Chapter 1: Making of the Constitution

• In 1922, Mahatma Gandhi proposed that Indians should determine their political destiny.

• In 1934, Jawaharlal Nehru advocated for a Constituent Assembly elected by the widest
franchise to create India's Constitution.

• The creation of the Constituent Assembly was based on the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946.

• The Constituent Assembly had 299 members.

• On August 29, 1947, a drafting committee was set up under the Chairmanship of Dr. B R
Ambedkar.

• In February 1948, the draft Constitution of India was published.

• On November 26, 1949, the Preamble of the Constitution was adopted.

• Dr. Rajendra Prasad, President of the Constituent Assembly, signed and declared the
Constitution as passed.

• Some provisions took immediate effect, with the rest on January 26, 1950, commemorating
the first complete Independence Day in 1930.

• The Constitution was 'adopted, enacted, and given to ourselves' for 'the people of India' by
'the people of India'.

The Preamble of the Constitution

• The Preamble specifies the nature of the Indian Union and its objectives.

• It embodies the ideals and aspirations of the freedom struggle.

• The words ‗socialist‘, ‗secular‘ and ‗integrity‘ were added by the 42nd Amendment Act
(1976).

• Four cardinal objectives to be secured for all citizens are Justice, Liberty, Equality, and
Fraternity.

• Justice: Social justice aims to eliminate socially privileged classes and discrimination based
on caste, creed, colour, sex, religion, or place of birth. Economic justice seeks to reduce
income-based discrimination and ensure equitable wealth distribution. Political justice
promotes equal participation opportunities in the political process.

• Liberty: Emphasizes freedom of thought, expression, faith, belief, and worship, with religious
freedom as a fundamental right.

• Equality: Guarantees equality of status and opportunity, ensuring equal eligibility to public
positions without discrimination. Unequals are not to be treated equally.

• Fraternity: Promotes a common feeling of brotherhood, unity, and integrity to bring the
states together, fulfilling 'unity in diversity'.

Basic Postulates of the Preamble

• "We, the people of India" indicates that the people of the country are the architects of the
Constitution and that the government's power comes from the people.
 • Sovereign: India owes no allegiance to any external power.

• Socialist: The state is responsible for eliminating poverty, increasing employment,

modernizing the economy, enforcing social purpose in economic activities, reducing
disparities, and checking the concentration of wealth.

• Secular: The state has no religion, ensures equal respect for all religions, and prohibits
religious discrimination.

• Democratic: Establishes representative government at central, state, and local levels,

guarantees universal adult franchise, and conducts free and fair elections.

• Republic: India has an elected head of state serving a fixed term through a democratic
process.

Chapter 2: Fundamental Rights

• Fundamental rights are essential for a civilized society and the development of an individual.

• They are guaranteed under Part III of the Indian Constitution, limiting state activity.

• Fundamental rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions.

• Right to Equality

o Article 14 ensures equality before the law and equal protection of laws.

o Article 15 prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, sex, or place of birth. It

empowers the state to enact special laws for women and children and measures for
socially and educationally backward classes.

o Article 16 emphasizes equal opportunities in public employment, enabling

reservation quotas for backward classes.

o Article 17 abolishes untouchability, making its practice a punishable offence.

o Article 18 abolishes titles, except military or academic distinctions.

• Right to Freedom

o Article 19 provides six basic freedoms: speech and expression; assembly; forming
associations or unions; movement; residence; and profession, occupation, trade, or
business.

o These freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions in the interest of sovereignty,

integrity, security, public order, decency, morality, etc.

o Article 20 provides protection against conviction for offences, prohibiting ex post

facto laws, double jeopardy, and forced self-incrimination.

• Right to Life

o Article 21 states that no person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except
according to the procedure established by law.

o The Supreme Court has interpreted 'Right to Life' to include living a meaningful and
dignified life.
• Right to Education

o Article 21A guarantees the right to education for children between six to fourteen
years of age.

• Right against Arbitrary Arrest and Detention

o Article 22 guarantees protection against arbitrary arrest and detention.

• Right against Exploitation

o Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labour.

o Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below 14 years of age in hazardous

jobs.

• Right to Religion

o Article 25 ensures freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice, and
propagate religion.

o Article 26 guarantees freedom to religious denominations to manage their affairs.

o Article 27 states that no person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of
any particular religion.

o Article 28 prohibits compulsory attendance at religious instructions in state-

maintained educational institutions.

• Cultural and Educational Rights

o Article 29 lays down that any section of citizens having a distinct language, script or
culture shall have the right to conserve the same.

o Article 30 states that all minorities shall have the right to establish and administer
educational institutions of their choice.

• Right to Constitutional Remedies

o Article 32 allows citizens to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of
fundamental rights.

o The Supreme Court can issue writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition,
quo warranto, and certiorari.

o Habeas Corpus: Protects personal liberty against wrongful detention.

o Mandamus: Orders a public body or person to perform their public duty.

o Prohibition: Prevents an inferior court or tribunal from acting without jurisdiction.

o Certiorari: Issued by a superior court to review the proceedings of a lower court or

tribunal.

o Quo Warranto: Prevents illegal assumption or usurpation of public office.

• Writ Jurisdiction of the High Courts

 o Article 226 vests High Courts with writ jurisdiction, wider than that of Article 32,
applicable to all constitutional and legal rights.

Chapter 3: Directive Principles of State Policy

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are guidelines for the state in making laws.

• DPSPs are not enforceable in a court of law.

• Key aspects include securing social order, adequate livelihood, equal pay for equal work, free
legal aid, humane working conditions, free education for children, and promotion of
international peace.

• DPSPs are considered complementary and supplementary to Fundamental Rights.

Chapter 4: Fundamental Duties

• Fundamental duties are the duties of citizens towards their nation, added by the Constitution
(Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976.

• These duties include abiding by the Constitution, respecting the National Flag and Anthem,
cherishing ideals of the freedom struggle, protecting sovereignty, defending the country,
promoting harmony, renouncing practices derogatory to women, valuing our heritage,
protecting the environment, developing scientific temper, safeguarding public property, and
striving for excellence.

• Fundamental duties are not enforceable but guide the interpretation of constitutional and
legal issues.

Chapter 5: Union Government

• The President is the Head of State.

• A Vice President assists the President.

• The Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, aids and advises the President and is
responsible to the Lok Sabha.

• The President of India

• The President is elected for a term of five years and may be re-elected.

• The President is the chief commander of the armed forces but is a nominal head in a
parliamentary democracy.

• The Vice President of India

• The Vice President assumes the role of President in their absence.

• The Vice President is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

• Qualifications

o Candidates for President and Vice President must be Indian citizens, at least 35 years
old, qualified to be members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, respectively, and not
hold any office of profit.

• Method of Election
 o The President and Vice President are elected by an electoral college.

o Electoral college includes elected members of Parliament and State legislatures,

including Legislative Assemblies of Pondicherry and Delhi.

o Elections are conducted per the Presidential and Vice Presidential Elections Act,
1952, by the Election Commission of India.

o Disputes are resolved by the Supreme Court of India.

• Term

o The President holds office for five years from the date of oath.

o The Vice President holds office for five years from the time he enters office.

• Removal

o The President can be removed through impeachment for violating the Constitution.

o The Vice President can be removed by a resolution of the Council of States.

• Powers and Functions of the Office of the President

o Executive Powers: All administration is conducted in the President's name, and he

appoints the Prime Minister and other ministers.

o Legislative Powers: The President is an integral part of Parliament, summons

sessions, and can address either or both Houses.

o Financial Powers: No money bill can be introduced without the President's consent,
and he controls the contingency fund of India.

o Judicial Powers: The President can grant pardons and seek advice from the Supreme
Court.

o Emergency Powers: The President has the power to declare emergencies.

• Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

o The British Parliamentary form of government was deemed suitable for India.

o Article 74 provides for the Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as head to
aid and advise the President.

o The Prime Minister is appointed by the President, and other Ministers are appointed
by the President on the Prime Minister's advice.

o The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the House of People.

• Appointment

o The President appoints the Prime Minister, who is the leader of the majority party in
the Lok Sabha.

• Functions and Position

 o The Prime Minister prepares the list of ministers, and the President allocates
portfolios on the Prime Minister's advice.

o The Prime Minister's position is pre-eminent, being the leader of the majority party.

o He is the chairman of various councils and commissions.

Chapter 6: Union Legislature

• Part V, Chapter II, Articles 79 to 122 deal with the Union Parliament.

• The Parliament consists of the President, the Council of States (Rajya Sabha), and the House
of People (Lok Sabha).

• Rajya Sabha

o The maximum number of members should not exceed 250.

o 238 members are elected from the states, and 12 are nominated by the President.

o A candidate must be a citizen of India, at least 30 years old, and possess

qualifications prescribed by Parliament.

o The Rajya Sabha is a permanent House, with members elected for a 6-year term.

• Lok Sabha

o The House of the People is the lower house of the Union Parliament.

o The Constitution provides for a maximum of 552 members.

o A candidate must be a citizen of India and at least 25 years of age.

o The normal term of the Lok Sabha is 5 years.

• Law Making Process in Parliament

o All bills require passage by both Houses of Parliament and assent by the President.

o Articles 107 to 122 of the Constitution deal with the provisions relating to the
passing of bills in Parliament.

o Bills may be classified as ordinary and money bills.

o The stages through which bills pass include introduction and first reading, second
reading, and third reading.

Chapter 7: Indian Judiciary

• The Constitution provides for a single integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at
the apex.

• The Indian Judicial System is independent and effective, acting as the guardian of the
Constitution.

• The Supreme Court of India

o The Supreme Court is the apex level court, the court of final appeals in India.
 o It enjoys supreme judicial authority in India, and its decisions bind all courts.

• Judicial Review

o It may be defined as the power of the court to determine the constitutional validity
of an impugned law or executive action.

• Public Interest Litigation

o Undertaken for redressing public injury, enforcing public duty, protecting social,
collective, and diffused rights and interests or vindicating public interest.

• Judicial Activism

o A proactive approach of the judiciary towards prevailing socio-economic conditions

in the country aimed at securing due implementation of laws, policies and programs
by the executive.

Chapter 8: State Government

• The framework of the state governments is almost the same as that of the government at
the centre.

• The Governor is the constitutional head of the state government, appointed by the
President.

• Each state has a Vidhan Sabha, with some states also having an upper chamber (Vidhan
Parishad).

• The state executive has the Governor as the Head of the State.

• Governor

o The Governor is appointed by the President for five years.

o The Governor has to take an oath before assuming office, administered by the Chief
Justice of the State High Court.

• Chief Minister and Council of Ministers

o There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and
advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions.

o The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor and must be the leader of the
majority party in the Vidhan Sabha.

Chapter 9: Electoral Process

• An ‗election‘ is defined as a competition for office based on a formal expression of

preferences by a population.

• Elections bring about a society that operates on the principle of general welfare, rather than
the welfare of an individual or a few individuals.

• The term ‘electoral system’ refers to everything that influences the outcome of elections.

• Territorial Constituencies
 o General elections in India are conducted on the principle of territorial constituencies,
with one MP being elected from each constituency.

• System of Determining the Winner

o In India, the First Past the Post System is followed to determine the winners in
general elections.

• Opinion Polls and Exit Polls

o Opinion polls seek to gather and comprehend public opinion on electoral issues.

o Exit polls are conducted as people exit the polling station after casting their vote.

• Electoral Reforms

o The punishment for candidates, who willfully conceal information when filing their
nomination forms, and particularly those who undervalue their material assets,
should be made more stringent.

• Candidates with a criminal record, and particularly those behind bars must not be permitted
to contest elections.

Chapter 10: Declaration of Emergency

• The term ‗emergency‘ refers to difficult situations, which may arise suddenly and require the
immediate attention of the authorities.

• There are three kinds of emergencies: national emergency, financial emergency, and state
emergency.

• National Emergency: Declared when the nation is at threat of war, external aggression, or
armed rebellion.

• State Emergency: Declared upon the failure of the constitutional machinery in a particular
state, resulting in President’s rule.
MCQ

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Constitution of India

1. The idea that Indians would determine their political destiny was put forward by whom in
1922?

o a) Jawaharlal Nehru

o b) Mahatma Gandhi

o c) B. R. Ambedkar

o d) Rajendra Prasad

2. The demand for setting up a Constituent Assembly assumed a shape of its own after the
failure of which commission?

o a) Cabinet Mission

o b) Indian Statutory Commission (Simon)

o c) Drafting Committee

o d) Finance Commission

3. Who stated in 1934 that the people of India should draw up their Constitution via a
Constituent Assembly?

o a) Mahatma Gandhi

o b) Jawaharlal Nehru

o c) Rajendra Prasad

o d) B.R. Ambedkar

4. The creation of the Constituent Assembly was based on the recommendations of which
plan?

o a) Simon Commission

o b) Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946

o c) Nehru Report

o d) Ambedkar Plan

5. Who was the chairman of the drafting committee set up on August 29, 1947?

o a) Rajendra Prasad

o b) Jawaharlal Nehru

o c) B. R. Ambedkar

o d) Mahatma Gandhi

6. When was the Preamble of the Constitution adopted?

 o a) August 29, 1947

o b) February 1948

o c) November 26, 1949

o d) January 26, 1950

7. When did the Constitution of India come into effect?

o a) November 26, 1949

o b) January 26, 1950

o c) August 15, 1947

o d) October 17, 1949

8. The Constitution of India begins with:

o a) Chapter 1

o b) List of fundamental rights

o c) List of fundamental duties

o d) The Preamble

9. The words 'socialist', 'secular' and 'integrity' were added to the Preamble by which
amendment act?

o a) 24th Amendment Act

o b) 42nd Amendment Act (1976)

o c) 44th Amendment Act

o d) 73rd Amendment Act

10. According to the Preamble, ultimate sovereignty lies with:

o a) The Parliament

o b) The President

o c) The Supreme Court

o d) The people of India

11. The term 'republic' in the Preamble refers to:

o a) A system with a hereditary head of state

o b) A system with an elected head of state

o c) A system without a government

o d) A system ruled by a monarch

Chapter 2: Fundamental Rights

1. Fundamental Rights are guaranteed under which part of the Indian Constitution?

o a) Part II

o b) Part III

o c) Part IV

o d) Part IVA

2. Which article states that the state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or
equal protection of the laws within the territory of India?

o a) Article 14

o b) Article 15

o c) Article 16

o d) Article 17

3. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the grounds of:

o a) Race

o b) Religion

o c) Sex

o d) All of the above

4. Which article empowers the state to enact special laws to protect the interests of women
and children?

o a) Article 15(1)

o b) Article 15(2)

o c) Article 15(3)

o d) Article 15(4)

5. Article 16 emphasizes:

o a) Abolition of untouchability

o b) Freedom of speech and expression

o c) Equal opportunities in matters of public employment

o d) Right to constitutional remedies

6. Untouchability is abolished under which article of the Constitution?

o a) Article 15

o b) Article 16

o c) Article 17

o d) Article 18
7. Article 18 deals with:

o a) Abolition of untouchability

o b) Abolition of titles

o c) Right to freedom of religion

o d) Cultural and educational rights

8. Which article lays down the six basic freedoms?

o a) Article 19

o b) Article 20

o c) Article 21

o d) Article 22

9. Article 20 provides for protection in respect of:

o a) Freedom of speech

o b) Right to life

o c) Conviction for offences

o d) Freedom of religion

10. Article 21 states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except
according to:

o a) Wishes of the government

o b) Procedure established by law

o c) Social norms

o d) Religious practices

11. Which article guarantees the right to education to all children between the ages of six to
fourteen years?

o a) Article 20A

o b) Article 21A

o c) Article 22

o d) Article 23

12. Article 22 guarantees protection against:

o a) Exploitation

o b) Discrimination

o c) Arbitrary arrest and detention

o d) Forced labour
 13. Article 23 prohibits:

o a) Freedom of religion

o b) Cultural and educational rights

o c) Traffic in human beings and forced labour

o d) Arbitrary arrest

14. Which article ensures freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate
religion?

o a) Article 25

o b) Article 26

o c) Article 27

o d) Article 28

15. According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, which article is the 'heart and soul of the Constitution'?

o a) Article 14

o b) Article 19

o c) Article 21

o d) Article 32

Chapter 3: Directive Principles of State Policy

1. Directive Principles of State Policy are:

o a) Enforceable in a court of law

o b) Non-enforceable in a court of law

o c) Partially enforceable

o d) Equally enforceable as Fundamental Rights

2. Which of the following is a Directive Principle of State Policy?

o a) Right to equality

o b) Right to freedom of religion

o c) Securing free legal aid

o d) Right to constitutional remedies

3. The DPSPs are inducted under the Constitution of India with the objective of creating:

o a) Enforceable laws

o b) Non-enforceable directions for the State

o c) A system of courts
 o d) A powerful executive

4. According to the courts, the DPSPs are to be understood as:

o a) Superior to Fundamental Rights

o b) Inferior to Fundamental Rights

o c) Complementary and supplementary to Fundamental Rights

o d) Contradictory to Fundamental Rights

Chapter 4: Fundamental Duties

1. Fundamental Duties were inserted into the Constitution by which amendment act?

o a) 40th Amendment Act

o b) 42nd Amendment Act, 1976

o c) 44th Amendment Act

o d) 73rd Amendment Act

2. Which of the following is a Fundamental Duty?

o a) Right to vote

o b) Right to education

o c) To defend the country

o d) Right to property

3. Fundamental Duties are:

o a) Enforceable by law

o b) Not enforceable by law

o c) Enforced by the President

o d) Enforced by the Prime Minister

4. Fundamental duties provide a valuable guide and aid to:

o a) Making laws

o b) Defining state policy

o c) Interpretation of constitutional and legal issues

o d) Implementing welfare schemes

Chapter 5: Union Government

1. Who is the head of the state in the Union Government?

o a) Prime Minister

o b) President
 o c) Chief Justice of India

o d) Vice President

2. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to:

o a) Rajya Sabha

o b) Lok Sabha

o c) President

o d) Vice President

3. What is the term of office for the President of India?

o a) 4 years

o b) 5 years

o c) 6 years

o d) Until he/she resigns

4. Who functions as the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha?

o a) Speaker of the Lok Sabha

o b) Prime Minister

o c) Vice President

o d) Attorney General

5. What is the minimum age required to be nominated for the office of President or Vice
President?

o a) 30 years

o b) 35 years

o c) 40 years

o d) 45 years

6. The President and Vice President are elected by:

o a) Direct election by the people

o b) An electoral college

o c) The Parliament only

o d) The State legislatures only

7. All disputes pertaining to the election of the President and Vice President are decided by:

o a) The Election Commission of India

o b) The Parliament
 o c) The Supreme Court of India

o d) The High Courts

8. The procedure for removal of the President is called:

o a) No-confidence motion

o b) Impeachment

o c) Censure motion

o d) Adjournment motion

9. The Constitution of India states the constitution of Parliament as comprising of:

o a) The Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha

o b) The President of India, the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of
People (Lok Sabha)

o c) The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers

o d) The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha

10. In a parliamentary democracy, the President works on the advice of:

o a) The council of ministers

o b) The Chief Justice of India

o c) The Election Commission

o d) The Governor

Chapter 6: Union Legislature

1. The Parliament for the Union of India consists of:

o a) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

o b) President, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

o c) Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

o d) Speaker and Deputy Speaker

2. What is another name for the Rajya Sabha?

o a) House of the People

o b) Council of States

o c) Lower House

o d) Parliament

3. The maximum number of members in Rajya Sabha cannot exceed:

o a) 238
 o b) 250

o c) 545

o d) 552

4. How many members are nominated by the President to the Rajya Sabha?

o a) 5

o b) 10

o c) 12

o d) 20

5. What is the minimum age to contest for the Rajya Sabha?

o a) 25 years

o b) 30 years

o c) 35 years

o d) 21 years

6. The Rajya Sabha is:

o a) Subject to dissolution

o b) Dissolved every 5 years

o c) A permanent House not subject to dissolution

o d) Dissolved during emergency

7. What is the quorum required in the House?

o a) 1/3 of the total membership

o b) 1/2 of the total membership

o c) 2/3 of the total membership

o d) 1/10 of its total membership

8. A money bill can originate in:

o a) Lok Sabha

o b) Rajya Sabha

o c) Both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

o d) Joint sitting of Parliament

9. The Lok Sabha represents:

o a) The states of India

o b) The people of India

 o c) The Union Territories

o d) The President

10. What is the maximum number of members provided for in the Constitution for the Lok
Sabha?

o a) 530

o b) 545

o c) 552

o d) 500

11. What is the normal term of the Lok Sabha?

o a) 4 years

o b) 5 years

o c) 6 years

o d) Until dissolved by the President

12. Who is the Presiding officer of the Lok Sabha?

o a) President

o b) Vice President

o c) Speaker

o d) Prime Minister

13. The Council of Ministers is responsible to which house?

o a) Rajya Sabha

o b) Lok Sabha

o c) President

o d) Vice President

14. A bill becomes an Act after receiving assent from:

o a) The Prime Minister

o b) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha

o c) The President

o d) The Chief Justice of India

15. A money bill must be introduced only in the:

o a) Lok Sabha

o b) Rajya Sabha
 o c) Joint sitting of both houses

o d) President's office

Chapter 7: Indian Judiciary

1. The Indian Constitution provides for:

o a) Separate judicial systems for the centre and states

o b) A single integrated judicial system

o c) Dual judicial systems

o d) Parallel judicial systems

2. The Supreme Court of India is established by which article?

o a) Article 79

o b) Article 124

o c) Article 226

o d) Article 32

3. The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by:

o a) The Prime Minister

o b) The Chief Justice of India

o c) The President

o d) The Parliament

4. What is the retirement age for a judge of the Supreme Court?

o a) 60 years

o b) 62 years

o c) 65 years

o d) 68 years

5. The Supreme Court sits in:

o a) Mumbai

o b) Kolkata

o c) Chennai

o d) New Delhi

6. The Supreme Court has which type of jurisdiction?

o a) Original

o b) Appellate
 o c) Advisory

o d) All of the above

7. The power of the court to determine the constitutional validity of a law is known as:

o a) Judicial activism

o b) Judicial review

o c) Public Interest Litigation

o d) Original jurisdiction

8. Litigation undertaken for the purpose of redressing public injury is known as:

o a) Judicial activism

o b) Judicial review

o c) Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

o d) Special Leave Petition

9. The Supreme Court acts as the final interpreter of:

o a) The laws made by Parliament

o b) The directives of the President

o c) The Constitution

o d) The policies of the government

Chapter 8: State Government

1. Who is the constitutional head of the state government?

o a) Chief Minister

o b) Governor

o c) Chief Justice of the High Court

o d) Advocate General

2. The Governor of a state is appointed by:

o a) The Chief Minister

o b) The State Legislature

o c) The President

o d) The Prime Minister

3. What is the minimum age to be appointed as a Governor?

o a) 25 years

o b) 30 years
 o c) 35 years

o d) 40 years

4. The oath to the Governor is administered by:

o a) The President

o b) The Chief Minister

o c) The Chief Justice of the State High Court

o d) The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

5. The Governor can dissolve the:

o a) Vidhan Parishad

o b) Vidhan Sabha

o c) Both Vidhan Parishad and Vidhan Sabha

o d) Neither Vidhan Parishad nor Vidhan Sabha

6. Who is the real head of the State Government?

o a) Governor

o b) Chief Minister

o c) Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

o d) Chief Justice of the High Court

7. The Chief Minister is appointed by:

o a) The President

o b) The Governor

o c) The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

o d) The Prime Minister

8. The Council of Ministers in the state is headed by:

o a) Governor

o b) Chief Minister

o c) Speaker of the Legislative Assembly

o d) Chief Justice of the High Court

9. The Vidhan Sabha is:

o a) A permanent house

o b) The popular and powerful chamber of the state legislature

o c) An advisory body
 o d) A body nominated by the Governor

10. What is the normal term of the Vidhan Sabha?

o a) 4 years

o b) 5 years

o c) 6 years

o d) Until dissolved by the Governor

Chapter 9: Elections in India

1. Elections bring about a society that operates on the principle of:

o a) Individual welfare

o b) Welfare of a few individuals

o c) General welfare

o d) Government welfare

2. Art 326 establishes:

o a) Proportional representation

o b) Weighted voting

o c) Universal adult suffrage

o d) Limited franchise

3. The responsibility of demarcating the country into territorial constituencies lies with:

o a) The Election Commission of India

o b) The Parliament

o c) The President

o d) The Delimitation Commission

4. In India, winners in general elections are determined by which system?

o a) Proportional Representation

o b) Alternative Vote System

o c) First Past the Post System

o d) List System

5. The Election Commission creates reserved constituencies for:

o a) Women

o b) Minorities

o c) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

 o d) Senior citizens

6. Opinion polls seek to gather and comprehend:

o a) The official results of elections

o b) The administrative capabilities of the government

o c) Public opinion on electoral issues

o d) The financial status of candidates

7. Exit polls are conducted:

o a) Before elections

o b) As people exit the polling station after casting their vote

o c) During the counting of votes

o d) After the declaration of results

Chapter 10: Declaration of Emergency

1. How many types of emergencies are mentioned in the Indian Constitution?

o a) One

o b) Two

o c) Three

o d) Four

2. Which article deals with the proclamation of national emergency?

o a) Article 352

o b) Article 356

o c) Article 360

o d) Article 368

3. Financial emergency is dealt with under which article?

o a) Article 352

o b) Article 356

o c) Article 360

o d) Article 365

4. State emergency is also known as:

o a) National Emergency

o b) Financial Emergency

o c) President's Rule
 o d) Constitutional Emergency

5. Who can declare a state emergency in India?

o a) The Governor of the State

o b) The Prime Minister

o c) The Chief Justice of India

o d) The President of India

6. On declaration of state emergency, the executive powers are transferred to:

o a) The Governor

o b) The Chief Minister

o c) The President

o d) The Chief Justice of the High Court