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Lab 2 Report

The laboratory experiment focused on the properties of Operational Amplifiers (OpAmps) through three circuits: Comparator with hysteresis, Oscillator, and Adder. Measurements were taken using an Oscilloscope and Multimeter to observe voltage changes and circuit behavior. The experiment provided insights into OpAmp functions and calculations for output voltage based on resistor configurations.

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Bùi Thái Hoàng
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8 views

Lab 2 Report

The laboratory experiment focused on the properties of Operational Amplifiers (OpAmps) through three circuits: Comparator with hysteresis, Oscillator, and Adder. Measurements were taken using an Oscilloscope and Multimeter to observe voltage changes and circuit behavior. The experiment provided insights into OpAmp functions and calculations for output voltage based on resistor configurations.

Uploaded by

Bùi Thái Hoàng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics and Information Technology Degree Program

Electronics and Electrical Circuit Laboratory Exercises

Lab No 2 – Operational Amplifier 2

Laboratory performed on

13/01/2025

HOANG BUI

Partner: Arnob Bhattacharjee


Abhishek Bhardiya

Team: 2
Class: IT-2024
Date: 13/01/2025

______________________________________
Lab 2
Operational Amplifier 2

Abstract
Similar to Operational Amplifier 1, we continued with the other 3 properties: the Comparator with hysteresis, the Oscillator
and the Adder. Using the Oscilloscope and Multimeter, we measured and observed how the voltage and wave graph changed
and how the OpAmp behaves based on how we conduct the circuits. Small frequency and small DC voltage were also used.

I. Introduction
The objective of this laboratory experiment is to measure and observed the effect of OpAmp in each circuits on the output voltage. The 3
circuits (Comparator OpAmp, Oscillator OpAmp and Adder OpAmp) were built and measured. We used 4 instruments in this
experiment: LM741 Operational Amplifier, the Oscilloscope, the Multimeter and the DC power supply. By doing this exercise, we
learned more about the properties of OpAmp, as well as how the output changed depending on the way we built the circuits.

II. Experimental Results.

1. Comparator with hysteresis


In this experiment, we conducted the exercise based on the same circuit we made as in the last experiment of Operational
Amplifier 1 and connect R3. Resistors R1 = 10 kΩ and R2 = 15 kΩ and R3 = 100 kΩ were used.

Figure 1
We then connect the Multimeter to both the input and output of the circuit. We measured the voltage of both the input and
output, while adjusting the voltage between 0V to 6V then from 6V to 0V.

2. Oscillator Amplifier
In this experiment, we used the same circuit as we built in the first experiment, adding resistor R4, and connected capacitor C1.
The value R1 = 10 kΩ and R2 = 15 kΩ and R3 = 100 kΩ are the same. R4 = 10 kΩ and C1 = 1 µF.

Figure 2
We then connected the oscilloscope to point A of the graph in Figure 2 and to the output. After that, we observed and
measured the output voltage and frequency.

3. Adder Amplifier
In this experiment, we built the circuit as shown in Figure 3, in which all 5 resistors were 1kΩ each.

Figure 3
Then, we did the following steps:
1. Connect the multimeter to the output and connect all resistors (left end) to the ground. Measure the output voltage.
2. .Connect the + 1V to the resistor R2 left end and all other resistors (left ends) in the ground. Measure the output
voltage.
3. Connect the + 1V to the resistor R2 and R3 left end and all other resistors (left ends) in the ground. Measure the
output voltage.
4. Connect the + 1V to the resistor R2, R3 and R4 left end and all other resistors (left ends) in the ground. Measure the
output voltage.
5. Connect the + 1V to the resistor R2, R3, R4 and R5 left end and measure the output voltage.

III. Analysis

1. The Comparator with hysteresis


By adjusting the input voltage from 0V to 6V and from 6V to 0V, we measured both the input and output voltage of the circuit
using the Multimeter:

Operational Amplifier 2 (3.2)


INPUT COMPARE OUTPUT
0 0,006 14,349
1 0,9986 14,35
2 2,0001 14,351
3 2,9987 14,352
4 3,995 -13,604
5 4,9945 -13,604
6 5,991 -13,604
5 4,9948 -13,603
4 3,9951 -13,622
3 2,9988 -13,604
2 2,0002 14,354
1 0,9985 14,354
0 0,006 14,355

We saw that the output behaved similarly to the experiment we did in Operational Amplifier 1 (3.4). The output voltage stayed
the same (approx. 14,3V) when the input went from 0V to 3V and immediately turned negative when input voltage was 4V.
The output results were similar (approx. -13,6V); However, only when the input voltage dropped to 2V did the output voltage
turned positive again. It was similar for the rest of the exercise.
2. The Oscillator
We connected the oscilloscope to point A on the circuit and to the output, then observed the wave signal as well as the value of
the output

Figure 4

We saw that when the output voltage was +14V, the voltage inside of the capacitor went up. That is the voltage from the
output charged the capacitor. The same thing happened when the output went down to -14V. The capacitor’s voltage
decreased.

3. The Adder

Using the formula , we calculate the output voltage and compared it with the measurement we
did. While all the resistors we used were 1kΩ, the formula can be shortened as
3.1. We measured the output voltage when all resistors are connected to the ground. There was no input voltage, so we
received 0,0016V.
3.2. We connected the + 1V to the resistor R2 left end and all other resistors (left ends) in the ground. The output voltage
was -1.0009, as U1 = 1V and U2 = U3 = U4 = 0V.
3.3. We connected the + 1V to the resistor R2 and R3 left end and all other resistors (left ends) in the ground. The output
voltage was -2,0000, as U1 = U2 = 1V and U3 = U4 = 0V
3.4. We connected the + 1V to the resistor R2, R3 and R4 left end and all other resistors (left ends) in the ground. The
output voltage was -2,9850, as U1 = U2 = U3 = 1V and U4 = 0V
3.5. We connected the + 1V to all the resistors R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5. The output voltage was -3,9310, as all the resistors
received 1V as the input.

VI. Conclusion
In this laboratory lab, we learned another 3 behaviors of the OpAmp and compare them with preliminary experiments we did
in Operational Amplifier 1. We did find out how to calculate the output voltage based on resistors and their voltages. Also, we
learned about the function of capacitor and how it works in the circuit. This information we studied will help us implementing
more complex circuits in the future.

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