MEMORY

Memory

❑The memory can be either Program Storage Memory (ROM) or Data

Memory (RAM) and is important part of embedded system.

❑On-chip memory refers to the built-in data and program memory that
some embedded controllers and processors have. This memory is
included in certain embedded controllers and processors.

❑Off-chip memory, also known as external memory, is required for

certain embedded processors and controllers since their on-chip
memories are insufficient. These processors and controllers are referred
to as embedded.
Program Storage Memory

❑Keeps its contents long after the power has been cut
off to it. The term "non-volatile storage memory" is
commonly used to refer to it.

❑Store the program instruction

Masked ROM (MROM)

The term "mask" refers to parts of an integrated circuit,

a thin electronic circuit for processing data, that are
covered with opaque plates called photomasks. These
plates contain transparencies, or holes, to allow light in
certain areas while blocking light in others to create
distinctive patterns. A mask ROM is a type of read-only
memory that is masked off during production.
Programmable Read Only Memory
(PROM)

The acronym "PROM" stands for "programmable read

only memory," which is a type of read-only memory
that gives the user the ability to select the data or
program that will be stored on the memory. The
memory chip is sent out to the customer empty, and it
is the programmer's job to load the data onto it. Once
the data has been sent, it is impossible to alter it or
delete it.
Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory (EPROM)

Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) is a

memory chip that retains data even when the electricity is
turned off. This form of memory is non-volatile, meaning it
retains data even when the power is turned off. An electronic
device individually programs each EPROM. The data can then
be removed by exposing the EPROM to intense ultraviolet light.
The top of an EPROM comprises a transparent fused quartz
window that allows exposure to ultraviolet light. The silicon chip
can be seen through this aperture.
Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory (EEPROM)

❑ EEPROM, which is an abbreviation for electrically erasable

programmable read-only memory, is a PROM that can be erased and
reprogrammed via an electrical charge. In 1978, while working at Intel,
George Perlegos invented EEPROM, which, unlike most computer
memory, retains its data without power.
❑ EEPROM replaced PROM and EPROM processors and is used in the BIOS
of computers manufactured after 1994. A computer equipped with an
EEPROM enables the user to update the BIOS without opening the
computer or removing any components.
Flash Memory

The data and code used in embedded systems are

typically stored on flash memory, which is a popular
storage medium. It is a storage medium that is non-
volatile, which means that it can retain data even when
it is not receiving electricity. Flash memory can be
electrically wiped and reprogrammed, and it deletes
data in chunks that are referred to as blocks.
Read-Write Memory / Random Access
Memory (RAM)

❑ RAM is volatile, meaning when the power is turned off, all the
contents are destroyed.

❑ RAM is the data memory or working memory of the controller /

processor
Classification of RWM/RAM
Static RAM (SRAM)

❑ It is a reference to Random Access Memory, or RAM for short,

specifically the kind of memory that employs a certain architecture.

❑ In contrast to DRAM, which only has two possible states for its cells (0
and 1), SRAM has all three possibilities. They are able to be in three
different states: standby, reading, and writing. When it is in the
standby or idle mode, it is not performing any active tasks at all.
Whenever an SRAM cell is put into the reading state, it will supply its
contents to whichever process has requested them.
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Your computer has something called DRAM, or dynamic

random-access memory, which is a temporary memory bank
that stores data that can be accessed quickly but only for a
limited amount of time. When you carry out any activity on your
personal computer, such as opening an application, the central
processing unit (CPU) on your motherboard retrieves program
data from the storage device (SSD or HDD) and stores it onto the
dynamic random-access memory (DRAM).
Because DRAM is so much speedier than other storage devices,
including SSDs, the CPU is able to access the data much more
quickly, which results in improved overall performance. How
quickly apps can run and how effectively your computer can
switch between different tasks are both affected by the speed
and capacity of your DRAM.
Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM)

NVRAM, which is an abbreviation that stands for "non-

volatile random-access memory," is a type of memory
that maintains its data even after the power is turned
off. Flash memory, such as that found in a jump drive, is
an excellent contemporary illustration of NVRAM.
NVRAM can also be found in the monitor of your
computer, printers, automobiles, smart cards, and other
devices that need their settings to be remembered.
Sensor and Actuators
Sensor

Actuators create a connection with the output ports of a specific system,

whereas sensors link up with the input ports of that system. Actuators and
sensors are both crucial components in condition-based maintenance and
play important roles in the process. In addition to this, they provide the
function of a mediator between the physical environment and the
electronic system in which they are incorporated.
Actuators

A device known as an actuator is one that combines an electrical signal, which

serves as the control input, with a source of energy in order to produce motion.
Actuators receive control input in the form of electric current or voltage the majority
of the time; however, they are able to handle hydraulic fluid, hydraulic or
pneumatic pressure as well. The control signal is then utilized by the apparatus in
order to cause a change in the state of the physical system by producing either
motion, heat, or force. Actuators come in a wide variety of forms, but some of the
more common types include hydraulic cylinders, comb drives, and electric motors.
A stepper motor, which is a type of motor that is driven by an electrical pulse, is
another popular example of an actuator.
Summary

Embedded systems are intended to regulate a physical variable or

manipulate the state of devices by sending signals to actuators or
devices connected to the output port system. Examples of user
interface input devices include keyboards, push buttons, switches,
LEDs, LCDs, and piezoelectric buzzers. Some embedded systems can
function without human interaction by sensing input parameters from
the actual world using sensors connected at the input port. The
embedded system uses both volatile and nonvolatile forms of
memory to store the code for the control algorithm and other
configuration parameters.
Summary

The code is stored in the device's fixed memory, known as ROM, and can
be implemented as a separate chip or on the CPU. Micro-controllers with
on-chip ROM may also contain internal memory for the purpose of storing
program code. Actuators and sensors are essential for embedded and
electrical systems to function properly. Actuators combine an electrical
signal with a source of energy to produce motion. Examples of actuators
include hydraulic cylinders, comb drives, and electric motors. Electric
actuators obtain their power from a circuit that contains electronics, while
hybrid actuators incorporate electric controls. These actuators can be
found in more complex applications such as robotics and Internet of Things
devices.