ALEX EKWUEME FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

NDUFU-ALIKE IKWO (AE-FUNAI),

ABAKALIKI

Faculty of Physical Sciences

Department of Computer Science/Informatics

2/8/2022 Introduction to Computer 1

 Contents
Course contents:
✓History and evolution of computers
generations of computers
✓Characteristics and Classification of
Computers.
✓Benefits & Drawbacks of Computer
✓Internet revolution

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 Objectives
In this section, we will be Lesson to be
discussing the Learnt
followings:
✓its history and evolution At the end of the lesson,
✓Generations of the student should be able
computers to:
✓Characteristics that are ✓Give a clear history and
evolution of computers.
peculiar to all computers ✓Know the various
✓Benefits & Drawbacks generations of computers,
of Computer their benefits as well as
✓Internet revolution their drawbacks.

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 History and Evolution of Computers
Two Eras:
◼ Prehistory Era (Before 1945)
◼ Network Era (Late 50s - Present)
Can be divided into generations:
◼ First Generation (1945 – 1956)
◼ Second Generation (1956 – 1963)
◼ Third Generation (1964 – 1971)
◼ Fourth Generation (1971 - 1999 )
◼ Fifth Generation (1999 – Till present)

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 Pre-Electronic Computing (up to the
1945’s)

◼ Ancient Times
◼ In the beginning,
man used his fingers
and toes to perform
simple computations
such as addition and
subtraction.

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 0th Generation (before 1945)
◼ 3000 BC - The Abacus was
the first man-made
computing device.
◼ In the Abacus, small beads
are arranged on a series of
vertical rods in a manner
that by manipulating them,
it is possible with some skill
and practice, to make rapid
calculations.

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 Napier's bones – 1614
◼ John Napier, Scottish
mathematician (1550-1617).
◼ Invented Napier’s Bones, used
to perform multiplication using
only addition.
◼ A set of bones consisted of
nine (9) rods, one for each
digit 1 through 9.
◼ A rod is essentially one
column of a multiplication
table.
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 Pascaline - 1642
• In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a
French mathematician,
invented an adding
machine.
• The machine has adopted
partly the principles of the
abacus but did away with
the use of the hand to move
the beads or counters.
• Instead, Pascal used
wheels to move counters.
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 Leibniz’ machine - 1674
◼ In 1674, Gottfried Wilhelm
Von Leibnitz made
improvements on Pascal’s
machine.
◼ With Leibnitz’s improvements,
it was possible for the machine
to divide and multiply as easily
as it could add and subtract.

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 Jacques de Vaucanson- 1743
1727-1743 – Created a series of
mechanical automations that
simulated life.
Best remembered is with the
“Digesting Duck”, which had over
400 parts.
Also worked to automate looms,
creating the first automated loom
in 1745.

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 Jacquard’s Loom - 1805
• Developed by
Joseph-Marie
Jacquard.
• The loom was
controlled by a loop
of punched cards.
• Holes in the
punched cards
determined how the
knitting proceeded,
yielding very
complex weaves at
a much faster rate.

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 Charles Babbage
◼ Mathematician, industrialist,
philosopher, politician
◼ “father of computers “
◼ Difference Engine (1822)
◼ Babbage’s first computational machine
was based on the method of finite
differences.
◼ Analytical Engine (1834-1836)
◼ Babbage’s more general “computer”
◼ Never built, but its design is considered
to be the foundation of modern
computing
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 Difference Engine
2/8/2022 Introduction to Computer Science 13
 Analytical Engine

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 Augusta Ada Countess of Lovelace
▪ She Created a program for
the (theoretical) Babbage
analytical engine which would
have calculated Bernoulli
numbers.
▪ Referred to as the world’s
first programmer
▪ 1840 – Ada, the first
programmer suggested
binary data storage rather
than decimal.
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 Herman Hollerith
& The Hollerith Census Machine
◼ 1880 U.S. Census
◼ The amount of data that needed to be analyzed
was growing so quickly due to immigration
◼ Required almost a decade to compute 1880
Census
◼ In 1882, Hollerith investigated a suggestion by
Dr. John Shaw Billings, head of the division of
Vital Statistics for the Census Bureau
◼ “There ought to be some mechanical way of
[tabulating
Census data], something on the principle of the
Jacquard loom, whereby holes in a card
regulate the pattern to be woven.”

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 Hollerith’s Census Machine

Photo of Pantographic
Card Punch plate: from
US Library of Congress
Photo: IBM

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 Konrad Zuse – Z1 Computer – 1936

◼ First freely
programmable
computer, electro-
mechanical punch
tape control.

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 Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff - 1939

• He produced the first

prototype
electronic computer.
• Computer used binary
number system of 1
and 0
• Binary system is still
used today

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 Howard Aiken - 1944
◼ 1944 – The IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC) also know
Mark I Computer.
◼ Used by military to compute ballistic data.
◼ Contained more than 750,000
components
◼ over 50 feet long
◼ 8 feet tall
◼ weighed ~5 tons
◼ First universal calculator.

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 Grace Hopper 1906-1992
◼ Developed the first compiler
(A-0, later ARITH-MATIC,
MATH-MATIC and FLOW-
MATIC) while working at the
Remington Rand corporation
on the UNIVAC I.
◼ In the NAVY, she worked on
COBOL

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 Colossus Mark I & II – 1943/1944

◼ The Colossus Mark I &

II
◼ Acknowledged as the
first programmable
electric computers.
◼ Used at Bletchley Park
to decode German
codes encrypted by the
Lorenz SZ40/42.

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The Generations of Computer Development
Generation Period Circuitry /Technology Characterized by
First 1945-1956 Vacuum tubes Difficult to program; used
only machine language
Second 1956-1963 Transistors Easier to program (high-
level languages); could work
with business tabulating
machines; cheaper
Third 1964-1971 Integrated circuits Timesharing, minicomputer
(SSI, MSI, LSI)

Fourth 1971-1999 VLSI and the Personal computer;

Microprocessor graphical user; user
interface; LANs; Internet
Fifth 1999-Till SLSI, Microprocessor Robots, expert systems,
present Neural networks, Artificial
intelligence

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 Generation of Computers

1.First Generation (1945-1956) - vacuum tube

2.Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) - transistor

3.Third Generation Computers (1964-1971) - IC

4.Fourth Generation (1971-1999) - microprocessor

5. Fifth Generation (1999-Till present)

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 John Von Newmann – 1945
• Mauchly and Eckert are generally credited with
the idea of the stored-program
• BUT: John von Neumann publishes a draft
report that describes the concept and earns the
recognition as the inventor of the concept
– “von Neumann architecture”
– A First Draft of a Report of the EDVAC
published in 1945 von Neumann,
Member of the Navy
– http://www.wps.com/projects/EDVAC/ Bureau of Ordinance
1941-1955

• Program would be stored in Central Processing

Unit (CPU).
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 Stored Program Concept
• Instructions were
stored in memory Arithmetic
sequentially with their Unit

data.
Registers
• Instructions were Central
executed sequentially Processing
except where a Input Unit Output

conditional instruction
would cause a jump
to an instruction
someplace other than Memory
the next instruction.

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 Kurt Gödel Alonzo Church
◼ He developed lambda calculus,
directly implemented by LISP
and other functional
programming languages.
◼ Showed the existence of an
undecidable problem.
◼ Lambda calculus was proven
◼ He was famous for his to be equivalent to a Turning
incompleteness theorem Machine by Church and Turing
◼ This theorem implies working together.
that not all
mathematical questions
are computable (can be
solved).

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 Alan Turing
Considered the father of modern Computer Science.
Presented formalisms for the notions
of computation and computability in the 1930’s.
Worked at Bletchley Park in Great Britain during WWII
to develop Collossus to help break the German
Enigma Code.
Contributions include:
Turing Machine & Turing Test (for AI)
1950 – Turing built Ace – 1st programmable computer.
The Turing Machine is a simpler version of Kurt
Gödel's formal languages.
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 John Eckert & John W. Mauchly – ENIAC 1
Computer – 1946

◼ ENIAC was short for Electronic

Numerical Integrator And
Computer.
◼ It was the first general purpose
(programmable to solve any
problem) electric computer.
◼ It contained over 17,000
vacuum tubes, weighed 27
tones and drew 150 kW of
power to operate.

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 The Transistor – 1947
◼ Invented by William Shockley
(seated) John Bardeen & Walter
Brattain at Bell Labs.
◼ The transistor replaces bulky
vacuum tubes with a smaller,
more reliable, and power saving
solid state circuit.

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 Transistor

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 UNIVAC – 1951
◼ First commercial
computer
◼ 25 feet by 50 feet in
size
◼ 5,600 tubes,
◼ 18,000 crystal diodes
◼ 300 relays
◼ Internal storage
capacity of 1,008
fifteen bit words was
achieved using 126
mercury delay lines

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 UNIVAC – 1951

UNIVAC tube board

Individual vacuum tube

UNIVAC Mercury delay

unit UNIVAC tape units

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 IBM 701 EDPM Computer – 1953
◼ IBM enters the market with its
first large scale electronic
computer.
◼ It was designed to be
incomparable with IBM's
existing punch card
processing system, so that it
would not cut into IBM's
existing profit sources.

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 FORTRAN – 1954
◼ John Backus & IBM
invented the first
successful high level
programming language,
and compiler, that ran
on IBM 701 computers.
◼ FORmula TRANslation
was designed to make
calculating the answers
to scientific and
math problems easier.
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 Integrated Circuit – 1958

◼ Jack Kilby at Texas

Instruments & Robert
Noyce at Fairchild
semiconductor
independently invent the
first integrated circuits
or “the chip”.

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First commercial transistorized computers –
1960
◼ DEC introduced the PDP-1 and
IBM released the 7090 which
was the fastest in the world.

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First computer game & word processor
– 1962
◼ Steve Russell at MIT
invents Spacewar, the first
computer game running
on a DEC PDP-1.
◼ Steve Piner and L. Peter
Deutsch produced the first
“word processor” called
Expensive Typewriter.

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The mouse and window concept – 1964
◼ Douglas Engelbart demonstrates the world’s
first “mouse”, nicknamed after the “tail”

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 ARPANET - 1969
◼ The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
(ARPANET) of the U.S. DoD was the world's first
operational packet switching network.
◼ It was funded by ARPA (Advanced Research Projects
Agency now DARPA).
◼ It was a precursor for the Internet.
◼ The first four nodes were located at:
◼ UCLA
◼ Stanford Research Institute
◼ UC Santa Barbara
◼ University of Uta

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 ARPANET

cybergeography.org

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Intel 1103 Dynamic Memory Chip – 1970

◼ World’s first commercially available

dynamic memory chip, 1024 bytes or
1KB.

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 Intel 4004 Microprocessor – 1971
◼ World’s first microprocessor with 2,300 transistors,
◼ Had the same processing power as the 3,000 cubic-foot
ENIAC.

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 Moore’s Law/E-mail

◼ Gordon Moore co-founded Intel Corporation in 1968.

◼ Famous for his prediction on the growth of the
semiconductor industry: Moore’s Law
◼ An empirical observation stating in effect that the
complexity of integrated circuits doubles every 18
months.
◼ “complexity” generally means number of transistors
on a chip.
◼ In 1971, Ray Tomlinson of Bolt, Beranek, and Newman
(BBN) wrote the first email program

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 Moore’s Law

source: Intel

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 Ethernet – (1973-1976)
◼ Robert Metcalfe at Xerox
invents Ethernet so that
multiple computers can talk to a
new laser printer.
◼ Originally, Ethernet used a large
coaxial cable (speed of
3Mbit/sec).
◼ Ethernet today runs over
twisted pair (CAT5 or CAT6)
(speed of 10Megabit/sec to
1Gigabit/sec).

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 Personal Computers – 1974/1975
◼ Scelbi Mark-8 Altair and
IBM 5100 computers are
first marketed to individuals
(as opposed to
corporations).
◼ They are followed by the
Apple I,II, TRS-80, and
Commodore Pet computers
by 1977.

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 IBM PC – 1981
◼ The IBM PC is introduced
running the Microsoft Disk
Operating System (MS-DOS).
◼ CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz
◼ RAM: 16 kB ~ 640 kB

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 Apple Macintosh – 1984

◼ Apple introduces the first

successful consumer
computer with a WIMP
user interface (Windows,
Icons, Mouse & Pointer).
◼ Motorola 68000 @8Mhz
◼ 128KB Ram

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 The Difference Engine (#2) is built –
1989
◼ Using Charles Babbage's
original plans and 19th
century manufacturing
tolerances, the London
History Museum built two
functioning replicas of the
Difference Engine.

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 The Graphical User Interface (GUI)
◼ Concept born at scientific research
institute (SRI) in the early 1960s
◼ Major development at Xerox PARC in
late 70s
◼ Apple Macintosh, founded by Steve
Jobs and Steve Wozniak, introduced
in 1984 with full GUI operating system
◼ Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates and
Paul G. Allen with sales of Microsoft
BASIC
◼ develops its own window-based operating
system soon afterwards based on Apple’s
design.
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 The GUI

IBM OS/2 Microsoft

Macintosh OS
Windows 7

Microsoft Windows 1.0 Microsoft Windows 10

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 Others

• The World Wide Web: Developed by Tim Berners-Lee of CERN

(European Organization for Nuclear Research) - 1990
◼ Used hypertext to mark up text documents so they could be searched
and displayed by other users on the Internet
• Mosaic (1993): First Internet browser developed by a team at the
National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC)
• Google (1998) created by Larry Page and Sergey Brin
• Wikipedia (2001) created by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger.
• Facebook (2004) created by Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin,
Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, Chris Hughes
• YouTube (2005) created by Jawed Karim, Steve Chen, Chad
Hurley
• Twitter (2006) created by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone,
Noah Glass

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 Future of Computers
◼ Nanotechnology
◼ Miniature (Pocket size)
◼ Robot technology
◼ Quantum computers
◼ Wearable PC

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 Present state

PDA

Palm Top

Desk Top Wearing Computer

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 End Of Session

ANY Queries ???

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