1010043218

Operating System Unit

No 1: Introduction to
Operating System
Mr. Rahul Shadija,
Assistant Professor,
Silver Oak University
SEMESTER: 4th
PREPARED BY: Rahul Shadija
✓ Lo o p i n g
O u tl i n e
• Computer system overview
• Computer system architecture
• What is Operating System (OS)
• Roles of Operating System (OS)
• Objectives / Goals of Operating System (OS)
• Generations of Operating Systems (OS)
• Operating Systems (OS) services
• Types of Operating Systems (OS)
• System calls
• Operating Systems (OS) structure
• Multiprogramming v/s Multiprocessing
v/s Multitasking
• Time Sharing Operating System
• Parallel Processing Operating System
• Distributed Operating System
Computer system overview
 Basic elements of computer

Processor I/O
Modules

Memory System
Bus
 Processor

Referred to as
the Central
Processing Unit
(CPU)

Arithmetic & Logic Unit Control Unit

Performs the Controls the

data processing operation of the
functions computer
Exercis Which two companies are famous for manufacturing computer
e processors?
 Memory

Memory is device
that is used to
store
data/information

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

• Volatile • Non-Volatile
• RAM & ROM • HDD, CD &
DVD
Exercis Give the difference between primary memory and secondary
e memory.
 I/O Module (Input/Output Module)

• Input/output module is a device that acts as the connective bridge between a computer system
at one end and an I/O or peripheral device at the other, such as a printer, webcam or scanner.

□ An I/O module is a mediator

between the
processor/memory and an
I/O devices.
□ It controls the data
exchange between the
external devices and main
memory or external devices
and CPU registers.
 System Bus

• Provides communication among processors, main memory, and I/O devices.

• The system bus is a pathway composed of cables and connectors used to carry data
between a computer microprocessor and the main memory.
• Types of buses
• Address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor to other components such as
primary storage and input/output devices.
• Data bus - carries the data between the processor and other components.
• Control bus - carries control signals from the processor to other components.

Exercis What are the 3 types of buses?

e
Computer system architecture
Computer system architecture
 Input unit

• It provides data and instructions to the

computer system.
• Commonly used input devices are
keyboard, mouse, magnetic tape etc.
• Input unit performs following tasks:
• Accept the data and instructions from the
outside environment.
• Convert it into machine language.
• Supply the converted data to computer
system.
 Output unit

• It connects the internal system of a

computer to the external environment.
• It provides the results of any computation, or
instructions to the outside world.
• Some output devices are printers, monitor etc.
 Storage unit

• This unit holds the data and instructions.

• It also stores the intermediate results
before these are sent to the output devices.
• It also stores the data for later use.
• The storage unit of a computer system can be
divided into two categories:
• Primary Storage
• Secondary Storage
Primary storage (memory) vs Secondary storage (memory)

Primary storage Secondary storage

Examples: RAM, ROM, Cache Examples: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk,
memory, PROM, EPROM, Registers, Magnetic Tapes, etc.
etc.
It is temporary and volatile. It is permanent and Non-volatile.
Primary memory is directly accessible by Secondary memory is not directly
Processor/CPU. accessible by the CPU.
Primary memory devices are expensive. Secondary memory devices are cheaper.
The memory devices used for primary The secondary memory devices are
memory are semiconductor memories. magnetic and optical memories.
Primary memory is also known as Main Secondary memory is also known as
memory or Internal memory. External memory or Auxiliary memory.
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• The Arithmetic Logical Unit and Control Unit

are together known as CPU.
• CPU is the brain of computer system.
• It performs following tasks:
• performs all operations.
• takes all decisions.
• controls all the units of computer.
 ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)

• All the calculations are performed in ALU of the

computer system.
• The ALU can perform basic operations such
as addition, subtraction, division,
multiplication etc.
• Whenever calculations are required, the
control unit transfers the data from
storage unit to ALU.
• When the operations are done, the result is
transferred back to the storage unit.
 CU (Control Unit)

• It controls all other units of the computer.

• It controls the flow of data and instructions
to and from the storage unit to ALU.
• Thus it is also known as central nervous
system of the computer.
What is Operating System (OS)
 What is Operating System (OS)?
• A Computer System consists of various hardware's such as

Processor RAM Keyboard & Mouse

Hard Disk Monitor Printer

Who manages (controls) these Operating

hardwares??? System
 Definition of Operating System (OS)

• An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that

• manages hardware resources
• provides various service to the users
Examples of Operating System (OS)

Examples
of
Operating
System
 Where OS lies? (Interaction of OS & Hardware)

• OS lies between hardware and user program.

• It acts as an intermediary between the user and
the hardware.
Web E-mail Music
• Modes of operation of computer browser reader player

1. Kernel Mode
• has complete access to all the hardware
User
• can execute any instruction that a machine is capable Mode
of executing Software User Program

• has high privileged (rights) Kernel

Operating System Mode
2. User Mode
• has limited access to limited hardware Hardware
• can execute only subset (few) of the machine
instructions
• has less privileged (rights)
 Why and How switch occur?

Web E-mail Music

browser reader player ▪ User is writing program in C.
▪ Once finish writing will execute it.

User
Mode user-mode program
User Program performs trap instruction
Software

Kernel ▪ To execute this program

Operating System Mode 1. Load program into RAM
2. Program is executed by
processor
Hardware
A user-mode program can execute a TRAP instruction to perform a
system call. From the program's point of view, they know that the
operating system will perform the request, but have no idea how long it will
take.
Roles of Operating System (OS)
 OS as Extended Machine

• The architecture of a computer is difficult to program

• Architecture (instruction set, memory organization, I/O, bus structure)
of most of computer at the machine level language is primitive and
awkward to program.
• Example: If user want to read from floppy or hard disk:
 OS as Extended Machine

• Example: If user want to read from floppy or hard disk:

User has to write command and

address to the disk controller and
then initiate the I/O.
Disk
Controller
 OS as Extended Machine

The disk controller will find the User has to check the status of
requested data in the disk and fetch it disk controller operation where
from disk to disk controller buffer. it has finished or not.
 OS as Extended Machine

If success, the data from disk controller

buffer should be moved to main
memory (to the application buffer).
 OS as Extended Machine

• If all the users will have to do these messy details:

• The program will be very difficult to write and quite long.
• The program will be hardware dependent.
• User don’t want to be involved in programming of storage devices.
• Therefore, an OS provides a set of basic commands or instructions to perform various operations such as read,
write, modify, save or close.
• Dealing with these command is easier than directly dealing with hardware.
• Operating system hides the complexity of hardware and present a beautiful interface to the users.
 OS as Resource Manager

• There are lots of resources in computer system

• CPU (Processor)
• Memory
• I/O devices such as hard disk, mouse, keyboard, printer, scanner etc.
• If a computer system is used by multiple applications (or users), then
they will compete for these resources.
 OS as Resource Manager

• It is the job of OS to allocate these resources to the various applications so that:

• The resources are allocated fairly (equally)

P1 Wants to print 50 lines

After printing 10 lines of P1

P2 Wants to print 20 lines

After printing 20 lines of P1

P3 Wants to print 15 lines

P4 Wants to print 15 lines

 OS as Resource Manager

• It is the job of OS to allocate these resources to the various applications so that:

• The resources are protected from cross-access.

P1 Wants to print 50 lines

After printing 10 lines of P1

P2 Wants to print 20 lines

After printing 20 lines of P1

P3 Wants to print 15 lines

P4 Wants to print 15 lines

 OS as Resource Manager

• It is the job of OS to allocate these resources to the various applications so that:

• Access to the resources is synchronized so that operations are correct and consistent
• Example: If we write a program to calculate below in C language

7+9–6*4/2
P P P P

= 2 2 3 4

3 4 1 2
4 1 0
 OS as Resource Manager

• It is the job of OS to proper allocate these resources to the various applications so that:
• Deadlock are detected, resolved and avoided.
 OS as Resource Manager

• Resource manager – sharing resources in two different ways:

1. In time sharing/multiplexing (i.e CPU)
 OS as Resource Manager

• Resource manager – sharing resources in two different ways

2. In space sharing/multiplexing. (i.e Memory)

Process Process Process Empty

1 2 3 Space

Main
Memory
Objectives / Goals of Operating System (OS)
 Objectives / Goals of Operating System (OS)

• Make the computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner.

• Hide the details of the hardware resources from the users.
• Provide users a convenient interface to use the computer system.
• Act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users, making it easier for the users to access and
use other resources.
• Manage the resources of a computer system.
• Keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource requests, and mediating conflicting requests from
different programs and users.
• Provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and programs.
Generations of Operating Systems (OS)
 Generations / History of OS (First generation)

• First generation (1945-1955)

• Vacuum tubes and plug-boards are used in these systems.

Vacuum tubes
Plug board
 Generations / History of OS (Second generation)

• Second generation (1955-1965)

• Transistors are used in these systems
• The machine that are produced are called mainframes.
• Batch systems was used for processing.

Programmers 1b4ri0n1g rceards btoat1c4h0Oo1pf ejorbastoor

nctaorrtiaepseinput7t0a9p4eOdtpoe7rsa0tc9o4rmcpaurrtiensgoutput tap1e40to1 1p4ri0n1ts output
 Generations / History of OS (Third generation)

• Third generation (1965-1980)

• Integrated circuits (IC's) are used in place of transistors in these computers.
• It provides multiprogramming (the ability to have several programs in memory at once, each in its own memory
partition).
 Generations / History of OS (Forth generation)

• Fourth generation (1980-present)

• Personal Computers (PC)
• LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits, chips containing thousands of transistors are used in these systems.
Operating Systems (OS) services
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

Definition of Operating System

• An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that
• manages hardware resources
• provides various service to the users
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

1. Program development
• It provides editors and debuggers to assist (help) the programmer in creating programs.

Exercis Give the name of any five code editor for

e windows?
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

2. Program execution
• Following tasks need to be perform to execute a program:
• Instructions and data must be loaded into main memory.
• I/O devices and files must be initialized.
• The OS handles all these duties for the user.
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

3. Access to I/O devices (Resource allocation)

• A running program may require I/O, which may involve file or an
I/O device.
• For efficiency and protection, users cannot control I/O devices
directly.
• Therefore, the OS controls these I/O devices and provides to
program as per requirement.
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

4. Memory management
• OS manages memory hierarchy.
• OS keeps the track of which part of memory area in use and free memory.
• It allocates memory to program when they need it.
• It de-allocate the memory when the program finish execution.

P1

P2
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

5. Controlled access to file

• In case of file access, OS provides a directory hierarchy for easy access
and management of file.
• OS provides various file handling commands using which user can easily
read, write and modify file.
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

6. Communication
• In multitasking environment, the processes need to communicate with each other and to exchange their information.
• Operating system performs the communication among various types of processes in the form of shared memory.
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

7. Error detection and response

• An error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory hardware.
• Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to error handling −
• The OS constantly checks for possible errors.
• The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

8. Accounting
• Keeping a track of which users are using how much and what kinds of computer resources can be used for accounting or
simply for accumulating usage statistics.
• Usage statistics is used to reconfigure the system to improve computing services.
 Services / Functions / Tasks of Operating System (OS)

9. Protection & Security

• Protection involves ensuring that all accesses to system resources is controlled.
• To make a system secure, the user needs to authenticate himself or herself to the system.
Types of Operating Systems (OS)
 Types of Operating Systems (OS)

1. Mainframe operating systems

• OS found in room sized computers which are still found in major corporate data centers.
• They offer three kinds of services:
1. Batch OS
2. Transaction processing
3. Timesharing
• Examples: OS/390, OS/360.
 Mainframe Operating Systems services

Batch OS – processes routine jobs without any interactive user presents i.e. claim
processing in insurance

Transaction processing – handles large numbers of small processes i.e.

cheque processing at banks

Timesharing – allows multiple remote users to run their jobs at once i.e.
querying a database, airline booking system
 Types of Operating Systems (OS)

2. Server operating systems

• This OS runs on servers which are very large PC, workstations or even mainframes.
• They serve multiple users at once over a network and allow the users to share hardware & software resources.
• It provides print services, file service or web service.
• It handles the incoming requests from clients.
• Examples: Solaris, FreeBSD, and Linux and Windows Server 200x.
 Types of Operating Systems (OS)

3. Multiprocessor operating systems

• A computer system consist two or more CPUs is called multiprocessor.
• It is also called parallel computers, multicomputer or multiprocessor.
• They need special OS or some variations on server OS with special features for communication, connectivity and
consistency.
• Examples: Windows and Linux.
 Types of Operating Systems (OS)

4. Personal computer operating systems

• The operating systems installed on our personal computer and laptops are personal OS.
• Job of this OS is to provide good support to single user.
• This OS is widely used for word processing, spreadsheet and internet access.
• Examples: Linux, Windows vista and Macintosh.
 Types of Operating Systems (OS)

5. Handhelds computer operating systems

• A handheld computer or PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) is small computer that fit in a Pocket and perform small number
of functions such as electronic address book, memo pad.
• The OS runs on these devices are handheld OS.
• These OS also provides ability to handle telephony, digital photography and other functions.
• Examples: Symbian OS, Palm OS.
 Types of Operating Systems (OS)

6. Embedded operating systems

• This OS is installed in ATMs, printers, calculators and washing machine.
• It runs on the computer that control devices.
• It neither allow to download new software nor accept user installed software. So there is no need for protection.
• Examples: QNX, VxWorks.
 Types of Operating Systems (OS)

7. Sensor node operating systems

• Network of tiny sensor nodes are being developed for numerous purpose.
• Each nodes are tiny computers with a CPU, RAM, ROM and one or more environmental sensors.
• The OS installed in these nodes are sensor node OS.
• They communicate with each other and with base station using wireless communication.
• These sensor network are used to protect area of building, detect fires in forest, measure temperature.
• Examples: TinyOS.
 Types of Operating Systems (OS)

8. Real time operating systems

• These systems having time as a key parameter.
• Real time OS has well defined fixed time constraints.
• Processing must be done within defined time constraints otherwise system fails.
• Two types of real time OS:
• Hard real time – missing an occasional deadline can cause any permanent damage. Many of these are found in
industrial process control, car engine control system.
• Soft real time – missing an occasional deadline does not cause any permanent damage. Used in digital audio,
multimedia system.
• Examples: e-Cos.
 Types of Operating Systems (OS)

9. Smart card operating systems

• Smallest OS run on smart cards which are credit card sized devices containing CPU chip.
• These OS are installed on electronic payments cards such as debit card, credit card etc.
• They have limited processing power.
• Some smart cards are Java oriented. ROM on smart card holds an interpreter for the JVM – small program.
System calls
 What is System calls?

• A system call is a way for programs to interact with the operating system.
• A system call is a mechanism that provides the interface between a process and the operating system.
• A computer program makes a system call when it makes a request to the operating system's kernel.
• It is a programmatic method in which a computer program requests a service from the kernel
of the OS.
• System call provides the services of the operating system to the user programs via Application Program
Interface(API).
• System calls are the only entry points for the kernel system.
 Types of system calls

• Process Control: This system calls perform the task of process creation, process termination, etc.
• Functions:
• End and abort
• Load and execute
• Create process and terminate process
• Wait and signed event
• Allocate and free memory
• File Management: File management system calls handle file manipulation jobs like creating a file, reading,
and writing, etc.
• Functions:
• Create a file
• Delete file
• Open and close file
• Read, write and reposition
• Get and set file attributes
 Types of system calls

• Device Management: Device management does the job of device manipulation like reading from device
buffers, writing into device buffers, etc.
• Functions
• Request and release device
• Logically attach/ detach devices
• Get and Set device attributes
• Information Maintenance: It handles information and its transfer between the OS and user program.
• Functions:
• Get or set time and date
• Get process and device attributes
 Types of system calls

• Communication: These types of system calls are specially used for interprocess communications (IPC).
• Functions:
• Create, delete communications connections
• Send, receive message
• Help OS to transfer status information
• Attach or detach remote devices
 Example of system calls (Read system call)

• Example: In Unix Read system call is

• count = read(fd, buffer, nbytes)
Return to caller Library
• fd is a file descriptor.
Trap to the kernel procedure
• When a file is opened, permissions are read
5 Put code for read in
checked. register
• If access is allowed, a number (fd) is 6 10
returned. Call to library proc
User 4
• Then file can be read/written.
spac Increment SP 11
• nbytes is number of bytes to read
e Call read User
• buffer is where read deposits (stores) the data program
3 Push fd calling read
Push parameter
onto stack
2 Push &buffer
9
1 Push nbytes

Kernel Dispatc
7 8 Sys
call
space h
handler
Steps involved in making a system call (Read system call)

• Steps involved in making a system call

• In steps 1-3, the calling program pushes the parameters onto the stack. The first and third parameters are called by value,
but the second one is called by its address as denoted by the & symbol.
• In step 4, the actual call to the library procedure is made. This instruction is the normal procedure call instruction used
to call all procedures.
• In step 5, the library procedure places the system call number in a place where the operating system expects it, such as a
register.
• In step 6, the library procedure executes a TRAP instruction to switch from user mode to kernel mode and start execution
at a fixed address within the kernel.
• In step 7, the kernel examines the system call number and then dispatches it to the correct system call handler. This
correct number is given in the table of system call handlers by pointers referenced at the system call number.
• In step 8, the system call handler runs.
• In step 9, the operation is completed, and the user is given back control once the TRAP instruction is set.
• In step 10, this procedure returns to the user program, like how all normal library procedures do.
• In step 11, the operating system has to clear the stack, so it increments it enough so that it is empty.
System calls
System calls
Operating Systems (OS) structure
 Operating Systems (OS) structure

1. Monolithic systems
2. Layered systems
3. Microkernel
4. Client-server model
5. Virtual machines
I. VM/370
II. Virtual machines rediscovered
III. The java virtual machine
6. Exokernels
 Monolithic systems

• The entire OS runs as a single program in kernel mode.

• OS is written as a collection of procedures, linked together into a single large executable binary
program.
• Each procedure has well defined interface in terms of parameter and results, and each one is free to call any other
one.

✔ A main program that invoke the requested Main

Procedur
service procedure. e
Service
✔ A set of service procedures that carry out the system Procedure
s
Utility
calls. Procedur
e
✔ A set of utility procedures that help the
service procedure.
 Layered systems

• In this system, the OS is organized as a hierarchy of layers.

• The first system constructed in this way was THE system.

Layer Function Description

5 Operator Operator was located.
4 User programs User programs were found.
3 Input / Output Takes care of managing the I/O devices.
management Buffering the information.
2 Operator-process Handles communication between each process and the operator
communication console (i.e. user).
1 Memory and drum Did the memory management.
management Allocated space for process in main memory and
0 Processor allocation Provided the basic multiprogramming of the CPU.
and multi-programming Dealt with allocation of the processor, switching between processes
when interrupts occurred or timers expired.
 Client-Server model

• Processes are divided into two categories

• Servers: provide services
• Clients: uses services
• Client and server run on different computers, connected by LAN or WAN and communicate via message
passing.
• To obtain a service, a client construct a message saying what it wants and send it to server.
• The server then does the work and send back the answer.
 Virtual machines

• A virtual machine (VM) is a virtual environment that functions as a virtual computer system with its
own CPU, memory, network interface, and storage, created on a physical hardware system.
• The initial releases of OS/360 were strictly batch systems.
• But many users wanted to be able to work interactively at a terminal, so OS designers decided to write
timesharing systems for it.
• Types of Virtual machines are:
• VM/370
• Virtual Machines Rediscovered
• The Java Virtual Machine
 VM/370

• Virtual machine monitor run on the bare hardware and does the multiprogramming.
• Each virtual machine is identical to the true hardware; each one can run any OS (may be different) that
will run directly on the bare hardware.
• On VM/370, some run OS/360 while the others run single user interactive system called CMS
(Conversational Monitor System) for interactive time sharing users.
 VM/370

• When CMS program executed a system call, a call was trapped to the operating system in its own virtual
machine, not on VM/370.
• CMS then issued the normal hardware I/O instruction for reading its virtual disk or whatever was needed to
carry out the call.
 Virtual Machines Rediscovered

• Companies can run their mail servers, web servers, FTP servers and other servers on the same machine
without having a crash of one server bring down the rest.
• Web hosting company offers virtual machines for rent, where a single physical machine can run many virtual
machines; each one appears to be a complete machine.
• Customers who rent a virtual machine can run any OS or software.
• A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor or VMM, is software that creates and runs virtual
machines (VMs).
 Virtual Machines Rediscovered

• Another use of virtualization is for end users who want to be able to run two or more operating systems at
the same time, say Windows and Linux.
• Type 1 hypervisors runs on the bare hardware.
• Type 2 hypervisors run as application programs on top of Windows, Linux, or some other operating
system, known as the host operating system.
 Java Virtual Machine

• When Sun Microsystems invented the Java programming language,

it also invented a virtual machine called the JVM (Java Virtual
Machine).
• The Java compiler produces code for JVM, which then typically
is executed by a software JVM interpreter.
• The advantage is that the JVM code can be shipped over the internet
to any computer that has a JVM interpreter and run there.
 Microkernel

• In layered approach, the designer have choice where to draw the kernel and user mode boundary.
• It is better to put as little as possible in kernel mode because bugs in the kernel can bring down the system
instantly.
• The microkernel design provides high reliability by splitting OS up into small well defined modules,
only one module run in kernel and rest of all run in user mode.
• As each device driver runs as a user process, a bug in audio driver will cause the sound to be stop, but not crash
the computer.
• Examples: Integrity, K42, QNX, Symbian and MINIX 3.
• Kernel contains only
• Sys (Kernel call handler)
• Clock (because scheduler interact with it)
 Exokernels

• Rather than cloning (copying) the actual machine, another strategy is partitioning it (giving each user a subset
of the resource).
• For example one virtual machine might get disk blocks 0 to 1023, the next one might get block 1024 to 2047, and so
on.
• Program running at the bottom layer (kernel mode) is called the exokernel.
• Its job is to allocate resources to virtual machines and then continuously check to make sure no machine is
trying to use somebody else’s resources.
• The advantage of the exokernel scheme is that it saves a layer of mapping.
• Exokernels are typically small in size because of their limited operability.
Multiprogramming v/s Multiprocessing v/s Multitasking
Multiprogramming v/s Multiprocessing v/s Multitasking

Multiprogramming Multiprocessing Multitasking

Multiprogramming v/s Multiprocessing v/s Multitasking

Multiprogramming Multiprocessing Multitasking

Multi-programming is more
The availability of more The execution of more
than one process running at a
than one processor per than one task
time, it increases CPU
system, which can execute
utilization by organizing jobs
simultaneously is called
several set of instructions
(code and data) so that the as multitasking.
CPU always has one to in parallel is called as
execute of processor:
Number multiprocessin
Number of processor: Number of processor:
. g
one more than one one
One process is executed More than one process One by one job is being
at a time. can be executed at a time. executed at a time.
Time Sharing Operating System
Time Sharing Operating System

• A time sharing operating system allows many users to share the

computer resources simultaneously.
• In other words, time sharing refers to the allocation of computer
resources in time slots to several programs simultaneously.
• For example a mainframe computer that has many users logged on to it.
• Each user uses the resources of the mainframe i.e. memory, CPU etc.
• Example:-Airline traffic control systems
Parallel Processing Operating System
 Parallel Processing Operating System

• Parallel Processing Operating Systems are designed to speed up the Multiprocessing

execution of programs by dividing the program into multiple
fragments and processing these fragments simultaneously.
• Such systems are multiprocessor systems.
• Parallel systems deal with the simultaneous use of multiple computer
resources that can include a single computer with multiple
processors.
• UNIX and Windows NT
Distributed Operating System
 Distributed Operating System

• Distributed Operating System is a model where distributed

applications are running on multiple computers linked by
communications.
• A distributed operating system is an extension of the network operating
system that supports higher levels of communication and integration of
the machines on the network.
• Example:- LOCUS
• Multitasking is a logical extension of multi programming. The major way in which multitasking
differs from multi programming is that multi programming works solely on the concept of
context switching whereas multitasking is based on time sharing alongside the concept of
context switching.
 Questions asked in Exam

1. What is Kernel? Differentiate between Monolithic Kernel and Micro Kernel.

2. Explain different service/functions provided by operating system.
3. Discuss role of OS as a resource manager.
4. Explain the features of Time sharing system.
5. What is operating system? Give the view of OS as a resource manager.
6. What is system call? Explain steps for system call execution.
7. Write different types of system call.
8. List out types of operating system and explain batch OS and time sharing OS in brief.