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hre midterm

The document outlines the types and requirements of road alignment, emphasizing the importance of horizontal and vertical alignments for safe and economical road design. It details the factors influencing alignment, including obligatory points and traffic considerations, and describes the engineering surveys necessary for determining highway alignment. Additionally, it covers the design steps for horizontal and vertical alignments, including critical calculations and survey methods.

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Clarisse Jose
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

hre midterm

The document outlines the types and requirements of road alignment, emphasizing the importance of horizontal and vertical alignments for safe and economical road design. It details the factors influencing alignment, including obligatory points and traffic considerations, and describes the engineering surveys necessary for determining highway alignment. Additionally, it covers the design steps for horizontal and vertical alignments, including critical calculations and survey methods.

Uploaded by

Clarisse Jose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Types of Alignment:

● Definition: The route of the road, center line layout or position on the ground surface.
● Components: Horizontal Tangents, Curves, Vertical Profile (including crest and sag
curves, straight grade lines).
● Types: Horizontal Alignment, Vertical Alignment.

2. Basic Requirements of Ideal Alignment:

● Shortest Path
● Easy Construction and Maintenance
● Safe for Vehicle Operation
● Economical During Construction

3. Factors Controlling Alignment:

● Obligatory Points:
○ Pass through: Hill Pass, Hair Pin Bend, Bridge Location, Intermediate Town.
○ Avoid: Religious Places.
● Traffic: Origin-Destination Study, Future Development.
● Geometric Design: Horizontal and Vertical Curves, Sight Distance, Gradient, Design
Speed.
● Economy: Construction and Maintenance Costs.
● Special Considerations for Hill Roads: Landslides, Stability, Drainage, Reducing Hairpin
Bends.

4. Horizontal and Vertical Alignment Overview:

● Horizontal Alignment: Refers to roadway straightness or curves.


● Vertical Alignment: Refers to roadway elevation changes.
● Components: Grades and Vertical Curves.

5. Horizontal Alignment Design Steps:

● Max Superelevation Rate


● Side-Friction Factor
● Minimum Radius Calculation
● Testing Radii for Design
● Ensure Stopping Sight Distance
● Design Transition Segments

6. Vertical Alignment Design Factors:

● Elements: Grade and Vertical Curves.


● Dependent on: Design Speed, Drainage, Slope, Rate of Change, Friction.

7. Engineering Surveys for Highway Alignment:

● Four Stages:
○ Map Study: Consider topographic map features.
○ Reconnaissance: Field examination for feasible routes.
○ Preliminary Surveys: Collect physical information, compare proposals, estimate
costs.
○ Final Location and Detailed Surveys: Locate center line on the ground, detailed
survey for plans.

8. Final Location and Detailed Survey Process:

● Location: Translate center line on the ground.


● Detailed Survey: Collect information for plans and construction details.
● Methods: Conventional (field equipment), Modern Rapid (aerial photographs,
photogrammetric methods).

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