2nd Term

SCRIPTED
LESSONS
2023/2024 ACADEMIC SESSION

PHYSICS
SS 2 WEEK 3
 PHYSICS SS2
2ND TERM WEEK 3
PERIOD I

Subject Physics Class Level: SS 2. Duration: 40 Minutes

Theme Friction
Topic Concept of Friction
Instructional By the end of the lesson the Students should
Objective/ be able to (i). define static and dynamic
Learning friction
Outcomes (ii). solve calculations on friction.
Instructional
Resourc Inclined plane, rectangular piece of wood thread, spring balance.
es/
Materials
Teacher
Preparation for Teacher should proud the instruct level materials listed above.
the Lesson
Teaching Method Participating and interactive, class discussion.
Lesson Tim Teacher Activity Students Activity Core Skills
Procedure e
Step 1: Ask Students to explain the
Identification 5 Minutes reasons why the efficiency of Students give *Critical thinking
of Prior Ideas a machine cannot be 100%. varied
responses. *Communication
Step 2: (i). define friction Students listen
Main Lesson 20 Minutes (ii). explain the two types of attentively and ask *Critical thinking
friction (iii). The factors that questions where
defaming the fractural force necessary. *Collaboration.
between two fur
feces.
Step 3: Lead Students to solve Students
Application in 10 Minutes simple problems on friction listens
Class Exercises to determine the co-efficient attentively and
of friction. ask questions
Step 4: (i). define friction Students give
Evaluation 4 Minutes (ii). differentiate between varied *Critical thinking
static and dynamic friction. responses.
(iii). What is the relationship *Collaboration.
between fraction force,
normal resection and *Communication
coefficient of fraction. (iv).
Give students a cheer for
question answered correctly.
Step 5:
Assignme 3 Minutes Give students assignments from recommended text books.
nt:
BOARD SUMMARY
Friction and Efficiency of a Machine Friction is a contact force which opposes
motion. The direction of the force is parallel to the surface and opposite the direction
of motion.
Friction is as a result of the roughness of surfaces in contact. These surfaces
are bond by electromagnetic forces causing any attempt to push these surfaces
across each other to be resisted.
If you by to push a box of books on the ground you will observe that it is
initially difficult but once the box starts moving, it becomes easier to push.
Static Friction is that force that opposes the start of motion, while the force
between Surfaces in motion is called Sliding or dynamic Friction.

FN

(a) F Static

FN Acceleration

(b) F Dynamic

W
Frictional force depends on the force pushing the Surfaces together (FN) and
the nature of the Surfaces in contact.
F and
 FN F =
UFN
Where the constant U is called the coefficient
of friction U = F = Friction Force
FN Northolt reaction between the two Surfaces.
Example 1.

A block of wood wedging 4N is placed on a horizontal table. It is then pulled by

means of a spring balance attached to one end of its ends. The block just begins to
move when the spring balance records a horizontal force of 2.5 N.
(i). what is the co-efficient of static friction
(ii). what is the frictional force when a horizontal force of 2.0 N is recorded
by the spring balance?
Solution

(i). Static frictional force =

2.5 N Normal reaction
FN = 4 N
But U = Frictional force (F)

Normal reaction between

Surfaces (FN) U = F = 2.5 = 0.625.
FN 4
(II). When the applied force is 2.0 N the block will not move because 2.0N is
less than the Static frictional force of 2.5 N. The applied force which is less than the
static frictional force is always balance by opposing frictional force.
Therefore Frictional Force =
2.0 N. Definition of Terms in
Frictional
Static or Limiting Friction is the Maximum Force that must be overcome before
a body can just start to move over another.
Static or dynamic friction is the force that must be overcome so that a body can
move with uniform speed over another body.
 TERM 2, WEEK 3. PERIOD 2
LESSONS:
Subject Physics Class Level: SS 2. Duration: 40 Minutes
Theme Friction
Topic Ways of reducing friction in moving parts of machine.
Instructional
Objective/ By the end of the lesson the students should be able to
Learning (i). State how friction can be reduced in moving parts of a suing machines.
Outcomes
Instructional
Resourc Text books include phone, table, rectangular piece of wood, grease.
es/
Materials
Teacher
Preparation for Teacher should produce the instructive materials listed above.
the
Lesson
Teaching Method Participatory and interactive, class discussion, learners report back.
Lesson Time Teacher Activity Students Activity Core Skills
Procedure
Step 1: (i). Ask students to define friction Students give
Identification 8 Minutes (ii). Explain static and dynamic varied *Critical thinking
of Prior Ideas friction. (iii). Ask students to responses.
submit their assignment. Students bring *Communication
out their notes
for marking.
Step 2: Lead students to Students
Main Lesson 15 Minutes (i). Explain the various methods listing *Communication
of reducing friction. attentively.
(ii). Share students into group *Collaboration.
and ask them to explain the Students discuss
different ways of reducing within- themselves
friction. in their groups.
(iii). Ask students to explain
ways of reducing friction. Students give
varied answers.
Step 3:
Application in 15 Minutes Lead students to solve simple Students *Communication
Class Exercises problems on friction. listen *Critical thinking
attentively. *Collaboration.
Step 4: Ask student the following Students give
Evaluation 5 Minutes questions (i). what are the varied responds. *Communication
methods of reducing
friction.
Step 5:
Assignme 5 Minutes Give assignment from recommend text books.
nt:

Methods of Reducing Friction

There are three main methods of reducing friction which are

1. The use of lubricants like oil, grease, air and graphite.
2. The use of ball or roller bearings
3. Shearing of body shapes of moving objects.

1. Lubricants: Friction can be reduced by using lubricants such as oil. Move

effective in reducing friction between two Surfaces is to maintain a layer of air or
other gas between them.
The purpose of lubricants is to keep the two Metal Surfaces from
direct contact and Lesson the friction between them.
2. Balls or Roller – Bering’s
Where a wheel is turning on an axle, friction is better reduced through
the use of ball or roller bearings.

Diagram.
 Wheel

Axle

Bal
l bearings

3. Streamin
g By shaping a body to, the streamlines of the fluid through which it is moving, the
retarding force or frictional force may be greatly reduced. Hence modern
cars, ships and aero planes are made in such shapes as to lessen the
friction between them and the fluid or the medium through which they
move.
 Diagram of Streamline.

Streamline

Example 1.

A body of Mass 25kg, moving at 3mls on a rough horizontal floor is brought to

rest after sliding through a distance of 2.50m on the floor.
Calculate the co-efficient of sliding friction.

Solution

M = 25kg
R = 250N Direction of motion

at rest
F
U = 3mls V = 0ml
W
s
S = 2.50m

The acceleration (in actual sense, deceleration) is calculated first.

Initial Velocity U =
 3mls Final Velocity
V=0
Distance S = 2.50m
Using the equation of motion
V2 = U2 + 2 as
02 = 32 + 2 x a x 2.50
0 = 9 + 5a
5a = - 9
 a = - 9 = - 1.8mls2 Dec
election 5
Normal reaction FN = W = mg = 25 x 10
= 250N
Frictional force, F = mg where m = mass in kg and a is acceleration (deceleration) in mls?
:. F = ma = 25 x 1.8 = 45N
:. Coefficient of sliding friction U = F

FN
= 45 = 0.18

250
 TERM 2, WEEK 3. PERIOD 3 AND 4
Subject Physics Class Level: SS 2. Duration: 40 Minutes
Theme Friction
Topic Use simple experiment to illustrate coefficient of friction between two Surfaces.
Instructional By the end of the lesson the Students should be able to
Objective/ (i) Perform simple experiment using a spring balance to determine the
Learning coefficient of friction between two Surfaces.
Outcomes
Instructional
Resourc Spring balance, rectangular piece of wood, table or bench Surface.
es/
Materials
Teacher
Preparation for Teacher should provide the instruction materials needed to carry out the experiment.
the
Lesson
Teaching Method Participatory and interactive, group discussion and learners report back.
Lesson Tim Teacher Activity Students Activity Core Skills
Procedure e
Step 1: Ask Students to give the
Identification 5 Minutes relationship between friction, Students give *Critical thinking
of Prior Ideas force, normal reaction and co- varied
efficient of responses.
friction.
Step 2: Lead Students to carry out
Main Lesson 10 Minutes (i). Simple experiment on Students *Communication
friction and display the listen
outcome on the board. attentively.
(ii). Lead Students to
determine the coefficient of
friction through
 calculation and locally.

Step 3: Students perform

Application in 50 Minutes Share: (i). Students into the experiment *Communication
Class Exercises groups to perform the with their group
experiment. members. *Collaboration.
(ii). Guide Students as they
perform the experiments. Students ask *Critical thinking
questions where
they are not clear.
Step 4: Ask Students the Students give
Evaluation 10 Minutes following questions varied *Critical thinking
(i). what was your responses. *Collaboration.
observation in the *Communication
experiment.
Step 5: Ask Students to plot the graph and determine the co-efficient of
Assignme friction from their graph.
nt:

Practical Class.
Experimental Determination of Co-efficient of Static Friction.

A level board equipped with a pulley at one end is used. A block of wood B is
first weighed with a spring balance and its weight recorded (W B).
The block of wood is placed on the board and connected to a cord adjusted in
such a way that it pulls parallel to the Surface of the board. The cord passes over a
pulley and is attached to a scale pan to which known eights can be added.
Known weights are suspended in the Scale pan until the block is just about to
move as shown in the diagram below.

B
B

The block is tapped gently to prevent sticking each time a weight is added into the pan.
 A known weight M is placed on the block B and the weight on Scale pan is
increased until the block is just about to move again after gentle tapping. The
experiment is repeated five more times by varying M and noting the corresponding
values of W in the scale pan. The total weight pulling the block also includes the weight
of the scale pan (W O).
 A table is drawn as shown

M R = WB + M F = W +
WO

A graph of force (W + mg) against normal reaction R = (W B + M) is then

plotted and the slope gives the coefficient of static friction.