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Evolution

The document is a revision paper on evolution, covering various topics such as the origin of life, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, speciation types, and genetic drift. It includes multiple-choice questions, assertions, and explanations related to evolutionary concepts and processes. Additionally, it discusses molecular evolution and the concept of a molecular clock to estimate divergence times between species.

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3 views

Evolution

The document is a revision paper on evolution, covering various topics such as the origin of life, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, speciation types, and genetic drift. It includes multiple-choice questions, assertions, and explanations related to evolutionary concepts and processes. Additionally, it discusses molecular evolution and the concept of a molecular clock to estimate divergence times between species.

Uploaded by

nitu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Evolution

Revision Paper

1m
1 The hypothesis that ‘Life originated from prexisting non- living organic molecules
was proposed by:
a Oparin &Haldane
b Louis Pasteur
c S.L .Miller
d Hugo de Vries
2 A population exists in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene that has two alleles, A
and a. If the frequency of allele A is O.7, what will be the percentage of heterozygous
individuals in the population?
a 0.9%
b 21%
c 42%
d 49%
3 Single step large mutation leading to speciation is also called
a Branching descent
b Founder effect
c Saltation
d Adaptive radiation
4 Assertion: The number of white winged moths decreased drastically after
industrilisation in England.
Reason: Effects of industrialisation were more marked in rural areas of England.
5 Assertion: The early embryos of all vertebrates(Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals) are nearly similar.
Reason: Ontogeny repeats phylogeny.
6 Assertion:Stabilising selection maintains the mean value of the trait through
generations.
Reason: Stabilising selection occurs in almost all populations and eliminates the
extreme forms of the trait from the population.
2m
7 List the two main propositions of Oparin and Haldane.
8 What is divergent evolution? Explain taking an example of plants.
9 “Evolution is not a chance process but a stochastic process, based on chance events.”
Justify.
10 a Name any two vertebrate body parts thatare homologous to human forelimbs/hands.
b ‘Sweet potato tubers and potato tubers are the results of convergent evolution.’ Justify
the statement.
11 Rearrange the following in increasing order of evolution:
Gnetales, Ferns, Zosterophyllum, Ginkgo
3m
12 Excessive and continuous use of pesticides has resulted of some new species of pests.
Explain what must have led to this . What is this type of evolution called?
13 Industrial melanism in England after 1850, is an excellent example of ‘Natural
Selection’.Explain how.
14 Explain Hardy –Weinberg principle with the help of an algebraic expression.
15 Describe the three ways by which natural selection can affect the frequency of a
heritable trait in a population.
16 Write the characteristics of Ramapithecus, Dryopthecus and Neanderthal man.
17 Refer to the given figure showing the variety of beaks of finches that Darwin found in
Galapagos Island. Refer this figure and answer the following questions.

a What does the above figure depict?


b How did Darwin explain the existence of different varieties of finches on Galapagos
Islands?
4m
17 Speciation is the process by which one species splits into two or more distinct species.
There are two main types of speciation: allopatric and sympatric. Allopatric
speciation occurs when populations are geographically isolated, leading to genetic
divergence over time. Sympatric speciation occurs without geographic isolation, often
due to reproductive barriers such as changes in mating behavior or chromosomal
mutations. An example of allopatric speciation is the formation of new species of
Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands.

Questions:

Allopatric speciation occurs due to:


A) Behavioral differences
B) Geographic isolation
C) Mutations within the same population
D) Change in mating seasons

Sympatric speciation occurs:


A) Due to physical separation of populations
B) In different habitats within the same region
C) Without geographic barriers
D) Through the formation of new species due to geographic isolation

Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation?


A) Formation of different species of frogs in the same pond due to mating season differences
B) Formation of new species of Darwin's finches on different islands in the Galápagos
archipelago
C) Speciation in insects due to changes in diet
o D) Speciation due to chromosomal changes in the same population
2. In sympatric speciation, reproductive isolation occurs due to:
o A) Physical barriers like mountains or rivers
o B) Genetic mutations or behavioral changes
o C) Geographic distance
o D) Climate change

18 a Genetic drift refers to random changes in allele frequencies in a population,


particularly in small populations. One example of genetic drift is the bottleneck
effect, where a large portion of a population is wiped out by a disaster, and the
surviving individuals may not represent the original gene pool. The founder effect is
another type of genetic drift, where a small group of individuals establishes a new
population, and the gene pool may be limited to the genetic variation present in that
small group.

Questions:

1. The bottleneck effect occurs when:

A) A new population is founded by a small group of individuals

B) A disaster dramatically reduces the size of a population

C) A population experiences a mutation

D) A population’s geographic distribution increases

2. Genetic drift has a larger effect in:

A) Large populations

B) Small populations

C) Populations with a high mutation rate

D) Populations with no genetic variation

3. The founder effect is a form of genetic drift that occurs when:

A) A population is reduced by a disaster

B) A new population is established by a small number of individuals

C) There is migration between populations


D) There is a large number of mutations in a population

4. Which of the following is an example of the bottleneck effect?

A) A new colony being formed by a few members of a larger


population

B) A population of cheetahs experiencing reduced genetic variation due


to a past near-extinction event

C) The rapid expansion of a population in a new environment

D) The migration of individuals from one population to another

Case Study 5: Molecular Evolution

Molecular evolution refers to changes in the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of


populations over time. This can occur through mutations, natural selection, and
genetic drift. A major part of molecular evolution involves comparing the genetic
material of different species. The more closely related two species are, the more
similar their DNA sequences will be. The concept of molecular clock is used to
estimate the time of divergence between two species based on the rate of genetic
mutations.

Questions:

1. The concept of the molecular clock is used to estimate:


o A) The time it takes for a species to adapt to new environments
o B) The time of divergence between two species
o C) The rate at which natural selection occurs
o D) The number of mutations in a population

2. Molecular evolution involves:


o A) The study of fossil records
o B) Changes in DNA and RNA sequences over time
o C) The geographical spread of species
o D) The adaptation of species to new environments

3. If two species have a high degree of similarity in their DNA sequences, it


suggests:
o A) They are distantly related
o B) They have diverged recently from a common ancestor
o C) They have undergone the same mutations
o D) They have adapted to similar environments

4. Which of the following is a result of molecular evolution?


o A) Changes in the gene pool of a population
o B) The extinction of a species
o C) The creation of new species through speciation
o D) All of the above

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