ELEMENTS OF

RESEARCH PAPER
By Liza M. Navarro
 TITLE PAGE
the title page should contain the title of the
research proposal, the name of the investigators
and date of submission. The title should be brief
but descriptive (avoid using unnecessary words). It
should include the variables under your study,
study population and place of the study.
TITLE PAGE
Title of your proposal

Name of School

Course/Subject

Name of Author/s
Submission Date
ABSTRACT
an abstract is a written summary of
the proposal. It is a brief summary
of approximately 200 words.
Components need to include are
background, aim, methods, findings,
conclusion, keywords.
ABSTRACT
Summarized

Background
Aim/Goal
Methods and Findings
Conclusion

Keywords
 CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1 of a research paper typically includes:
an introduction, conceptual framework,
statement of the problem, significance of the
study, scope and limitations, definition of terms,
and sometimes a theoretical framework
depending on the field and study design.
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction - this is where you
provide an introduction to the
topic of your thesis; you give
context in terms of content of
research project.
INTRODUCTION

Context of your topic

 CHAPTER 1
Conceptual Framework - it
represents the researcher’s
synthesis of literature on how to
explain a phenomenon.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 CHAPTER 1
Statement of the Problem - the
problem must be reflected on your
title. It means to talk about the
subject matter of your paper. In a
way it means describing the issue
you are going to investigate.
SOP
 CHAPTER 1
Significance of the Study - this
focuses on the question: “Who will
benefit from the study?” It also
states the contribution and
usefulness of your study in the
society.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
 CHAPTER 1
Scope and Limitations - the scope
is the depth of exploration that a
researcher plans for a topic.
Limitations are control factors
that the researchers choose to
narrow the scope of the study.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
 CHAPTER 1
Definition of Terms - the definitions of terms must
be listed alphabetically. Defining important terms is
essential to ensure a common understanding of key
concepts and terminology is shared between the
author and his audience, particularly if the term is
unusual or not widely known.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 CHAPTER 2
Chapter 2 should provide foundation upon which to
base new knowledge that you are going to search.
Identify the previous study related to research
problem that provide rational for supporting
research question, need for the study, research
hypothesis, and the research methodology.
 CHAPTER 2
Parts of Chapter 2:
1. Introductory Paragraph
2. Related Literature: Local and
Foreign
3. Related Studies: Local and
Foreign
 CHAPTER 2
Literature Review - it is basically a review of as
much of the literature as possible around a
particular research problem/question.
• Books, Encyclopedias, Journals, Magazines,
Newspapers, etc.

It could be from printed or online sources.

 CHAPTER 2
Related Studies - it is a review of as many
research studies as possible around a particular
research problem/question. This includes ONLY
studies that have been conducted.
• Inquiries, Investigations, Research,
Unpublished materials: Dissertations,
Theses, Manuscripts
 CHAPTER 3
Parts of Chapter 3:
1. Research Design
2. Population and Samples
3. Sampling Procedures
4. Data Gathering Procedure
5. Instrumentation
6. Validation of the Instrument
 CHAPTER 3
Research Design - it is a plan to answer the
research questions.
Population and Samples - refers to selecting a
smaller group from a larger population to
represent it. The sample must have sufficient
size for accurate statistical analysis.
 CHAPTER 3
Sampling Procedure - non-probability sampling
techniques are often appropriate for
exploratory and qualitative research. In these
types of research, it helps gain insights into
small or less-studied groups rather than
testing broad population hypotheses.
 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
Example: Imagine a researcher wants to understand
the experiences of street artists in a city. Since
there is no official list of all street artists, the
researcher interviews a few they can find. This is
non-probability sampling because it focuses on a
small group to gain insights rather than representing
all street artists.
 CHAPTER 3
Data Gathering Procedure - is the process
of collecting and measuring information
in an organized way to answer research
questions, test ideas, and assess results.
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Example: A teacher wants to study how
students’ study habits affect their grades.
They collect data by giving students a survey
about their study routines and comparing the
answers with their test scores. This organized
process of collecting information is data
gathering.
 CHAPTER 3
Instrumentation - research instruments
are measurement tools designed to obtain
data on a topic of interest from research
subjects.
 INSTRUMENTATION
Example: An example of instrumentation
is a questionnaire used in a study about
student stress levels. The questionnaire
includes questions about study habits,
sleep patterns, and stress levels to
gather relevant data from students.
 CHAPTER 3
Validation of the Instrument - this
ensures that a test or tool works
correctly for its purpose. It checks the
quality, reliability, and consistency of
results, making sure they are accurate
and trustworthy.
 VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
An example of validation of the instrument is
a researcher testing a survey on a small group
before using it in a larger study. They check if
the questions are clear and if the responses
give consistent and reliable results. If needed,
they adjust the survey to improve its
accuracy.
 CHAPTER 3
Statistical Treatment - it is when you
apply some form of statistical method to
a data set to transform it from a group
of meaningless numbers into meaningful
output.
 STATISTICAL TREATMENT
An example of statistical treatment is
calculating the average test score of a
class to understand overall performance.
Instead of looking at individual scores,
the average gives a clearer picture of
how students are doing.
 CHAPTER 4
Parts of Chapter 4:
1. Presentation of Data
2. Analysis of Data
3. Interpretation of Data
 CHAPTER 4
Presentation of Data - present the findings of
the study in the order of the specific problem
as stated in the statement of the problem.
Present the data in these forms:
• Tabular
• Textual
• Graphical (optional)
 CHAPTER 4
Analysis of the Data - data may be analyzed
quantitatively of qualitatively depending on the
level of measurement and the number of
dimensions and variables of the study. Analyze the
depth to give meaning to the data presented in
the table. Avoid table reading. State statistical
descriptions in declarative sentences.
 CHAPTER 4
Interpretation of Data - establish
interconnection between and among data.
Check for indicators whether hypothesis
is supported or not by findings. Link the
present findings with the previous
literature.
 CHAPTER 5
Parts of Chapter 5:
1. Summary of Findings
2. Conclusions
3. Recommendations
 CHAPTER 5
Summary of Findings - this describes the
problem, research design, and the findings
(answer to the questions raised). The
recommended format is the paragraph form
instead of the enumeration form. For each of
the problems, you have to present the salient
findings and results.
 CHAPTER 5
Conclusions - these are brief, generalized
statements in answer to the general and
each of the specific problems. Be simple
and flexible in writing the conclusion.
 CHAPTER 5
Recommendations - they should be based on
the findings and conclusion of the study.
Recommendations may be specific or general
or both. They may include suggestions for
further studies. They should be in non-
technical language. They should be feasible,
workable, flexible, and adaptable.
 CHAPTER 5
References - are sources of information
used in research, such as books, articles,
websites, or studies. They give credit to
original authors and help support facts
or arguments in a study.
Directions: Fill-in the blanks to complete the statements below.
1. _________ is often shown in tables and figures. 7. _________ answers the “why” question in
2. _________ are descriptive information that let research.
readers search for an article. 8. _________ answers the “how” question in
3. _________ it answers the questions in the research.
research. 9. _________ answers the “so what” questio
4. _________ are the materials the author/s cited the research.
when writing the research. 10. ________ answers the “what” question i
research.
5. _________ discusses the results of the
research.
6. _________ is where the readers know what the
research is about.
THANK YOU