living
at Strandvagen 59, Malmo.)
Doktor Ek Jag kommer om ungefar en timme.
You (Say thank you to the doctor.)

246 —
 WHAT’S THE MATTER?

Forster du?
Carl Linnaeus
Carl von Linne, eller Carl Linnaeus som han hette fore adlandet
och som han fortfarande kallas utanfor Sverige, ar formodligen
den framste och intemationellt mest beromde vetenskapsman som
Sverige nagonsin haft.
Han foddes ar 1707 som son till en fattig prast i Smaland. Han
studerade medicin vid Lunds universitet. Redan ar 1735 blev han
beromd i hela Europa da han under en vistelse i Holland publicer-
ade sin epokgorande skrift SYSTEMA NATURAE. Dar ordnade
han vaxtema i klasser och gav dem deras latinska namn, ett namn
for slaktet och ett for arten. Den forsta upplagan var bara 12 sidor
lang, men den sista upplagan - den tolfte - var 2 300 sidor lang.
Dar har han gett namn at och beskrivit omkring 15 000 vaxter,
djur och mineraler. Ett L. efter en vaxts namn i en flora visar att
Linnaeus gett vaxten dess namn. I Holland publicerade han ocksa
manga andra skrifter, bl.a. sina iakttagelser fran en resa i
Lappland. De vackte stort uppseende i den akademiska varlden.
32 ar gammal grundade Linnaeus den Kungliga Svenska
Vetenskapsakademien och han blev dess forsta president. Fran
1744 till 1777 var han professor i medicin i Uppsala. Han fortsatte
med sina forskningsresor till olika landskap i Sverige, och hans
reseskildringar fran dessa ar mycket beromda. Han skickade
ocksa ut sina laijungar over hela varlden, till Kina, Japan,
Arabien, Syd- och Nordamerika. Anders Sparrman och Daniel
Solander var t.ex. med pa James Cooks expeditioner, mer an 50 ar
fore Darwins expedition pa HMS Beagle.
‘Den moderna botanikens fader’, ‘Den andra Adam’ och
‘Blomsterkungen’ ar nagra av de namn han har fatt av efter-
varlden, och en blomma, linnean, (Linnaea Borealis) har blivit
uppkallad efter Linnaeus.

247 ^
 SWEDISH

adlande (-t) raising to the nobility bl.a. (bland annat) among other
den framste the foremost things, inter alia
prast (-en, -er) clergyman, parson /akttagelse (-n, -r) observation
vistelse (-n, -r) stay uppseende (-t) sensation
epokgorande epoch-making grund/a (-ar, -ade, -at) found
skrift (-en, -er) publication forskningsres/a (-an, -or) scientific
ordn/a (-ar, -ade, -at) arrange expedition
art (-en, -er) species resesklldring (-en, -ar) travel
upplag/a (-an, -or) edition account
beskriv/a (-er, beskrev, beskr/vit) larjung/e (-en, -ar) disciple
describe eftervarlden posterity
vaxt (-en, -er) plant linne/a (-an, -or) twinflower
mineral (-(i) er) mineral uppkallad efter named after

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Manga tycker att Linnaeus ar Sveriges framsta vetenskapsman.
(,b) Linnaeus var professor i medicin.
(c) Linnaeus har fatt sitt namn efter en blomma, linnean.

248 —
 HAR DU LUST ATT
- Aka skidor? -
Would you like to go skiing?

In this unit you will learn

• how to make a telephone call
• how to ask what someone wants
• phrases used in telegrams

33- Samtal-
John, out on business for Anders’ firm, has been caught in a sudden
snowstorm. He wants to telephone Anders at the office. He has only
bank notes and one en-krona coin (two are needed for a local call).
He buys a telia telefonkort (telephone card) and inserts it in a pay¬
phone. He dials riktnumret (the code) and then the number to the
office.
John Halla! Kan jag fa anknytning 21, tack.
Vaxeln Var god droj. Numret ar upptaget.
John Jag vantar. —
Anders Anders Svensson.
John Det ar John. Jag har blivit insnoad, sa jag blir forsenad.
Jag kan inte komma forran vagen har blivit plogad.
Anders Jasa. Det har snoat har ocksa, men snoplogama arbetar for
fullt. Se till bara att du kommer sa fort vagen ar klar, for

— 249 —
 SWEDISH

du vill val vara med och fira Lucia i morgon?

John Ja, naturligtvis. Lucia vill jag absolut inte missa.
Anders Da sager vi det. Hej sa lange!
John Hej da.

anknytning (-en, -ar) extension jas£? really?

vaxeln the switchboard snoplog (-en,-ar) snowplough
var god droj please hold on arbeta for fullt work flat out
upptaget engaged se t/ll bara see to it
det ar John John speaking absolut definitely
insnoad I’m snow-bound miss/a (-ar, -ade, -at) miss
forsenad late, delayed da sager vi det agreed
plog/a (-ar, -ade, at) clear (of hej sa lange! so long! bye!
snow)

Kommunikation ar att kunna Telia Telefonkort*

skapa pa ett sprak som hela 120 markeringar
varlden forstSr. Vid forfragningar
ring 90 200

Carl Milles musicerande anglar. fran 1948 ar

sagogestalter som tillhor bade jorden och
himlen. De saknar all hogudiighet for att bli
manskligare och komma oss nara

Musicerande anglar ar det forsia telefon-

kortei i en serie pS tre om kommunikation.

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Numret ar ledigt.
(б) Det ligger sa mycket sno pa vagen sa det ar omojligt att kora,
(c) John vill inte missa Lucia.

Samtal
John receives a telephone call.
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO SKIING?

John Halla!
Kerstin Hej! Det ar Kerstin. Vi tankte aka skidor i morgon. Har du
lust att folja med?
John Det skulle vara roligt, men det gar nog inte.
Kerstin Varfor inte?
John Darfor att jag inte kan aka skidor.
Kerstin Jasa, men det ar inte alls svart. Vi kan lara dig, och vi har
skidor at dig ocksa. Det ar klart att du ska aka skidor nar
du ar i Sverige.
John Jag far val gora det da.
Kerstin Det blir morkt sa tidigt vid den har tiden pa aret. Darfor
vill vi ge oss ivag strax efter nio sa vi kan vara ute hela
dagen. Det ar sa skont att vara ute i friska luften.
John Vill du att jag ska ta med nagonting?
Kerstin Kan du ta med nagra smorgasar sa vore det bra.
John Det kan jag, men aka skidor kan jag inte. Ni kommer sak-
ert att fa mycket roligt. Vi ses i morgon bitti!

har du lust att... ? do you feel ge oss ivag set off

like ... ? Would you like to ... ? strax efter soon after
det skulle vara roligt it would be hel whole, all
fun skont nice
det g^r inte it isn’t possible friska luften open air
darfor att because ta med bring
inte alls not at all smorgds (-en, -ar) sandwich
det ar klart of course vises! see you!
darfor that’s why

Ratt eller fel?

(a) John fragar Kerstin om hon vill aka skidor.
{b) John vill lara Kerstin att aka skidor.
(c) John tror att de andra far mycket roligt i morgon.

- Telegram -
The Svensson family receive a telegram from their married daughter
Anne and her husband. The message is as follows:
Jakob foddes klockan 0245 idag vikt 3,7 kg langd 55 cm allt val
Anne Hakan Annika.

251
 SWEDISH

vikt weight langd length

Ulla and Anders reply with a lyxtelegram (greetings telegram).

They choose Lx 4 which depicts a bunch of roses. This is the text:

Hjartliga lyckonskningar!
Det ska bli roligt att se er och vart
nya bambam har i jul
Ulla och Anders
Ake and Lasse choose to send a
postogram. This costs about one
tenth of the price of a telegram
and looks like a greetings
telegram but is delivered as a let¬
ter, unlike a telegram, which is
delivered right away. Their mes¬
sage is as follows:

Grattis!
Ni fick vad ni ville
en fin liten kille
Morbror Ake och morbror Lasse

hjartliga lyckonskningar warm grattis! (slang) gratulationer con-

congratulations gratulations

gg- Vad ni behover veta -

Telegraf/Telebutik The post office in Sweden only deals with mail,
so for telephone, faxes, telex and telegrams you have to go to a
Telegraf or Telebutik.

Posten The full name for a post office is Postkontor, but everybody
calls it Posten. Post offices are indicated by a round yellow sign with
a blue horn. Letterboxes are fixed to walls. They are yellow, except
those for local mail, which are blue.

252 —
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO SKIING?

S3 har sager man

How to:
• make a telephone call

Halla! Hello!
Var finns narmaste Where’s the nearest
telefonkiosk? telephone box?
Har ni en telefonkatalog? Have you got a telephone
directory?
Kan jag fa tala med ... ? May I speak to... ?
Det ar jag /Kerstin/John This is Kerstin/John speaking.
Vad ar (rikt) numret till... ? What is the (code) number
for... ?
Kan jag fa anknytning 21? May I have extension 21 ?
Fel nummer Wrong number

• ask what someone wants

Du vill val vara med och... ? You want to take part in...,
don’t you?
Vill du ... ? Do you want to... ?
Har du lust att... ? Do you feel like...?

Grammatik

1 Joining clauses into one sentence

Please refer back to Units 1 and 5 for the basic rules about word
order.
A sentence can have several clauses. Jag har blivit insnoad is a sen¬
tence. It is also a clause. Jag blir forsenad is also a sentence or a
clause. One can join two or more clauses into one sentence with the
help of conjunctions.
There are two kinds of conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions -
och/samt (and), eller (or), for (as, because), men/utan (but), sa (so)
— introduce main clauses. A main clause can stand alone.
Coordinating conjunctions do not affect the word order:

— 253
 SWEDISH

Hon sitter och han star. She is sitting and he is

standing.
The subordinating conjunctions join subordinate clauses to main claus¬
es. Subordinate clauses are groups of words which include a verb and
form part of a sentence which must include a main clause. A subordi¬
nate clause cannot stand alone but is dependent on the main clause.
Subordinate clauses always begin with a link word which can be:

(a) a relative pronoun or adverb (som/vilken/vars/vad/dar/dit).

(b) an interrogative pronoun or adverb in indirect or reported
speech (vem/vad/vilken/var/vart).
(c) a subordinating conjunction.
The most common subordinating conjuctions are att (that),
da/nar (when), darfor att (because), eftersom (as, since), fast
(an) (although), for att (in order that), inte ... forran (not. ..
until), innan (before), ju ... desto (the ... the), medan (while),
om (if), sedan (after), sa (att) (so that), tills (until), trots att
(in spite of the fact that), an (than).

All subordinate clauses have straight word order, i.e. the subject
comes before the verb:

John sa att han ville hjalpa John said that he wanted to

Ake. help Ake.

2 Word order in main clauses

No doubt you have noticed that the word order isn’t always the same
in Swedish and in English. It is the main clauses which are different.
If something other than the subject or a coordinating conjunction
introduces a main clause, Swedish uses inverted word order, i.e. the
verb (or first verb, if there is more than one verb in the clause) comes
before the subject.

The words that cause the changed word order are: time and place
adverbs, adverbial phrases and objects if they introduce a main
clause, or subordinate clauses if they precede a main clause.
Compare the sentences:

(a) De hyr en stuga i They rent a cottage in the

skargarden pa sommaren. archipelago in the summer.
(b) Pa sommaren hyr de en In the summer they rent a

254 —
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO SKIING?

stuga i skargarden. cottage in the archipelago.

(c) I skargarden hyr de en In the archipelago they
stuga pa sommaren. rent a cottage in the summer.
id) En stuga hyr de i A cottage they rent in the
skargarden pa sommaren. archipelago in the summer.
(e) Om de har rad, hyr de en If they can afford it, they’ll rent
stuga i skargarden pa a cottage in the archipelago in
sommaren. the summer.

The first sentence has straight word order as it starts with the sub¬
ject. All the following main clauses have inverted word order as they
start with (6) a time adverb (pa sommaren), (c) a place adverb (i
skargarden), id) the object (en stuga). In (e) the main clause has
inverted word order as it is preceded by a subordinate clause (Om de
har rad).

3 Inverted word order when om is left out

Just as in English, the conditional conjunction om {if) is sometimes
omitted. If that happens the word order is inverted, for example:

Om du kan ta med dig nagra If you can bring some

smorgasar vore det bra. sandwiches it would be good.
Kan du ta med dig nagra If you can bring some
smorgasar /sa/vore det bra. sandwiches it would be good.
Om jag vore rik skulle jag If I were rich I would
sluta arbeta. stop working.
Vore jag rik skulle jag Were I rich I would stop
sluta arbeta. working.

4 Vem som, vilken som, vad som

If vem, vilken or vad introduces a subordinate clause, and there is
no other subject in that clause, it must be followed by som:
Han fragade vem som ringde. He asked who phoned.
Hon undrade vad som var bast. She wondered what was best.
but
Han fragade vem hon ringde He asked who she phoned.
till.
Hon undrade vad han ville. She wondered what he wanted.

255
 SWEDISH

5 Jasd
Jasa is a word which can express just about anything from mild sur¬
prise to disgust or scorn - it all depends on how you say it. The most
common translations of it is Oh, indeed, really, is that so, you don’t
say! Often it is used merely to give the speaker time to think out what
to say next.

6 Darfor, darfor att

Darfor renders that’s why. It introduces a main clause with inverted
word order. Darfor att answers the question why and renders
because, as, since. It introduces a subordinate clause so the word
order is straight:

Det blir morkt tidigt. Darfor It gets dark early. That’s why
vill vi ge oss ivag tidigt. we want to set off early.
Det gar inte darfor att jag It isn’t possible because
inte kan aka skidor. I cannot ski.

7 Lara, lara sig

If lara is followed by a reflexive pronoun in Swedish it is translated
by learn, but if it is followed by an object it is translated by teach:
John larde sig att aka skidor. John learnt to ski.
De larde John att aka skidor. They taught John to ski.

8 Hela, halva, forra, bada

Note that the words hela, halva, forra, bada are followed by a noun
in the definite form, but contrary to the normal rules there is no addi¬
tional definite article in front of them:
hela dagen the whole day /all day
halva dagen half the day
forra aret last year
bada aren both years

— 256 —
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO SKIING?

9 The most common prepositions

You have already met most of the Swedish prepositions. The most
common prepositions are: av (of/by/with), efter {after), framfor {in
front of), fran {from), for (for), for... sedan (ago), genom (through),
hos (at/at the home of), i (in/on), med (with/by), om (about/in), pa
(on/in/at), till (to/for), under (under/during/for), utan (without), vid
(at/by/on), over (over/above/across).
English and Swedish prepositions do not always correspond to each
other, so it is important that you pay particular attention to those
expressions where the usage differs.
Study the drawing illustrating the use of some common prepositions.

bakom framfdr bredvid ovanpd

ovanfor/over inuti/inne i utanfor nedanfor/under

— 257 —
 SWEDISH

10 Place names treated as neuters

Note that the neuter form of adjectives is used when referring to
names of towns, provinces, countries and continents, for example:
Stockholm ar vackert. Stockholm is beautiful.
Sverige ar langt. Sweden is long.
Afrika ar underutvecklat. Africa is underdeveloped.
But Stockhom ar en vacker stad as vacker refers to en stad here.

D- Ovningar -
1 The following telegrams have been sent by six different people.
Work out the relationship between the people who have sent and
those who have received the telegrams, and link the telegrams to
the senders.

(а) Erik Johansson Restaurang Belle Avenue 400 72 Goteborg

“Hjartliga gratulationer pa fodelsedagen John”
(б) Familjen Svensson Storgatan 7A 395 84 Goteborg
“Anlander med familjen julafton mot 1120 SK522 Anne”
(c) Direktor Anders Svensson AB Svensson & Co Hamngatan 23
- 426 02 Goteborg
“Beklagar resan installd familjeskal Bengt Forsberg”
id) Eva Lindstrom Odengatan 56 - 113 31 Stockholm
“Forsenad bilolycka ingen skadad anlander torsdag Gunnar”
(e) Inga Andersson Parkgatan 75 - Norrkoping
“Forlorat planboken behover pengar genast tack Sven”
if) Bengt Forsberg Bergsgatan 32 Kiruna
“Kom far allvarligt sjuk Maria”

beklagar regret forlorat lost

installd cancelled pldnbok (-en, pl&nbocker) wallet
familjeskal personal reasons

(i) En dotter till foraldrarna och syskonen.

Hi) En syster till sin bror.
(iii) En affarsman till en annan affarsman.
(iv) En son till sin mor.

— 258 —
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO SKIING?

(v) En man till sin fru.

(vi) En anstalld till en aldre kollega.
2 Combine the two clauses into one sentence by using one of the fol¬
lowing conjunctions: eftersom, fastan, innan, men, nar, och, sa.

(a) Han ar larare. Hon ar kassorska.

(b) De har en katt. De har ingen hund.
(c) Hon har ingen bil. Hon aker tag till arbetet.
(d) Lasse borstar tandema. Han vill behalla dem.
(e) John stannar i Sverige. Han langtar hem.
(/) Lasse gar ut med hunden. Han gar till sangs.
(g) Ulla hor pa radion. Hon lagar middagen.
3 Rewrite the following sentences, putting the words in bold first in
the sentence. Make the necessary alterations to the word order.

(a) Han cyklar till skolan varje dag.

(,b) Min son bor i Italien nu.
(c) Pojkama spelar fotboll pa lordagama.
(d) Han spelade tennis under hela sin skoltid.
(e) Man ater kraftor i augusti i Sverige.
if) Jag kan kopa biljetter, om du vill.
(g) Han bodde i Sverige, nar han var barn.
4 Complete the sentences below using darfor/darfor att.

(а) Jag tycker om att vara ute i friska luften.

.aker jag gama skidor.
(б) Han gjorde arbetet.han behovde pengar.
(c) Manga kor bil till arbetet.det ar bekvamare.
{d) John var sjuk.gick han till doktom.
(e) De vill aka till Sverige.lar de sig svenska.
5 Lasse has been too busy to tidy his room. Look at the picture and
complete the sentences using one of the following prepositions: i,
innanfor, inuti, nedanfor, ovanfor, ovanpa, pa, under,
utanfor, vid.

(a) Lasse ligger. .sangen. '

(b) Kladema ligger ... .... bordet.
(c) Kaffekoppen star. .stolen.... ... skrivbordet.
(d) Hunden ligger .... ... skrivbordet.
(e) Katten sitter. .. fonstret.
if) Fotbollen ligger ... .... bordet. .. sangen.

— 259
 SWEDISH

(g) Bockerna ligger.fonstret.

(h) Skorna star.dorren.
(i) Vackarklockan star.skapet.
(/) Tavlan hanger upp och ned.bokhyllan.

stol (-en, -ar) chair upp och ned upside down

skrivbord (-et, -0) desk bokhyll/a (-an, -or) bookshelves
hanger hangs

260
 WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO SKIING?

6 Now that Lasse has tidied his room, fill in the missing preposi¬
tions. Note that not all of the prepositions from the previous exer¬
cise can be used here, and some are needed more than once.

(a) Lasse sitter. stolen.skrivbordet.

(b) Kladema hanger.. .skapet.
(c) Kaffekoppen star.. .skapet.koket.
id) Hunden ligger. .. bordet.
(e) Katten sitter. . fonstret.
if) Fotbollen ligger ... .... skapet.
(g) Bockerna star .,... .. bokhyllan.
ih) Skoma star. skapet.
ii) Vackarklockan star .bordet.san^
(J) Tavlan hanger ratt..bokhyllan.

Fdrstdr du?

Sport och idrott

Sport och idrott ar mycket populara fritidsaktiviteter i Sverige.
Organiserad sport har funnits i Sverige i 200 ar. Tva miljoner sven-
skar - mer an 25% av befolkningen - ar medlemmar i nagon
idrottsklubb, och alia skolbam har gymnastik och idrott pa schemat.
Den svenska gymnastikens fader, Per Henrik Ling (1776-1839),
utvecklade ett system av gymnastiska rorelser som anvandes bade i
Sverige och i andra lander.
Fotboll ar den mest populara sporten, men ishockey, simning, bord-
tennis och orientering lockar ocksa manga. Ridning ar sarskilt pop-
ulart bland flickor. Eftersom Sverige har en sa lang kust och manga
svenskar har batar ar det naturligt att segling ar en vanlig sport.
Omkring 500 batar brukar delta i en kappsegling runt on Gotland i
Ostersjon.
Anda sedan Bjorn Borg vann Wimbledon fern ganger i rad har tennis
varit den sport som gjort Sverige mest kant utanfor landets granser.
Skidakning ar en massport i Sverige. Skoloma har skidlov i en vecka
i februari sa att alia bam och ungdomar ska fa en chans att aka ski-
dor.

— 261 —
 SWEDISH

Vasaloppet ar Sveriges mest kanda idrottsevenemang. Det ager rum

den forsta sondagen i mars. Da aker 12 000 man och kvinnor skidor
85 km (53 miles) Iran Salen i norra Dalama till Mora i soder. Det
forsta Vasaloppet agde rum ar 1922 till minne av Gustav Vasa som
flydde den har vagen pa skidor undan danskama ar 1521. Han blev
overtalad att kornma tillbaka och leda en bondearme, som drev ut
danskama. Folket valde honom till kung och han kallas Landsfadem.

sport och idrott games and athlet¬ kappsegling (-en, -ar) sailing race
ics i rad running
frrtidsaktivitet (-en, -er) leisure massport (-en) sport for the
activity masses
% (procent) per cent skidlov (-et, -0) skiing holiday
medlem (-men, -mar) member Vasaloppet the Vasa ski race
gymnast/k (-en) gymnastics evenemang (-et, -0) great event
schema (-t, -n) timetable ag/a (-er, -de, -t) rum take place
utveckl/a (-ar, -ade, -at) develop till mrnne av in memory of
system (-et, -0) system fly (-r, -dde,-tt) flee
rorelse (-n, -r) movement overtal/a (-ar, -ade, -at) persuade
simning (-en) swimming led/a (-er, -de, lett) lead
bordtennis (-en) table tennis driv/a (-er, drev, drivit) ut drive out
lock/a (-ar, -ade, -at) attract Landsfadern Father of the people
ridning (-en) horse riding

Ratt eller fel?

(a) Det har funnits organiserad sport i Sverige i 200 ar.
(5) Den mest populara sporten i Sverige ar tennis.
(c) Vasaloppet ar en kappsegling.

262 —
 18
GOD JUL!
Happy Christmas!

In this unit you will learn

• phrases used when writing letters
• about Swedish Christmas celebrations

- Samtal

John and Ake are talking about Christmas.

Ake God Jul, John!

John Tack, detsamma! Det ar sa vackert med stjamoma och ljusen
i alia fonster nu till jul. Forresten, far jag fraga dig hur ni
firar jul?
Ake Var jul ar lite annorlunda. Du far ingen kalkon och plumpud¬
ding har. Vi har dopp i grytan pa Lilia julafton, och pa
julafton har vi julbord med lutfisk, julskinka och risgryns-
grot, och mycket annat gott ocksa. Sedan kommer jultomten
med julklappar till ‘alia snalla barn’. Forresten, det har kom-
mit ett stort paket till dig, men du far inte packa upp det for-
ran pa julafton.
John 0, det ar bast att du lamnar mig i fred, for jag har inte slagit
in mina julklappar annu, men du maste nog hjalpa mig med
julrimmen.

— 263 —
 SWEDISH

Ake Ta det lugnt! Julrimmen ar ingen stor poesi, och det ar

manga som inte bryr sig om rimmen nu for tiden.
John Nar ar julen slut?
Ake Julen varar till tjugondag Knut. Da har vi bamkalas med jul-
gransplundring da bamen ater upp allt som gar att ata i gra-
nen. I julas gjorde Mamma och Lasse ett pepparkakshus. Det
var en stor succe pa julgransplundringen.
John Det later gott.
Ake Det var gott. Julen ar den basta tiden pa aret!

God Jul! Happy Christmas! snail well-behaved

tack, detsamma! the same to you! paket (-et, -0) parcel
forresten by the way pack/a (-ar, -ade, -at) upp unpack
stjarn/a (-an, -or) star lamna mig i fred leave me in
ljus (-et, -0) light, candle peace
fonster (fonstret, fonster) window sia (-r, slog, slagit) in wrap
annorlunda different julrim (-met, -0) Xmas rhyme (on
kalkon (-en, -er) turkey the presents)
plumpudding (-en, -ar) Christmas ta det lugnt take it easy
pudding inte bryr sig om don’t bother about
dopp i grytan ‘dipping in the pot’ tjugondag Knut twenty days after
Lilia julafton December 23rd Christmas
julbord (-et, -0) Christmas buffet barnkalas (-et,-0) children’s party
lutfisk (-en) boiled ling julgransplundring (-en, -ar) strip¬
julskink/a (-an, -or) Christmas ham ping of the Xmas tree
risgrynsgrot (-en) (boiled) rice slang/a (-er, -de, -t) ut throw out
pudding i julas last Xmas
jultomt/e (-en, -ar) Father pepparkakshus (-et, -0) ginger¬
Christmas; Santa Claus bread house
julklapp (-en, -ar) Christmas succe (-n, -er) success
present

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Svenskama ater alltid plumpudding till julmiddagen.
(б) I Sverige kommer jultomten pa julafton.
(c) Julen varar i tjugo dagar i Sverige.

264
 HAPPY CHRISTMAS!

Brev (Letters)
John has been invited to Ingrid’s wedding. By now he knows the fami¬
ly well. As it is a simple wedding at Radhuset (the City Hall) and the
dinner for close relatives and Mends in her parents’ house is informal,
he writes an informal reply:

He has also received an invitation to a formal dinner on the occasion

of a senior colleague’s 50th birthday. John finds that he will be out of
the country on business, so he cannot attend. He writes the following
letter:
% (0 03

After John has returned home to England he writes a thank you letter
to the Svensson family:
/jWUK (Imk S/i/%

Km (J(^
\lMuir faok, fjV # nl mpc (st mw Mdw 0\ W1
fywitiiL ,7m IjL^Ae. (A ifivw, im (w stw wi/fa
ov i wilt wrbah. /i/i ukik it •sAtnuiciut' M m-ikck/k IamkMK
i'm Imw sk {um. it IMa ftbiitA {A,inukMJ: lafafo m
lUt w it (k VlVT kG ix- vi\ vet it m \h/kvf bk mt AjMili
vuv.vft tyMfk. Ksm tef tley dt jjm. iaj <OdLnw Jbi *linnM’(
Khri J J

— 265 —
 SWEDISH

inbjudan invitation nytta use

brollop wedding upplevelse experience
fdrhindrad prevented

Note: When dating letters, civil servants and business people nowa¬
days use only numbers. Thus 950103 indicates that the letter was
written on the 3rd of January 1995.

Vad ni behover veta

Jul Before Sweden was Christianised, Christmas was a feast to cel¬
ebrate the winter solstice. Modern-day Christmas customs are similar
to those of other Western European countries, though the height of
the celebrations is on Christmas Eve. However, the foods served are
Swedish specialities.

Dopp i grytan Literally ‘dipping in the pot’. The assembled family

dip pieces of bread in the broth left over after boiling the ham. It is
poor man’s fare, an ancient tradition which is still very popular.

Lutfisk Literally ‘lye fish’. This is dried ling that has to be soaked
in lye and water, then boiled. You either love or hate it!

Julskinka Pride of place on julbordet (the special Christmas

smorgasbord) is taken by julskinkan, a whole ham boiled at home.

Risgrynsgrot The traditional dessert of rice pudding made with

double cream and served with milk and cinnamon. There is an
almond hidden in the pudding and it is said that the one who gets the
almond is going to get married during the coming year.

Julklapp Father Christmas comes in person - while Dad just hap¬

pens to be out - to deliver julklapparna to ‘alia snalla barn’.

Julrim It is - or was - the custom to write little verses on the pre¬

sents, hinting at the contents of the parcels, and for the family to try
to guess what is in each parcel.

Tjugondag Knut January 13th is the name day of Knut (Canute)

in the Swedish calendar. It marks the end of the Christmas celebra¬
tions, when the children usually have a party and plunder the
Christmas tree.

— 266 —
 HAPPY CHRISTMAS!

Sd har sager man

How to:
• start a letter
Alskade Frida! Beloved Frida,
Kara Ulla!/Kare John! Dear UllalJohn,
Basta/Baste van! My dear friend,
Basta direktor Svensson! Dear Sir,

• end a letter
Puss och kram! Hugs and kisses,
Kara halsningar! Love,
Manga halsningar! Best wishes,
Hjartliga halsningar! Kind regards,
Med vanlig halsning Yours sincerely,
Hogaktningsfullt Yours faithfully,

Note that there is no equivalent in Swedish to Dear Sir/Madam. In

business letters (unless you know the addressee’s name, in which case
you write as above), you start the letter without any introductory
phrase.

Grammatik

1 The wandering adverbs

All the negations (inte, aldrig, ej, icke) and some adverbs, especially
those which denote indefinite time (alltid, bara, garna, kanske,
ofta, redan, snart) change their place in the sentence depending on
whether the clause is a main clause or a subordinate clause.
These adverbs are placed after the first verb in main clauses, but in
subordinate clauses they are placed before the first verb:
Main clause Jag aker ofta till Sverige. I often go to Sweden.
Han har aldrig varit He has never been
dar. there.

267
 SWEDISH

Sub clause Han fragade vem som ofta aker till Sverige.
Han sa att han aldrig hade varit i Sverige.
Note that the negations inte, icke, ej, aldrig and the adverb alltid
are placed between att and the infinitive:
Lasse lovade att aldrig ata godis igen.

Adverbs denoting definite time or place are placed either first or last
in the sentence, but not together:

I Sverige snoar det pa vintem. In Sweden it snows in the

winter
Pa vintem snoar det i Sverige. In the winter it snows in
Sweden.

2 Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs which can take an object are called transitive verbs, e.g. John
skriver ett brev (John writes a letter). Verbs which can never take
an object are called intransitive verbs, e.g. Hon rodnar (She blush¬
es). In English many verbs can be either transitive or intransitive e.g.
She burned the letter (Hon brdnde brevet), The house is burning
(Huset brinner). Swedish normally uses different, but related, verbs:

Transitive verbs Intransitive verbs

lay lagg/a (-er, lade, lagt) lie ligg/a (-er, lAg, legat)
put stall/a (-er, -de,-t) stand sta (-r, stod, statt)
put satt/a (-er, satte, satt) sit sitt/a (-er, satt, suttit)
bum branna, branner, brande, brant burn brinn/a (-er, brann, brunnit)

Note in particular the form satt, which is used both as the past tense
of sitta and as the supine of satta.

Ligga, sta, sitta are used when the subject of the clause ‘lies’,
‘stands’ or ‘sits’, i.e. is in a fixed position, whereas lagga is used when
the object is put in a horizontal position, stalla when the object is put
in a vertical position and satta when it is put in the right place, for
example:

Ulla ligger i sangen. Ulla is lying in bed.

John star vid fonstret. John is standing by the
window.

— 268 —
 HAPPY CHRISTMAS!

Hatten sitter snett. The hat is askew.

Han lagger brevet i ladan. He puts the letter in the
drawer.
Ake staller boken pa hyllan. Ake puts the hook on the
shelf.
Hon satter maten pa bordet. She puts the food on the
table.

3 Be/frdga (ask)
The English verb ask is ambiguous. It can mean to ask a question, in
which case it is translated into Swedish by fraga, or it can mean to
ask somebody to do something, which is be in Swedish:
Han fragade vem hon var. He asked who she was.
Hon bad honom kopa brod. She asked him to buy bread.

4 Prepositions in time expressions

When you talk about length of time, you use the preposition i in
answer to the question for how long:
Ulla lag till sangs (i) flera dagar.
Ulla lay in bed for several days.
In these expressions the preposition i could also be left out.
Pa is used about length of time + negation:
Ulla kunde inte ga till Ulla couldn’t go to work
arbetet pa flera dagar. for several days.
Pa is also used about length of time + completed action:
Han sprang maratonloppet He ran the marathon race in
pa 3 timmar och 46 minuter. 3 hours 46 minutes.
When you talk about a definite point of time, Swedish uses the follow¬
ing prepositions in answer to the question when?:
about future time
om + general time expression: Terminen borjar om en vecka.
Term starts in a week.
pa + weekday: Hon kommer pa tisdag.

— 269 —
 SWEDISH

She is coming on Tuesday.

i/till + seasons: Vi ska aka skidor i vinter.
We shall go skiing this winter.
Vi ska hyra en stuga till
sommaren.
We shall rent a cottage this
summer.
i/till + festival: De ska gifta sig i pingst.
They are going to marry at
Whitsun.
Farmor ska komma till julen.
Grandma is going to come at
Christmas.
about past time
for... sedan + general time
expression: Han kom for en vecka sedan.
He came a week ago.
i + weekday + -s Hon kom i fredags.
She came last Friday.
pa + weekday + -en Det hande pa mandagen.
It happened last Monday.
i + season + -as De seglade i somras.
They sailed last summer.
i + festival + -as Vi akte skidor i paskas.
We went skiing last Easter.

5 Packa, packa upp (pack (up), unpack)

Note the difference in meaning between the Swedish and the English verbs
in the following expressions:

Jag maste packa i kvall. I must pock (my bag) tonight.

Han packade upp vaskan. He unpacked his suitcase.
Packa in renders wrap up.

6 Fred/frid (peace)
When the English word peace denotes absence of war it is translated
by fred, but if it denotes peace of mind it is translated by frid:
 HAPPY CHRISTMAS!

Alfred Nobel ville hjalpa till att Alfred Nobel wished to help
skapa fred i varlden. to create peace in the world.
Julens budskap ar ‘frid pa The Christmas message is
jorden’. ‘peace on earth’.

7 Lov/ferier, semester (holiday

Holiday is translated by lov or ferier for all who are at schools, col¬
leges or university. It corresponds roughly to vacation. For people in
jobs the word semester is used.
Lasses jullov borjade den Lasse’s Christmas vacation
22 december. started on 22 December.
Vi vill aka till Grekland We would like to go to Greece
pa semestem. for our holiday.

The main public holidays in Sweden are as follows. Note that banks,
offices and shops are closed on the days given in bold, and usually
close early on the preceding day.
Nyarsafton (New Year’s Eve), Nyarsdagen (New Year’s Day),
Trettondagsafton (Twelfth Night), Trettondagen (Epiphany), Fastan
(Lent), Skartorsdagen (Maundy Thursday), Langfredagen (Good
Friday), Paskafton (Easter Eve), Paskdagen (Easter Day),
Annandag Pask (Easter Monday), Valborgsmassoafton (Walpurgis
Night, 30/4), Forsta maj (Labour Day), Kristi Himmelsfardsdag
(Ascension Day), Pingstafton (Whitsun Eve), Pingstdagen
(Whitsunday), Annandag Pingst (Whit Monday), Midsommarafton
(Midsummer Eve), Midsommardagen (Midsummer Day),
Allhelgonadagen (All Saints’ Day), Julafton (Christmas Eve),
Juldagen (Christmas Day), Annandag Jul (Boxing Day).

The common seasonal greetings are:

Gott Nytt Ar! Happy New Year!

Glad Pask! Happy Easter!
God Jul! Merry Christmas!
God Fortsattning! Best wishes for the New Year!

— 271 —
 SWEDISH

E Ovningar
You have received a beautiful crystal bowl from a Swedish friend
for Christmas. You telephone to thank her. Fill in your part of the
conversation.

Vannen 788 33 (sju, atta, atta, tre, tre).

You (Say Merry Christmas and say you are Tony.)
Vannen Hej! Tack for den fina boken.
You (Say you want to say thank you for the beautiful bowl.)
Vannen Det var roligt att du tyckte om den. Jag ville att du
skulle ha ett minne fran Sverige.
You (Say that you particularly liked the motif with the
dance around the maypole and that you will always
remember the dance on Midsummer Eve.)
Vannen Jag tyckte ocksa att det var roligt, men jag hoppas att
du kommer att anvanda skalen ocksa. Du kan till
exempel servera sallad i den.
You (Say That was a good idea. Ask what she is doing dur¬
ing the rest of the Christmas holiday.)
Vannen Vi ska aka upp till mormor i Jamtland over nyar. Dar
ar det mycket sno, sa vi kan aka skidor i en vecka.
You (Say you long to go skiing, too, but you have no snow.
Wish her a Happy New Year and say Goodbye.)

souvenir minne (-t -n) long to langta efter

motif motn (-et -0)

2 The professor cannot find his things. Tell him where they are.
Use one of the following verbs and insert it in the correct form:
ligga/lagga; sta/stalla; sitta/satta.
(а) Var ar hans cykel? Den.i garaget.
(б) Var ar hans kappa? Den.pa soffan.
(c) Var ar hans skor? De.vid dorren.
(d) Var ar hans bocker? De.pa skrivbordet.
(e) Var ar hans glasogon? De.pa nasan.

3 Using verbs from the same verb pairs as in the previous exercise,
tell Lasse where to put the shopping.

— 272 —
 HAPPY CHRISTMAS!

(a) .gronsakema i kylen!

(b) .flaskoma pa hyllan!
(c) .kaffet i skapet!
(d) .kycklingen i frysen!
(e) .blommoma i vatten!
4 Insert inte in the correct place in the sentences below.

(a) Jag ar gift.

(b) Han sa att han var gift.
(c) Det var hon, som ville ga.
(d) Hon fragade, vad han tyckte om.
(e) Mannen var full.
(f) Ake fragade, om John ville aka hem.
5 Fill in the correct word, be or fraga, in the following sentences.
Use the past tense.
(a) Ake.Ulla att fa lana bilen.
(b) Han.nar forestallningen skulle boija.
(c) Hon.honom vanta till nasta jul.
(,d) Han.vad hon gjorde i Sverige.
(e) John.om Ake ville hjalpa honom med julrimmen.
6 Choose the most appropriate time expression (for . . . sedan, i,
inte .... forran, i paskas, i sommar, i somras, om, pa) for
each of the sentences below.
(a) Hon var i Italien.en vecka.
(.b) John hade.akt skidor.han kom till Sverige.
(c) Affarema stanger tidigt.lordagama.
(d) De at manga agg.
(e) Doktom kommer.eftermiddagen.
(f) Bussen kommer.en kvart.
(g) Taget gick.en halvtimme.
(h) Vi ska resa till Sverige.
(i) Han vann Wimbledon.
b

7 Here are some typical julrim. Match the rhymes with the pre¬
sents.
(i) choklad
(ii) docka (doll)
(iii) lappstift (lipstick)
(iv) silkesstrumpor (silk-stockings)

273
 SWEDISH

(v) parfym (perfume)

(vi) tag
(vii) whisky
(a) En liten flicka far du har,
hoppas, hoppas hon blir dig kar!
(b) Materialet har kommit anda ifran Kina,
for att pryda benen dina.
(c) Du far inte ata allt pa en gang,
for da far du magont natten lang.
(d) Har far du nagot rott,
for att dina lappar ska le sa sott.
(e) En flaska till far,
som fran Skottland kommit har.
(/) Pa golvet far du vara,
nar du med detta nagonstans vill fara.
(g) 0, vad du ska lukta gott,
nar du nagra droppar fran denna flaska fatt!

pryd/a (-er, -dde, -tt) adorn golv (-et, -0) floor

- Forstar du?
Lucia
Tidigt pa morgonen den 13 december kommer Lucia, en flicka med
langt ljust har kladd i ett langt vitt linne med rott skarp och en krona
med ljus pa huvudet. Efter henne kommer hennes tarnor och stjam-
gossar, flickor i vita linnen med glitter i haret och pojkar, ocksa i vita
skjortor med langa spetsiga hattar med guldstjamor pa huvudet. De
sjunger den valkanda luciasangen. I hemmen kommer Lucia med
kaffe, pepparkakor och nybakade saffransbullar - som kallas
lussekatter — och vacker far, som latsas sova! Pa kvallen serverar
Lucia ofta glogg.
Enligt den gamla kalendem var den 13 december arets langsta natt.
Det var ocksa det italienska helgonet S:ta Lucias dag. Hon firas knap-

274
 HAPPY CHRISTMAS!

past i Italien, och den svenska Lucia har mycket lite gemensamt med
det italienska helgonet. Namnet Lucia kommer fran det latinska
ordet ‘lux’, som betyder ljus, och i Sverige firas Lucia som ljusdrott-
ningen, en symbol for hoppet att ljuset ska komma tillbaka till jorden
efter det langa vintermorkret.
Aven om Lucia har firats pa nagra stallen i vastra Sverige anda
sedan 1700-talet var det inte forran pa 1920-talet som man boijade
lira Lucia allmant over hela Sverige. Nu firas Lucia i praktiskt taget
alia hem, i skolor och foreningar, pa sjukhus och alderdomshem, och
varje stad brukar ha sin egen Lucia.

Ijust hir fair hair kalender (-n, kalendrar) calendar

skarp (-et, -0) sash helgon (-et, -0) saint
ljus (-et, -0) candle knappast hardly
tarn/a (-an, -or) maid, attendant gemensamt med in common with
stjarngoss/e (-en, -ar) star boy symbol (-en, -er) symbol
glitter tinsel hopp (-et) hope
spetsig pointed jord (-en, -ar) earth
guldstjarn/a (-an, -or) golden star allmant generally, widely
valkand well known praktiskt taget practically
saffransbull/e (-en, -ar) saffron forening (-en, -ar) society, club
bun alderdomshem (-met, -0) old peo¬
lussekatt ‘Lucia cat’ ple’s home
glogg a heavily spiced mulled wine

Ratt eller fel?

(а) Den 13 december ar arets langsta natt enligt den nya kalendem.
(б) I Sverige firas Lucia inte som en religios fest.
(c) Lucia har firats i hela Sverige anda sedan 1700-talet.

— 275 —
 KEY TO THE
EXERCISES
Unit 1 ifran - hariffan - darifran 6 (a) Ja, de
ar torstiga. (b) Nej, Ulla lagar middagen.
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) R (c) F (c) Nej, bara Lasse vill ha mera efterratt.
2 (a) R (6) F (c) F (d) Jo, de vill ata frukost. (e) Nej, Robert
Ovningar 1 (a) God morgon. (b) tackar for maten. 7 (a) ett - tva - sex
Goddag. (c) Adjo. (d) Hej. (e) Hej. (f) God - tre - fyra - atta - fem 8 Jag skulle
natt. 2 (a) Hon heter Jane. (6) Hon vilja ha en kopp kaffe. Jag vill ha mjolk
heter Jane, (c) Han heter Anders. (d) Han och socker, tack. Nej, tack. Jag ar inte
heter Anders, (e) Han heter Lars. (/) Jag hungrig, bara torstig. Tack sa mycket, det
heter ... (your own name). 3 (a) var mycket gott.
Kommer familjen Taylor fran England? Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) F (c) R (d) F
(6) Ar Robert Taylor ingenjor? (c) Ar det
John? (d) Kallas han Lasse? (e) Var det Unit 3
allt? 4 (a) Hon (6) Han (c) De (d) Ni (e)
Vi if) Den (g) Det 5 (a) Give your own Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (6) R (c) F (d) F
2 (a) F (6) F (c) R (d) F
name. (b) Nej, jag kommer fran England,
(c) Nej, jag kommer fran London. 6 (a) Ovningar 1 (a) flickor (b) veckor (c)
Hej! Vad heter du? (b) Kommer du fran fragor (d) exportfirmor (e) flaskor (/) faijor
Sverige? (c) Bor du i Stockholm? 7 (a) (g) klockor (h) manniskor 2 (a) Ulla
Han heter Sven Andersson. (b) Han heter gar pa en kurs i fransk konversation. (b)
Olle. (c) Hon heter Lisa, (d) Han heter Ake lar sig spela gitarr. (c) Ake brukar
Per. (e) Hon heter Ingela. (/) Hon heter traffa sina vanner pa onsdagarna. De gar
Svea Andersson. (g) Han heter Sven och fikar eller de kanske gar pa bio. (d)
Andersson. 8 (a) UK. (6) Han ar pilot, Han gar pa en fotokurs. (e) De ska ga pa
(c) Han heter Alexander i fomamn. Id) en popkonsert. (/) Han gar till en
Han kommer fran Skottland. (e) Han ar idrottsklubb och sedan gar han ut pa
tandlakare. (/) Hon ar larare. (g) Hon stan. (g) De gar i kyrkan pa morgonen och
heter Hakansson i efternamn. pa eftermiddagen gar Anders och Ake pa
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (6) R (c) F fotbollsmatch. 3 (a) (i) Klockan ar tre.
2 (a) F (b) R (c) F (ii) Klockan ar halv fyra. (iii) Klockan ar
kvart i sju. (iv) Klockan ar kvart over tio.
Unit 2 (v) Klockan ar sex. (vi) Klockan ar tjugo
over tio. (vii) Klockan ar fem i halv nio.
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) R (c) F (d) R (viii) Klockan ar tva minuter i ett. (ix)
2 (a) F (b) F (c) R 3 (a)R(6)P(c)F Klockan ar fem over halv sex. (x) Klockan
Ovningar 1 (a) familjen sekreteraren ar tolv. Det ar middag/midnatt. (b) This is
trappan hissen hamnen koppen middagen of course personal. A fairly typical day
gradden glaset huset passet vinet saltet may look like thisii) K3. sju. (ii) Fem over
kaffet 2 (a) Ja, tack. (b) Nej, tack, (c) sju. (iii) Kvart i atta. (iv) Halv nio. (v)
Ja tack, garna. (d) Tack, det ar bra. (e) Klockan nio. (vi) Halv ett. (vii) Klockan
Jag vill hellre ha te, tack. 3 (a) Kan fem. (viii) Klockan halv sju. (ix) Klockan
jag fa en kail 61, tack! (6) Jag skulle vilja halv tolv. 4 hogt - stor - vacker - fin -
ha saltet, tack! (c) Snalla John, servera trevlig - dyr - lang - svart - billiga - fat-
vinet! (d) Var snail och ge mig lite kaffe! tig 5 (a) gar (6) aker (c) gar (d) gar (e)
(e) Jag skulle vilja ha lite socker, tack! aker (/) gar (g) gar (h) aka 6 (a) arton
4 (a) en kopp te (b) ett glas sherry (c) en (b) tjugo (c) fjorton (d) tjugoatta (e) trettio
flaska rodvin (d) ett glas apelsinsaft (e) (/) trettioen (g) tjugosex (h) sjuttiofem .. .
ett glas vatten 5 (a) varifran -
attioett 7 (a) trettiosju (6) attioatta (c)
uppifran - nerifran - framifran - bak- sjuttiofyra (d) tretton (e) fyrtionio (/) fern-

276
 KEY TO THE EXERCISES

tiofem (g) tre (h) fyra vad 6 (a) ett-komma-sextusennitti-

Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (6) R (c) F (o)tre kilometer (6) etthundraatti(o)sex-
2 (a) R (6) R (c) F (d) F tusen engelska mil per sekund (c) trehun-
draattiofyratusenfyrahundra kilometer
Unit 4 (d) fyrahundrafyrti(o)niotusenniohundra-
sexti(o)fyra kvadratkilometer (e)
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) R (c) R
2 (a) R (b) F (c) R «) F ett-komma-fem miljoner 7 (a)
Ovningar 1 (a) pojkar (6) sangar (c) sjuhundranitti(o)tre (6) tiohundra or
ungdomar (d) dagar (e) batar (/) koppar tusen (c) tolvhundrafemti(o) (d) tretton-
ig) bilar (h) sjukdomar (i) flyktingar 2 hundrafemti(o) (e)
trettonhundranitti(o)sju (/) femtonhun-
(a) i... pa (6) pa (c) i (d) pa 3 (a) Han
dratjugotre (g) sextonhundrafyrti(o)atta
... henne (6) De ... den (c) Hon ... oss
(h) artonhundranio (i) artonhundrafjor-
id) Vi. . . honom (e) Vi. . . er (/) De . . .
ton (j) nittonhundratjugoett 8
dem 4 (a) Det ar solsken men lite
Brittiska Ambassaden. Skarpogatan sex
kallt. (6) Det ar solsken och varmt. Det
till atta. Postnummer etthundrafemton
kan regna och aska och blixtra. Det ar
tjugosju STOCKHOLM. Telefon riktnum-
molnigt ibland. (c) Det regnar och blaser
mer noli atta. Abonnentnummer sex sex
och stormar. Det ar mulet och kallt. (d)
sju noil ett fyra noli. Amerikanska
Det ar mycket kallt. Det snoar ibland. 5
Ambassaden. Strandvagen etthundraett.
(a) Lordag (b) Fredag (c) Sondag (d)
Postnummer etthundrafemton tjugosju
Mandag (e) Tisdag 6 (a) lang (b) lange
STOCKHOLM. Telefon riktnummer noil
(c) lang id) lange (e) langt (/) lange ig)
atta. Abonnentnummer sex sex tre noli
langa (h) lange 7 vacka - vaknar -
fem tva noil. Australiska Ambassaden.
vaknar - vacker - vacka - vacker - vacka
Sergeis torg tolv. Postnummer etthun-
- vaknar 8 (a) spelar (6) leker (c)
dratre atti(o)sex STOCKHOLM. Telefon
spelar (d) spelar (e) leker (/) spelar 9
riktnummer noli atta. Abonnentnummer
(a) sjon (b) Havet (c) Havet (d) sjoar (e)
sex tva fyra fyra sex sex noli.
havet (/) havet (g) sjon 10 God mor-
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) F (c) R
gon. Vad ar det for vader idag? Bra. Vill
du aka ut till sommarstugan? Vi kan ga Unit 6
och bada. Jag vill hellre segla om det inte
blaser for mycket. I morgon ar det sondag Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) R (b) F (c) F (d)
och vi kan spela golf pa formiddagen. Det R 2 (a)F(6)F(c)R
ska bli skont. Ovningar 1 (a) Kan jag fa en liter
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) R (c) F mjolk, tack! (b) Kan jag fa en halv liter
filmjolk, tack! (c) Kan jag fa ett havt kilo
Unit5 smor, tack! (d) Kan jag fa ett och ett
halvt dussin agg, tack! (e) Kan jag fa tva
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) F (c) R
limpor, tack! (/) Kan jag fa tre kilo
2 (a) R (b) F (c) R
potatis, tack! (g) Kan jag fa ett kvarts
Ovningar 1 (a) Var (b) Vem (c) Hur
kilo kaffe, tack! (h ) Kan jag fa tva hekto
(d) Nar (e) Varfor (/) Vad (g) Vilken (h)
skinka, tack! (i) Kan jag fa en burk ansjo-
Vad/Var/Nar/VemTVilken 2 (a)
vis, tack! {j) Kan jag fa ett par applen,
Banken oppnar inte klockan ett. (b) Det
tack! 2 (a) en halv .. . en halv ... en
var inte dyrt. (c) Ligger banken inte vid
halvtimme (b) ett halvt. . . en halv . . .
torget? (d) Var det inte dyrt? (e) Kan du
halva (c) halva ... ett halvar (d) Halva
inte vaxla en hundralapp? (/) Nar ar
3 (a) Ake ar storre an Lasse. (6) Lasses
banken inte oppen? (g) Varfor vill du inte
troja ar billigare an Janes kofta. (c) En
vaxla en hundralapp? 3 (a) med (b) ut
Rolls Royce ar dyrare an en Mini, (d)
(c) in (d) in (e) med 4 (a) lander ...
Mount Everest ar hogre an Ben Nevis. (e)
kuster (b) minuter ... sekunder (c) han¬
Stockholm ar mindre an London. (/)
der . . . fotter (d) bonder . . . traktorer (e)
England har fler invanare an Sverige. 4
studenter ... bocker (/) industrier ...
(a) liten (6) liten (c) litet id) sma (e) litet
maskiner (g) broder . . . doktorer (h)
(/) liten (g) litet (h) litet (i) sma (j) liten
soner ... stader 5 (a) som (b) vilket
Den lilla fiickan ff an den lilla staden i
(c) vars/vilkas (d) vilken (e) vad som (/)
det lilla landet. 5 (a) Nej, jag har

277
 SWEDISH

ingen bil. (b) Nej, jag har inget socker. (c) Parkvagen pa andra sidan om kanalen
Nej, jag har inte haft nagon TV. (d) Nej, mitt emot sjukhuset. (/) Den ligger pa
jag har inga bocker. (e) Nej, jag har inte Jarnvagsgatan mitt emot torget. (g) Det
haft nagot hus. (/) Nej, jag har ingen fru. ligger vid Parkvagen mitt emot operan.
(g) Nej, jag har inga bam. 6 (a) det (h) Den ligger pa Jarnvagsgatan mellan
har .. . den har .. . den har ... det har stationen och banken mitt emot torget.
(6) den dar ... det dar ... den dar (c) De 5 (a) Ga over Drottninggatan och rakt
dar . . . de har 7 (a) ansikten (6) over torget. Ga sedan over Kungsgatan.
frimarken (e) konton (d) yrken (e) applen (b) Ga rakt tram pa Jarnvagsgatan forbi
(/) ogon .. . oron (g) Hjartans 8 (sug¬ turistbyran och stationen. Polisstationen
gested answer) (a) Herrklader: En pyjamas ligger mellan stationen och banken. (c)
250.00. En skjorta 250.00. En troja Ga over Jarnvagsgatan och snett over
300.00. Sockor 25.00. En undertroja torget. Ga over Storgatan. (d) Ga till
75.00. Ett par kalsonger 75.00. hoger. Ga over Drottninggatan och ga
Summa=975.00 kr. Damklader: Ett nat- langs torget. Ga over Kungsgatan och ta
tlinne 150.00. En kofta 300.00. En blus till vanster. Musikaffaren hgger mellan
150.00. Underklader (BH, underklanning, apoteket och bokhandeln. (e) Ga till hoger
trosor, stmmpbyxor) 250.00. En baddrakt langs Storgatan. Ga over gatan vid
150.00. Summa=1000 kr. (6) Ett par apoteket och fortsatt rakt fram pa
jeans 350.00. En T-shirt 150.00. Kungsgatan forbi musikaffaren och
Summa=500 kr. (c) Ett halsband 150.00. bokhandeln. Varuhuset Domus ligger pa
Ett armband 50.00. Ett par orhangen Kungsgatan mellan bokhandeln och
50.00. Summa=250.00 kr. 9 Jag posten. if) Ga till hoger och sedan over
maste kopa nagonting att ta med mig Jarnvagsgatan. Ga rakt fram langs
hem. Ja, men det har jag nog inte rad Drottninggatan. Ga over bron. Ga rakt
med. Den ar underbart vacker, men fram pa Skolgatan forbi Kafe
tyvarr har jag inte sa mycket pengar Continental, (g) Ga over Kanalgatan. Ta
kvar. Ja, jag koper en sadan dar alg. Den till vanster och ga over bron. Ga till
blir ett fint minne fran Sverige. Javisst, hoger. Ga over Storgatan. Apoteket ligger
en sadan maste jag ha. i hornet av Storgatan och Kungsgatan. (h)
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a)R(6)R(c)F Kor rakt fram till Kanalgatan och ta till
vanster. Kor over bron och rakt fram pa
Unit 7 Drottninggatan. Kor over Jarnvagsgatan
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) R (b) F (c) F (d) och genom tunneln. Bensinstationen
R 2 (a) F (b) F (c) R ligger pa vanster sida. (i) Ga till vanster
Ovningar 1 (a) ett kok... skap (b) och over Jarnvagsgatan. Kop blommor pa
ett skap ... brod ... mjol.. .ris (c) kyl- torget. Ga over Storgatan och ta till
skapet... ett dussin agg . .. kott... ett hoger. Ga over bron och ga till vanster pa
halvt kilo smor (d) hte socker... kaffet... Kanalgatan. (/') Ga till hoger langs
inget socker ... teet (e) bar ... hallon ... Storgatan. Ga over bron till vanster. Kafe
blabar (/) vykort. . . hus 2 (a) Var ar Continental ligger mitt emot bron. 6
blommorna? (b) Var ar hundarna? (c) Var Jag ska ga ut med en van. Det ar
ar bockema? id) Var ar skoma? (e) Var ar Kerstin. Forst ska vi ga pa bio och sedan
kvittona? (/) Var ar larama? (g) Var ar ska vi ga pa ett kafe. Om en halvtimme
bamen? (h) Var ar mannen? 3 tycker pa bion. Jag tar bussen. Tack sa mycket.
om ... tycker om ... tycker inte om ... Ratt eller fel? 1 (a)F(ft)R(c)F
tycker mycket om ... tycker mest om .. .
tycker om . .. tycker om 4 (a) Den lig-
Unit 8
ger pa Storgatan vid kanalen mitt emot Ratt eller fel? 1 (a)F(6)R(c)F 2
torget. (b) Det ligger pa Kungsgatan mitt (a) R (b) F (c) R
emot torgstandet med blommor. (c) Det Ovningar 1 Nej, det har jag inte.
ligger i hornet av Drottninggatan och Finns det nagot ledigt bord? Jag foredrar
Jarnvagsgatan mitt emot torget och hornbordet. Kan jag fa se pa matsedeln,
parkeringsplatsen. (d) Det ligger pa tack! Kan jag fa leverpastej med rostat
Tunnelgatan pa andra sidan om jarn- brod, lbvbiff med persiljesmor, jordgubbs-
vagsstationen. (e) Den ligger pa tarta och kaffe, tack. Bara ett glas vat-

278
 KEY TO THE EXERCISES

ten. Jag vill inte ha stekt potatis. Jag vill (e) sydost/sydost (/) vasterut (g) Ostber-
ha ris. Vaktmastarn, far jag be om notan? lin och Vastberlin (h) Sydamerika ...
Det ar jamna pengar. 2 (a) talade (b) Nordamerika (i) nordostpassagen . ..
stannade (c) smakade (d) diskuterade (e) norr (/') sydostliga ... sodra ... Osteu-
spelade (/) parkerade (g) joggade (h) reg- ropa 7 (a) 11° (-10° :+ln) (6) 26° (-25°:
nade 3 (a) gott (b) bra (c) god/bra (d) +1°) (c) Ostersund (d) Mulet och frost -1°
bra (e) bra (/) god (g) bra (h) gott... (e) Omvaxlande solsken och molnigt.
godare/battre ... godast/bast 4 Temperaturen ±0° (/) Langst norrut vid
Froken! Ursakta, jag tycker inte om gransen till Norge, (g) Mitt i Sverige.
musslor och agg. Jag bestallde skinka, Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) R (6) F (c) R id)
svamp, lok och paprika. Kan jag fa en R
flaska applemust pa samma gang, tack!
5 (a) min dotter, mina soner och mitt Unit 10
arbete. (6) din bil, ditt hem och dina Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) R (c) R (d)
bam. (c) hans fru, hans bok och hans R 2 (a) R (b) F (c) F id) R
pojkar. id) hennes barn, hennes man och Ovningar 1 (a) iv (b) i (c) v (d) viii (e)
hennes klader. (e) var stad, vart land och iii if) vi (g) ii (h) vii 2 (a) full (b) fulla
vara hus. (/) er mat, ert vin och era mid- (c) fullt id) fulla (e) fullmane (/) fullt (g)
dagar. (g) deras hund, deras hus och fulla 3 var som heist... vem som
deras tavlor. 6 (a) Det ar din dyra heist... vad som heist. . . nar som heist
bok. (b) Det ar hans billiga byxor. (c) Det 4 (a) mormor (6) dotterdotter or bambam
ar hennes nya Manning, (d) Det ar vart (c) moster (d) svarson (e) dotterson or
lilla hus. (e) Det ar era bra bocker. (/) Det barnbarn (/) svagerska (g) dotterdotters
ar deras stora kok. 7 (a) Kott, fisk, dotterdotter or bambarnsbarnbarn (h)
fagel och agg. (b) Gronsaker t ex honor, morbror (i) svager (j) svarmor 5 (a)
sallad, kal, blomkal, brysselkal, arter, manga (b) Mycket (c) Hela/Allt (d) Manga
sparris, morotter, paprika, puijolok. (e) Allt (/) mycket (g) Alla 6 (o) foral-
Frukt t ex jordgubbar, hallon, blabar. (c) skat sig (6) forlovade sig (c) gifta sig (d)
Potatis, pasta, ris, mjolk, filmjolk, ost, kanner du dig (e) skynda dig (/) raka sig
brod. id) Alkohol, kaffe, te, kakor, tartor 7 Ja, garna. Jag kommer fran
etc. (e) Maten i toppen ar dyrast. 8 (a) (Norwich) i England. This answer
lika . . . som (b) mindre an (c) samma . . . depends on you, of course. Ja, det har jag
som (d) inte sa ... som (e) storre an 9 or Nej, det har jag inte. Jag ar turist. Jag
lc 2f 3g 4d 5a 6b 7e skulle garna vilja ha en kail 61, tack! Ja,
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) F (c) R tack, mycket garna. Tack, det var mycket
roligt.
Unit 9 Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) F (c) F (d) R
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) R (6) F (c) F 2
(a) F (ft) R (c) R 3 (a)R(6)F(c)R
Unit 11
Ovningar 1 Ursakta, jag har kort Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) R (c) R (d)
vilse. Kan ni hjalpa mig? Jag ska aka F 2 (a) R (b) F (c) F
norrut, till Stockholm. Ar det langt? Ovningar 1 (a) v (b) vii (c) ix (d) i (e)
Finns det nagon bensinstation i iv (/) ii (g) viii (h) iii (i) vi 2 (o) sken
narheten? Jag har ont om bensin. Da ar (b) steg . . . gick (c) bjod id) brot (e) for (/)
det bast att jag kor till bensinstationen flog (g) svalt (h) njot (i) vann 3 (a)
forst. Tack for hjalpen! 2 bytte . . . irliindare (b) islanning (c) skotte (d) ryss .
tyckte . . . hande . .. akte . . . glomde . . . .. ryska (e) norrman (/) portugis (g) Mnes
stangde ... hjalpte ... kopte 3 (a) far ... Mnesiska (h) fransyska 4 (a) Vet
(b) maste (c) fick id) far inte (e) maste . . . (6) Kanner (c) Kan (d) kan/vet (e) vet (/)
fick (/) maste inte 4 val... nog ... ju . kan (g) vet... kan (h) kanner (i) kan 5
. . ju . . . val. . . nog . . . ju ... nog 5 (a) hjul (b) framsatet (c) bagageluckan (d)
(a) Nej, han ar ogift. (b) Nej, hon var oly- ratten (e) motorn (/) fotbromsen (g) vind-
dig. (c) Nej, hon ogillade Mrs Pankhurst. rutetorkaren (h) hastighetsmataren (i)
(d) Nej, de ar obekvama. (e) Nej, det ar bilbaltet (j) lyktorna (k) bensin
ovader. (/) Nej, de var odjur. 6 (a) Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) R (6) F (c) R id)
oster (b) norra (c) sydpolen (d) nordvast F

279
 SWEDISH

Unit 12 It has restaurant, bars, conference rooms.

It is very large - 410 rooms. (c)A modern
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (ft) R (c) F (d) hotel close to the centre. If you buy the
F 2 (a) F (ft) F (c) R Scandic Holiday Card for 100:- kr. chil¬
Ovningar 1 (a) 904 och 980 (ft) 13.10 dren under 13 are accommodated free in
och 16.27 (c) 12.34 och 15.43 (d) Alla their parents room and teenagers get a
dagar utom nagra helgdagar (e) Alla room of their own for 150:- kr. Breakfast
dagar mellan 27/6 och 15/8 (/) Nummer is included. You also get a gift voucher for
904. Kl. 17.30 2 (a) ska (ft) kommer 100:- to Scandic's restaurant and hun¬
att/ska (c) tanker/ska id) blir (e) tanker dreds of discounts on Avis rented cars, car
inte (/) blir (g) ska/kommer att (ft) ferries, Swedish glass etc. (d) It is situat¬
Ska/Tanker (t) kommer att 3 (a) feb- ed 15 minutes from the centre. You pay
ruari (ft) januari, mars, maj, juli, augusti, the full price for the first night but half
oktober, december (c) april, juni, Septem¬ price for the following nights. Breakfast is
ber, november (a!) juni (e) december (/) included, (e) Modern student rooms with
mars, april, maj (g) juni, juli, augusti (h) shower and toilet. Cheap. Outside the cen¬
September, oktober, november (t) decem¬ tre. Particularly suitable for conferences
ber, januari, februari 4 Da ... Sedan . and groups. (J) Youth hostel on board a
.. Da ... Sedan ... Da 5 (a) windjammer. Central position. Cheap 6
Helsingborg C - Goteborg (6) single (c) (a) Grand Hotell, as the President is a
14.30 (d) 17.15 (e) 212 (/) non-smoker Ig) VIP. (b) Scandic Crown Hotel, because of
56 (h) window seat 6 (a) alv (6) alvar the discount for the teenager and free
(c) an (d) floden (e) alvarna (/) floderna (g) accommodation for the children, (c) af
aama 7 (a) anlander (b) gar (c) kom¬ Chapman, as that is the cheapest, (d)
mer (fram) / anlander (d) kom (fram)... Reso Hotell Amaranten, as it is conve¬
gatt (e) ankommande .. . avgaende 8 niently situated by the City Air Terminal.
(a) Halfway (b) Fine almost the whole (e) Welcome Hotel Barkarby, as they only
time (c) They’ll visit Ake and John (d) The have to pay half price after the first night,
mosquitoes if) Reso Hotell Reisen, as it is furnished in
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) F (c) R (d) the old style and in a central position, (g)
F Sommarhotell, as it is student accommo¬
dation at a reasonable price.
Unit 13 Ratt eller fel? 1 (a)F(ft)R(c)R
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) R (c) R 2
(a) F (b) F (c) R 3 (a) R (b) F (c) R
Unit 14
Ovningar 1 (a) Bertil och Siv Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) R (c) R 2
Andersson vill ha ett dubbelrum med (a) F (b) F (c) R
dusch. (b) Tore Olsson vill ha ett enkel- Ovningar 1 (a) dit (ft) dar (c) har (d)
rum med dusch. Han behover ocksa hit (e) dar 2 (a) Var bor de? (ft) Vart
garage, (c) Eva Skold vill ha ett enkelrum reste han? (c) Var traffade John Kerstin?
med bad eller dusch. (d) Familjen Vik vill (d) Vart korde de? (e) Vart ringde John?
ha tva dubbelrum, ett med bad och ett (/) Vart ska de resa? 3 (l) hem ... ute
med dusch. De behover ocksa garage. 2 . .. hemma (c) in (ft) upp (a) Dar (d) ut
(a) den sjatte juni (6) den fjortonde juli (c) (f) ut (e) upp (ft) ner (i) upp ... inne (ft)
den sjuttonde maj (d) den tjugotredje framme ... ut (j) hem ... dar (g) har 4
april (e) garde (/) sjatte (g) sjunde 3 Fore - framfbr — Forut - inte forran -
(a) varjs/var (b) var (c) varenda (d) vart Innan 5 (a) tanker (ft) tycker (c) tror
(e) Vart och ett (/) varannan 4 (a) (d) trodde (e) tycker (/) trodde (g) tanker
gaende (6) cyklande (c) doende (d) sti- 6 (a) av (ft) for (c) i (d) av (e) for if) for
gande ... fallande (e) leende (/) levande 7 (a) stackars (ft) nytt (c) akta (d)
5 (a) It is a first class hotel in the old- dumma (e) hart (/) medelalders (g) sant
fashioned style. It is situated in the Old (ft) stangt 8 (a) ‘Dodsdansen’,
Town and has restaurant, bars, sauna ‘Spoksonaten’ and ‘Fordringsagaren’ (ft)
and excellent conference rooms. It has 113 ‘Fordringsagaren’ (c) Strindbergssalen,
rooms. (b) It is a modern and comfortable N. Bantorget (d) tel. 200843 eller Box
hotel, situated by the City Air Terminal. office (e) ‘Dodsdansen’ is sold out and

280
 KEY TO THE EXERCISES

‘Spoksonaten’ is playing in Buenos Aires. (c) brant id) forsvunna (e) obebodd if)
9 (a) ‘Shirley Valentine’ is a play. forlovade (gj stangda ih) kopta ii) druck-
‘Fagelhandlaren’ is an operetta. The na 3 ia) ansiktet ib) skorna (c) benet
‘opera feast’ is a cavalcade of operetta- id) munnen (e) hatten 4 ia) O/A ib)
musical- and Vienna melodies played by A/O (c) Fy id) Usch (e) Oj 5 (a) En
the Stockholm Operetta Ensemble. (b) gang om aret. ib) Fyra ganger i manaden.
‘Shirley Valentine’ (c) Mondays at 7.00 (c) Tva ganger om dagen. id) Sex ganger i
p.m. Gunilla Nyroos. (d) By telephoning veckan. (e) Attio ganger i minuten. 6
the box office between 10.00 and 17.00. Jag har ont i ryggen/ryggvark/vark i
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a)R(6)F(c)F ryggen/. Det boijade igar kvall. Nej, det
kan jag inte, Jag ligger till sangs. Nej, jag
Unit 15 har inte feber, men jag kan inte sova for
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a)F(6)R(c)F 2 ryggen varker sa mycket. Siv Eriksson.
(a) R (b) F (c) F Jag bor pa Strandvagen 59, Malmo. Tack,
Ovningar 1 Ursakta, kan ni tala om doktorn.
for mig hur jag kan komma till Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) R (b) R (c) F
Kaknastornet? Vilket ar det snabbaste Unit 17
sattet att komma till Skansen fran
Norrmalmstorg? Var ligger Kulturhuset? Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (b) R (e) R 2
Hur ska jag lattast komma till Sergeis ia) F ib) F (c) R
torg fran Kungstradgarden? Hur kan jag Ovningar 1 ia) vi ib) i (c) iii id) v (e)
komma till Drottningholms slottsteater? iv if) ii 2 ia) och ib) men (c) sa id)
2 Vilken opera spelar ni? Vad handlar eftersom (e) fastan if) innan ig) nar 3
den om? Nar boijar operan och nar slutar ia) Varje dag cyklar han till skolan. ib)
den? Kan jag fa tva biljetter, tack. Kan Nu bor min son i Italien. (c) Fotboll
jag betala med kreditkort? 3 (a) spelar pojkarna pa lordagarna. id) Under
Tosca. Friday 2 September 1994. (b) At hela sin skoltid spelade han tennis, ie) I
7.30 p.m. (c) SEK 250. id) Stalls. Door 4, Sverige ater man kraftor i augusti. if Om
right hand side. Row 13, seat 362. (e) No du vill kan jag kopa biljetter. ig) Nar han
admission, if) The ticket won’t be var barn bodde han i Sverige. 4 (a)
redeemed. 4 (a) strykas (6) vandas (c) Darfor ib) darfor att (c) darfor att id)
skammas ... minnas id) traffades (e) sal- Darfor (e) Darfor 5 (a)ovanpa(b)
jas if) sytts (g) forbrukas (h) under (c) pa ... vid id) pa (e) utanfor if
hoppades-lyckas ii) kysstes 5 (a) De pa ... vid ig) nedanfor ih) innanfbr ii)
maste byta tag ib) T-centralen, Slussen, (inut-) i (j) ovanfor 6 (a) pa ... vid ib)
och Gamla stan. (c) Fruangen eller (inut-) i (c) i... i id) under (e) innanfbr if
Norsborg. id) Hagsatra. (e) 3 stycken per (ovan-) pa ig) i ih) i ii) pa .. . vid ij) ovan-
person. 6 sin - sin - Hans - hans - for
sin - sina - hennes - sitt - deras - hans Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) R (6) F (c) F
- sin - hennes - sin 7 (a)blinde(b)
rodharige (c) yngste id) sjuka (e) lilla 8 Unit 18
Goddag. Jag skulle vilja hyra en bil. En Ratt eller fel? 1 (a) F (6) R (c) R
mellanstor bil med automatlada. Over Ovningar 1 God Jul! Det ar Tony.
helgen. Hur mycket kostar det? Jag vill tacka dig for den vackra skalen.
Varsagod. Jag vill ha helforsakring. Hur Jag tyckte sarskilt om motivet med
stor ar deponeringsavgiften? Tack, det dansen kring majstangen och jag ska
var bra. alltid komma ihag dansen pa midsom-
Ratt eller fel? 1 ia) F ib) R (c) R id) marafton. Det var en bra ide. Vad ska du
F gora under resten av jullovet? Jag lang-
tar ocksa efter att aka skidor men vi har
Unit 16 ingen sno. Gott Nytt Ar och hej da. 2
Ratt eller fel? 1 ia) F ib) R (c) R 2 ia) star ib) ligger (c) star id) ligger (e) sit¬
ia) R ib) F (c) R 3 ia) R ib) F (c) R ter 3 ia) Lagg Ib) Stall (c) Satt id)
Ovningar 1 ia) 4 ib) 6 (c) 2 id) 7 ie) 5 Lagg (e) Satt 4 ia) Jag ar inte gift, ib)
if)8ig)3ih)l 2 ia) grillade (b) stekta Han sade att han inte var gift, (c) Det var

281
 SWEDISH

hon, som inte ville ga. id) Hon fragade,

vad han inte tyckte om. (e) Mannen var
inte full, (f) Ake fragade, om John inte
ville aka hem. 5 (a) bad (b) fragade (c)
bad (d) fragade (e) fragade 6 (a) i (6)
inte ... forran (c) pa (d) i paskas (e) pa (/)
om (g) tor . . . sedan (h) i sommar (i) i
somras 7 (a) ii (6) iv (c) i (d) iii (e) vii
(/) vi ig) v
Ratt eller fel? 1 (a)F(6)R(c)F

282
 Some useful verbs

The following is an alphabetical list of common irregular verbs and

auxiliary verbs. Note that they can be used as patterns for other
verbs with a prefix; for example, once you know all the forms of the
verb sta (stand), you also know all the forms of forsta (understand),
and so on.
Infinitive Present Past tense Supine Past Participle
be(dja) ber bad bett -bedd
binda binder band bundit bunden
bita biter bet bitit biten
bjuda bjuder bjod bjudit bjuden
bli(va) blir blev blivit bliven
brinna brinner brann brunnit brunnen
brista brister brast brustit brusten
bryta bryter brot brutit bruten
bara bar bar burit buren
bora bor borde bort -

dra(ga) drar drog dragit dragen

dricka dricker drack druckit drucken
driva driver drev drivit driven
duga duger dog/dugde dugt -

do dor dog dott -

dolja doljer dolde dolt dold

falla faller foil fallit fallen
fara far for farit faren

— 283
 SWEDISH

finna tinner fann funnit funnen

Annas Anns fanns funnits
flyga Ayger Adg flugit -flugen
flyta Ayter flot flutit -fluten
frysa Ayser fros frusit frusen
fa far flck fatt
forsvinna forsvinner forsvann forsvunnit forsvunnen
ge(giva) ger gav gett(givit) given
glida glider gled glidit gliden
gladja glader gladde glatt
gnida gnider gned gnidit gniden
gripa griper grep gripit gripen
grata grater grat gratit graten
o

ga gar gick gatt gangen

gora gor gjorde gjort gjord
ha(va) har hade haft -havd
heta heter hette hetat
hinna hinner hann hunnit hunnen
hugga hugger hogg huggit huggen
halla halier holl hallit hallen
kliva kliver klev klivit -kliven
knyta knyter knot knutit knuten
komma kommer kom kommit kommen
krypa kryper krop krupit krupen
kunna kan kunde kunnat
le ler log lett
leva lever levde lev(a)t -lev(a)d
lida lider led lidit liden
ligga ligger lag legat -legad
ljuda ljuder ljod ljudit
ljuga ljuger Ijog ljugit -ljugen
lyda lyder lod, lydde lytt -lydd
lata later lat latit -laten
lagga lagger la(de) lagt lagd
maste maste mast
niga niger neg nigit
njuta njuter njot njutit njuten

— 284
 APPENDIX

nysa nyser nos nyst

pipa piper pep pipit
rida rider red ridit riden
rinna rinner rann runnit runnen
riva river rev rivit riven
ryta ryter rot rutit
se ser sag sett sedd
sitta sitter satt suttit -sutten
sjuda sjuder sjod sjudit sjuden
sjunga sjunger sjong sjungit sjungen
sjunka sjunker sjonk sjunkit sjunken
skilja skiljer skilde skilt skild
skina skiner sken skinit
skjuta skjuter skot skjutit skjuten
skola/ska ska(ll) skulle (skolat)
skrika skriker skrek skrikit -skriken
skriva skriver skrev skrivit skriven
skryta skryter skrot skrutit -skruten
skara skar skar skurit skuren
slippa slipper slapp sluppit -sluppen
slita sliter slet slitit sliten
sla slar slog slagit slagen
slass slass slogs slagits
smyga smyger smog smugit -smugen
snyta snyter snot snutit snuten
sova sover sov sovit
spricka spricker sprack spruckit sprucken
sprida sprider spred spridit spriden
springa springer sprang sprungit sprungen
sticka sticker stack stuckit stucken
stiga stiger steg stigit -stigen
stjala stjal stal stulit stulen
strida strider stred stridit -stridd
stryka stryker strok strukit struken
sta star stod statt -stadd
stod(j)a stoder stodde stott stodd
suga suger sog sugit sugen
supa super sop supit -supen
svida svider sved svidit

— 285 —
 SWEDISH

svika sviker svek svikit sviken

svalja svaljer svalde svalt svald
svalta svalter svalt svultit svulten
svar(j)a svar(jer) svor svurit svuren
saga sager sa(de) sagt sagd
salja saljer salde salt said
satta satter satte satt satt
ta(ga) ta(ge)r tog tagit tagen
tiga tiger teg tigit -tegen
tillata tillater tillat tillatit tillaten
tjuta tjuter tjot tjutit
tvinga tvingar tvingade tvingat tvingad
tvinga tvingar tvang tvungit tvungen
tor torde
(toras) tors tordes torts
vara ar var varit
veta vet visste vetat
vika viker vek vikit viken, vikt
vilja vill ville velat
vinna vinner vann vunnit vunnen
vrida vrider vred vridit vriden
valja valjer valde valt vald
vanja vanjer vande vant vand
vaxa vaxer vaxte vaxt/vuxit vuxen
ata ater at atit aten
 SWEDISH-ENGLISH
GLOSSARY

absolut definitely apparat (-en -er) device; apparatus

adel (-n) nobility april April
adjo goodbye arbet/a (-ar -ade -at) to work
adlande (-t) raising to the nobility arm (-en -ar) arm
Afrika Africa armbag/e (-en -ar) elbow
afton (-en aftnar) evening art (-en -er) species
aj ow; ouch arton eighteen
all (-t -a) all artonde eighteenth
alldeles lagom just right Asien Asia
allemansratten right of public access attraktion (-en -er) attraction; event
allergisk mot allergic to augusti August
allesamman/s/ all of us Australien Australia
allmant generally; widely australier (-n -0) Australian
alltid always automatlad/a (-an -or) automatic gears
allting everything av betydelse of any importance
alltsa that is to say; you know; thus avgas (-en -er) exhaust fume
allvarlig (-t -a) serious avgasror (-et -0) exhaust pipe
ambulans (-en -er) ambulance avgift (-en -er) charge; fee
Amerika America avres/a (-an -or) departure
amerikansk (-t -a) American avsevart considerably
andra varldskriget Second World War avskaff/a (-ar -ade -at) to abolish
andra/andre second axel (-n axlar) shoulder
anknytning (-en -ar) extension
ankomst (-en -er) arrival bad (-et -0) bath
ankrace (-t -n) duck race bad/a (-ar -ade -at) to go swimming
anmal/a (-er -de -t) to report badrum (-met -0) bathroom
annan annat andra other bagageluck/a (-an -or) boot of car
annat other things bakifran from behind
annorlunda different balkong (-en -er) balcony
ansikte (-t -n) face bank (-en -er) bank
ansjovis (-en -ar) anchovies bara only
antal (-et -0) number bamforbjud/en (-et -na) for adults only
antingen . . . eller either... or bomkalas (-et -0) children’s party
anvand/a (-er -e anvant) to use barnvanlig (-t -a) suitable for children
apelsmsaft (-en -er) orange juice bastu (-n -r) sauna
apotek (-et -0) pharmacy; chemist befolkning (-en -ar) population
begdr/a (begar begarde begart) to request

287
 behandling (-en -ar) treatment blodtryck (-et) blood pressure
behall/a (-er beholl behallit) to keep blomkal (-en; blomkalshuvuden)
behov/a (-er -de -t) to need cauliflower
beklag/a (-ar -ade -at) to regret blyfri unleaded
bekrdftelse (-n -r) confirmation bla blatt bla (a) blue
bekvam (-t -a) comfortable blabar (-et -0) bilberry
bekymra/d (-t -de) worried blas/a (-er -te -t) to blow; be windy
ben (-et -0) leg; bone blod/a (-er -dde -tt) to bleed
bensin (-en) petrol bo/r (-dde -tt) to live
bensmmack (-en -ar) petrol station bok (-en bocker) book
benstnstation (-en -er) petrol station bokhandel (-n) book shop
berg (-et -0) mountain bokhyll/a (-an -or) bookshelf
berdtt/a (-ar -ade -at) to tell bonde (-n bonder) peasants
beromd beromt beromda famous bord (-et -0) table
beskrtv/a (-er beskrev beskrivit) to bordtennis (-en) table tennis
describe borgare burghers
beslakt/ad (-at -ade) related borst/a (-ar -ade -at) to brush
bestall/a (-er -de -t) to book; order bort/a away
besvik/en (-et -na) disappointed bot/a (-ar -ade -at) to cure
besvarlig (-t -a) difficult; awkward bottenvaningen ground floor
besokare (-n -0) visitor bra good; well; fine
betal/a (-ar -de -t) to pay bred (brett breda) broad
betraklVa (-ar -ade -at) (sig) to regard breddgrad (-en -er) latitude
(himself) brev(-et-O) letter
betyd/a (-er -de betytt) to mean bro (-n -ar) bridge
betyg (-et -0) grade; mark broms/a (-ar -ade -at) to brake
bevar/a (-ar -ade -at) to preserve bror(brodern broder) brother
bidrag/a (-er bidrog -it) to contribute brorsdotter niece (brother’s daughter)
bilbalte (-t -n) seat belt brorson nephew (brother’s son)
biljett (-en -er) ticket broschyr (-en -er) pamphlet
biljettautomat (-en) ticket machine bruk/a (-ar -ade -at) usually do
biljon (-en -er) billion something
billig (-t -a) cheap brukade vara used to be
biltjuv (-en -ar) car thief bry sig om to care about
bzlverkstad (-en -stader) garage brygg/a (-an -or) jetty
bind/a (-er band bundit) to bind; tie bryt/a (-er brot brutit) to break off
bio (-n) cinema brod (-et -0) bread
biograf (-en -er) cinema brollop (-et -0) wedding
biovagn (-en -ar) cinema coach brost (-et -0) breast; chest
bit (-en -ar) piece bull/e (-en -ar) roll
bjorkkvist (-en -ar) birch branch bunt (-en -ar) bunch
bjorn (-en -ar) bear burk (-en -ar) tin; jar
bl.a. (bland annat) among other things; busshallplats (-en -er) bus stop
inter alia
butzk (-en -er) shop; boutique
bland among by (-n -ar) village
bland/a (-ar -ade -at) to mix byt/a (-er -te -t) to change; exchange
blek(-t-a) pale byta tag to change trains
blmdtarmsinfl animation (-en -er) bada both
appendicitis bade ... och both ... and

288
 SWEDISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

bat (-en -ar) boat; ship det gor detsamma it doesn’t matter; I
bank (-en -ar) row don’t care
bar (-et -0) berry det mesta most of it
bargningsbil (-en -ar) breakdown van det ar bast att we had better
bordig (-t -a) fertile detsamma the same
borj/a (-ar -ade -at) to begin; start diet(-en) diet
boter (pi.) fines dig you (sing, obj.); yourself
dillpotatis potatoes boiled with dill
centralvarme (-n) central heating
din ditt dina your(s)
centrum (ett) centre
diriger/a (-ar -ade -at) to direct
ceremoniella funktioner ceremonial
diskuter/a (-ar -ade -at) to discuss
functions
dit (to) there
cesiumhalt (-en) cesium content
djur (-et -0) animal
choklad (-en) chocolate
doktorinn/a (-an -or) doctor’s wife
chokladsas (-en -er) chocolate sauce
domkyrk/a (-an -or) cathedral
cmlstand (-et) civil status
dopp i grytan ‘dipping in the pot’
cykl/a (-ar -ade -at) cycle
dopp (-et -0) to dip, plunge
dagens ratt today’s special dos (-en -er) dose
daghem (-met -0) day nursery dotter (-n dottrar) daughter
dagl (dagligen) daily dra (-r drog dragit) ut extract
dalahast (-en -ar) Dala horse drak/e (-en -ar) dragon
damavdelningen ladies’ wear drick/a (-er drack druckit) to drink
damfrisorsk/a (-an -or) hairdresser dricks tip; service charge
dans (-en -er) dance driv/a (-er drev drivit) ut to drive out
dansos (-en -er) female dancer Drottninggatan Queen Street
de they dryck (-en -er) drink
de dar/de har those I these drygt slightly more than
de fiesta most people droj/a (-er -de -t) to hold on; be late
de hogsta the highest drom (drommen drommar) dream
december December du you (sing.)
del (-en -ar) part dubbelrum (-met -0) double room
delas upp to be divided dum (-t dumma) stupid
delas ut to be shared out; awarded dusch (-en -ar) shower
del/ta (ga) (-tar -tog -tagit) to take part dussin (-et -0) dozen
deltid part-time d.v.s. (det vill saga) that is to say
dem them dygn (-et -0) the 24-hour day
den narmaste motsvarigheten the dynamit (-en) dynamite
closest equivalent dyr (-t -a) expensive
den rutade sparrlinjen the chequered da then
barrier line da sager vi det agreed
den/det it dack (-etr-0) tyre
den/det dar that dar there ■
den/det har this dar borta over there (any direction)
deponeringsavgift deposit dar framme over there (in front)
deras their(s) darfor that’s why
dess its darforatt because
dessert (-en -er) dessert darifran from there
det finns there is; there are do (-r dog dott) to die
det gar bra that’s all right dorr (-en-ar) door

289
 SWEDISH

eftermiddag (-en -ar) afternoon expert (-en -er) expert

efternamn surname extrapris (-et -er) special offer
efteratt (-en -er) dessert; sweet
faktiskt really; actually; in fact
eftersom as
famdj (-en -er) family
eftertrad/a (-er -de eftertratt)
familjeskal personal reasons
to succeed
fantastiskt fantastically
eftervarlden posterity
far (fadern fader) father
efterat afterwards
far/a (-an -or) danger
egen (eget egna) own
farbror (-n farbroder) uncle (father’s
ekonomi (-n -er) economy
brother)
ekonomisk (-t -a) economic
farfar grandpa (lit. father’s father)
elak (-t -a) malicious
farfarsfar greatgrandfather (father’s
eldfast form ovenproof dish
side)
elev (-en -er) pupil
farlig(-t-a) dangerous
elfte eleventh
farmor grandma (lit. father’s mother)
eller or
farmorsmor greatgrandmother (father’s
ellerocksa or else
side)
elva eleven
fast though; fixed
emellertid however
faster (-n fastrar) aunt (father’s sister)
emigrer/a (-ar -ade -at) to emigrate
en/ett a/an; one fatt/as (fattas -ades -ats) to be missing
fattig(-t-a) poor
enda single; only
feber (-n) fever
engelsk/a (-an) English (language)
februari February
engelsk/a (-an -or) Englishwoman
fel (-et -0) fault; wrong
Engelska kanalen English Channel
fern five
engelsman (-nen engelsman)
Englishman femhundrakronorssedel (-n -sedlar) 500-
kronor (bank) note
enhetlig homogeneous
enkel single femkron/a (-an -or) 5-kronor coin
femte fifth
enkelhet (-en -0) simplicity
femtio fifty
enkelrum (-met -0) single room
femtionde fiftieth
enkron/a (-an -or) 1-krona coin
enligt according to femtiooring (-en -ar) 50-ore coin
femton fifteen
ensam (-t ensamma) alone; by ourselves
epokgorande epoch-making femtonde fifteenth
er you (pi. obj.) yourselves festival (-en -er) festival
er (-t -a) your(s) festmiddag (-en -ar) banquet
Erikskronikan the Eric Chronicles fik/a (-ar -ade -at) to have a coffee
ersatt/a (-er ersatte ersatt) to replace fil (mjolk) (thin) yoghurt
etnisk (-t -a) ethnic fin (-t -a) fine
ett halvt kilo (1/2 kg) half a kilo finger (fingret fingrar) finger
ett kvarts kilo a quarter of a kilo finhack/ad (-at -ade) finely chopped
ett slags a kind of finn/e (-en -ar) Finn
finnas kvar remain
Europa (pronounced Eropa) Europe
evenemang (-et -0) great event finska (-n) Finnish (language)
examen (pi. examina) examination finska (-n -or) Finnish woman
expedit (-en -er) shop assistant fir/a (-ar -ade -at) celebrate
expeditionsavgift (-en -er) commission; fiskratt (-en -er) fish dish
service charge fix/a (-ar -ade -at) fix

290
 SWEDISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

Norton fourteen fiys/a (-er ffos frusit) to be!feel cold

fjortonde fourteenth ffysa till is to freeze, freeze over
fjarde fourth ffag/a (-an -or) question
fjardedel (-en -ar) quarter fran from
fjarrtag (-et -0) long-distance train framst foremost
flask/a (-an -or) bottle froken ffoknar Miss
flera several full (-t -a) full
flingor cornflakes fullt med folk crowded
fly (-r -dde -tt) to flee fyll/a (-er -de -t) pa to fill up with
flyg/a (-er flog flugit) to fly fynd (-et -0) bargain
flyget aeroplanes (colloquial) fyra four
flykting (-en -ar) refugee fyrtio forty
flyt/a (-er flot flutit) to float fyrtionde fortieth
flytande fluent fystk (-en) physics
flytt/a (-ar -ade -at) to move fa (-r tick fatt) to get; be allowed to; have
flaskkotlett (-en -er) pork chop to
folk (-et -0) people fa lov att to be allowed to
folkomrostning (-en -ar) referendum fagelvagen as the birds fly
fordon (-et -0) vehicle falt(-et-O) field
form (-en) form fardig (-t -a) ready
forskningsres/a (-an -or) scientific fargglad (-a) brightly coloured
expedition fargteve (-n) colour television
fortfarande still farj/a (-an -or) ferry
fortsatt/a (-er -satte -satt) to continue farsk(-t-a) fresh
fot (-en fetter) foot farskvaror fresh food, perishables
fotbollsmatch (-en -er) football match fastning (-en -ar) fortress
fotbroms (-en -ar) foot-brake fodd born
fotokurs (-en -er) photography course fodelsedag (-en -ar) birthday
fram/me in front; there; forward folj/a (-er -de -t) (med) to follow;
ffamgang (-en -ar) success accompany
framiff an from the front fonster (fonstret fonster) window
ffamsate (-t -n) front seat finsterbord (-et -0) table by the window
ffansk French for too; for; because
ffanska (-n) French language for ... sedan ago
ffansman (-nen ffansman) Frenchman for att (in order) to
ffansysk/a (-an -or) Frenchwoman for lange too long
fredag Friday forbi past
fredspris (-et -0) peace prize fore before
fridlyst specially protected fore/dra (-drar -drog -dragit) to prefer
frihetshj alt/e (-n -ar) champion of liberty forening (-en -ar) society, club
frisk (-t -a) well; healthy forestallning (-en -ar) performance
friska luften open air forfattarmp/a (-an -or) authoress
fritidsaktivitet (-en -er) leisure activity forfarlig (-t-a) terrible
frontalkrock (-en -ar) head-on collision forhindr/ad (-at -ade) to prevent
ffu (-n -ar) Mrs; wife forkylning (-en -ar) cold
frukost (-en -ar) breakfast forlor/a (-ar -ade -at) to lose
ffukt (-en -er) fruit forlov/a (-ar -ade -at) sig to get engaged
fruktsallad (-en -er) fruit salad fbrmiddagskaffe (-t) morning coffee
ffys (-en frysskap) freezer formodligen probably

291
 SWEDISH

formogenhet (-en -er) wealth glogg a heavily-spiced mulled wine

fornamn Christian (first) name god natt goodnight
fororen/a (-ar -ade -at) to pollute God Fortsattning! Happy New Year
fororening (-en -ar) pollution (May the New Year Continue Happily!)
forresten by the way God Jul! Merry Christmas!
forratt (-en -er) starter goddag how do you do?
forsen/ad (-at -ade) late; delayed godis (-et) sweets
forst(-a) first golf (-en) golf
forsta gangen the first time golfklubb/a (-an -or) golf-club
forsta (-r forstod forstatt) to understand Golfstrommen the Gulf Stream
forstas of course gott nice (about food)
forstor/a (forstor -de -t) to destroy Gott Nytt Ar! A Happy New Year!
forsur/a (-ar -ade -at) to acidify grad (-en -er) degree
forsvmn/a (-er -svann -svannit) to grattis (slang for gratulationer)
disappear congratulations
forsakring (-en -ar) insurance gravad lax marinated salmon
forsdljare (-n -0) market-trader Grekland Greece
forsok/a (-er -te -t) to try grillspett (-et -0) kebab
forsdrj/a (-er -de -t) sig to provide for grund/a (-ar -ade -at) to found
oneself grundlagg/a (-er grundlade grundlagt) to
fortroende (-t -n) confidence lay the foundation of
forut before; previously gradde (-n) cream
forvanansvart surprisingly grand (-en -er) lane
fordlder (-n foraldrar) parent gronsak (-en -er) vegetable
fordlsk/a (-ar -ade -at) sig i to fall in love gul (-t -a) yellow
with guldstjarn/a (-an -or) golden star
gurk/a (-an -or) cucumber
gammaldags old fashioned
gyllene golden
ganska rather
gymnastik (-en) gymnastics
garage (-t -0) garage
ga (-r gick gatt) to go; walk
garner/a (-ar -ade -at) to garnish
gaav to get off
gaspedal (-en -er) accelerator; throttle
ga en runda to play a round (golf
gatukorsning (-en -ar) junction
ga till sdngs go to bed
gatukok (-et -0) street kitchen
ga varm to be overheated
ge oss ivag to set off
gaover to pass
ge (-r gav givit) to give
ga over till to change (over) to
gemensamt med in common with
gang (-en -er) time; occasion
genast at once
gall/a (-er -de -t) to apply to; be valid
genuin (-t -a) genuine
garna willingly; gladly
geografi (-n) geography
gift (med) married (to) gastgivargard (-en -ar) old coaching inn
gift/a (-er -e -t) sig to get married gaststug/a (-an -or) (little) guest-house
gitarr (-en -er) guitar gor/a gor gjorde gjort to do; make
gjort done gora nagon skillnad to make any
difference
Glad Pask! Happy Easter!
gora ont to hurt
glas (-et -0) glass; glassware
glasbruk (-et -0) glassworks gora sig fortjant to distinguish oneself
glass (-en) ice cream gora upp eld to light a camp fire
glitter tinsel goteborgar/e (-en -0) Gothenburger

292
 SWEDISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

ha (-r hade haft) to have hjalpa till help with

ha lust to feel like hjamblodning (-en -ar) stroke
ha ont om to be short of hjartattack (-en -er) heart attack
ha rad med to afford hjartliga lyckonskningar warm
hak/a (-an -or) chin congratulations
hallon (-et -0) raspberry hon she
hals (-en -ar) throat honom him
halsfluss (-en) tonsilitis hopp-et hope
halv sju at half past six host/a (-ar -ade -at) to cough
halvljus dipped headlights hotell (-et -0) hotel
hamn (-en -ar) port; harbour hovmastare (-n -0) head-waiter
han he hundra hundred
hand (-en hander) hand hundrade hundredth
handbroms (-en -ar) hand-brake hundralapp (-en -ar) 100-kroner note
handelsfirm/a (-an -or) trading hungrig (-t-a) hungry
(commercial) firm hur how
handl/a (-ar -ade -at) to go shopping; buy hur dags at what time
hans his hur ofta how often
hastighetsmatare (-n -0) speedometer hur som heist in any way; just anyhow
hav (-et -0) sea huvud (-et -0) (-en) head
hej hallo; hi huvudregel (-n -regler) the general rule
hej sa lange so long huvudsakligen mainly
hejsan informal greeting huvudstad (-en -stader) capital
hel (-t -a) whole huvudvark headache
hela the whole; all hyr/a (hyr -de -t) rent
helforsakring (-en -ar) comprehensive hal (-et -0) hole
insurance har (-et) (collective sing.) hair
helgdag public holiday hard (hart harda) hard
helgon (-et-0) saint hardkokt(-a) hardboiled
helljus (-et -0) full beam halsa pa to greet; say ‘how do you do’ to
hellre rather halsapa visit
helt och hallet entirely hamt/a (-ar -ade -at) to fetch
helylle pure wool hand/a (-er -e hant) to happen
hem (to) home hang/a (-er -de -t) to hand
hem (-met-0) home har here
hemma at home harifran from here
hemsprak (-et -0) mother tongue hoft (-en -er) hip
henne her hoger right
hennes her(s) hogertrafik driving on the right
herr (-en -ar) Mr hogst at most
het/a (-er hette hetat) to be called hoj/a (-er -de -t) to raise
hinn/a (-er hann hunnit) to have time to hor/a (hor -de -t) to hear
hiss (-en -ar) lift horn (-et :0) corner
hornbord (-et -0) corner table
hit (to) here
hitt/a (-ar -ade -at) find hosnuva (-n) hayfever
hjortron (-et -0) cloudberry host (-en -ar) autumn
hjul(-et-O) wheel i in
hjalp (-en) help i alia fall anyway
hjalp/a (-er -te -t) to help

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 SWEDISH

i det grona in the open; outdoors innehall/a (-er -holl -hallit) to contain
i form av in the state of inomhus indoors
i fred in peace inslapp admission
i forrgar the day before yesterday insno/ad (-at -ade) snow-bound
ijulas last Xmas instift/a (-ar -ade -at) to establish
i kvall tonight; this evening install/d (-t -da) cancelled
i land ashore inte ... forran not until
i medeltal on average inte alls not at all
i morgon tomorrow inte bry sig om not to bother about
i morgon bitti early tomorrow morning inte vara fortjast i not to care for
i morse early this morning intematskola boarding school
i narvaro av in the presence of intresse (-t -n) interest
i rad running intresserad av interested in
i slutet pa at the end of invandrare (-n -0) immigrant
i synnerhet in particular; especially invanare (-n -0) inhabitant
i sa fall in that case ironisk (-t -a) ironic
i varje fall in any case Italien Italy
i overmorgan the day after tomorrow italiensk (-t -a) Italian
iakttagelse (-n -r) observation italienska (-n) Italian (language)
ibland sometimes
ja yes
icke-rokare non-smoker
jada oh yes
idag today
idrottsklubb (-en -ar) athletics club jag I
jag/a (-ar -ade -at) hunt
igen again
januari January
igar yesterday
jasa really?; is that so?
igar morse early yesterday morning
ilia bad javisst yes, certainly; yes, of course
imponerande impressive jobb (-et -en) the place of work
import- och exportfirma import and jogg/a (-ar -ade -at) to go jogging
export firm jord (-en -ar) earth
importer/a (-ar -ade -at) to import jordgubbstart/a (-an -or) strawberry
in into gateau
inbjudan invitation jourtjansten emergency services
indian (-en -er) (American) Indian ju of course; as you know
indisk (-t -a) Indian ju .... desto the .... the
indivtd (-en -er) individual Jugoslavien Yugoslavia
industri (-n -er) industry julbord (-et -0) Christmas buffet
influensa (-n) influenza; flu jalgransplandring (-en -ar) stripping of
infor/a (infor -de -t) to introduce the Xmas tree
juli July
ingen orsak you are welcome; don’t
mention it julklapp (-en -ar) Christmas present
ingen som heist none whatsoever julrim (-met -0) Christmas rhyme (on the
ingenjor (-en -er) engineer presents)
inga (-r ingick ingatt) to be included julskink/a (-an -or) Christmas ham
inkomst (-en -er) income jultomt/e (-en -ar) Father Christmas;
inlagd gurka gherkin Santa Claus
inlagd sill pickled herrings juni June
inlagda rodbetor pickled beetroots just bakom just behind
inne in (inside) jamna pengar the right amount

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 SWEDISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

jamnt exactly konstmuseum art museum

jarnvagsstation (-en -er) railway station konstnar (-en -er) artist; designer
jattesnallt terribly kind konsument (-en -er) consumer
kafe (-et -er) cafe konto (-t -n) account
kaffe (-t) coffee kontor (-et -0) office
kalender (-n kalendrar) calendar konversation (-en -er) conversation
kalkon (-en -er) turkey koppling (-en -ar) clutch
kail (-t -a) cold korvkiosk (-en -ar) hot-dog stand
kallas is called kost/a (-ar -ade -at) to cost
kalvstek (-en -ar) roast veal krabb/a (-an-or) crab
kanol (-en -er) canal krans (-en -ar) wreath
kanske perhaps kreditkort (-et -0) credit card
kappsegling (-en -ar) sailing-race krig (-et -0) war
karakteriser/a (-ar -ade -at) characterise kring around
kart/a (-an -or) map; town plan kristallskal (-en -ar) crystal bowl
kasser/a (-ar -ade -at) to condemn; kronjuvel (-en -er) crown jewels; state
discard; destroy regalia
kassorsk/a (-an -or) cashier (female) kropp (-en -ar) body
katastrof (-en -er) catastrophe; disaster kudde (-n -ar) pillow
kejsarinn/a (-an -or) empress kultnr (-en -er) culture
kerru (-n) chemistry kung (-en -ar) (from ‘konung’) king
kil/a (-ar -ade -at) in to pop in Kungsan (colloquial) Kungstradgarden
kill/e (-en -ar) boy (a park)
kilo (-t -(n) kilo Kungsgatan King Street
kind (-en -er) cheek kunna kan kunde kunnat can; to be able
kinesisk (-t -a) Chinese to; know
kiosk (-en -er) kiosk kurs (-en -er) course; class
kivas om to argue about kusin (-en -er) cousin
klag/a (-ar -ade -at) pa to complain about kust (-en -er) coast
klagomal (-et -0) complaint kvalitet (-en -er) quality
klar(-t-a) ready kvar left
klar/a (-ar -ade -at) sig to manage kvart i atta a quarter to eight
klick (-en -ar) knob (of butter) kvartol (-et -0) quarter (of a year; three
klimat (-et -0) climate months)
klipphall (-en -ar) bare rock kvarterskrog (-en -ar) local restaurant
kla (-r -dde -tt) nagon to suit somebody kvinn/a (-an -or) woman
kla majstangen to decorate the maypole kvitto (-t -n) receipt
klader (plural) clothes kvall (-en -ar) evening
knappast hardly kyckling (-en -ar) chicken
kna (- (e)t -n) knee kyla (-n) cold
koft/a (-an -or) cardigan kylar/e frn -0) radiator
kollektivtrafik (-en) public transport kylskap (-et -0) fridge
kollider/a (-ar -ade -at) to collide kyrk/a (-an -or) church
komm/a (-er kom kommit) to come kand (kant kanda) known
komma fram to arrive kann/a (-er -de -t) to feel; know
konditori (-et -er) cafe; patisserie ko (-n -er) queue
konkurrens (-en) competition kop/a (-er -te -t) to buy
konsert (-en -er) concert kor/a (kor -de -t) (bil) to drive
konst (-en -er) art kora av vagen to drive off the road

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 SWEDISH

korfalt (-et-0) lane luftig (-t -a) airy

kdrkort (-et -0) driving licence lugn (t -a) calm
kott (-et) meat lung/a (-an -or) lung
kottbull/e (-en -ar) meatball lwnginflammation (-en -er) pneumonia
lur/a (-ar -ade -at) to cheat
lager (lagret lager) layer
lussekatt ‘Lucia cat’
lagom just right; enough
lutfisk (-en) boiled ling
land (-et lander) country
lykta (-an -or) headlight
Landsfadem Father of the people
lys/a (-er -te -t) to shine; be switched on
landskap (-et -0) province; scenery
lyssn/a (-ar -ade -at) to listen
lapp (-en -ar) Laplander
lyxrestaruang (-en -er) luxury restaurant
lax(-en-ar) salmon
lan/a (-ar -ade -at) to borrow; lend
led/a (-er -de lett) to lead
langsam (-t -ma) slowly
ledare (-n -0) leader
lat/a (-er lat latit) to let; sound
ledig (-t -a) free; vacant
lacker (lackert lackra) delicious
leds/en (-et -na) sorry; sad
lage situation
legitimation (-en) proof of identity
lagenhet (-en -er) flat
lev/a (-er -de -t) to live
lagg/a (-er la(de) lagt) to lay; put
levande living; growing
lagg/a (-er la(de) lagt) sig to go to bed
leverpastej (-en -er) liver pate
lagga in backen to get into reverse gear
levnadsstandard (-en -er) standard of
lagga in ettan to get into first gear
living
lakare (-n -0) doctor
ligg/a (-er lag legat) to lie; be situated
lamna mig i fred leave me in peace
liggvagn (-en -ar) couchette
langd (-en -er) length
likalangt as far
lange long (about time)
lika vanligt som as common as
langt/a (-ar -ade -at) efter long to; long
liksom like; as well as
for
lilla little
lar/a (lar -de -t) sig learn
Lilia julafton December 23rd
larare (-n -0) teacher
lillasyster little sister
lararinn/a (-an -or) female teacher
lillebror little brother
larjung/e (-en -ar) disciple
limp/a (-an -or) loaf
las/a (-er -te -t) to read; study
lingon (-et -0) cranberries
laskedryck (-en -er) soft drink
linje (-n -r) line
latt (latt latta) light; easy
linne/a (-an -or) twinflower
lordag Saturday
list/a (-an-or) list
los (-t -a) loose
lite a little
lbs/a (-er -te -t) to dissolve
lite for mycket a little too much
los/a (-er -te -t) in to cash
lite grann a little
lovbiff (-en -ar) minute-steak
lite over a little past
liten litet sma little; small magle (-en -ar) stomach
liter (-n -0) litre maj May
liv (-et -0) life majoritet (-en -er) majority
livegen, livegna serf, -s makt (-en -er) power
ljus (-t -a) light; fair maktlos (-t -a) powerless
ljus (-et -0) light; candle mamm/a (-an -or) mother
lock/a (-ar -ade -at) to attract man one; you; people; they
lov/a (-ar -ade -at) to promise man (-nen man) man; husband
luft(-en) air mark (-en -er) ground

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 SWEDISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

mars March molnig (-t -a) cloudy

massport (-en) popular sport Moms-kvitto (-t -n) VAT receipt
massos (-en -er) masseuse monarki (-n -er) monarchy
mat (-en) food morbror (lit. mors bror) uncle (mother’s
matavdelning (-en -ar) food hall brother)
match (-en-er) match morgon (-en morgnar) morning
matsedel (-n -sedlar) menu mormor grandma (lit. mother’s mother)
matsked (-en -ar) tablespoon morot (-en morotter) carrot
matsack (-en -ar) packed lunch mosaik (-en -er) mosaic
matt (matt matta) faint Moskva Moscow
med with moster (lit. mors syster) aunt (mother’s
medan while sister)
medborgarskap (-et -0) citizenship motiv (-et -0) motif
medeltida medieval motor (-n motorer) motor
medlem (-men -mar) member motsvarande corresponding
medvetslos (-t -a) unconscious mottagning (-en -ar) surgery; reception
medvind following wind mulen (mulet mulna) overcast
mekaniker (-n -0) mechanic mun (-nen -nar) mouth
mellan between museum (museet museer) museum
mellersta central musik(-en) music
men but musikaffdr (-en -er) music shop
met/a (-ar -ade -at) angle, fish mussl/a (-an -or) clam
middag (-en -ar) dinner mycket very; much
midnatt midnight mycket garna yes, please, I would love it
midnattssol (-en) Midnight Sun mygg (-et -0) mosquito
midvinter morker Midwinter Darkness mysig (-t -a) (colloquial) (nice and) cosy
mig me; myself ma ilia to feel sick
migrdn (-en) migraine mal/a (-ar -ade -at) to paint
mild (milt milda) mild man/e (-en -ar) moon
miljard (-en -er) a thousand million mandag Monday
miljon (-en -er) million manga many
miljo (-n -er) environment mangkulturell multi-cultural
miljdforstoring (-en) environmental Malardrottningen The Queen of Lake
pollution Malaren
min (mitt mina) my; mine mannisk/a (-an -or) person; pi. people
mindre smaller mark/a (-er -te -t) to notice
mineral (-et (i) er) mineral massling (en) (the) measles
mineralvatten (-vattnet -0) mineral matt satisfied; full up
water monster (monstret monster) pattern
minne (-t -n) souvenir mork(-t-a) dark
minoritet (-en -er) minority mot/a (-er--te -t) to meet
minsk/a (-ar -ade -at) to decrease
nack/e (-en :ar) nape of the neck
minsta slightest
namn (-et -0) name
miss/a (-ar -ade -at) to miss napp/a (-ar -ade -at) to bite (about fish)
mittemot opposite
nation (-en -er) nation
mjol (-et -0) flour natt (-en natter) night
mjolk (-en) milk nattuggl/a (-an -or) night-owl
mo (de) r (-n modrar) mother natur (-en -er) nature, scenery
moderniser/a (-ar -ade -at) to modernise

297
 SWEDISH

naturligtvis of course; naturally noje (-t -n) pleasure

nederbord (-en) precipitation
o oh
nedsatt pris reduced price
o.d. (och dylikt) etc.
nej no
obligatorisk (-t -a) compulsory
ner/e down
och and
nerifran from below
ocksa also; too
ni you (pi.)
officiell (-t -a) official
nio nine
ofta often
nionde ninth
oftast in most cases
nittio ninety
oktober October
nittionde ninetieth
olik (-t -a) different (from)
nitton nineteen
om (about time) in
nittonde nineteenth
om if
njut/a (-er njot njutit) enjoy
omaret per year
nobelpristogare (-n -0) Nobel prize
ombudsman (-nen ombudsman) repre¬
winner
sentative of the people; ombudsman
nog probably; (here: I think)
omelett (-en -er) omelet
noggrann (noggrant noggranna) careful
omgaende by return
noil nought, zero
omkring (abbrev. ‘o’) around
nomad (-en -er) nomad
omlaggning (-en) change-over
Nordens Venedig the Venice of the
omrade (-t -n) area
North
omsorgsfull (-t -a) careful
norr north
omvaxlande alternating
Norrland the northern half of Sweden
onsdag Wednesday
norrut northwards
ont i halsen a sore throat
not/a (-an -or) bill
ont i magen stomach-ache
november November
oper/a (-an -or) opera
nu now
ordn/a (-ar -ade -at) arrange; get; obtain
numera nowadays
organisation (-en) organisation
nummer (numret nummer) number
oratUis (-t -a) unfair
nybak/ad (-at -ade) freshly baked
oss us; ourselves
nyckel (-n nycklar) key
ost (-en -ar) cheese
nymalen (nymalet nymalna) freshly
ostlig easterly
ground
o.s.v. (och sa vidare) etc.
nytt/a (-an) use
ovanfor above
nagon someone; anyone
ovanlig (-t -a) unusual
nagon annans somebody else’s
nagon (nagot nagra) some; any pack/a (-ar -ade -at) to pack
nagon som heist anybody pack/a (-ar -ade -at) «pp to unpack
nagonstans anywhere; somewhere paket (-et -0) parcel
nagot annat something else pann/a (-an -or) forehead
nagot/nagonting something; anything papp/a (-an -or) father
nar when paprik/a (-an -or) (sweet) peppers
narhet(-en) vicinity par (-et -0) pair; couple
nar som heist at any time; whenever park (-en -er) park
narmast(-e) nearest parkeringsplats (-en -er) car park
nas/a (-an -or) nose parkett stalls
nasta (the) next parti (-et -er) political party
nastan almost pass (-et -0) passport

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 SWEDISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

pass/a (-ar -ade -at) to fit pryd/a (-er -de prytt) to adorn
passer/a (-ar -ade -at) to pass prast (-en -er) clergyman; parson
passkontrolloren Immigration Officer praster clergy
pengar money prov/a (-ar -ade -at) to try
peppar(-n) pepper punktering (-en -ar) puncture
pepparkakshus (-et -0) gingerbread pa on; at; in
house pa allvar seriously
perfekt perfectly) pa landet in the countryside
persilja (-n -0) parsley pa stan (from ‘staden’) into town
persiljesmor (-et) parsley butter palagg (-et -0) things to put on the rolls
person (-en -er) person palagg (-et-0) toppings
pickolo (-n) porter; bellboy paron (-et -0) pear
pilot (-en -er) pilot
radio (-n radioapparater) radio
pirat (-en -er) pirate
radioaktivitet (-en) radioactivity
planer/a (-ar -ade -at) to plan
rak (-t -a) straight
plats (-en -er) place; room
ratt (-en -ar) steering wheel
platsbiljett (-en -er) seat reservation
REA (short for ‘realisation’) sale
(ticket) recept (-et -0) prescription; recipe
platsnummer (-numret -nummer) seat
redan already
number regel (-n regler) rule; regulation
plattform (-en -ar) platform
regering (-en -ar) government
plock/a (-ar -ade -at) to pick
regn/a (-ar -ade -at) to rain
plog/a (-ar -ade -at) to clear {of snow)
regnig(-t-a) rainy
plumpudding (-en -ar) Christmas
rekommender/a (-ar -ade -at) to
pudding recommend
planbok (-en planbocker) wallet
religion (-en -er) religion
pojk/e (-en -ar) boy ren (-t -a) clean
polcirkeln the Arctic circle
ren (-en -ar) reindeer
polisen the police reningsverk (-et -0) sewage works
polisstation (-en -er) police station renskotsel (-n) reindeer farming
politrk (-en) politics; policy res/a (-an -or) journey
politisk political res/a (-er -te -t) to travel; erect; raise
popkonsert pop concert resecheck (-en -ar) traveller’s cheque
popular (-t -a) popular reserver/a (-ar -ade -at) to reserve
post/a (-ar -ade -at) to post reseskildring (-en -ar) travel account
posten the post office reslustkort (-et -0) discount travelcard
potatis (-en -ar) potato rest (-en -er) rest
potatismos (-et) mashed potatoes restaurang (-en -er) restaurant
praktikant (-en -er) trainee ridning (-en) horse-riding
praktiskt taget practically riksdag (-en -ar) the Swedish parliament
prat/a (-ar -ade -at) to talk riksdagsledamot (-en -ledamoter)
present (-en -er) present member of parliament
pris (-et -er) price riktig (-t -a) real; true
pris (-et -er) prize riktigt really; properly
prisklass (-en -er) price category rimlig (-t -a) reasonable
problem (-et -0) problem ring/a (-er -de -t) to ring
procent per cent ring/a (-er -de -t) efter to ring for
prodwkt (-en -er) product
ris (-et) rice
prov/a (-ar -ade -at) to try on

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 SWEDISH

risgrynsgrot (-en) (boiled) rice pudding se ut som look like, resemble

rolig (-t -a) nice; fun sedan afterwards
rondell (-en -er) roundabout sedan dess since then
rostat brod toast sedan urminnes tider from time
rum (-met -0) room immemorial
runt around segelfartyg (-et -0) windjammer
runtomkring around segl/a (-ar -ade -at) to sail
rygg (-en -ar) back segling (-en -ar) sailing
ryska (-n) Russian {language) sekreterare (-n -0) secretary
rad (-et -0) advice senap (-en) mustard
raka ut for to be involved in; meet with senast at the latest
rack/a (-er -te -t) to be enough September September
radd (-a) afraid server/a (-ar -ade -at) serve
radd/a (-ar -ade -at) to save serveras is served
rak/a (-an -or) prawn servitris (-en -er) waitress
rakn/a (-ar -ade -at) med to calculate sex six
rant/a (-an -or) interest sextio sixty
ratt (-en -er) dish sextionde sixtieth
ratt (-en) right sexton sixteen
rod avgang discount departure ■ sextonde sixteenth
rod rott roda red siffr/a (-an -or) figure
rodbetslag (-en) liquid from pickled sig (sing.) himselflherselflitselfloneself
beetroot sig (pi.) themselves
rodspatt/a (-an -or) plaice signalhorn (-et -0) (tuta) hooter
rodvin (-et) red wine simning(-en) swimming
rokare smoker sin sitt sina hislherlitsltheir own
ror/a (ror -de -t) sig to keep moving sittvagn (-en -ar) ordinary seat {on train)
rorelse (-n -r) movement SJ (Statens Jamvagar) the State
rost/a (-ar -ade -at) vote Railways
rostratt (-en) the right to vote sju seven
rott pris reduced price sjuk (-t -a) ill
sjukdom (-en -ar) illness
saffransbull/e (-en -ar) saffron bun
sjukhus (-et -0) hospital
sak(-en-er) thing
sjukskotersk/a (-an -or) nurse
sakt/a (-ar -ade -at) farten to slow down
sjunde seventh
sallad (-en -er) salad
sjung/a (-er sjong sjungit) sing
salladshavud (-et -en) lettuce {lit. ‘head
sjuttio seventy
of lettuce’)
sjuttionde seventieth
salt(-et) salt
sjutton seventeen
sambo live-in partner
sjuttonde seventh
same (-n -r) Lapp, Laplander
sjalv (-t -a) self
samiska (-n) the language of the Lapps
sjalvklart obvious; natural
samma same
sjalvservering self-service
sammankall/a (-ar -ade -at) to summon
sjatte sixth
sann (sant sanna) true, real
sjo (-n -ar) lake
schema (-t -n) timetable
sjokapten (-en -er) (sea) captain
se (-r sag sett) to see
ska det inte vara? wouldn’t you like?
se efter look after
ska (ska(ll) skulle skolat) shall
se till bara see to it
skad/a (-an -or) damage

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 SWEDISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

skaldjur (-et -0) shellfish smorgasbord Swedish traditional buffet

skattkammare (-n -0) treasury snabb (-t -a) fast
skick/a (-ar -ade -at) send snabbkop (-et -0) self-service shop;
skidlov (-et -0) skiing vacation supermarket
skild (-a) divorced snaps aquavit
skin/a (er sken skinit) to shine snart soon
skink/a (-an -or) ham snett diagonally
skjut/en (-et -na) shot snail (-t -a) kind; well-behaved
skog (-en -ar) forest snoplog (-en -ar) snow-plough
skol/a (-an -or) school snoskoter (-n snoskotrar) snow mobile
skolplikt (-en) compulsory schooling sock/a (-an -or) sock
Skottland Scotland socker (sockret socker) sugar
skott/e (-en -ar) Scot sockersjuka (-n) diabetes
skraml/a (-ar -ade -at) to rattle sol (-en -ar) sun
skrift (-en -er) publication solsken (-et -0) sunshine
skrivbord (-et -0) desk som as
skramm/a (-er-de -t) to frighten som who; which; that
skrap (-et -0) rubbish som vanligt as usual
skulle vilja would like to sommar (-en somrar) summer
skulle vilja ha would like to have son (-en soner) son
skydd/a (-ar -ade -at) to protect sopsack (-en -ar) dustbin
skyddshelgon (-et -0) patron saint sort (-en -er) sort
skyltfonster (-fonstret -0) shop window sov/a (-er sov sovit) to sleep
skynd/a (-ar -ade -at) sig to hurry sovrum (-met -0) bedroom
skadespelersk/a (-an -or) actress sovsack (-en -ar) sleeping-bag
skal! cheers! sowagn (-en -ar) sleeper
skap(-et-O) cupboard spanjor (-en -er) Spaniard
skal(-et-O) reason spanska (-n) Spanish (language)
skamd (about food) go off sparbanksbok (-en -bocker) savings
skarp (-et -0) belt; sash book
skon (-t -a) nice; comfortable; lovely sparrissopp/a (-an -or) asparagus soup
slita sig ifrdn to tear oneself away spel/a (-ar -ade -at) to play
slott (-et -0) palace; castle spela skivor to play records
slut/a (-ar -ade -at) to finish spetsig (-t -a) pointed
slutsald sold out spis (-en -ar) cooker; fireplace
sla (-r slog slagit) to hit; strike; chime sport oeh idrott games and athletics
sla (-r slog slagit) in to wrap sprick/a (-er sprack spruckit) to crack,
sla «pp ett talt to pitch a tent split
slakting (-en -ar) relative sprid/a (-er -de spritt) sig to spread
slang/a (-er -de -t) ut to throw out spring/a (-er sprang sprungit) to run
slapp/a (er -te -t) av to let out (of car) sprit (-en) spirits; alcohol
slatt (-en-er) plain sprak(-et-O) language
smak (-en -er) taste spar (-et -0) track; line
smak/a (-ar -ade -at) to taste sparvagn (-en-ar) tram
smaksatt/a (-er -satte -satt) season spannafast to fasten
smal(-t-a) narrow spannande thrilling
smitt/ad (-at -ade) infected; contaminated stad (-en stader) city; town
smultron (-et -0) wild strawberries stadshuset City Hall
smorgas (-en -ar) sandwich standard (-en) standard

— 301 —
 SWEDISH

stann/a (ar -ade -at) stop; stay stallning (-en -ar) position
starkt (about drinks) alcohol stamm/a (-er, stamde stamt) to be
stat (-en -er) state correctlright
statistik (-en) statistics stampl/a (-ar -ade -at) to stamp
statligt stod state subsidy stang/a (-er -de -t) to shut
stotsminister (-n -ministrar) prime stold (-en -er) theft
minister stor/a (stor -de -t) to disturb
statstjansteman (-nen -man) civil storst (-a) largest
servant succe' (-n -er) success
staty (-n -er) statue sur sour; acid
stick/a (-ar -ade -at) to knit svamp (-en -ar) mushroom
stiftelse (-n -er) foundation svar (-et -0) answer
stig/a (-er steg stigit) to step; rise svensk Swedish
stig/a (-er steg stigit) pa to step in svensk (-en -ar) Swede
stig/a (-er steg stigit) upp to get up svensk/a (-an -or) Swedish woman
stil (-en -ar) style svenska (-n) Swedish (language)
stjam/a (-an-or) star Sverige Sweden
stjarngoss/e (-en -ar) star boy svager (-n svagrar) brother-in-law
stjart (-en -ar) bottom; tail svarighet (-en -er) difficulty
stockholmar/e (-en -0) Stockholmer svagersk/a (-an -or) sister-in-law
stol (-en -ar) chair svardotter (-n -dottrar) daughter-in-law
stopp/a (-ar -ade -at) to stop svarfar father-in-law
storasyster big sister svarmor mother-in-law
Storbritannien Great Britain svarson (-en -soner) son-in-law
storebror big brother Sydamerika South America
storlek (-en -ar) size sydlig (-t -a) southerly
storm/a (-ar -ade -at) to blow a gale sydspetsen the southernmost point
storstad (-en -stader) big city symbol (-en -er) symbol
strand (-en, strander) beach synd pity; shame
strax soon syssling/nastkusin second cousin
strax efter soon after system (-et -0) system
strax intill next door; right beside systerdotter (-n -dottrar) niece (sister’s
strumpbyxor tights daughter)
student (-en -er) student systerson (-en -soner) nephew (sister’s
studentsk/a (-an -or) female student son)
studerande (-n -0) student sa so; how
studeranderabatt (-en -er) student sa .... som as .... as
discount sa .... som mojligt as.... as possible
styck (plural, stycken) each (lit. ‘per sa garna by all means; with pleasure
piece0 sangersk/a (-an -or) female singer
styr/a (styr -de -t) to steer sag/a (-er sa (de) sagt) say
styvdotter stepdaughter saker (-t sakra) sure; certain
styvfar stepfather sakert certainly; surely
styvmor stepmother salj/a (-er salde salt) to sell
styvson stepson sang (-en -ar) bed
sta (-r stod statt) to stand sarskilt particularly
stand (-et -0) estate satt/a (-er satte satt) put; place
stad/a (-ar -ade -at) to tidy up satta in deposit
stadersk/a (-an -or) female cleaner soder south

302
 SWEDISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

sodra southern ting(-et-O) {hist.) thing

sondag Sunday tio ten
tiokron/a (-an -or) 10 kronor coin
T-centralen (abbrev. tunnelbanecen-
tionde tenth
tralen) underground
tisdag Tuesday
T-troj/a (-an -or) T-shirt
titt/a (-ar -ade -at) to look
ta (-r tog tagit) to take Tjernobylolyck/a (-an -or) the accident at
ta det lwgnt take it easy
Chernobyl
ta hand om take care of tjuga (slang) 20-kronor note
ta med sig bring
tjugo twenty
ta ut withdraw tjugokronorssedel (-n -sedlar) 20-kronor
ta (-r tog tagit) med to bring
note
tablett (-en -er) tablet tjwgondag Knwt twenty days after
tack thank you; please Christmas
tack vare thanks to tjugonde twentieth
tack, detsamma! the same to you!
toalett (-en -er) toilet
tacksam (-t tacksamma) grateful
tolfte twelfth
tagit emot received tolv twelve
tal/a (-ar -ade -at) to speak tomat (-en -er) tomato
tal/a (-ar -ade -at) om to tell tomt (-en -er) private plot
tand (-en tander) tooth tonaring (-en -ar) teenager
tandlakare (-n -0) dentist torg (-et -0) market-place
tank/a (-ar -ade -at) to fill up with petrol torgstand (-et -0) market-stall
tapp/a (-ar -ade -at) to lose torsdag Thursday
te (-et) tea traditionellt traditionally
teater (-n teatrar) theatre trafik (-en) traffic
teknik (-en -er) technology trafikljus (-et -en) traffic-light
telefon (-en -er) telephone trafikolyck/a (-an -or) road traffic
telefonautomat (-en -er) payphone accident
temperatwr (-en -er) temperature tre three
tennis (-en) tennis tre trappor upp on the third floor
termos (-en -ar) thermos tredje third
tesked (-en -ar) teaspoon trettio thirty
testamente (-t -n) will trettionde thirtieth
testamenter/a (-ar -ade -at) to bequeath tretton thirteen
tid (-en -er) time trettonde thirteenth
tidig(-t-a) early trevlig (-t -a) nice; pleasant
tidigt i forrgar early the day before trevlig resa have a nice journey
yesterday tro (-r -dde -tt) believe
tidning (-en -ar) newspaper tron (-en -er) throne
till to; for trakig (-b-a) boring; dull; a shame
till exempel (abbrev. t.ex.) for example trakigt sad; unfortunate
(e.g.) traff/a (-ar -ade -at) meet
till minne av in memory of trasko (-n -r) clogs
till slut in the end troj/a (-an -or) sweater
tillbaka back trott (trott trotta) tired
tillganglig (-t -a) accessible; available tumm/e (-en -ar) thumb
tillsatt/a (-er -satte -satt) to add tunnel (-n tunnlar) tunnel
timm/e (-en -ar) hour tur luck

303
 SWEDISH

tur och retur (abbrev. T. o. R.) return uppseende (-t) sensation

ticket upptag/en (-et -tagna) busy; engaged;
Turkiet Turkey booked
tusen thousand urgammal (-gammalt -gamla) ancient
tusende thousandth ursprung (-et -0) origin
tusenlapp (-en -ar) 1000-kronor note ursakta excuse me; pardon
tut/a (-ar -ade -at) to hoot usch ugh; ooh
tva two ut/e out
tvargat/a (-an -or) crossroad ut ur out of
tvartom on the contrary; the opposite utan without
tyck/a (-er -te -t) to think; consider utanfor outside
tycker om (stress on o) like utbildning (-en -ar) education
tycker om (stress on y) think of ute outside
typisk (-t -a) typical utfart (-en -er) exit
tyska (-n) German (language) utlanning (-en -ar) foreigner
tyvarr unfortunately utmarkt (-a) excellent
ta (-n -r) toe utnyttj/a (-ar -ade -at) to exercise
tag (-et -0) train utnamn/a (-er -de -t) to appoint
tal/a (-er -de -t) to agree with (about utom except
food) utomhus outdoors
tack/a (er -te -t) to cover utomlands abroad
talt (-et -0) tent utsikt (-en -er) view
talt/a (-ar -ade -at) to camp utsalt sold out
tank/a (-er -te -t) to think; intend to utsokt exquisite
tarn/a (-an -or) maid; attendant utveckl/a (-ar -ade -at) to develop
torstig (-t -a) thirsty
vacker (-t vackra) beautiful
ugn (-en -ar) oven vad betrdffar with regard to
underbar (-t -a) wonderful vad som heist anything; whatever
underlig (-t -a) curious vagn (-en -ar) coach
underteckn/a (-ar -ade -at) to sign vakn/a (-ar -ade -at) to wake up
undervisning (-en) tuition val (-et -0) election
undr/a (-ar -ade -at) to wonder vald (valt valda) elected
ungdom (-en -ar) youth, young people valfri (valfritt valfria) of your own choice
ungdornsrabatt (-en -er) youth discount vandr/a (-ar -ade -at) omkring to wander
ungefar approximately around
ungerska (-n) Hungarian (language) vaniljsas (-en -er) vanilla custard
umk (-t -a) unique vanligast most common
upp/e up vanlig (-t -a) common; usual
upp och ner upside-down vanligtvis usually
uppfinnare (-n -0) inventor var where
uppfinning (-en -ar) invention var .... ifrdn from .... where
uppgift (-en -er) detail; information var som heist anywhere; wherever
uppifran from above var/a (-ar -ade -at) last
uppkallad efter named after vara (ar var varit) to be
upplag/a (-an -or) edition vara med to take part
upplevelse (-n -er) experience vara med och bestdmma take part in
upplysning (-en -ar) information decision making
uppror/a (uppror -de -t) to upset vara radd om take care of

304
 SWEDISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY

varandra each other; one another vis/a (-ar -ade -at) sig to appear
varannan dag every other day vispgradde (-n) whipped cream
vardagsrum (-met -0) sitting room vissa certain
varg (-en -ar) wolf vistelse (-n -r) to stay
varier/a (-ar -ade -at) to vary vore where; would be
varifran from where, whence vuxenvuxna adult
varm (-t -a) warm vykort (-et-0) postcard
varmratt (-en -er) main course vaning (-en -ar) floor; apartment
vamingsmarke (-t -n) warning sign vdnmgssang (-en -ar) bunk bed
varsagod/a here you are; please var(-t-a) our(s)
vart where (to) var(-en-ar) spring
vart.... an wherever vack/a (-er -te -t) to wake; rouse
varuhus (-et -0) department store vackarklock/a (-an -or) alarm clock
Vasaloppet the Vasa ski race vader (-vadret -0) weather
vatten, (vattnet -0) water vag (-en -ar) road; way
veck/a (-an -or) week vagkorsning (-en -ar) crossroads
veckoslut (-et -en) weekend vagskal (-et -0) crossroads (out of town)
vem som heist anybody; whoever vajningsplikt duty to give way
verand/a (-an -or) veranda val I suppose; probably; well
verk/a (-ar -ade -at) to seem val markerad well-marked
verkligt really valdigt tremendously
verkstad (-en -stader) garage valj/a (-er valde valt) to choose
veta vet visste vetat to know valkommen/valkomna welcome
vetenskaps/man (-mannen -man) valkan/d (-t -da) well-known
scientist van (-nen-ner) friend
vi we vaninn/a (-an -or) female friend
vi ses see you vanj/a (-er vande vant) sig to get used to
vi ses snart see you soon vanster left
vid at; by vant/a (-ar -ade -at) to wait
vid halv nio-tiden around half past eight vardshus (-et -0) country inn
vidd (-en -er) vast expanse; wide open vark/a (-er -te -t) ache
space varld (-en -ar) world
video (-n), videoapparater video varldsberom/d (-t -da) world-famous
viking (-en -ar) Viking varldsmedborgare (-n -0) world citizen
vikt (-en -er) weight varme (-n) heat
viktig (-t -a) important vask/a (-an -or) bag; suitcase
vild (vilt vilda) wild vaster west
vilken what a vastkustsallad west coast salad
vilken (vilket vilka) which; what vatsk/a (-an -or) liquid
vill du vara snail och ... please vax/a (-er -te -t) to grow
vill garna would like to vaxel (-0 vaxlar) gear; switchboard
vilse lost vaxelkurs-(-en -er) exchange rate
viltstangsel (-stangslet -0) game fences vaxelspak (-en -ar) gear lever
win- och spritrattigheter fully licenced vaxl/a (-ar -ade -at) to change (money or
vindrutetorkare (-n -0) windscreenwiper gear)
vinlist/a (-an -or) wine list vaxlingsavgift (-en -er) commission;
vinter (-n, vintrar) winter service charge
vis/a (-ar -ade -at) to show vaxt (-en -er) plant

305
 SWEDISH

yr (-t -a) dizzy ostlig(-t-a) easterly

yrke (-t -n) occupation; profession ostra eastern
yt/a (-an -or) surface over over; across; via
ytterligare further overgangsstalle (-t -n) pedestrian
crossing
ak/a (-er -te -t) to go; travel
overskott (-et) surplus
aka skidor to go skiing
overskrid/a (-er -skred -skridit) to
aka skridskor skate
exceed
alder (-n aldrar) age
overtal/a (-ar -ade -at) to persuade
alderdomshem (-met -0) old people’s
overtyg/a (-ar -ade -at) to convince
home
ar (-et -0) year
as (-en -ar) ridge
aterloses is redeemed
atminstone at least
atta eight
attio eighty
attionde eightieth
attonde eighth

ag/a (-er -de -t) to own

ag/a (-er -de -t) rum to take place
aggratt (-en -er) egg dish
agn/a (-ar -ade -at) sig at to make a
living from
alg (-en -ar) elk
alsk/a (-ar -ade -at) to love
alv (-en -ar) river
amne (-t -n) subject
an than
and/a (-an -ar) end
anda in i var tid right up to our time
ang (-en -ar) meadow
appelkak/a (-an -or) apple cake
apple (-t -n) apple
applemust apple juice
ar is
arter peas
arv/a (-er -de -t) to inherit
at/a (-er at atit) to eat
aven om even if
aventyrsfilm (-en -er) thriller
6 (-n -ar) island
og/a (-at -on) eye
61 (-et) beer
onsk/a (-ar -ade -at) to wish
oppen open
oppn/a (-ar -ade -at) to open
or/a (-at -on) ear
oster east

306
 INDEX TO
GRAMMAR NOTES

Adjectives
The indefinite form - agreement with noun Unit 3
The definite form Unit 8
Comparison of adjectives Unit 6
Lika ... som, samma ... som, inte sa ... som,
battre an Unit 8
Adjectives without endings Unit 14
Variations of the indefinite form Unit 14
Possessive adjectives Unit 8
Nationality adjectives Unit 11
Samma, nasta, foljande, foregaende Unit 8
Hela, halva, forra, bada Unit 17
Adjectives used as nouns Unit 15
Adjectives referring to males ending in -e Unit 15
Possessive adjective in English - end article
in Swedish Unit 16
Difficult adjectives Units 6,8,10

Adverbs
Adjectives used as adverbs Unit 14
Comparison of adverbs Unit 14
Position of negations and ‘wandering’ adverbs Units 5,18
Place adverbs indicating rest or motion Unit 14
Difficult adverbs Units 9,12,14

Conjunctions
Co-ordinating and subordinating conjunctions Unit 17

307
 SWEDISH

Interjections
Interjections Units 1,16,17

Nouns
Gender Unit 1
The indefinite article Unit 1
The definite article singular (attached to the
end of a noun) Unit 2
The additional definite article Unit 2
The plural forms Units 3,4,5,6,7,11
The definite article in plural (attached to the
end of the noun) Unit 7
Noun survey Unit 7
Possession Unit 1
Noun in the indefinite form but adjective in
the definite form Unit 8
End article in Swedish - possessive adjective
in English Unit 16
Differences in the use of articles Units 1,16
Nationality nouns Unit 11
Noun endings denoting females Unit 16
Difficult nouns Units 4,6,10,12,18

Numerals
Cardinal numbers 0-12 Unit 2
Cardinal numbers 13 - 100 Unit 3
Cardinal numbers 24- 1 000 000 000 000 Unit 5
Ordinal numbers Unit 13
Time by the clock Unit 3
Dates Units 13,18

Orthography
Small or capital letters Units 1,3,11,12
Spelling of words ending in -m or -n Unit 13
Spelling of words containing a double -m or -n Unit 13

308
 INDEX TO GRAMMAR NOTES

Prepositions
Some common prepositions Unit 17
Prepositions in time expressions Units 3,4,12,14,18
Prepositions of repeated action Unit 16
Prepositions of place Units 4,7
No preposition corresponding to of in quantity
and measurement expressions Units 2,6
Difficult prepositions Units 14,16

Pronouns
Subject forms of personal pronouns Unit 1
Object pronouns Unit 4
Interrogative pronouns Unit 2
Relative pronouns Unit 5
Demonstrative pronouns Unit 6
Indefinite pronouns Units 2,6,13
Indefinite pronouns (man, ens, en) Unit 10
Reflexive pronouns Unit 10
Non-reflexive and reflexive possessives Unit 15
Vem som, vad som, vilken som Unit 17
Emphatic pronouns Unit 15

Pronunciation
Difficult pronunciation of loan-words Unit 11

Verbs
The infinitive Unit 1
The present tense Units 1,2,11
Continuous tense in English - simple tense
in Swedish Unit 1
The modal verbs Unit 2
Position of verbs Units 1,5,17
The past tense, I conjugation Unit 8
The past tense, II and III conjugation Unit 9
The past tense, IV conjugation Unit 11
The present perfect + the pluperfect and
the supine Unit 10
The future tense Unit 12

— 309
 SWEDISH

The imperative Unit 7

The present participle and the translation of
English -ing forms Unit 13
The past participle Unit 16
The passive voice Units 15,16
The subjunctive (vore etc.) Unit 13
Differences in the use of tenses Unit 10
Reflexive verbs Unit 10
Verbs ending in -s Unit 15
Verbs with suffixes Unit 5
Separable and inseparable verbs Unit 16
Transitive and intransitive verbs Unit 18
Different verbal constructions Units 5,8
Verb expressions Unit 12
Difficult verbs Units 3,4,7,9,10,
11,12,14,17,18

Word Order and Sentence Construction

Simple statements and questions Unit 1
Questions with question words Unit 5
Negative statements and questions Unit 5
Inverted word order in main clauses Unit 17
Straight word order in subordinate clauses Unit 17
Inverted word order if om is omitted Unit 17
The position of negations and ‘wandering’ adverbs Unit 18

310
 GERMAN

PAUL COGGLE

This is a complete course in understanding, speaking and writing

German. If you have never learnt German before, or if your
German needs brushing up, Teach Yourself German is for you.
Paul Coggle has created a practical course that is both fun and
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Based on the Council of Europe’s Threshold guidelines for lan¬
guage learning, the course contains:
• A range of graded units of dialogues, grammar and exercises
• Up-to-date information on unified Germany
• A detailed pronunciation guide
• An extensive German-English vocabulary
By the end of the course you’ll be able to take a fully active part in
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 FINNISH

TERTTU LENEY

This is a complete course in spoken and written Finnish. If you

have never learnt Finnish before, or if your Finnish needs brush¬
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Based on the Council of Europe’s Threshold guidelines for lan¬
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• Eighteen graded units of dialogues, culture notes, grammar
and exercises
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• An extensive Finnish-English vocabulary
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 DANISH

BENTE ELSWORTH

This is a complete course in understanding, speaking and writing

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Based on the Council of Europe’s Threshold guidelines for lan¬
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• Eighteen graded units of dialogues, grammar and exercises
• A step-by-step pronunciation guide
• A Danish-English vocabulary
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INGVALD MARM AND ALF SOMMERFELT

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Vera Croghan
This is a complete course in understanding, speaking and writing
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Vera Croghan has created a practical course that is both fun and easy to
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■ Eighteen graded units of dialogues, information about

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■ A guide to Swedish pronunciation
■ A Swedish-English vocabulary list