3.

Implement Database using SQL data definition

Constraints and Views

1.Creating table with constraints:

CREATE TABLE customer1(cust_id NUMBER(6)PRIMARY
KEY,cust_nameVARCHAR2(50)NOTNULL,mobile_noNUMBER(10)UNIQUECHECK(L
ENGTH(mobile_no)=10)ageNUMBER(2)CHECK(age>=18,city_id
NUMBER(3)REFERENCES city(city_id));

INSERT INTO customer_1VALUES(1000,'mohan',9042982079,20,10);

INSERT INTO customer_1VALUES(2000,'vijay',1234567890,23,20);

INSERT INTO customer_1VALUES(3000,'ganesh',8825462254,25,30);

select*from customer_1;

Create the table for city:

CREATE TABLE city (City_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,City_name TEXT);

INSERT INTO city VALUES(10,'chennai');

INSERT INTO city VALUES(20,'mumbai');

INSERT INTO city VALUES(30,'delhi');

select*
from city;

2.Creating the view:

create or replace view customer_1_v as select cust_id,cust_name,mobile_no,city_id

from customer_1;
select*from customer_;

4.Query the database using SQL Manipulation:

Data manipulation language is insert, update, delete, select.

1.Creating database using SQL Manipulation:

CREATE TABLE customer_2(cust_id

NUMBER(6),cust_nameVARCHAR2(50),mobile_no NUMBER(10),dob
DATE,city_name VARCHAR2(20),email_id VARCHAR2(50));

2.Insert record:

INSERTINTOcustomer(cust_id,cust_name,mobile_no,city_name,dob,email_id)VAL
UES(123456,'mohan',9874561230,'santhur',TO_DATE('12/16/2024','mm/dd/
yyyy'),'[email protected]');

INSERTINTOcustomer_2(cust_id,cust_name,mobile_no,city_name,dobemail_id)V
ALUES(222,'null',9874561230,'santhur',TO_DATE('12/16/2024','mm/dd/
yyyy'),'[email protected]');
3.Update record:

UPDATE customer_2SET cust_name='Tamil'WHERE cust_id=222;

4.Select statement: Select *from customer_2:

5.Delete statement:Delete from customer_2;

5. Querying/Managing the database using SQL Programming -
Stored Procedures/Functions -Constraints and security using
Triggers:
Creating Table:
CREATE TABLE employee_records (

emp_id NUMBER,

emp_name VARCHAR2(100),

emp_position VARCHAR2(100),

salary NUMBER);

Stored Procedure:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE insert_emp_records (emp_id IN

NUMBER,emp_name IN VARCHAR2, VARCHAR to VARCHAR2
emp_position IN VARCHAR2, salary IN NUMBER) IS

BEGIN
INSERT INTO employee_records (emp_id, emp_name, emp_position, salary)
VALUES (emp_id, emp_name, emp_position, salary);END;

/BEGIN

insert_emp_records(3, 'Tamil', 'employee', 5000);

END;
Function:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION salary_hike_fun(salary NUMBER)RETURN

NUMBER IS

BEGIN RETURN salary * 2; END;/

SELECT emp_name, salary, salary_hike_fun(salary) AS new_salary

FROM employee_records;
Contraint:

ADD CONSTRAINT pk_emp_id PRIMARY KEY(emp_id);

ALTER TABLE employee_records

Trigger:

CREATE TABLE employee_records_bkp_trigger (

emp_id NUMBER,

emp_name VARCHAR2(100),

emp_position VARCHAR2(100),

salary NUMBER,

deleted_date DATE,

deleted_by VARCHAR2(50));
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER after_delete_trig

AFTER DELETE ON employee_records

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

INSERT INTO employee_records_bkp_trigger

VALUES(:old.emp_id, :old.emp_name, :old.emp_position, :old.salary,

SYSDATE, USER);

END;

/
Delete the record:

DELETE FROM employee_records WHERE emp_id = 1;

8.Create a table for Employee details with Employee Number as
primary key and following fields: Name, Designation, Gender,
Age, Date of Joining and Salary. Insert at least ten rows and
perform various queries using any one Comparison, Logical, Set,
Sorting and Grouping operators.
1.Creating Table:

create table Employee_details(emp_number number PRIMARY KEY,emp_name

VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,designation VARCHAR(50),gender
VARCHAR(10),age number,date_of_joining DATE,salary DECIMAL(10,2));

INSERT INTO Employee_details (emp_number, emp_name, designation, gender,

age, date_of_joining, salary)VALUES(1,'John','manager','Male',45,
(TO_DATE('12/16/201','mm/dd/yyyy')),75000.00);

INSERT INTO Employee_details (emp_number, emp_name, designation, gender,

age, date_of_joining, salary) VALUES
(2,'Smith','Developer','Female',30,(TO_DATE('12/16/2022','mm/dd/yyyy')),
60000.00);

INSERT INTO Employee_details (emp_number, emp_name, designation, gender,

age, date_of_joining, salary) VALUES(3, 'Johnson', 'Designer','Female',28,
(TO_DATE('12/16/2023','mm/dd/yyyy')),55000);

INSERT INTO Employee_details (emp_number, emp_name, designation, gender,

age, date_of_joining, salary) VALUES

(4,'Bob', 'Tester', 'Male', 35,(TO_DATE('12/16/2024','mm/dd/yyyy')), 50000.00);

INSERT INTO Employee_details (emp_number, emp_name, designation, gender,

age, date_of_joining, salary) VALUES

(5,'Charlie','HR', 'Male', 40,(TO_DATE('12/16/2025','mm/dd/yyyy')), 58000.00);

INSERT INTO Employee_details (emp_number, emp_name,

designation,gender,age,date_of_joining,salary)
VALUES(6,'Diana','Developer','Female',32,(TO_DATE('12/16/2026','mm/dd/
yyyy')), 62000.00);

INSERT INTO Employee_details (emp_number, emp_name,

designation,gender,age,date_of_joining,salary)
VALUES(7,'Ethan','Manager','Male',50,(TO_DATE('12/16/2027','mm/dd/yyy)),
80000.00);
select* from Employee_details;
2.Comparison Operator:

SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE salary > 60000;

3.Logical Operator:

SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE gender = 'Male' AND age > 40;

4.Set Operator:

SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE date_of_joining <

(TO_DATE('12/16/2023','mm/dd/yyyy'))

UNION

SELECT * FROM Employee_details WHERE date_of_joining >

(TO_DATE('12/16/2028','mm/dd/yyyy'));
5.Sorting:

SELECT * FROM Employee_details ORDER BY salary DESC;

6.Grouping:

SELECT designation, AVG(salary) AS average_salary

FROM Employee_details GROUP BY designation;

9.Write a PL/SQL to update the rate field by 20% more than the
current rate in inventory table which has the following fields:
Prono, ProName and Rate. After updating the table a new field
(Alter) called for Number of item and place for values for the
new field without using PL/SQL block.

Creating Table:

CREATE TABLE customer_dts ( name VARCHAR2(500),proname

VARCHAR2(500), salary NUMBER,job VARCHAR2(500));

INSERT INTO customer_dts (name, proname, salary, job) VALUES ('Arivu', 'K',
2500, 'Saluman');

INSERT INTO customer_dts (name, proname, salary, job) VALUES ('Krish', 'M',
3000, 'Manager');
PL/SQL block:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_salary (

p_name IN VARCHAR2,

p_proname IN VARCHAR2,

p_percent IN NUMBER)

AS v_salary NUMBER;

v_rate NUMBER;

BEGIN

SELECT salary INTO v_salary

FROM customer_dts

WHERE name = p_name AND

proname = p_proname;

v_rate:=v_salary*p_percent/100; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Increase Amount:

' || v_rate); UPDATE customer_dts SET salary = salary + v_rate

WHERE name=p_name AND

proname = p_proname;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary Updated Successfully');

EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error!

Check the code: '||SQLERRM);

END;/
Update the Salary:

BEGIN

update_salary('Arivu', 'K', 20);

END;

/
SELECT * FROM customer_dts;
SELECT 500 * 20 / 100 FROM dual;

SELECT * FROM all_objects WHERE object_type = 'TABLE';

6.Database design using Normalization –bottom-up approach:

CREATE TABLE EmployeeData (emp_id INT,emp_name

VARCHAR(50),emp_addressVARCHAR(100),emp_departmentVARCHAR(50),em
p_salaryDECIMAL(10,2),emp_manager VARCHAR(50));

insert into EmployeeData

values(1, 'John Doe', '123 Main St', 'IT', 70000, 'Alice Smith');

insert into EmployeeData

values (2, 'Jane Doe', '456 Elm St', 'HR', 65000, 'Bob Johnson');
Apply First Normal Form (1NF):

CREATE TABLE Employee (

emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

emp_name VARCHAR(50),

street VARCHAR(50),
city VARCHAR(50),state VARCHAR(50),zip_code VARCHAR(10));

INSERT INTO Employee (emp_id, emp_name, street, city, state, zip_code)

VALUES

(1, 'John Doe', '123 Main St', 'Springfield', 'IL', '62701'),

INSERT INTO Employee (emp_id, emp_name, street, city, state, zip_code)

VALUES

(2, 'Jane Doe', '456 Elm St', 'Chicago', 'IL', '60601');

select* from Employee;
Apply Second Normal Form (2NF):

CREATE TABLE Department (

dept_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

dept_name VARCHAR(50));
INSERT INTO Department (dept_id, dept_name) VALUES (1, 'IT');

CREATE TABLE Manager (

manager_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

manager_name VARCHAR(50));
INSERT INTO Manager (manager_id, manager_name)VALUES (1, 'Alice
Smith');

CREATE TABLE EmployeeDepartment (

emp_id INT,

dept_id INT,

PRIMARY KEY (emp_id, dept_id),

FOREIGN KEY (emp_id) REFERENCES Employee(emp_id),

FOREIGN KEY (dept_id) REFERENCES Department(dept_id)

);
INSERT INTO EmployeeDepartment (emp_id, dept_id)

VALUES (1, 1);

select*from EmployeeDepartment;

Apply Third Normal Form (3NF):

CREATE TABLE EmployeeManager

( emp_id INT, manager_id INT,

PRIMARY KEY (emp_id, manager_id),

FOREIGN KEY (emp_id) REFERENCES Employee(emp_id),

FOREIGNKEY (manager_id) REFERENCES Manager(manager_id));

INSERT INTO EmployeeManager (emp_id, manager_id)

VALUES (1, 1);

Final Database Design After Normalization:

SELECT e.emp_name, d.dept_name

FROM Employee e

JOIN EmployeeDepartment ed ON e.emp_id = ed.emp_id

JOIN Department d ON ed.dept_id = d.dept_id;

7.Develop database applications

PL/SQL BLOCK:

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE

XXTTC_NURSERY_MANAGEMENT_PKG AS PROCEDURE ITEM_MASTER (

p_item_code IN VARCHAR2,

p_item_description IN VARCHAR2,

p_item_type IN VARCHAR2,

p_unit_of_measure IN VARCHAR2,

p_inventory_item_flag IN VARCHAR2,

p_facility_code IN VARCHAR2,

p_creation_date IN DATE,

p_created_by IN VARCHAR2,

p_last_update_date IN DATE,

p_last_update_by IN VARCHAR2);

END XXTTC_NURSERY_MANAGEMENT_PKG;/
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY
XXTTC_NURSERY_MANAGEMENT_PKG AS

PROCEDURE ITEM_MASTER (

p_item_code IN VARCHAR2,

p_item_description IN VARCHAR2,

p_item_type IN VARCHAR2,

p_unit_of_measure IN VARCHAR2,

p_inventory_item_flag IN VARCHAR2,

p_facility_code IN VARCHAR2,

p_creation_date IN DATE,

p_created_by IN VARCHAR2,
p_last_update_date IN DATE,

p_last_update_by IN VARCHAR2) AS

v_item_count NUMBER;

p_item_id NUMBER;

v_facility_id VARCHAR2(50);

BEGIN

SELECT facility_id

INTO v_facility_id

FROM XXTTC_FACLITY_DETAILS

WHERE facility_code = p_facility_code;

SELECT item_id.NEXTVAL

INTO p_item_id

FROM dual;

SELECT COUNT(*)

INTO v_item_count

FROM XXTTC_ITEM_MASTER

WHERE item_code = p_item_code;

IF v_item_count > 0 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Inserted data already exists.');

ELSE

INSERT INTO XXTTC_ITEM_MASTER (

item_id, item_code, item_description, item_type, unit_of_measure,

inventory_item_flag, facility_id, creation_date, created_by,

last_update_date, last_update_by)

VALUES (p_item_id, p_item_code, p_item_description, p_item_type,

p_unit_of_measure,

p_inventory_item_flag, v_facility_id, p_creation_date, p_created_by,

p_last_update_date, p_last_update_by);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Data inserted successfully.');

END IF;COMMIT;

EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Logical error occurred: ' || SQLERRM);

END ITEM_MASTER;

END XXTTC_NURSERY_MANAGEMENT_PKG;

BEGIN

XXTTC_NURSERY_MANAGEMENT_PKG.ITEM_MASTER(

'W0000016', 'Senthura sedi', 'sedi', 'EACH', 'Y', 'SAN',

SYSDATE, 'Mohan Ganesh', SYSDATE, 'Mohan Ganesh'

);

END

;/

SELECT * FROM USER_ERRORS WHERE NAME =

'XXTTC_NURSERY_MANAGEMENT_PKG';

CREATE SEQUENCE item_id START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1;

10. Querying the Object-relational database using
Object Query language

Creating Table and Inserting Values:

Author table:
CREATE TABLE Author (

AuthorID NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL

);

INSERT INTO Author (AuthorID, Name) VALUES (1, 'J.K. Rowling');

INSERT INTO Author (AuthorID, Name) VALUES (2, 'George Orwell');

Select*fromAuthor;

Publisher table:

CREATE TABLE Publisher (

PublisherID NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL);

INSERT INTO Publisher (PublisherID, Name) VALUES (1, 'Penguin Books');

INSERT INTO Publisher (PublisherID, Name) VALUES (1, 'Penguin Books');

Select*from Publisher;
Book table:
CREATE TABLE Book (

BookID NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,

Title VARCHAR2(200) NOT NULL,

Author NUMBER REFERENCES Author(AuthorID),

Publisher NUMBER REFERENCES Publisher(PublisherID),

Price NUMBER(10,2)

);
INSERT INTO Book (BookID, Title, Author, Publisher, Price)

VALUES (1, ‘Harry Potter;, 1, 1, 25.50);

INSERT INTO Book (BookID, Title, Author, Publisher, Price)

VALUES (2, ‘1984’, 2, 2, 15.99);

Select*from Book;

CREATE TABLE Ebook (

EbookID NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,

Title VARCHAR2(200) NOT NULL,

FileFormat VARCHAR2(10) NOT NULL);

INSERT INTO Ebook (EbookID, Title, FileFormat)

VALUES (1, ‘Digital Fortress’, ‘PDF’);

1. Get Book Titles and Author Names
SELECT b.Title, a.Name

FROM Book b

INNER JOIN Author a ON b.Author = a.AuthorID;

2. Get Books Published by “Penguin Books”

SELECT b.Title, p.Name

FROM Book b

INNER JOIN Publisher p ON b.Publisher = p.PublisherID

WHERE p.Name = ‘Penguin Books’;

3. Get Books Where Price > 20
SELECT b.Title, b.Price

FROM Book b

WHERE b.Price > 20;

4. Get Ebooks in PDF Format
SELECT e.Title, e.FileFormat

FROM Ebook e

WHERE e.FileFormat = ‘PDF’;

5. Get Books and Publisher Names, Ordered by Title

SELECT b.Title, p.Name

FROM Book b

INNER JOIN Publisher p ON b.Publisher = p.PublisherID

ORDER BY b.Title;
6. Get Count of Books by Each Author
SELECT a.Name, COUNT(b.BookID) AS BookCount

FROM Author a

LEFT JOIN Book b ON b.Author = a.AuthorID

GROUP BY a.Name;
7. Get Books with Author and Publisher Names
SELECT b.Title, a.Name AS AuthorName, p.Name AS PublisherName

FROM Book b

INNER JOIN Author a ON b.Author = a.AuthorID

INNER JOIN Publisher p ON b.Publisher = p.PublisherID;