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midterm logic

The document outlines various operations on sets, including union, intersection, difference, complement, and Cartesian product, along with their definitions and examples. It also discusses the fundamental laws governing these operations, such as commutative, associative, and distributive laws, as well as identity and complement laws. Additionally, it provides specific examples to illustrate the application of these operations and laws using defined sets.

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kittylkm3
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5 views

midterm logic

The document outlines various operations on sets, including union, intersection, difference, complement, and Cartesian product, along with their definitions and examples. It also discusses the fundamental laws governing these operations, such as commutative, associative, and distributive laws, as well as identity and complement laws. Additionally, it provides specific examples to illustrate the application of these operations and laws using defined sets.

Uploaded by

kittylkm3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operations on Sets  The complement of a set A refers to all

elements not in A, assuming a universal set U.


Sets can be combined in a number of ways to construct  A'= {x | x ∈ U and x € A}
another set. Set operations allow us to combine or
compare different sets in various ways. Example:

set operations: Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A = {1, 2, 3} B = {4, 5}

1. Union (A U B) UB) The complement is A' = {4, 5}

2. Intersection (A∩B) The complement is B' = {1, 2, 3}

3. Difference (A - B) 5. Cartesian Product (A × B)

4. Complement (4')  The Cartesian product of two sets A and B is the


set of ordered pairs (a, b), where a comes from
5. Cartesian Product (A × B) A and b comes from B.
 A x B = {(a, b) l a ∈ A, b ∈ B}

1. Union (A U B) Example:

 The union of two sets is a set that contains all Let A = {1, 2} and B = (a, b)
elements from both sets, without duplicates. A x B= (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}
 AUB = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Example 1:
Example:
Let the following sets be defined:
Let A= (1, 2, 3) and B = (3, 4, 5}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The union is (A U B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
2. Intersection (A∩B)
C = {2, 4, 6, 8}
 The intersection of two sets is a set that
contains only the elements common to both U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
sets.
 A ∩ B = {xlx ∈ A and x ∈ B} 1. (AUB) ∩ (AUC)

Example: (AUB) = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

Let A = {1,2, 3) and B = (3, 4, 5} The intersection is (A ∩ (AUC) = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8)


B) ={3} (AUB) ∩ (AUC) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
3. Difference (A - B) Example 2:
 The difference between two sets is a set that Let the following sets be defined:
contains the elements of A that are not in B.
 A-B=(xlx ∈ A and x € B} A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

Example: B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5} C = {2, 4, 6, 8}

The difference is A - B ={1, 2} B - A = {4, 5} D = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

4. Complement (A') U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

2. ((A ∩ B) - (CUD)) U (B' ∩ D)


A ∩ B = {5, 6, 7} (A U B) U C={1,2,3} U {3, 4} = {1, 2, 3, 4}

C U D = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\} A U (B U C)={1,2}U{2, 3, 4} = {1, 2, 3, 4}

(A∩B)-(CUD) = Ø 3. Distributive Laws

B' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 10) Intersection distributes over Union: A∩(BUC) = (A∩B) U


(A∩C)
B' ∩ D = {1, 3}
Union distributes over Intersection: AU(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩
((A∩B) - (CUD)) U (B'∩D) = {1,3} (AUC)
Laws of Operations on Sets Example:
The laws of set operations are fundamental rules that Let A = {1, 2} B = {2, 3} and C = {3, 4}
govern how sets behave under operations like union,
intersection, and complement. These laws are A ∩(B U C)={1,2}∩{2, 3, 4} = {2}
analogous to algebraic laws and help simplify complex
set expressions. (A∩B) U (A∩C) = ({1, 2} ∩ {2, 3}) U ({1, 2} ∩ (3, 4}) = {2}
U Ø= {2}
1. Commutative Laws
4. Identity Laws
2. Associative Laws
Union with the empty set: A U Ø=A
3. Distributive Laws
Intersection with the universal set: A ∩ U = A
4. Identity Laws
Example:
5. Complement Laws
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
6. Idempotent Laws
A U Ø = {1, 2, 3}
7. Absorption Laws
A ∩U = {1, 2, 3}
8. De Morgan's Laws
5. Complement Laws
1. Commutative Laws
Union with complement: A U A' = U
Union: A U B= B U A
Intersection with complement: A ∩ A' = Ø
Intersection: A ∩ B=B ∩ A
Example:
Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5} then:
A' = {4, 5}
A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A U A' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} =U
B U A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Α∩Α=Ø
2. Associative Laws
6. Idempotent Laws
Union: (AUB) U C=A U (B U C)
Union of a set with itself: A U A=A
Intersection: (A∩B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B∩C)
Intersection of a set with itself: A ∩ A' = A
Example:
Example:
Let A = {1, 2} B = {2, 3} and C = {3, 4}
Let A = {1, 2, 3}
A U A = {1, 2, 3}

A ∩ A= {1, 2, 3}

7. Absorption Laws

AU(A∩B)=A

A∩(AUB)=A

Let A = {1, 2} and B = {2, 3}

A ∩ (A U B)={1,2} ∩{1, 2, 3} = {1, 2} = A

8. De Morgan's Laws

(AUB)' = A' ∩ B'

(A ∩ B)' = A'U B'

Let A = {1, 2, 3}B = {3, 4, 5}and U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

A' ={4, 5} B' = {1, 2}

(A U B)'= ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5})'= Ø

A' ∩ B' = {4, 5} ∩ {1, 2} = Ø

Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} be the universal set.


Define the sets:

A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

B = {2, 3, 5, 8}

C = {1, 2, 6, 8, 9}

Find the elements of the set expression:

(AUB)-(A∩C)

AUB (Union)

A U B={1,3,5,7,9} U {2, 3, 5, 8} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9}

A∩C (Intersection)

A ∩ C={1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {1, 2, 6, 8, 9} = {1, 9}

(AUB)-(A∩C)

(Set Difference)

(A U B)-(A∩C)= {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9} - {1, 9}

={2, 4,6,8}

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