A.

ILLUMINATION

Important Terms

 Light: Radiation energy from a hot body which produces the visual sensation upon
the human eye. It is usually denoted by Q, expressed in lumen-hours and is
analogous to watt-hour.
 Luminous flux: The total quantity of light energy emitted per second from a
luminous body. Its symbol is F and is measured in lumens. It helps us to specify
the output and efficiency of a given light source.
F = Q/t
 Luminous intensity: It is the luminous flux emitted by the source per unit solid
angle. Its symbol is I and is measured in candela(cd) or lumens/steradian.
If F is the luminous flux radiated out by source within a solid angle of ω steradian
in any particular direction then I =F/ ω lumens/steradian or candela (cd).
 Lumen: It is the unit of luminous flux and is defined as the amount of luminous
flux given out in a space represented by one unit of solid angle by a source having
an intensity of one candle power in all directions.

Lumens = candle power X solid angle = cp X ω

Total lumens given out by source of one candela are 4π lumens.

 Candle power: The light radiating capacity of a source in a given direction and is
defined as the number of lumens given out by the source in a unit solid angle in a
given direction. It is denoted by a symbol C.P.

C.P. = lumens/ω
 Illumination: It is the number of lumens, falling on the surface, per unit area.
Denoted by E and is measured in lumens per square meter or meter-candle or foot-
candle or lux.

If a flux of F lumens falls on a surface of area A, then the illumination of that

surface is

E =F/A lumens/m2 or lux

 Lux or meter candle: The luminous flux falling per square meter on the surface
which is everywhere perpendicular to the rays of light from a source of one candle
power and one meter away from it.
 Foot candle: The luminous flux falling per square foot on the surface which is
everywhere perpendicular to the rays of light from a source of one candle power
and one foot away from it.
 1 foot-candle = 1 lumen/ft2 =10.76 meter candle or lux
 Candle: It is the 1/60th of the luminous intensity per cm2 of a black body radiator
at the temperature of solidification of platinum (2,0430K).
 Mean horizontal candle power (M.H.C.P): It is the mean of candle powers in all
directions in the horizontal plane containing the source of light.
 Mean spherical candle power (M.S.C.P): It is the mean of the candle powers in all
directions and in all planes from the source of light.
 Mean hemi-spherical candle power (M.H.S.C.P): It is the mean of candle powers
in all directions above or below the horizontal plane passing through the source of
light.
 Reduction factor: It is the ratio of its mean spherical candle power to its mean
horizontal candle power.

Reduction factor = M.S.C.P./M.H.C.P.

 Lamp efficiency: It is the ratio of the luminous flux to the power input. It is
expressed in lumens per watt.
 Specific consumption: It is the ratio of the power input to the average candle
power. It is expressed in watt per candela.
 Brightness (luminance): It is the luminous intensity per unit projected area of
either a surface source of light or a reflecting surface and is denoted by L. The unit
of brightness is candela/m2 (nits), candela/cm2 (stilb) or candela/ft2

If a surface area A has an effective luminous intensity of I candelas in a direction

θ to the normal, then the brightness (luminance) of that surface is

L = I/A cosθ

 Glare: It is the brightness with in the field of vision of such a character as to cause
annoyance discomfort interference with vision.
 Space height ratio: it is the ratio of distance between adjacent lamps and height
of their mountains.

 Utilization factor or co-efficient of utilization: It is the ratio of total lumens

reaching the working plane to total lumens given out by the lamp.

 Maintenance factor: The ratio of illumination under normal working conditions

to the illumination when the things are perfectly clean is known as maintenance
factor.

 Depreciation factor: this is merely reverse of the maintenance factor and is defined
as the ratio of the initial meter-candles to the ultimate maintained metre-candles
on the working plane. Its value is more than unity.
 Waste light factor: Whenever a surface is illuminated by a number of sources of
light, there is always a certain amount of waste of light on account of over-lapping
and falling of light outside at the edges of the surface. The effect is taken into
account by multiplying the theoretical value of lumens required by 1.2 for
rectangular areas and 1.5 for irregular areas and objects such as statues,
monuments etc.
 Absorption factor: In the places where atmosphere is full of smoke fumes, such as
in foundries, there is a possibility of absorption of light. The ratio of total lumens
available after absorption to the total lumens emitted by the source of light is
called the absorption factor. Its value varies from unity for clean atmosphere to
0.5 for foundries.
 Beam factor: the ratio of lumens in the beam of a projector to the lumens given
out by lamps is called the beam factor. This factor takes into the account the
absorption of light by reflector and front glass of the projector lamp. Its value
varies from 0.3 to 0.6.
 Reflection factor: When a ray of light impinges on a surface it is reflected from the
surface at an angle of incidence, as shown in the fallowing figure. A certain portion
of incident light is absorbed by the surface. The ratio of reflected light to the
incident light is called the reflection factor. Its value always less than unity.
 Plane angle: It is the angle subtended at a point in a plane by two converging
lines. It is denoted by θ’ and is usually measured in degrees or radians.

One radian is defined as the angle subtended by an arc of a circle whose length by
an arc of a circle whose length is equals to the radius of the circle.

The largest plane angle subtended at a point is

 Solid angle: It is the angle subtended at a point in space by an area, i.e., the angle
enclosed in the volume formed by numerous lines lying on the surface and meeting
at the point. It is usually denoted by ω and is measured in steradian.

The largest solid angle subtended at a point is that due to a sphere at its centre. If r
is the radius of any sphere, its surface area is 4π2 and the distance of its surface area
from the centre is r, therefore, solid angle subtended at its centre by its surface,
 =

Steradian: It is the unit of solid angle and is defined as the solid angle that subtends
a surface on the sphere equivalent to the square of the radius.

LAWS OF ILLUMINATION:

The illumination E of a surface depends upon the following factors:

(i) E is directly proportional to the luminous intensity I of the source or E ∝ I

(ii) Inverse Square Law. The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance of the surface from the source.

I.e. E ∝ 1/r2

Proof

Let, S be a point source of luminous intensity I candela, the luminous flux emitting
from source crossing the three parallel plates having areas A1 A2 , and A3 square
meters, which are separated by a distances of d, 2d, and 3d from the point source
respectively as shown in Fig.

For are A1, solid angle ω = A1/d2

Luminous flux reaching the area A1 = luminous intensity × solid angle

Illumination E1 on the surface area A1 is:

E1 = flux/area = I * A1/d2 * 1/A1

E1 = I/d2 lux
Similarly, illumination E2 on the surface area A2 is:

E2 = I/(2d)2 lux
Similarly, illumination 'E3 ' on the surface area A3 is:
E3 = I/(3d)2 lux
From above equations

E1 : E2 : E3 = I/d2 : I/(2d)2: I/(3d)2

Hence, from Equation, illumination on any surface is inversely proportional to the

square of distance between the surface and the source.

(iii) Lambert’s Cosine Law. E is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made
by the normal to the illuminated surface with the direction of the incident flux .
Proof

As shown in Fig. let Φ be the flux incident on the surface of area A when in position
1. When this surface is turned back through an angle θ, then the flux incident on it
is Φ cos θ. Hence, illumination of the surface when in position 1 is E1 = Φ/A. But when
in position 2.

∴ E2 = E1 cos θ

Combining all these factors together, we get E = I cos θ/r2. The unit is lm/m2.

Example 1.

A lamp giving out 1200 lm in all directions is suspended 8 m above the working plane.
Calculate the illumination at a point on the working plane 6 m away from the foot of
the lamp.
Solution.
Luminous intensity of the lamp is

I = 1200/4 = 95.5 cd
As seen from the Figure

LB = √ (82 + 62) = 10 m; cos θ = 8/10 = 0.8

Now, E = I cosθ/r2

∴ EB = (95.5 × 0.8)/102 = 0.764 lm/m2

Example 2.

A small light source with intensity uniform in all directions is mounted at a height of
10 metres above a horizontal surface. Two points A and B both lie on the surface with
point A directly beneath the source. How far is B from A if the illumination at B is
only 1/10 as great as at A?
Solution. Let the intensity of the lamp be I and the distance between A and B be x
metres as shown

Illumination at point A, EA = I/102 = I/100 lux

Illumination at point B,
Since

∴ x = 19.1 m

Example 3.

A corridor is lighted by 4 lamps spaced 10 m apart and suspended at a height of 5 m

above the centre line of the floor. If each lamp gives 200 C.P. in all directions below
the horizontal, find the illumination at the point on the floor mid-way between the
second and third lamps.{{
Solution.

As seen from the figure illumination at point C is due to all the four lamps. Since
point C is symmetrically situated between the lamps, illumination at this point is
twice that due to L1 and L2.
(i) Illumination due to L1 = I cos θ1/L1C2 L1C = √ (52 + 152) = 15.8 m
cos θ = 5/15.8

illumination due to L1 = {220 x (5/15.8)} / 250

= 0.253 lm/m2

(ii) L2C = 5/√2 m ; θ2 = 45º ; cos θ2 = 1/√2

Illumination due to L2 = {200 (1/√2)}/50

= 2.83 lm/m2

∴ illumination at C due to L1 and L2 = 3.08 lm/m2

Illumination at C due to all the four lamps, EC = 2 × 3.08 = 6.16 lm/m2

Example 49.4.

Two lamps A and B of 200 candela and 400 candela respectively are situated 100 m
apart. The height of A above the ground level is 10 m and that of B is 20 m. If a
photometer is placed at the centre of the line joining the two lamp posts, calculate its
reading.

Solution.

When the illumination photometer is placed at the centre point, it will read the value
of combined illumination produced by the two lamps

Now, L1C = √(102 + 502) = 51 m

L2C = √(202 + 502) = 53.9 m
cos θ1 = 10/51 ;
cos θ2 = 20/53.9
Illumination at point C due to lamp L1 =

= 0.015 lm/m2
Similarly, illumination due to lamp L2 =

= 0.051 lm/m2
∴ EC = 0.015 + 0.051
= 0.066 Im/m2 or lux

ARTIFICIAL SOURCES OF LIGHT:

There are several alternative schemes that act as substitute for sunlight. But light
be electricity is pollution free and easy control method. Illumination by electricity is
mainly classified into three types they are:

1. by temperature incandescence. (Incandescent lamps)

2. by producing an arc between electrodes. (Arc lamps)

3. by discharge of electrons. (Fluorescent lamps and vapour lamps).

1. Incandescent Lamps

Electric current is passed through a filament of thin wire placed in vacuum or an

inert gas. The current generates sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the
filament to luminosity. Their output depends on the temperature of the filaments so
they are termed as “Temperature Radiators”. The fine wire is known as filament
placed inside it.

Construction:
It consists of an evacuated glass globe structure. The evacuation is to:

 To prevent oxidation and

 Convectional currents of filament.
 To prevent decrease of temperature by radiation.

The coiled coil filament is the heart of the lamp, where the light is created. It is
supported at two intermediate points by fine molybdenum wires, slightly springy.
The electrical current is carried to the filament by a pair of nickel plated steel lead-
in wires. A very special alloy which forms a gas-tight seal between the glass and wire
is welded to a copper plated steel wire which makes the electrical connection to the
cap.

In one or both of these outer leads there is a fuse wire section. The lead wires are held
in a glass assembly called the stem, through which a smaller glass tube, the exhaust
tube is also sealed. This is kept open at the top of the stem which allows the air to be
pumped out of the bulb after sealing. The cap is affixed to the bulb with special heat-
curing cement, and the copper lead wires pass through eyelets in the end of the cap
where they are fluxed and soldered to the brass contact plates.

The terminals are insulated from each other by a special black glass called vitrite,
which offers high electrical resistance even at elevated temperatures. A mixture of
Argon and Nitrogen in the ratio of 85% Argon -15% Nitrogen are employed.

Properties of filament made of ideal material:

 High melting point.

 High resistivity.
 Low temperature coefficient.
 Low vapour pressure.
 Ductility
 Sufficient mechanical strength to withstand vibrations during use.
The materials used as filament are: Carbon, Tantalum and Tungsten.

Advantages of incandescent lamps

 Direct operation on standard distribution voltage

 Operating under unity power factor
 Good radiation characteristics in luminous range
 No effect on surrounding air temperature
 Availability in various shapes and shades

Halogen filled incandescent lamps:

As the life of incandescent lamp falls with time due to:

 Slow evaporation of filament

 Black deposit formed on the inside of bulb.

When the bulb is filled with halogen vapour is filled along with filling gas it restores
a part of evaporated filament due to chemical reaction i.e. by “Regenerative Cycle
Process”.

Advantages:

 life time is about 2000 hours

 Very high operating temperature.
 increased luminous efficiency from 22 to 33 lumen/watt
 Reduced blacking effect.
 No depreciation of lumens.

2. Arc lamps

 These are lamps used in searchlights, projection lamps, special lamps i.e. those
used in flash camera.
 Electric current is made to flow through two electrodes in contact with each
another which are later drawn apart resulting in arc being struck. The arc
maintains current flow.
 The various forms of arc lamps are:
 Carbon arc
 Flame arc
 Magnetic arc
 For carbon arc lamp, carbon rods used with A.C. supply are of the same size while
for D.C. supply the positive electrode is of larger size than the negative electrode
(Electrons are lighter in mass an move in higher velocity making positive
electrode consumed faster than the negative electrode)
  A resistor is used to stabilize the arc

3. Discharge Lamps:

An electric current is passed through a gas or vapour which renders its luminous.
The light is produced by the process of gaseous conduction. The commonly used
elements are Neon, Mercury, Sodium vapours. The color depends on the nature of gas
or vapour, i.e. Neon: Orange Red Light, Mercury: Bluish and Sodium: Orange Yellow.

Discharge lamps are categorized into two types they are:

i. Vapour discharge lamps.

ii. Fluorescent lamps.

i. Sodium Vapour Lamp:

Construction

This type of the lamp has low luminosity, so length of lamp is large. To get required
length it is made in form of U tube. Two oxide coated electrodes are sealed with the
ends. The tube contains Neon and Sodium gas. The U tube is enclosed in a double
walled vacuum flask to keep the temperature within the working range. It employs
high leakage reactance transformer to provide sufficient voltages to increase the
temperature of the oxide coated electrodes that emits the electrons to liberate light.
Due to this transformer the regulation will be poor and the power factor will be low
about 0.3. Capacitor at the input terminals is provided to improve power factor to 0.8.
Working:

Before starting Sodium which is in the solid form is deposited on the walls of the tube.
When the supply is fed, the bulb operates as low pressure Neon lamp with pink color.
The lamp gets warm and Sodium is vaporized and radiates yellow light. After 10-15
minutes it illuminates full light. For a 40 W lamp, 380 V is required to start the
discharge. For 100W lamp 450V is required. These voltage levels are obtained from
the high reluctance transformer or auto transformer.

The no-load voltage is high, which decreases gradually when the lamp starts glowing
on account of production of electron current between the electrodes, which results in
poor regulation of transformer.

Causes for failure of lamp:

 Burn out or breaking of filament.

 Cathode stops to emit electrons.
 Sodium particles may concentrate on one side of the tube.
 The blackening of lamp due to sodium vapour action on the glass.

Applications:

These lamps are employed where color discrimination is not required.

 Highway lighting.
 Outdoor lighting.

ii. High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp

Construction
 Consists of two bulbs (an arc tube containing electric discharge) and outer bulb
(which protects the arc tube from changes in temperature).
 Inner tube is made of quartz (hard glass) and outer bulb of hard glass.
 Arc tube contains small amount of mercury and argon gas
 In addition to two main electrodes, an auxiliary starting electrode connected
through a high resistance is also provided.
 Main electrodes consists of tungsten coils with electron emitting coating or
elements of thorium metal.

Working:

When supply is on, initial discharge for the few seconds is established in the argon
gas between the auxiliary starting electrode and the neighboring main electrode and
then in argon between the two main electrodes. The heat produced due to this
discharge through the gas is sufficient to vaporize mercury. Consequently, pressure
inside arc tube increases and the p.d. across the main electrode grows, the operation
taking about 5 to 7 minutes. During this time, discharge is established through the
mercury vapours which emit greenish-blue light.

The choke is provided to limit the current to a safe value. This choke lowers the power
facto, so ac capacitor C is connected across the circuit to improve power factor.

Applications:

Used for general industrial lighting, railway yards, ports, work areas, shopping
centres etc. where greenish-blue colour light is not objectionable.

iii. Fluorescent Lamps:

Construction:
 It is a low pressure mercury vapor lamp.
 It consists of a glass tube 25 mm in diameter and between 0.6 m, 1.2 m and 1.5 m
in length. The tube contains argon gas at low pressure about 2.5 mm of mercury.
 At the two ends, two electrodes coated with some electron emissive material are
placed. Inside surface of the tube is coated with the thin layer of fluorescent
material in the form of a powder.
 A starting switch is provided in the circuit, which puts the electrodes directly
across the supply mains at the time of starting, so that electrodes may get heated
and emit sufficient electrons.
 A stabilizing choke is connected in series with it, which acts ballast in running
condition and provides a voltage impulse for starting.
 A capacitor is connected across the circuit to improve the power factor at the
supply side. The filament is connected to a starter switch which is small with
bimetal strip connecting the two electrodes.

Working:

When the starter is cold the electrodes are open, when supply is given the current
traces the closed path through the mains – choke – electrode 1 – starter – electrode 2
– mains, full voltage acts on the starter. A glow discharge is setup in the starter which
warms the electrodes and causes bimetallic strip to bend and touch the electrodes.
The circuit becomes complete and current flow causing the emission of free electrons
from the filament. At the same time voltage at starter falls to zero and bimetallic
strip cools down. The electrodes of starter switch opens and interrupt the circuit
current. Its effort is to induce high voltage surge of about 1000 volts in the choke.
This voltage produces the flow of electrons between the lamp electrodes and the lamp
lights up immediately. The starting contacts are left open.

Advantages of Fluorescent Lamps:

i. Voltage fluctuation has very small effect on light output.

 ii. The luminous efficiency is more as length of rod is more.
iii. It gives light close to natural light.
iv. Heat radiations are negligible.
v. High efficiency.
vi. The life of the lamp is three times of the ordinary filament lamp.
vii. Less chances of glare.

Disadvantages of Fluorescent Lamps

i. The initial cost is high because of choke and starter.

ii. The starting time as well as the light output of the lamp will increases because
of low ambient temperature.
iii. Because of the presence of choke, these lamps suffer from magnetic humming
and may cause disturbance.
iv. The stroboscopic (flickering) effect.

Stroboscopic Effect of Fluorescent Lamps

It is the periodic fluctuations in the light output of the lamp caused by cyclic
variations of the current on a.c. circuits. It creates multiple-image appearance of
moving objects and makes the movement appear jerky.

 The effect is more pronounced at lower frequencies.

 Frequency of such flickers is twice the supply frequency.
 The effect is reduced to some extent due after-glow as the powder used in the
tube is slightly phosphorescent.

Troubles of Stroboscopic effect:

 When an operator has to move objects very quickly particularly those having
polished finish. These objects would appear to move with jerky motion which
over a long period would produce visual fatigue.
 In the case of rotating machines whose frequency of rotation happens to be a
multiple of flicker frequency, the machines appear to decrease in speed of
rotation or be stationary. Sometimes the machines may even seem to rotate in
the opposite direction.

Minimizing stroboscopic effect:

 By using three lamps on separate phases of a 3-phase supply

 By using a twin lamp circuit on a single-phase supply, one of the chokes having
a capacitor in series with it and the lamp (lead-lag circuit) as shown in the
figure.
 Fig. Lead-lag circuit

 By operating the lamp from a high frequency supply ( the effect is not felt in
D.C. supply)

iv. Neon lamp

 Belongs to cold cathode category

 Electrodes in form of iron shells coated inside normal colour emitted is red,
incase helium is used in place of neon, pinkish white light is obtained. A
transformer with high leakage reactance used to stabilize the arc in the lamp. A
capacitor is used for power factor correction.
 Transformer is needed for high voltage required during starting

EMERGENCY LIGHTING SYSTEMS

These fall into two categories:

 maintained
 non-maintained.

Maintained system

Emergency lighting unit is energized continuously via a step-down transformer, and

in the event of a mains failure it remains illuminated via a battery.
Non-maintained system

Lighting units remain de-energized until a mains failure occurs, at that time they are
illuminated by a battery supply.

LIGHTING SCHEMES

Characteristics of a good lighting scheme

i. It should provide adequate illumination

ii. It should light distribution all over the working plane as uniform as possible
iii. It should avoid glare and hard shadows
iv. It should provide suitable colour

Minimizing Glare
 Light sources should be properly shield and mounted above the normal line of
sight.
 Reflected glare can be avoided, by mounting luminaries with respect to
equipment, so that the reflected glare is directed away from the observer.
 Use of diffusing and absorbing fixers.
Factors to be considered when designing lighting scheme

i. Intensity of illumination
ii. Selection of luminaries
iii. Size of the room
iv. Mounting height and space of fittings
v. Conditions of use

Types of Lighting Schemes

Different lighting schemes may be classified as:

 Direct lighting
 Semi-direct lighting
 Semi-indirect lighting
 Indirect lighting
 General diffusing lighting

a. Direct lighting
 Most commonly used
 More than 90% of total light flux made to fall directly on the working plane
with the help of deep reflectors.
 Though its most efficient, its liable to cause glare and hard shadows
 Mainly use for industrial and outdoor lighting

b. Semi-direct lighting
 60-90% of the total light flux is made to fall downwards directly with the help
of semi-direct reflectors, remaining light is used to illuminate ceilings and
walls
 Suited to rooms with high ceilings where a high level of uniformly-distributed
illumination is desirable
 Glare is avoided by using diffusing globes
 c. Semi-indirect Lighting
 60-90% of total light flux is made to fall upwards with the help of reflectors
 Used mainly for indoor light decoration purposes

d. Indirect-lighting

 More than 90%of the total light flux are thrown upwards for diffuse reflection
by using inverted or bowl reflectors
 Glare is reduced to minimum
 Provides shadow-less illumination useful for drawing offices, composing rooms
and workshops whereby shadows are troublesome.

e. General diffusing lighting

 Lamps made of diffusing glass are used which gives nearly equal illumination
in all directions
METHODS OF LIGHTING CALCULATIONS

Some of the methods used are:

i. Watts-per-square-meter method.
ii. Lumen or light flux method
iii. Point-to-point method

a. Watts-per-square-meter method

It is more adoptive for rough calculation and checking also. It makes an allowance of
watt per square meter of area to be illuminated.

b. Lumen or light flux method

It is applicable for the cases in which all the sources produce uniform illumination
over the working plane or an average value is required.

Total lumens received on working plane = No. of lamps × wattage of each lamp ×
efficiency of each lamp × coefficient of utilization.

c. Point-to-point or inverse square law method

It is used to calculate the illumination at any particular point due to several number
of sources whose candle powers are known values. It uses the laws of illumination
(Inverse square and cosine law).

General Formula for Lighting Calculations

Illumination can be calculated by using the empirical formula:

where N is the number of fitting required, E is the illumination required in lux, A is
the working area in square meter, φ is the luminous flux produced per lamp in lumen,
UF is the utilization factor, and MF is the maintenance factor.
Example 1:
A room 20 × 10 m is illuminated by 60 W incandescent lamps of lumen output of 1,600
lumens. The average illumination required at the workplace is 300 lux. Calculate the
number of lamps required to be fitted in the room. Assume utilization and
depreciation factors as 0.5 and 1, respectively.
Solution:

The area of the room (A) = 20 × 10 m = 200 m2.

Total illumination required (E) = 300 lux.

The wattage of each lamp = 60 W

The luminous output of the lamp (φ) = 1,600 lumens

UF = 0.5, DF = 1.

∴ Maintenance factor, MF===1/DF , = 1

∴The number of lamps required:

= 8 lamps

Example 2:
The front of a building 35 × 18 m is illuminated by 15 lamps; the wattage of each
lamp is 80 W. The lamps are arranged so that uniform illumination on the surface is
obtained. Assuming a luminous efficiency of 20 lumens/W, the coefficient of
utilization is 0.8, the waste light factor is 1.25, DF = 0.9. Determine the illumination
on the surface.
Solution:

Area = (A) = 35 × 18 = 630 m2.

The number of lamps, N = 15.

Luminous efficiency, η = 20 lumens/W.

UF = 0.8, DF = 0.9.

Waste light factor = 1.25, E = ?

= 0.554 E.

∴ E = 27.07 lux (or) lumens/m2.

Example 3:
A football pitch 120 m × 60 m is to be illuminated for night play by similar banks of
equal 1000 W lamps supported on twelve towers which are distributed around the
ground to provide approximately uniform illumination of the pitch. Assuming that
40% of the total light emitted reaches the playing pitch and that an illumination of
1000 lm/m2 is necessary, calculate the number of lamps on each tower. The overall
efficiency of the lamp is to be taken as 30 lm/W.
Solution:

Area to be illuminated = 120 × 60 = 7,200 m2

Flux required = 7,200 × 1,000 = 7.2 × 106 lm

Since only 40% of the flux emitted reaches the ground, the total luminous flux
required to be produced is = 7.2 × 106/0.4 = 18 × 106 lm

Flux contributed by each tower bank = 18 × 106/12 = 1.5 × 106 lm

Output of each 1000-W lamp = 30 × 1000 = 3 × 104 lm

Hence, number of such lamps on each tower is = 1.5 × 106/3 × 104 = 50