Writing for Academic Purposes

L E SS ON 3
 Today’s Lesson

Basics of the APA 7th edition

Assessment 1: Análisis de formato de referencia APA 7th edition

(20%)
APA 7th Edition
Citing and referencing
What is APA?

• APA = American
Psychological Association.

• “APA style” refers to a system

of citing research sources.
 Citatng and referencing in a thesis
• References section
• Near the end of the thesis.
Formatting References Section

Hang indentation (i.e. the first line stands out, the following ones are
indented)
 References section
• Most common types of references:

• Journal articles (papers)

• Books by one author or more (but they are the only authors of the whole book and wrote it
fully together)

• Edited books: a book in which each chapter is written by a different author and there are
editors identified in the title. The editor is the person who compiled and edited the book and
appears as Ed. (or Eds., if more than one person) on the cover.

• Book chapters in an edited volume

• Other print/non-print/electronic/audiovisual sources

Pay attention to: commas, periods,
spaces, dashes, italics, etc.
BOOK WITH THE SAME AUTHOR FOR EVERY CHAPTER

Lastname, F. M. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Publisher Name. DOI (if available)

Eggins, S. (2004). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics (2nd ed.).

Bloomsbury Academic.
EDITED BOOK

Editor’s Lastname, F. M. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also
for subtitle. Publisher. DOI (if available)

Sharifian, F., & Saez, R. (Eds.). (2015). The Routledge handbook of language and
culture (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979
CHAPTER OF AN EDITED BOOK

Chapter Author’s Lastname, F. M., & Chapter Author’s Lastname, F. M. (Year of

publication). Title of chapter. In F. N. Editor’s Lastname & F. N. Editor’s Lastname
(Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter).
Publisher. DOI (if available)

Wierzbicka, A. (2015). Language and cultural scripts. In F. Sharifian & R. Saez (Eds.),
The Routledge handbook of language and culture (3rd ed., pp. 339-356).
Routledge. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979
JOURNAL ARTICLES

Lastname, F. M., Lastname, F., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Zarrinabadi, N., Ketabi, S., & Abdi, R. (2014). Facilitating willingness to communicate
in the second language classroom and beyond. Clearing House, 87(5), 213-217.
https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979
THESIS OR DISSERTATION – PUBLISHED

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral

dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or
Archive Name.

Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services

(Publication No. 3544643) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest
Dissertations Publishing.
THESIS OR DISSERTATION – UNPUBLISHED

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral

dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree. URL (if
available)

Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking and globalization [Unpublished doctoral

dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
REPORT BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OTHER ORGANIZATION

Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL

United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and

accountability report: Fiscal year 2019.
https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf

In the reference list, always use the full name of the organization. Do not abbreviate
its name unless the acronym is its official name.

Ministerio de Educación. (2022). Title of document. URL

REPORT BY INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS AT GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR
OTHER ORGANIZATION

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of report. Organization Name. URL

Palanker, D., Volk, J., Lucia, K., & Thomas, K. (2018). Mental health parity at risk:
Deregulating the individual market and the impact on mental health coverage.
National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/About-
NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity-at-
Risk/ParityatRisk.pdf
WORK DISCUSSED IN A SECONDARY SOURCE
Provide the source in which the original work was referenced:

Nail, T. (2017). What is an assemblage? SubStance, 46(1), 21-37.

http://doi.org/10.3368/ss.46.1.21

In-text:

Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the assemblage (as cited in Nail, 2017)….

NB: The links you provide in your reference should take readers to the original source
where the document or paper cited was published. You shouldn’t provide a secondary
source (e.g., journals database, blog, or another website such as libgen or sci-hub). If you
cannot find the right link, then don’t provide any.
Other Electronic Sources
Some of these are here
• Webpage or piece of online content
• Entry in an online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopaedia with a group author or an
individual author
• Graphic data (e.g. Interactive maps, infographics, and other graphic representations of
data)
• Computer software/downloaded software
• Blog post
• Youtube or another streaming service
Other types of references not listed here can be
• Ted talk found in the APA Manual or by Googling ‘how to
• Podcast episode cite x or y using APA 7th’.

• Online news article (online newspapers)

• Conference Proceedings
 Citatng and referencing in a thesis
• In-text
• In the body of the thesis

Parenthetical

Narrative
• The author's last name and the year of publication for the source should
appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998) or Jones (1998).

• If you are NOT directly quoting the material, you have to refer to the author
and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

• If you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should
include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation.

Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page
number(s). Use a dash for page ranges.

(Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–200).

Examples in Context
IN DIREC T REF EREN CE D IR ECT Q UOTE

• Research indicates that social media • "Social media use can significantly
use can affect mental health (Brown, impact mental health" (Brown, 2018, p.
2018). 45).

• According to Brown (2018), social • Brown (2018) stated that ”social media
media use can affect mental health. use can significantly impact mental
health" (p. 45).
Short Quotations
• According to Jones (1998), "students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time" (p. 199).

• Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199), but what
implications this has for teachers is unknown.

Long Quotations

• Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and
omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e.,
in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin
and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new
margin. Maintain same spacing as the rest of the document throughout, but do not add an extra
blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation
mark.
Long
Quotation
A WORK BY TWO AUTHORS

• Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the
work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the
ampersand “&” in parentheses.

• Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

• (Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A WORK BY THREE OR MORE AUTHORS

• List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first,
unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.

• (Kernis et al., 1993)

• Kernis et al. (1993) suggest...

ORGANIZATION AS AN AUTHOR

• If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the

signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source, just as you
would an individual person.

• According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

• The guidelines specify... (American Psychological Association, 2020).

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the abbreviation in brackets
the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. However,
if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use
abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity).

First citation:

According to the Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD, 2000)...

(Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE SAME PARENTHESES

• When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way
they appear in the reference list (i.e., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

• If you cite multiple works by the same author in the same parenthetical citation, give the
author’s name only once and follow with dates. No date citations go first, then years,
then in-press citations.

(Smith, n.d., 1995, 2002, in press)

TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR

• If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a,
b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters
with the year in the in-text citation.

▪ Research by Berndt (1981a) revealed strong correlations. However, a parallel

study (Berndt, 1981b) resulted in inconclusive findings.
CITING INDIRECT SOURCES

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your
signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the
secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original source,
include it in the citation.

▪ Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

▪ (Johnson, as cited in Smith, 2003).

▪ Johnson argued that... (1985, as cited in Smith, 2003).

▪ (Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

UNKNOWN AUTHOR AND UNKNOWN DATE

• If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word
or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no
date").

▪ Another study of students and research decisions discovered that

students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

▪ “Tutoring and APA” (n.d.) describes another study of students…

Verb Tenses
• Use a chosen verb tense
consistently throughout
the same and adjacent
paragraphs of a paper to
ensure smooth expression.

• Use the following verb

tenses to report
information in APA Style
papers.
 Download the test

Evaluation Work in your thesis

groups

Do not use AI or
similar tools to
answer the test uwu