162 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

Problems
Section 4.2 Linearity Property 4.5 For the circuit in Fig. 4.73, assume vo 1 V, and
use linearity to find the actual value of vo.
4.1 Calculate the current io in the circuit of Fig. 4.69.
What value of input voltage is necessary to make io 2Ω 3Ω vo 2Ω
equal to 5 amps?
15 V + 6Ω 6Ω 4Ω
−
5Ω 25 Ω
io

30 V +
− 40 Ω 15 Ω Figure 4.73
For Prob. 4.5.

Figure 4.69 4.6 For the linear circuit shown in Fig. 4.74, use linearity
For Prob. 4.1. to complete the following table.
Experiment Vs Vo
4.2 Using Fig. 4.70, design a problem to help other
students better understand linearity. 1 12 V 4V
2 16 V
R2 R4 3 1V
4 2V
+
I R1 R3 R5 vo
−
+
Vs + Linear Vo
Figure 4.70 −
circuit –
For Prob. 4.2.

4.3 (a) In the circuit of Fig. 4.71, calculate vo and io

Figure 4.74
when vs 1 V. For Prob. 4.6.
(b) Find vo and io when vs 10 V.
4.7 Use linearity and the assumption that Vo 1 V to
(c) What are vo and io when each of the 1- find the actual value of Vo in Fig. 4.75.
resistors is replaced by a 10- resistor and
vs 10 V? 1Ω 4Ω

1Ω +
+
4V − 3Ω 2Ω Vo
1Ω 1Ω –
io
+
vs + 1Ω vo 1Ω
Figure 4.75
− For Prob. 4.7.
−
Section 4.3 Superposition
Figure 4.71
For Prob. 4.3. 4.8 Using superposition, find Vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.76.
Check with PSpice or MultiSim.
4.4 Use linearity to determine io in the circuit of Fig. 4.72. 4Ω Vo 1Ω

3Ω 2Ω
3Ω
5Ω + 3V
io −
+ 9V
−
6Ω 4Ω 9A

Figure 4.72 Figure 4.76

For Prob. 4.4. For Prob. 4.8.
 Problems 163

4.9 Given that I 4 amps when Vs 40 volts and Is 4 4.13 Use superposition to find vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.81.
amps and I 1 amp when Vs 20 volts and Is 0,
use superposition and linearity to determine the value 4A
of I when Vs 60 volts and Is 2 amps.

8Ω
−+
Vs +
− I Is +
12 V vo
2A 10 Ω 5Ω
−

Figure 4.77 Figure 4.81

For Prob. 4.9. For Prob. 4.13.

4.14 Apply the superposition principle to find vo in the

4.10 Using Fig. 4.78, design a problem to help other
circuit of Fig. 4.82.
students better understand superposition. Note, the
letter k is a gain you can specify to make the
problem easier to solve but must not be zero. 6Ω

2A
kVab
R
+− a 4Ω 2Ω
+
V + I Vab +
−
20 V + 1A vo 3Ω
− −
b −

Figure 4.78
For Prob. 4.10. Figure 4.82
For Prob. 4.14.

4.11 Use the superposition principle to find io and vo in 4.15 For the circuit in Fig. 4.83, use superposition to find i.
the circuit of Fig. 4.79. Calculate the power delivered to the 3- resistor.

io 10 Ω 20 Ω
+ 1Ω 2A
+ vo − 20 V − 4Ω

6A 40 Ω 4io − 30 V i
+
2Ω − 16 V
3Ω +

Figure 4.79
For Prob. 4.11. Figure 4.83
For Probs. 4.15 and 4.56.

4.12 Determine vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.80 using the 4.16 Given the circuit in Fig. 4.84, use superposition to
superposition principle. obtain i0.

2A 4A

6Ω 5Ω 4Ω io 4Ω 3Ω 2Ω
+ v −
o
+ +
12 V − 3Ω 12 Ω − 19 V 12 V +
− 10 Ω 5Ω 2A

Figure 4.80 Figure 4.84

For Prob. 4.12. For Prob. 4.16.
164 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

4.17 Use superposition to obtain vx in the circuit of 4.21 Using Fig. 4.89, design a problem to help other
Fig. 4.85. Check your result using PSpice or students better understand source transformation.
MultiSim.

30 Ω 10 Ω 20 Ω io R1
+ vx −
+
90 V +
− 60 Ω 6A 30 Ω +
− 40 V V +
− R2 vo I
−

Figure 4.85 Figure 4.89

For Prob. 4.21.
For Prob. 4.17.

4.18 Use superposition to find Vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.86. 4.22 For the circuit in Fig. 4.90, use source
transformation to find i.

1Ω
5Ω 10 Ω

0.5Vo i
2Ω
2A 5Ω 4Ω + 20 V
−
+
10 V +
− 2A 4Ω Vo
−
Figure 4.90
For Prob. 4.22.
Figure 4.86
For Prob. 4.18.
4.23 Referring to Fig. 4.91, use source transformation to
determine the current and power absorbed by the
4.19 Use superposition to solve for vx in the circuit of 8- resistor.
Fig. 4.87.
8Ω 3Ω

ix
+
2Ω 8Ω vx 3A 10 Ω 6Ω +
6A 4A − 15 V
−

− +

4ix Figure 4.91

Figure 4.87 For Prob. 4.23.
For Prob. 4.19.

4.24 Use source transformation to find the voltage Vx in

Section 4.4 Source Transformation the circuit of Fig. 4.92.

4.20 Use source transformation to reduce the circuit in

Fig. 4.88 to a single voltage source in series with a 3A
single resistor.

8Ω 10 Ω

+ Vx −
10 Ω 20 Ω 40 Ω
3A 40 V + 10 Ω 2Vx
−
12 V +
−
+ 16 V
−

Figure 4.88 Figure 4.92

For Prob. 4.20. For Prob. 4.24.
 Problems 165

4.25 Obtain vo in the circuit of Fig. 4.93 using source 4.29 Use source transformation to find vo in the circuit of
transformation. Check your result using PSpice or Fig. 4.97.
MultiSim.
2A 4 kΩ

3vo
2 kΩ
9Ω
− +
+
3 mA 1 kΩ vo
3A 4Ω 5Ω 6A −
+ vo −
+− Figure 4.97
2Ω For Prob. 4.29.
30 V
Figure 4.93
For Prob. 4.25.
4.30 Use source transformation on the circuit shown in
Fig 4.98 to find ix.
4.26 Use source transformation to find io in the circuit of
Fig. 4.94.
ix 24 Ω 60 Ω
5Ω

12 V + 30 Ω 10 Ω 0.7ix
−
3A io 4Ω

+ Figure 4.98
6A 2Ω − 20 V For Prob. 4.30.

Figure 4.94 4.31 Determine vx in the circuit of Fig. 4.99 using source
For Prob. 4.26. transformation.

4.27 Apply source transformation to find vx in the circuit

3Ω 6Ω
of Fig. 4.95.
+ vx −
10 Ω a 12 Ω b 20 Ω 12 V + 8Ω + 2vx
− −
+ vx −

50 V + 40 Ω 8A + 40 V
− − Figure 4.99
For Prob. 4.31.

Figure 4.95
For Probs. 4.27 and 4.40. 4.32 Use source transformation to find ix in the circuit of
Fig. 4.100.

4.28 Use source transformation to find Io in Fig. 4.96.

10 Ω

1Ω Io 4Ω
ix 0.5ix
+ Vo − 15 Ω

8V + 3Ω 1
V
− 3 o +
60 V − 50 Ω 40 Ω

Figure 4.96 Figure 4.100

For Prob. 4.28. For Prob. 4.32.
166 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

Sections 4.5 and 4.6 Thevenin’s and Norton’s 4.37 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to terminals
Theorems a-b in the circuit shown in Fig. 4.104.

4.33 Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit, shown in 2A

Fig. 4.101, as seen by the 5-ohm resistor.
Then calculate the current flowing through the 5-ohm 20 Ω
a
resistor.

120 V + 40 Ω 12 Ω
−
10 Ω

4A 10 Ω 5Ω Figure 4.104
For Prob. 4.37.

4.38 Apply Thevenin’s theorem to find Vo in the circuit of

Figure 4.101 Fig. 4.105.
For Prob. 4.33.
4Ω 1Ω

5Ω +
4.34 Using Fig. 4.102, design a problem that will help 3A 16 Ω 10 Ω Vo
other students better understand Thevenin equivalent –
circuits. + 12 V
−

Figure 4.105
For Prob. 4.38.
I
4.39 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of
R1 R3 the circuit shown in Fig. 4.106.
a
3A
V +
− R2

b 10 Ω 16 Ω
a
Figure 4.102
For Probs. 4.34 and 4.49. 10 Ω
5Ω
24 V +
−

b
4.35 Use Thevenin’s theorem to find vo in Prob. 4.12. Figure 4.106
For Prob. 4.39.
4.36 Solve for the current i in the circuit of Fig. 4.103
using Thevenin’s theorem. (Hint: Find the Thevenin 4.40 Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the
equivalent seen by the 12- resistor.)
circuit in Fig. 4.107.

+ V −
o

i 10 kΩ 20 kΩ

10 Ω 12 Ω a
+ +
40 Ω 70 V − − 4Vo
+ + b
50 V − − 30 V

Figure 4.103 Figure 4.107

For Prob. 4.36. For Prob. 4.40.
 Problems 167

4.41 Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalents at 4.45 Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in
terminals a-b of the circuit shown in Fig. 4.108. Fig. 4.112 as seen by looking into terminals a and b.

14 V
14 Ω 6Ω
−+ a a

4A 6Ω 4Ω
1A 6Ω 3A 5Ω
b
b Figure 4.112
Figure 4.108 For Prob. 4.45.
For Prob. 4.41.
4.46 Using Fig. 4.113, design a problem to help other
*4.42 For the circuit in Fig. 4.109, find the Thevenin
students better understand Norton equivalent circuits.
equivalent between terminals a and b.

20 Ω R2
a
− 20 V
20 Ω +
10 Ω I R1 R3
a b

10 Ω b
5A 10 Ω 10 Ω Figure 4.113
For Prob. 4.46.
30 V +
−
4.47 Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits
Figure 4.109 of the circuit in Fig. 4.114 with respect to terminals a
For Prob. 4.42. and b.
4.43 Find the Thevenin equivalent looking into terminals
a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.110 and solve for ix. 12 Ω
a
10 Ω a 6Ω b
+
+
ix 30 V − Vx 60 Ω 2Vx
+ 10 Ω 5Ω –
20 V − 2A

Figure 4.110 Figure 4.114

For Prob. 4.43. For Prob. 4.47.

4.44 For the circuit in Fig. 4.111, obtain the Thevenin

4.48 Determine the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b for
equivalent as seen from terminals:
the circuit in Fig. 4.115.
(a) a-b (b) b-c
10io
3Ω 1Ω 2Ω
a + − a
io
24 V +
− 4Ω
2A 4Ω
b

2Ω 5Ω 2A b
Figure 4.115
c
For Prob. 4.48.
Figure 4.111
For Prob. 4.44.
4.49 Find the Norton equivalent looking into terminals
a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.102. Let V 40 V,
* An asterisk indicates a challenging problem. I 3 A, R1 10 , R2 40 , and R3 20 .
168 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

4.50 Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit in 4.54 Find the Thevenin equivalent between terminals a-b
Fig. 4.116 to the left of terminals a-b. Use the of the circuit in Fig. 4.120.
result to find current i.

6Ω 12 V 1 kΩ
a a
+−
i
Io
+ + 40Io +
3V − 2Vx 50 Ω
2A 4Ω 5Ω 4A − Vx
–
b
b Figure 4.120
For Prob. 4.54.
Figure 4.116
For Prob. 4.50.

4.51 Given the circuit in Fig. 4.117, obtain the Norton *4.55 Obtain the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b of the
equivalent as viewed from terminals: circuit in Fig. 4.121.
(a) a-b (b) c-d

a b 8 kΩ I
6Ω 4Ω a
c +
+ 0.001Vab + 50 kΩ Vab
2V − − 80I
120 V + 3Ω 6A 2Ω −
−
b
d Figure 4.121
Figure 4.117 For Prob. 4.55.
For Prob. 4.51.

4.52 For the transistor model in Fig. 4.118, obtain the 4.56 Use Norton’s theorem to find Vo in the circuit of
Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b. Fig. 4.122.

3 kΩ
a
io 12 kΩ 2 kΩ 10 kΩ

6V + 20io 2 kΩ
−
+
36 V + 24 kΩ 3 mA 1 kΩ Vo
b −
−
Figure 4.118
For Prob. 4.52.
Figure 4.122
For Prob. 4.56.
4.53 Find the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b of the
circuit in Fig. 4.119.

0.25vo
4.57 Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits
at terminals a-b for the circuit in Fig. 4.123.

6Ω 2Ω
a 3Ω 2Ω
a
+ +
18 V + 3Ω vo + vx
− 50 V − 6Ω 0.5vx 10 Ω
− −
b b
Figure 4.119 Figure 4.123
For Prob. 4.53. For Probs. 4.57 and 4.79.
 Problems 169

4.58 The network in Fig. 4.124 models a bipolar transistor *4.62 Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in
common-emitter amplifier connected to a load. Find Fig. 4.128.
the Thevenin resistance seen by the load.

bib 0.1io
ib R1
a
+
vs + R2 RL 10 Ω vo
−
−

io
Figure 4.124
For Prob. 4.58. 40 Ω 20 Ω

+− b
4.59 Determine the Thevenin and Norton equivalents at
terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.125. 2vo
Figure 4.128
For Prob. 4.62.
10 Ω 20 Ω

8A a b 4.63 Find the Norton equivalent for the circuit in

Fig. 4.129.
50 Ω 40 Ω

Figure 4.125 10 Ω
For Probs. 4.59 and 4.80.
+
vo 20 Ω 0.5vo
*4.60 For the circuit in Fig. 4.126, find the Thevenin and
−
Norton equivalent circuits at terminals a-b.

2A Figure 4.129
For Prob. 4.63.

4.64 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent seen at terminals a-b

18 V 4Ω 6Ω of the circuit in Fig. 4.130.
a +− b

4Ω 1Ω
3A
5Ω a
+− ix

10ix + 2Ω
10 V −
Figure 4.126
For Probs. 4.60 and 4.81. b

*4.61 Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits Figure 4.130
For Prob. 4.64.
at terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 4.127.

2Ω
a
4.65 For the circuit shown in Fig. 4.131, determine the
relationship between Vo and I0.
6Ω 6Ω
12 V + + 12 V
− − Io
4Ω 2Ω
6Ω
+
2Ω 2Ω +
− 32 V − 12 Ω Vo
+ 12 V −
b
Figure 4.127 Figure 4.131
For Prob. 4.61. For Prob. 4.65.
170 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

Section 4.8 Maximum Power Transfer 4.70 Determine the maximum power delivered to the
variable resistor R shown in the circuit of Fig. 4.136.
4.66 Find the maximum power that can be delivered to
the resistor R in the circuit of Fig. 4.132.

10 V 3 Vx
2Ω
−+

3Ω R 5Ω 5Ω

20 V + 5Ω 6A
−
+
4V − 15 Ω R

Figure 4.132 6Ω
For Prob. 4.66. + −
Vx
4.67 The variable resistor R in Fig. 4.133 is adjusted until Figure 4.136
it absorbs the maximum power from the circuit. For Prob. 4.70.
(a) Calculate the value of R for maximum power.
(b) Determine the maximum power absorbed by R.
4.71 For the circuit in Fig. 4.137, what resistor connected
across terminals a-b will absorb maximum power
80 Ω 20 Ω from the circuit? What is that power?
40 V
+− R

3 kΩ 10 kΩ
10 Ω a
90 Ω
+
+ vo 1 kΩ – 40 kΩ
Figure 4.133 8V − + 120vo
For Prob. 4.67. −
b
*4.68 Compute the value of R that results in maximum Figure 4.137
power transfer to the 10- resistor in Fig. 4.134. For Prob. 4.71.
Find the maximum power.

R
4.72 (a) For the circuit in Fig. 4.138, obtain the Thevenin
equivalent at terminals a-b.
10 Ω
12 V + 20 Ω (b) Calculate the current in RL 8 .
−
+ 8V (c) Find RL for maximum power deliverable to RL.
−
(d) Determine that maximum power.
Figure 4.134
For Prob. 4.68.

2A
4.69 Find the maximum power transferred to resistor R in
the circuit of Fig. 4.135.
4Ω 6Ω a
10 kΩ 22 kΩ

+ 4A 2Ω RL
100 V + vo 40 kΩ 0.003v 30 kΩ R
− o
− +−
b
20 V
Figure 4.135 Figure 4.138
For Prob. 4.69. For Prob. 4.72.
 Problems 171

4.73 Determine the maximum power that can be delivered 4.80 Use PSpice or MultiSim to find the Thevenin
to the variable resistor R in the circuit of Fig. 4.139. equivalent circuit at terminals a-b of the circuit in
Fig. 4.125.
4.81 For the circuit in Fig. 4.126, use PSpice or MultiSim
10 Ω 25 Ω to find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b.

R Section 4.10 Applications

+
60 V −
4.82 A battery has a short-circuit current of 20 A and an
open-circuit voltage of 12 V. If the battery is
20 Ω 5Ω connected to an electric bulb of resistance 2 ,
calculate the power dissipated by the bulb.
Figure 4.139
For Prob. 4.73. 4.83 The following results were obtained from
measurements taken between the two terminals of a
4.74 For the bridge circuit shown in Fig. 4.140, find the resistive network.
load RL for maximum power transfer and the
maximum power absorbed by the load. Terminal Voltage 12 V 0V
Terminal Current 0A 1.5 A

Find the Thevenin equivalent of the network.

R1 R3 4.84 When connected to a 4- resistor, a battery has a
RL
vs + terminal voltage of 10.8 V but produces 12 V on an
−
open circuit. Determine the Thevenin equivalent
R2 R4 circuit for the battery.
4.85 The Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the
linear network shown in Fig. 4.142 is to be
Figure 4.140 determined by measurement. When a 10-k resistor
For Prob. 4.74. is connected to terminals a-b, the voltage Vab is
measured as 6 V. When a 30-k resistor is connected
*4.75 For the circuit in Fig. 4.141, determine the value of to the terminals, Vab is measured as 12 V. Determine:
R such that the maximum power delivered to the (a) the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b, (b) Vab
load is 3 mW. when a 20-k resistor is connected to terminals a-b.

R a
Linear
R
network
R b

RL Figure 4.142
1V +
−
+ 2V + 3V
− − For Prob. 4.85.

4.86 A black box with a circuit in it is connected to a

Figure 4.141 variable resistor. An ideal ammeter (with zero
For Prob. 4.75. resistance) and an ideal voltmeter (with infinite
resistance) are used to measure current and voltage
Section 4.9 Verifying Circuit Theorems as shown in Fig. 4.143. The results are shown in the
with PSpice table on the next page.

4.76 Solve Prob. 4.34 using PSpice or MultiSim. Let i

V 40 V, I 3 A, R1 10 , R2 40 , and A
R3 20 .
Black
V R
4.77 Use PSpice or MultiSim to solve Prob. 4.44. box

4.78 Use PSpice or MultiSim to solve Prob. 4.52.

4.79 Obtain the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in Figure 4.143
Fig. 4.123 using PSpice or MultiSim. For Prob. 4.86.
172 Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems

(a) Find i when R 4 . 4.90 The Wheatstone bridge circuit shown in Fig. 4.146 is
(b) Determine the maximum power from the box. used to measure the resistance of a strain gauge. The
adjustable resistor has a linear taper with a maximum
R( ) V(V) i(A) value of 100 . If the resistance of the strain gauge
2 3 1.5 is found to be 42.6 , what fraction of the full slider
8 8 1.0 travel is the slider when the bridge is balanced?
14 10.5 0.75
Rs
4.87 A transducer is modeled with a current source Is and
a parallel resistance Rs. The current at the terminals 2 kΩ 4 kΩ
of the source is measured to be 9.975 mA when an
ammeter with an internal resistance of 20 is used. +
vs − G
(a) If adding a 2-k resistor across the source 100 Ω
terminals causes the ammeter reading to fall to
9.876 mA, calculate Is and Rs.
(b) What will the ammeter reading be if the
Rx
resistance between the source terminals is
changed to 4 k ? Figure 4.146
For Prob. 4.90.
4.88 Consider the circuit in Fig. 4.144. An ammeter with
internal resistance Ri is inserted between A and B to
4.91 (a) In the Wheatstone bridge circuit of Fig. 4.147,
measure Io. Determine the reading of the ammeter if:
select the values of R1 and R3 such that the bridge
(a) Ri 500 , (b) Ri 0 . (Hint: Find the
can measure Rx in the range of 0–10 .
Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals a-b.)

a 2 kΩ b 5 kΩ R1 R3

Io V + G
20 kΩ −
30 kΩ 4 mA + 60 V
−
50 Ω Rx

10 kΩ
Figure 4.144 Figure 4.147
For Prob. 4.88. For Prob. 4.91.

(b) Repeat for the range of 0–100 .

4.89 Consider the circuit in Fig. 4.145. (a) Replace the *4.92 Consider the bridge circuit of Fig. 4.148. Is the
resistor RL by a zero resistance ammeter and bridge balanced? If the 10-k resistor is replaced by
determine the ammeter reading. (b) To verify the an 18-k resistor, what resistor connected between
reciprocity theorem, interchange the ammeter and terminals a-b absorbs the maximum power? What is
the 12-V source and determine the ammeter reading this power?
again.
2 kΩ

3 kΩ 6 kΩ
10 kΩ 20 kΩ
RL + a b
220 V −
12 V +
−
5 kΩ 10 kΩ
12 kΩ 15 kΩ

Figure 4.145 Figure 4.148

For Prob. 4.89. For Prob. 4.92.