Transformer

CH-TWO: TRANSFORMERS

10/9/2023 PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 37

 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL MACHINE

Chapter Two : Part I

Transformer

Erste Telila (MSc.)

Electrical Power Engineering Chair,

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

E-mail: [email protected]

10/9/2023 Phone: +251946960748

PE lecture Slide by Erste.T 38
Contents
Introduction
Necessity of Transformer
Varies Classification of Transformer
Construction of the Transformer
Working principle of the Transformer
Magnetization and associated losses
Ideal Transformers
Equivalent circuits of the transformer
Regulation and Efficiency of the transformer

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 Introduction
 A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits.
 A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in
the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across
any other coils wound around the same core.
 Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic
(conductive) connection between the two circuits.

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 Necessity of the transformer
 In most cases, appliances are manufactured to work under same specific voltages.
Transformer are used to adjust the voltage to a proper level.

 It the basic components for the transmission of the electricity.

 Its used to increase the power generating station ( step-up) and used to decrease the
voltage (step-down) for house hold purpose or distribution system.

 By increasing the voltage the loss of the electricity in the transmission purpose is
minimized.

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 Varies classification of Transformer
Based on turn Based on Based on No. of
ration Construction phase

 Step-Up Transformer  Single-phase Transformer

 Core Type Transformer
 Step-Down Transformer  Three-phase Transformer
 Shell Type Transformer
 Isolation transformer  Autotransformer Transformer
 Berry Type Transformer

Based on Based on the Based on winding

Function cooling system Connection

 Power Transformer
 Air filled Transformer  Star-Star connection Transformer
 Distribution Transformer
 Oil filled Transformer  Delta-Delta connection Transformer
 Measurements Transformer
 Natural transformer  Star-Delta connection Transformer

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 Continues…..

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 Construction of the Transformer
 A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of lamination sheets, well
insulated from one another.

 Its has two inductive coils, these electrical separated but linked through a common
magnetic current circuit. These two coils have a high mutual induction.

 Based on the construction is classified as Core type and Shell-type transformers

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Construction of the Transformer (Cont…)

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 Construction of the Transformer (Shell-Types)
 There are E's and L's shape laminations are used to
make the core of shell type of transformer.
 The core of the single-phase transformer is made
with three limbs or legs.
 The mechanical strength of the core is increased by
this design and also improve the protection of
transformer windings from external mechanical
shocks or vibrations.
 The high voltage and low voltage windings are
wound around the central limb.
 The magnetic flux flows through the one closed path
which reduces the core losses or iron losses of the
transformer and hence increases the efficiency of the
transformer
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 Construction of the Transformer (Shell-Types)
 In this types two magnetic circuits are used, The winding is wound on central limbs.

 Sandwiched type winding are used so insulation requirement is more. The windings
are sandwiched on each other which will give rise to a risk of short circuit fault between
the windings.

 Its needs specials manufacturing services design this types of transformer

 Cooling system for this types is natural not passible, it needs fans for cooling system

 Its used for small or low voltage application like Electronic circuits.

 Core loss or iron loss is less. Therefore efficiency is high for shell-type transformer

 It use less copper conductor required for construction so cost of transformer is less

 .Its maintenance job of winding are very hard, heat dissipation is not easy, more insulation
is required
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Construction of the Transformer (Core-Types)

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Construction of the Transformer (CORE-Types)
 The magnetic core of the transformer is made from L shape laminations and form a
rectangular shape.

 The high voltage and low voltage windings are wrapped around the core. In the core type
transformer, windings surround the core.

 The high voltage and low voltage winding are divided into two parts and half parts of
both the windings are wound on one limb and the second-half part of both the
windings are wound on other limbs.

 Cooling system for natural passible, because the coils is exposed to the surface

 The quantity of copper conductors required for making winding is more

 Core loss or iron loss is high. Therefore efficiency is less for core-type transformer

 Its maintenance job of winding are very easy, heat dissipation is easy, less insulation is
required
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Construction of the Transformer (Cont…)

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 Working principle of the transformer
 Transformer work in the principle of mutual induction: "states that when the two coils are
inductively coupled and if the current in coils change uniformly then the e.m.f induced
in other coils. This e.m.f can drive a current when closed path is provided to it.”

 When the alternating currents flows in the primary coils, a change in flux is generated
around the primary coils.

 The changing in magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary coil through the iron core

 The changing magnetic flux by the secondary coils, hence induces an e.m.f in the
secondary coil.

 Now if load is connected to secondary winding, this e.m.f drives a currents through it.

 The magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled by the ratio of the number of
primary coil to secondary coil.
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 Working principle of the transformer(cont…)

 According to the diagram above, the primary winding is the one to which the AC supply
is connected, and the secondary winding is the one to which the load is connected.
 Only alternating current can be used because mutual induction between the two windings
requires an alternating flux.

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 Working principle of the transformer(cont…)
 According to Faraday’s rule of electromagnetic induction, this alternating flux links the
transformer primary and secondary windings magnetically and generates EMFs E1 in the
primary winding and E2 in the secondary winding.
 The EMF (E1) is referred to as the primary EMF, while the EMF (E2) is the secondary EMF.

=− 2.1

=− 2.2

Taking the ratio of equation (2.1) and (2.2)

= 2.3
 From the expression above, it is clear that the size of EMFs E1 and E2 is dependent on the
number of turns in the transformer primary and secondary windings, respectively.
 If N2 > N1, then E2 > E1, and the transformer will be a step-up transformer; if N2 < N1, then
E2 < E1, and the transformer will be a step-down transformer.
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 Ideal Transformer
 A hypothetical model of a transformer, having all the essential properties of a real
transformer except the power losses is known as an ideal transformer.

 It is assumed that the flux produced in the primary winding is confined to the core and
links the secondary winding (i.e.) there is no leakage flux. But in an actual transformer,
there will be a small amount of leakage flux.

 The core is assumed to have infinite permeability, meaning that the magnetizing current
needed to establish flux in the core is zero.

 No power is lost in the core in the form of eddy currents or hysteresis.

 the core flux is unchanged by the presence of a load on the secondary, and hence the net
exciting mmf acting on the core (equal to − ) will not change and hence will
remain negligible. Thus ,
− =0 2.3
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
 Ideal Transformer
 The net mmf acting on the core therefore is zero, in accordance with the assumption that
the exciting current of an ideal transformer is zero.

= 2.4

Figure 2.3. Three circuits which are identical at terminals ab when the transformer is ideal.

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 CH-TWO=>Continues…..

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 Ideal Transformer (cont…)
 Transferring an impedance from one side of a transformer to the other in this fashion is
called referring the impedance to the other side; impedances transform as the square of the
turns ratio.
 In a similar manner, voltages and currents can be referred to one side or the other by using
Eqs. 2.3 and 2.4 to evaluate the equivalent voltage and current on that side.
 To summarize, in an ideal transformer, voltages are transformed in the direct ratio
of turns, currents in the inverse ratio, and impedances in the direct ratio squared;
power and volt-amperes are unchanged.

and 2.5

=> This implies

2.6

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 Example On Ch_Two
1. For the given equivalent circuits figure 2.1 of an ideal transformer with an impedance

+ = 0.05 + 0.97Ω connected in series with the secondary. The tums ratio =

14: 1. Determine:
a) Draw an equivalent circuit with the series impedance referred to the primary side.
b) For a primary voltage of 120Vrms and a short connected across the terminals A-B,
calculate the primary current and the current flowing in the short.

Figure 2.1Equivalent circuits for I_Ttrafo impedance in series with secondary

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 Equivalent Circuit Of Transformer
 The equivalent circuit diagram of any device can be quite helpful in the pre-determination
of the behavior of the device under the various condition of operation. It is simply the
circuit representation of the equation describing the performance of the device.
 The simplified equivalent circuit of a transformer is drawn by representing all the
parameters of the transformer either on the secondary side or on the primary side. The
equivalent circuit diagram of the transformer is shown below:

Figure 2.4 Equivalent circuit diagram of the transformer

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 Equivalent Circuit of Transformer (Cont...)
 Let the equivalent circuit of a transformer having the transformation ratio K = E2/E1
 The induced emf E1 is equal to the primary applied voltage V1 less primary voltage drop.
 This voltage causes current I0 no-load current in the primary winding of the transformer.
 The value of no-load current is very small, and thus, it is neglected.
 Hence, I1 = I1’. The no-load current is further divided into two components
called magnetizing current (Im) and working current (Iw).
 These two components of no-load current are due to the current drawn by a non-
inductive resistance R0 and pure reactance X0 having voltage E1 or (V1 – primary voltage
drop).
The secondary current I2 is:

 The terminal voltage V2 across the load is equal to the induced emf E2 in the secondary
winding less voltage drop in the secondary winding.

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 Equivalent Circuit when all the quantities are referred to Primary side

In this case, to draw the equivalent circuit of the transformer all the quantities are to be
referred to the primary as shown in the figure below:

Figure 2.5. Circuit Diagram of Transformer when all the Secondary Quantities are Referred to Primary Side

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 Equivalent Circuit when all the quantities are referred to Primary side (cont…)

The following are the values of resistance and reactance given below. Secondary resistance
referred to the primary side is given as:

Secondary resistance referred to the primary side is given as

Secondary reactance referred to the primary side is given as

The equivalent resistance referred to the primary side is give as

The equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side is give as

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 Equivalent Circuit when all the quantities are referred to secondary side

 The equivalent circuit diagram of the transformer is shown below when all the quantities
are referred to the secondary side.

Figure 2.5. Circuit Diagram of Transformer when all the Secondary Quantities are Referred to secondary Side

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 Necessity of the transformer
The following are the values of resistance and reactance given below
Primary resistance referred to the secondary side is given as

Primary reactance referred to the secondary side is given as

The equivalent resistance referred to the secondary side is give as

The equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side is give as

No-load current I0 is hardly 3 to 5% of full load rated current, the parallel branch consisting of
resistance R0 and reactance X0 can be omitted without introducing any appreciable error in the
behavior of the transformer under the loaded condition
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 Regulation and Efficiency of the Transformer
Why transformer rating in KVA?

 As we know, Cu loss of a transformer depends on current and Iron loss on voltage loss.
Hence total transformer loss depends on volt-ampere (VA) and not on phase angle
between voltage and currents, i.e it is independent of load power factor. This is why rating
transformer is KVA not in KW.

Regulation of a transformer or transformer regulation

 Regulation of transformer is defined as the deference between the full-load and no-load
secondary terminal voltage expressed as a percentage of the full load voltage.

 When the transformer is loaded with a constant primary voltage, the secondary voltage
decrease because of its internal resistance and leakage reactance.

Let, = !"#$% &'( )$* &+" & %$ *$& = = ,=- because at no load the
impedance drop is negligible.
= !"#$% &'( "'./%&* )$* &+" $% 01** *$&
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Regulation of a transformer or transformer regulation (Cont…..)
 The change in secondary terminal voltage from no load to full load is = −

 This change is divided by is known as regulation ‘down’

 If the change is divided by i.e full load secondary terminal voltage , the it is called
regulation ‘up’

−
% "+1'& /$% $3% = × 100

−
% "+1*& /$% 56 = ∗ 100

 N.B Regulation is usually to be taken as regulation down.

 The lesser this value , the better the transformer efficiency, because a good transformer
should be kept secondary terminal voltage as constant as possible under all condition
of the load.
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 Losses In Transformer
Since a transformer is a static device , there are no friction and wind age load. Hence, the
only losses occurring are:

 Core or Iron Loss

 Copper loss

Core or Iron Loss

 It includes both hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Because the core flux in
transformer remains practically constant for all loads the core loss is practically the same
at all loads.

: ∗; ∗<= ∗>
Ph = (kh )(f)(Bmax)1.6 and 89 = ?∗@
w/.C

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 Copper loss
 This loss is due to the ohmic resistance of the transformer windings.
D$ &* E1 *$!! = + = =

 Its clear that Cu loss is proportional to #1''"% $' - F So, Cu loss at half load is
one-fourth [ 1/2 =1/4] at the full load.

 The value of copper load is found from the short circuit test.

Efficiency of a Transformer

 The efficiency of the transformer at a particular load and power is defined as the out put
power divided by the input-the two being measured in the same unit(either watts or
kilowatts).

HIJK
 Thus the equation of efficiency can be written as: G = HLM
∗ 100

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 Example On Ch_Two
2. 100 KVA 800/277 distribution transformer has the following resistance and reactance's

N = 5Ω O = 0.005Ω PN = 6Ω PR = 0.006Ω S = 50-Ω PT = 5Ω

The excitation branch impedances are given referred to the high voltage side the transformer.

a) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer to the low-voltage side

b) Find the per-unit equivalent circuit of this transformer

c) Assume that this transformer is supplying rated load at 277 V and 0.85 PF lagging. What
is this transformer input voltage ? What its voltage regulation?

d) what are the copper losses and core losses in this transformer under the condition of part
(c)

e) What is the transformer efficiency under the conditions of part (c)

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