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The document outlines various programming tasks related to preprocessor directives, structs, unions, and pointers in C. It includes exercises for defining macros, conditional compilation, and creating structs for different data types, as well as implementing unions for memory management. Each section provides specific programming challenges to enhance understanding of these concepts.
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0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes)
0 viewsProgramskkkmk
The document outlines various programming tasks related to preprocessor directives, structs, unions, and pointers in C. It includes exercises for defining macros, conditional compilation, and creating structs for different data types, as well as implementing unions for memory management. Each section provides specific programming challenges to enhance understanding of these concepts.
Uploaded by
captainlewisiteCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programs
Preprocessor Directives
1. Basic Macro Definition
Write a program using #defineto define a constantfor PI and use it to
calculate the area of a circle.
2. Conditional Compilation with Debug Mode
Create a program where #ifdef DEBUGis used to printdebugging
information, and toggle between debug and release modes.
3. Function-Like Macros
Write a macro that swaps two variables of any data type and demonstrate
it in a program.
4. Macro for Array Size
#defineto create a macro that calculates thesize of an array.
Use
5. Macro for Maximum of Two Numbers
#defineto find the maximum oftwo numbers.
Create a macro using
6. Macro for Square Calculation
Define a macro to calculate the square of a number and use it for different
data types.
##
7. Combining Tokens Using
##operator in
rite a program that demonstrates token pasting using the
W
macros.
8. Stringification in Macros (
#)
#operator to stringify a token and demonstrateit in a program.
Use the
9. File Inclusion and Conditional Compilation
Use #include #ifndef
, #endifto conditionallyinclude header
, and
files based on a condition.
10. Multiple Inclusion Protection (
#pragma once
)
emonstrate how
D #pragma onceworks to avoid multipleinclusions of the
same header file.
#if
11.Conditional Compilation with #else
, #endif
, and
#if
rite a program that uses
W #else
, #endiftocontrol which parts
, and
of the code are compiled based on a defined constant.
12. Defining and Undefining Macros
Create a program that uses #defineand #undefto defineand undefine
a macro, showing how it affects the code.
13. Using the __LINE__and __FILE__Macros
Write a program that prints the current line number and file name using the
__LINE__and
__FILE__macros.
14. #error
Custom Error Messages with
#errorto generate custom errormessages
emonstrate the use of
D
during compilation.
15. __DATE__and
Predefined Macros like __TIME__
__DATE__and
Write a program that prints the current date and time using
__TIME__
.
16. #elif
Conditional Macro Expansion Using
#if
se
U #elif
, #endifto demonstrate conditionalmacro
, and
expansion for multiple cases.
17. Counting Occurrences in a String
Create a program that uses a function-like macro to count the occurrences
of a specific character in a string.
18. Recursive Macros
Write a program that demonstrates how to create recursive macros, such
as expanding nested macros.
19. Macro for Error Handling
Define a macro that prints error messages based on different error codes,
#defineand conditional compilation.
using
20. Macro for Type Casting
Create a macro that typecasts a variable to a different type and
demonstrates its use in a mathematical operation.
21. Swap Two Variables Using a Macro Function
Define a macro SWAP(x, y, type)that swaps two variablesof any type
(int, float, etc.). Create a program where you demonstrate swapping
integers, floats, and characters using this macro.
22. Find the Maximum of Three Numbers
Create a macroMAX_OF_THREE(a, b, c)that returnsthe maximum of
three numbers. Use it to compare three integers and three floats in a
program.
23. Calculate the Absolute Value Using Macros
Write a macro ABS(x)that computes the absolute valueof a number. Test
it with both positive and negative integers and floating-point numbers to
ensure correctness.
24. Check if a Number is Even or Odd
Create a macro function IS_EVEN(x)that returns trueif the number is
even and false if odd. Use it to check multiple integers and display whether
they are even or odd.
25. Determine the Minimum of Two Numbers
Define a macro MIN(a, b)that returns the smallerof two numbers. Use
this in a program to compare integers and floats.
26. Square of a Number Using a Macro Function
Write a macroSQUARE(x)that computes the square ofa number. Use it in
a program to calculate the square of multiple integers and floats.
27. Macro for Cubing a Number
Define a macro CUBE(x)that calculates the cube ofa number.
Demonstrate it by calculating cubes of various integers and floating-point
numbers.
28. Check if a Number is Positive, Negative, or Zero
Create a macro SIGN(x)that returns 1 if the numberis positive, -1 if
negative, and 0 if it is zero. Test it with multiple input values (positive,
negative, and zero).
29. Convert Degrees to Radians
DEG_TO_RAD(deg)that converts an anglein degrees to
Write a macro
radians = degrees * (PI
r adians using the formula / 180)
. Test it
with multiple angles.
30. Macro for Clamping a Value
CLAMP(x, min, max)that restricts avalue
Create a macro xto stay
[min, max]
within the range xis less than
. If min min
,it returns xis
; if
g max
reater than max
, it returns . Test this with variousnumbers to ensure
the clamping works.
Struct Based Programs
Basic Struct Programs
1. Define a Simple Struct for a Point
Pointto represent a point in 2D spacewith
Create a struct xand
y
oordinates. Write a program that initializes a
c Pointand prints its
coordinates.
2. Struct for Student Information
Define a struct Studentwith fields likename roll_number
, marks
,and .
Initialize a student and print their details.
3. Struct for Employee Details
Employeethat holds fields like
Write a struct employee_id name
, , and
alary
s . Initialize an employee and display the information.
4. Struct for Date Representation
Create a struct Datewith
day month
, year
, and . Write a program that
dd/mm/yyyyformat.
initializes a date and prints it in
5. Struct for Complex Numbers
Define a struct Complexthat holds the real and imaginaryparts of a
complex number. Write a program that initializes a complex number and
prints it.
6. Struct as Function Argument
Pointstruct as an argumentand prints its
Write a function that takes a
Pointand pass it to the function.
oordinates. Create a
c
7. Array of Structs
Bookwith fields like
Create a struct title author
, price
,and . Use an
rray of
a Bookstructs to store information for multiplebooks and print the
details.
8. Struct with Nested Structs
Define a struct Personthat includes a nested struct Datefor the person's
birthdate. Initialize and print the person's name and birthdate.
9. Input Data for Structs
Write a program that takes user input for a Studentstruct (e.g., name, roll
number, marks) and displays the information.
10. Struct for Time Representation
Timewith
Create a struct hours minutes
, seconds
, and .Write a
hh:mm:ssformat.
program to initialize and display the time in
Slightly More Advanced Struct Programs
1. Struct for Handling Fractions
Define a struct Fractionwithnumeratorand denominator .Write
functions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide two fractions.
2. Struct for Managing Bank Accounts
BankAccountwith fields like
Create a struct account_number ,
alance
b account_holder_name
, and . Implement functions for
depositing and withdrawing money, updating the balance.
3. Struct for a Dynamic Array of Employees
Create an array of Employeestructs and allow the user to dynamically
add or remove employees. The program should also display the total
number of employees.
4. Struct for Distance Calculation
Pointstruct to calculatethe Euclidean
Write a program that uses a
distance between two points in a 2D plane.
5. Struct for Managing Inventory
InventoryItemwith fields like
Create a struct item_code item_name
, ,
quantity
and . Implement functions to add and removeitems from
inventory and to search for an item by item_code .
6. Struct for Polynomial Representation
Define a struct PolynomialTermwith coefficientand exponent .
Write a program to add two polynomials represented as arrays of
PolynomialTermstructs.
7. Struct for Storing Vehicle Information
Create a struct Vehiclewith fields like
make model
, ,andyear . Write a
program to store and display information for multiple vehicles and allow the
user to search for vehicles by year.
8. Struct for Managing Product Discounts
Productwith fields like
Write a struct product_name price
, , and
iscount_percentage
d . Implement functions to applya discount to a
product and calculate the final price.
9. Struct with Pointer Members
Define a struct Personthat contains a pointer toa dynamically allocated
string for the person's name. Write a program to initialize and free the
memory used by the struct.
10. Linked List Implementation Using Structs
Create a linked list using a struct Nodethat containsan integer data field
and a pointer to the next node. Implement functions to insert, delete, and
display nodes in the list.
Union and Pointer Programs
1. Define a Simple Union for a Number
Create a union Numberwith an integer and a float.Initialize it with values
and print both fields to observe how data is stored in a union.
2. Union for Storing a Character or an Integer
Write a union CharOrIntthat can store either a charor an int . Initialize
and display values for both types, demonstrating how the memory overlap
works.
3. Union for Storing Multiple Data Types
Define a union Datathat can hold an int float
, a char
,or a . Write a
program that assigns and prints different types of values one at a time,
showing that only one field holds a valid value at a time.
4. Union for Byte-Level Manipulation
Create a union ByteManipulatorwith an integer anda character array
of size 4. Write a program to assign an integer to the union and print its
individual bytes.
5. Union with Input from the User
Write a program where the user chooses whether to enter an integer or a
float, and store the input in a union. Display the entered value accordingly.
6. Simple Union for Storing Shapes
Define a union Shapewith fields for the radius ofa circle (float) and the
side of a square (int). Initialize and print values for both.
7. Union for Storing Exam Scores
Write a union ExamScoreto store an integer scoreor a character grade.
Create a program that assigns and prints both types of values one after the
other.
8. Union for Bitwise Access
Define a union BitAccesswith an integer and a structwith four 8-bit
fields (characters). Assign an integer value and display the individual bytes
of the integer.
9. Union for Storing Color Information
Create a unionColorthat can store either an RGBvalue (struct with red,
reen, blue) or a single hexadecimal color code (unsigned int). Write a
g
program to store and print both formats.
10. Union for Handling Employee Type
Write a union Employeethat can store either a worker’shourly wage
(float) or a salaried employee’s annual salary (int). Create a program that
assigns and displays both fields based on the employee type.
Slightly More Advanced Union Programs
1. Union for Different Measurement Systems
Create a union Measurementthat can store distanceeither in meters
(float) or feet (int). Implement functions to convert and display the
measurement in both units.
2. Union with Enum for Data Type Selection
Define a union Valuethat can store an integer, afloat, or a string
(character array), along with an enum to keep track of the active type.
Write a program to demonstrate the use of this union and enum
combination.
3. Union for Memory-Efficient Student Data
Write a program where a union StudentInfoholds eitheran integer
student ID or a floating-point GPA to save memory. Assign and print both
types of data for multiple students.
4. Union for Packet Data Interpretation
Define a union Packetthat can represent network packetdata either as
an integer or a character array. Write a program to simulate reading and
displaying the raw packet data in both forms.
5. Union for Overlapping Structs
Create a union MixedDatathat includes two differentstructs: one for
storing a 2D point and another for storing a 3D point. Write a program to
demonstrate how overlapping data works when switching between the two
structs.
6. Union for Currency Conversion
Currencythat stores a monetary valueeither as
Define a union int
float(fractional). Implement functionsto convert
( whole dollars) or
between different currencies, storing the result in the union.
7. Union for Storing Sensor Readings
Write a union SensorDatato store sensor readingsin different units
(temperature in Celsius as float, humidity as integer). Implement a program
that simulates receiving sensor data and prints the readings in their
respective units.
8. Union for Efficient Memory Use in a Banking System
BankTransactionthat stores eithera
Create a union deposit(int) or a
ithdrawal(float). Write a program to simulate atransaction system
w
where memory is efficiently managed using this union.
9. Union with Array Access
Write a program using a union ArrayUnionthat hasa field for an integer
and another field as an array of 4 bytes. Assign an integer and print both
the integer and individual bytes using the array.
10. Union for Embedded System Data Representation
In an embedded system, data from sensors might need to be represented
in different forms. Create a unionEmbeddedDatatostore either 32-bit
integer data or four 8-bit sensor readings. Write a program to simulate
storing and reading data in both forms.
Pointer Based Programs
11. Pointer to an Integer
rite a program that demonstrates basic pointer usage by declaring an
W
integer, initializing it, and printing its value and address using a pointer.
12.Pointer Arithmetic with an Array
Create a program where an array of integers is accessed using pointer
arithmetic. Print the elements and their addresses using pointers.
13.Pointer to a Struct
Define a Studentstruct and create a pointer to a Studentvariable.
Initialize the struct using the pointer and print the values of its members.
14.Pointer to a Union
Create a union Datathat can store an
intor afloat.Use a pointer to
intand
the union to assign and print the values for both floatmembers.
15.Pointer to Pointer (Double Pointer)
Write a program that demonstrates a pointer to a pointer, where you use a
ouble pointer to store the address of a single pointer. Print the value,
d
pointer address, and double pointer address.
16.Pointer to an Array
Define an array of integers and a pointer to the array. Use the pointer to
iterate through and print the elements of the array.
17.Dynamic Memory Allocation for an Array
Use mallocto dynamically allocate memory for an arrayof integers.
Initialize the array elements using pointers and print them. Free the
memory after use.
18.Passing Pointers to Functions
Create a function that takes an integer pointer as an argument, modifies
the value, and prints the result. Demonstrate this by passing the address of
an integer to the function.
19.Pointer to a Function
Write a program that demonstrates how to store a function’s address in a
pointer and call the function using the pointer. Use a simple function like
one that adds two numbers.
20.Swap Two Numbers Using Pointers
Create aswapfunction that takes two integer pointersas arguments and
swaps the values of the two integers. Call this function from the main
program.
Advanced Pointer-Based Programs
1. Pointer to an Array of Structs
Define a Bookstruct, create an array of
Bookstructs,and use a pointer to
the array to initialize and print the details of each book.
2. Dynamic Array of Structs
Use mallocto dynamically allocate memory for an arrayof structs.
Populate the array with data, print the data, and then free the allocated
memory.
3. Pointer to Union Array
Create a union PersonDatathat can store either anID (int) or a name
(char array). Use a pointer to an array of unions to store data for multiple
people and print their details.
4. Dynamic Memory Allocation for Structs
Write a program that dynamically allocates memory for a Studentstruct
sing
u malloc . Initialize the struct using pointers and print its data. Free
the memory after use.
5. Pointer to a Function for Sorting
Implement a sorting algorithm (like bubble sort) and use a pointer to a
comparison function ( greateror less) to sort thearray in either
ascending or descending order.
6. Pointer to Pointer with Arrays (2D Array)
Use a pointer-to-pointer to represent a dynamically allocated 2D array of
integers. Allocate memory for the array, fill it with values, print it, and then
free the memory.
7. Pointer to Functions Array
Create an array of function pointers, where each function performs a basic
mathematical operation (add, subtract, multiply, divide). Use the function
pointer array to call these functions dynamically.
8. Callback Functions Using Function Pointers
Implement a callback mechanism where a function is passed as an
argument to another function. The callback function can perform
operations like printing, summing, etc., on an array of integers.
9. Pointer-Based String Manipulation
Use a pointer to manipulate and reverse a string without using array
indexing. Demonstrate operations like copying, concatenating, and
reversing strings using only pointers.
10. Dynamic Memory Allocation for Union Arrays
Write a program that dynamically allocates memory for an array of unions,
where the union can hold either an integer or a float. Use pointers to
initialize and print the values.
11.Pointer to an Array of Pointers (String Array)
Define an array of strings using pointers and a pointer to that array. Access
and print each string using pointer arithmetic.
12. Function Returning a Pointer
Create a function that returns a pointer to the largest element in an array.
Use this function to find and print the largest element in a dynamically
allocated array.
13. Dynamic Array of Pointers to Structs
Write a program that dynamically allocates memory for an array of pointers
Employeestructs. Initialize each struct and printthe details, then free
to
the memory.
14. Pointer to a Constant vs Constant Pointer
Create a program to demonstrate the difference between a "pointer to
constant" and a "constant pointer." Show how each is used and how they
differ in mutability.
15. Multi-Level Pointers (Pointer to Pointer to Pointer)
Implement a multi-level pointer example where a pointer to a pointer to a
pointer is used. Print the values at different levels of indirection.
16. Pointer to a Struct with Dynamic Memory Allocation
Personwith dynamically allocatedfields (like
Define a struct char*
ame
n ). Use pointers to allocate memory for the namefield and free it after
use.
17. Dynamic Linked List Using Structs and Pointers
Create a singly linked list using pointers and structs. Implement functions
to add, remove, and traverse the list. Use dynamic memory allocation to
add new nodes.
18. Function Pointer as a Parameter in Struct
Define a struct Operationwith a field for a functionpointer. Create
functions for addition, subtraction, etc., and pass them to the struct’s
function pointer to perform operations dynamically.
19. Circular Linked List Using Pointers
Implement a circular linked list using pointers and structs. Write functions
to insert, delete, and display the list, ensuring the circular property is
maintained.
20. Pointer to a Struct with a Union
Create a struct that contains a union as one of its members. Use pointers
to dynamically allocate memory for this struct, initialize both struct and
union fields, and print the values.
Sorting-based programs
1. Bubble Sort
oal: Implement the Bubble Sort algorithm to sort an array of integers in
G
ascending order.
escription: In each pass, adjacent elements are compared, and if they are
D
in the wrong order, they are swapped. The process repeats until the entire
array is sorted.
Input: Unsorted array of integers
Output: Sorted array in ascending order
2. Selection Sort
oal: Implement the Selection Sort algorithm to sort an array of integers in
G
descending order.
escription: This algorithm repeatedly selects the smallest/largest element
D
from the unsorted portion of the array and swaps it with the first unsorted
element, progressively shrinking the unsorted portion.
Input: Unsorted array of integers
Output: Sorted array in descending order
3. Insertion Sort
oal: Implement the Insertion Sort algorithm to sort an array of
G
floating-point numbers in ascending order.
escription: Insertion Sort works by building a sorted section of the array
D
one element at a time, inserting each new element into its correct position
relative to the already sorted elements.
Input: Unsorted array of floating-point numbers
Output: Sorted array in ascending order
4. Quick Sort
oal: Implement the Quick Sort algorithm to sort an array of integers using
G
a recursive approach.
escription: Quick Sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm. It picks a "pivot"
D
element, partitions the array into two halves such that elements smaller
than the pivot are on one side, and larger elements are on the other. It then
recursively sorts the subarrays.
Input: Unsorted array of integers
Output: Sorted array in ascending order
5. Merge Sort
oal: Implement the Merge Sort algorithm to sort an array of integers using
G
recursion.
escription: Merge Sort is also a divide-and-conquer algorithm. It
D
recursively divides the array into two halves, sorts each half, and then
merges the two sorted halves into a single sorted array.
Input: Unsorted array of integers
Output: Sorted array in ascending order
Dynamic Memory Allocation
Basic Programs:
. Dynamic memory allocation for an integer:
1
Allocate memory for an integer using malloc and free it after storing and
printing a value.
. Dynamic memory allocation for an array of integers:
2
Allocate memory for an array of integers using malloc, input values, and
print them.
. Dynamic memory allocation using calloc for an array of floats:
3
Allocate memory using calloc, which initializes the allocated memory to
zero.
. Reallocation using realloc for resizing an array:
4
Create an integer array, then use realloc to increase or decrease its size
dynamically.
. Freeing dynamically allocated memory:
5
Write a program that allocates memory for a string and ensures the
memory is freed properly after use.
Slightly Advanced Programs:
. Dynamic 2D array allocation:
1
Allocate memory for a 2D array using a pointer to pointers, then input and
display values in a matrix form.
. Dynamic memory allocation for an array of structures:
2
Allocate memory for an array of structures (e.g., for storing details of
multiple students) and print the stored data.
. Dynamic string concatenation:
3
Dynamically allocate memory for two strings, concatenate them using
realloc, and print the result.
. Creating a dynamic linked list:
4
Create a singly linked list where each node is dynamically allocated.
Implement insertion and deletion of nodes.
. Dynamic memory for a binary tree:
5
Write a program that dynamically allocates memory for binary tree nodes
and performs basic tree operations (insertion, traversal).
. Dynamic matrix multiplication:
6
Allocate memory dynamically for two matrices, multiply them, and display
the resulting matrix.
. Dynamic memory management for graph (adjacency matrix):
7
Dynamically allocate memory for the adjacency matrix of a graph and
implement basic operations like adding and removing edges.
. Dynamic memory handling for a stack (array implementation):
8
Implement a stack using dynamic memory allocation where the array
grows or shrinks depending on the number of elements.
. Dynamic circular queue:Implement a circular queueusing dynamic
9
memory, adjusting the size dynamically as elements are added or
removed.
0. Dynamic memory allocation for sparse matrix representation:
1
Dynamically allocate memory to store a sparse matrix using arrays to store
only non-zero elements, along with their positions.
Recursion Based Programs
Basic Programs:
. Factorial of a number:Calculate the factorialof a given number using
1
recursion.
. Fibonacci series:Generate the Fibonacci sequenceup to a given
2
number using recursion.
3. Sum of digits:Find the sum of digits of a numberusing recursion.
4. Reverse a string:Write a program to reverse astring using recursion.
. Power of a number:Calculate (a raised to the powerof b) using
5
recursion.
. Greatest common divisor (GCD):Find the GCD oftwo numbers using
6
the Euclidean algorithm and recursion.
. Binary search:Implement binary search using recursionon a sorted
7
array.
. Sum of first N natural numbers:Write a recursivefunction to calculate
8
the sum of the first N natural numbers.
. Check if a string is palindrome:Use recursionto check whether a
9
given string is a palindrome.
10. Harmonic sum:Compute the harmonic sum using recursion.
Intermediate Programs:
11. Towers of Hanoi:Solve the Towers of Hanoi problemusing recursion.
2. Permutations of a string:Generate all permutationsof a given string
1
using recursion.
3. N-th Tribonacci number:Find the N-th Tribonacci number
1
(generalization of Fibonacci with 3 terms) using recursion.
4. Recursive function for sum of squares:Calculatethe sum of
1
squares of the first N numbers using recursion.
5. Check if a number is prime:Check if a given numberis prime using
1
recursion.
6. Decimal to binary conversion:Convert a decimalnumber to its
1
binary representation using recursion.
7. Count the number of digits in a number:Use recursionto count the
1
number of digits in a number.
8. Josephus problem:Solve the Josephus problem usingrecursion,
1
where people stand in a circle and every Kth person is eliminated.
9. Find the maximum element in an array:Use recursionto find the
1
maximum element in an array.
0. Recursive merge sort:Implement the merge sortalgorithm using
2
recursion to sort an array.
Enum Based Programs
Basic Programs:
. Basic enum declaration and usage:Define an enumfor days of the
1
week and print a specific day using the enum.
. Enum with a switch case: Create an enum for trafficlight signals
2
(Red, Yellow, Green) and use a switch case to print the meaning of each
signal.
. Enum for error codes:Define an enum for various error codes (e.g.,
3
SUCCESS, ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND) and handle them using a
function.
. Enum with custom values:Create an enum where thevalues start
4
from a specific number (e.g., MONDAY = 1, TUESDAY = 2, etc.) and print
their values.
. Enum for months of the year:Define an enum forthe 12 months of the
5
year and write a program that takes an integer input and returns the
corresponding month name.
Intermediate Programs:
. Enum for compass directions:Create an enum forthe four compass
6
directions (North, East, South, West) and use it in a program that controls
the movement of an object in a 2D plane.
. Enum with bitwise operations:Define an enum forfile permissions
7
(READ = 1, WRITE = 2, EXECUTE = 4), then use bitwise operations to set
and check multiple permissions at once.
. Enum for handling menu options:Use an enum todefine menu
8
options for a program (e.g., ADD, DELETE, VIEW, EXIT), then implement
a basic command-line interface using this enum.
. Enum for card suits in a card game:Create an enumfor the four suits
9
in a deck of cards (Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs, Spades) and write a program
that uses this enum to simulate drawing cards.
0. Enum for HTTP response codes:Define an enum forcommon HTTP
1
status codes (e.g., OK = 200, NOT_FOUND = 404,
INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500) and use it to handle responses in a
simple web server simulation.
Modules Based Programs
Programs for stdio.h (Standard Input/Output)
. Basic I/O Program:Write a program that takes aninteger, a float, and a
1
string input from the user and prints them in a formatted way using scanf()
and printf().
. Character Input/Output:Create a program that readsmultiple
2
characters using getchar() and prints them using putchar().
. File Handling Basics:Write a program to open afile, write some text
3
into it using fprintf(), and read it back using fscanf().
. Reading from a file:Write a program that readscontent from a text file
4
character by character using fgetc() and counts the number of words and
lines.
. Formatted File Writing:Create a program that takesa list of student
5
names and grades and writes them to a file in a formatted manner using
fprintf().
Programs for stdlib.h (Standard Library)
. Dynamic Memory Allocation (Array):Write a programthat
6
dynamically allocates memory for an integer array using malloc(), takes
input from the user, and then prints the array.
. Dynamic 2D Array:Use calloc() to allocate memoryfor a 2D array, take
7
input, and print the matrix.
. Reallocation of Memory:Write a program where you allocate an array
8
dynamically, then resize it using realloc(), and print both the original and
resized arrays.
. Random Number Generator:Create a program thatgenerates random
9
numbers using rand() and sorts them. Ensure to use srand() to seed the
generator with the current time.
0. Convert String to Number:Write a program thattakes numeric
1
strings from the user and converts them to integers, floats, and long
integers using atoi(), atof(), and atol().
Programs for string.h (String Handling)
1. String Length and Copy:Write a program that takesa string from the
1
user, calculates its length using strlen(), and creates a copy of it using
strcpy().
2. String Concatenation:Write a program that concatenatestwo strings
1
provided by the user using strcat() and prints the result.
3. String Comparison:Implement a program that comparestwo strings
1
using strcmp() and informs the user whether they are equal or not.
4. String Tokenization:Create a program that splitsa string into tokens
1
based on spaces and commas using strtok() and prints each token.
5. Find Substring:Write a program that finds ifone string is a substring
1
of another using strstr() and prints its position.
Programs for math.h (Mathematics Library)
6. Power Calculation:Create a program that raisesa number to a power
1
(e.g., x^y) using the pow() function.
7. Square Root Finder:Write a program that takesa positive number as
1
input and calculates its square root using sqrt().
8. Trigonometric Functions:Implement a program that calculates and
1
prints the sine, cosine, and tangent of an angle (in radians) using sin(),
cos(), and tan().
9. Round to Ceiling/Floor:Create a program thatrounds a float value to
1
its nearest integer using ceil() and floor() functions.
0. Absolute Value Calculator:Write a program thatcalculates the
2
absolute value of an integer using the abs() function.
Programs for time.h (Time Library)
1. Current Date and Time:Write a program that printsthe current date
2
and time in a human-readable format using time() and ctime().
2. Time Difference Calculator:Write a program thatcalculates and
2
prints the time difference between two time instances using difftime().
3. Clock Function Usage:Create a program that measuresthe
2
execution time of a simple for-loop using the clock() function.
4. Custom Date Formatting:Write a program that formatsthe current
2
date and time into a custom format (e.g., dd-mm-yyyy hh:mm:ss) using
strftime().
5. Timer Using time():Write a countdown timer usingtime(), where the
2
user specifies the number of seconds to count down.
Programs for ctype.h (Character Handling)
6. Alphabet Check:Write a program that checks ifa character entered
2
by the user is an alphabetic letter using isalpha().
7. Digit Checker:Implement a program that checksif a character
2
entered by the user is a digit using isdigit().
8. Convert to Uppercase/Lowercase:Create a program that converts a
2
string to uppercase and lowercase using toupper() and tolower().
9. Whitespace Checker:Write a program that checksif a character is a
2
whitespace using isspace().
0. Alphanumeric Checker:Write a program that checksif a character is
3
either a digit or a letter using isalnum().
Programs for stdbool.h (Boolean Type Library)
1. Boolean Type Program:Write a program that demonstratesthe use
3
of bool, true, and false values in controlling program flow (e.g., a flag to
stop/continue a loop).
2. Boolean Array Example:Create a program that usesa boolean array
3
to track whether certain numbers (e.g., prime numbers) are true or false.
3. Multiple Condition Checking:Implement a programthat uses
3
boolean variables to check multiple conditions in a loop.
Programs for limits.h (Limits of Data Types)
4. Data Type Limits:Write a program that printsthe minimum and
3
maximum values of various data types (e.g., int, char, long) using macros
from limits.h.
5. Overflow Handling:Create a program that demonstrateswhat
3
happens when values exceed the limit of a data type (e.g., trying to store a
number larger than INT_MAX).
Programs for float.h (Limits of Floating Point Types)
6. Float Precision Check:Write a program that printsthe minimum and
3
maximum values for float and double using macros from float.h.
7. Float Range Program:Implement a program that checks if a given
3
floating-point number lies within the valid range for float and double types.
Programs for assert.h (Diagnostics Library)
8. Assertion Example:Create a program that usesassert() to check a
3
precondition (e.g., check that a divisor is non-zero before division).
9. Precondition Checking:Write a program that takestwo integers and
3
divides them, using assert() to ensure the second integer is not zero
Programs for errno.h (Error Handling)
0. Error Code Handling:Write a program that performsdivision and
4
uses errno to check for division by zero or other math-related errors,
printing appropriate error messages.
String Based programs
1. Longest Palindromic Substring:
Find the longest palindromic substring in a given string.
Focus: Dynamic programming, efficient substring searching.
2. Implement Regular Expression Matching:
Implement basic regular expression matching for patterns like '.' (any
character) and '*' (zero or more occurrences).
Focus: Recursion, backtracking, pattern matching.
3. Longest Common Subsequence (LCS):
Find the longest common subsequence between two strings.
Focus: Dynamic programming, string comparison.
4. Longest Common Prefix:
Find the longest common prefix from an array of strings.
Focus: Efficient string searching and manipulation.
5. String Compression:
Compress a string such that consecutive repeated characters are replaced
by the character followed by its count (e.g., "aaabbc" becomes "a3b2c1").
Focus: String traversal, handling consecutive characters.
6. Implement strtok() Function:
Implement the functionality of the strtok() function, which tokenizes a string
based on delimiters.
Focus: Tokenization, handling memory, and string manipulation.
7. Minimum Number of Insertions and Deletions to Transform One
String into Another:
Given two strings, find the minimum number of insertions and deletions
required to transform one string into another.
Focus: Dynamic programming, edit distance calculation.
8. KMP (Knuth-Morris-Pratt) Algorithm for Pattern Searching:
Implement the KMP algorithm to efficiently search for a pattern in a string.
ocus: String pattern matching, preprocessing pattern strings, and
F
optimization.
9. Rabin-Karp Algorithm for String Matching:
Implement the Rabin-Karp algorithm for searching a pattern in a string
using hashing.
Focus: Hashing, rolling hash, and pattern matching.
10. Boyer-Moore Algorithm for String Matching:
Implement the Boyer-Moore algorithm to efficiently find a pattern in a string
by skipping unnecessary comparisons.
Focus: Pattern matching, bad character rule, and good suffix rule.
Array based Programs
. Reverse an Array:Write a program to reverse theelements of an array
1
without using another array.
. Array Rotation:Rotate the elements of an arrayby a given number of
2
positions in both left and right directions.
. Find Maximum and Minimum:Write a program to findthe maximum
3
and minimum element in an array.
. Merge Two Arrays:Merge two sorted arrays intoone sorted array
4
without using any sorting algorithm.
. Find Second Largest Element:Write a program tofind the second
5
largest element in an array.
. Frequency of Elements:Determine the frequencyof each element in
6
an array, including how many times it appears.
. Check if Array is Sorted:Write a program to checkwhether the
7
elements of an array are sorted in ascending or descending order.
8. Find Duplicates:Identify and print the duplicateelements in an array.
. Sum of Array Elements:Calculate the sum of allelements in an array,
9
as well as the sum of even and odd elements separately.
0. Array Elements in Pairs that Add to a Number:Find all pairs of
1
elements in an array whose sum equals a given number.
C programs featuring 1D, 2D, and 3D arrays.
1D Arrays
1. Find Element at a Specific Index:Write a programto retrieve the
element at a specific index in a 1D array.
2. Insert Element at a Given Position:Insert a new elementinto an array at
a specified position.
3. Delete an Element from Array:Delete an element fromthe array at a
given index and shift the remaining elements.
4. Array Index Search:Search for the index of a specificelement in the
array.
5. Sort an Array:Implement a sorting algorithm (BubbleSort, Selection Sort,
etc.) to sort a 1D array in ascending and descending order.
6. Sum and Average of Array Elements:Calculate the sumand average of
all elements in a 1D array.
7. Find Largest and Smallest Number in Array:Write aprogram to find
both the largest and smallest elements in a 1D array.
8. Count Even and Odd Numbers in Array:Count how manyeven and odd
numbers are present in a 1D array.
9. Remove Duplicates from Array:Remove the duplicateelements from a
1D array.
10. Merge Three Arrays:Merge three arrays into one sortedarray.
2D Arrays
11. Matrix Addition:Write a program to add two 2Darrays (matrices).
12. Matrix Subtraction:Perform subtraction of two matricesand store the
result in a third matrix.
13. Matrix Multiplication:Multiply two matrices and store the result in a
third matrix.
14. Transpose of a Matrix:Write a program to find thetranspose of a
matrix (convert rows to columns).
15. Matrix Determinant:Calculate the determinant of a2x2 or 3x3 matrix.
16. Check Symmetric Matrix:Write a program to check whethera given
2D matrix is symmetric or not.
17. Sum of Diagonal Elements in a Matrix:Find the sumof both primary
and secondary diagonal elements in a square matrix.
18. Upper and Lower Triangle of Matrix:Print the upperand lower
triangle of a square matrix separately.
19. Sparse Matrix Representation:Convert a 2D matrixinto its sparse
matrix form by only storing non-zero elements.
20. Rotate Matrix by 90 Degrees:Rotate a 2D matrix by90 degrees
clockwise or counterclockwise.
21. 3D Arrays:Write a program to initialize and printall elements of a 3D
array.
22. Matrix Multiplication for 3D Arrays:Perform matrixmultiplication for
3D arrays (use small dimensions for simplicity).
23. Sum of Elements in 3D Array:Calculate the sum ofall elements in a
3D array
24. Search Element in 3D Array:Search for a specificelement in a 3D
array and print its position.
25. Transpose of 3D Array Slices:Perform transpose operationson slices
of a 3D array along different axes.
26. Find Maximum and Minimum in a 3D Array:Find the maximumand
minimum elements in a 3D array.
27. Convert 1D to 3D Array:Convert a 1D array of sizen³ into a 3D array
and print its elements.
28. 3D Array Rotation:Implement a program to rotate the elements of a
3D array along different axes.
29. Layer-wise Sum in a 3D Array:Calculate the sum ofelements layer
by layer in a 3D array.
30. Boundary Elements of 3D Array:Print all the boundary elements
(elements on the "shell") of a 3D array.
Random Module Based
Basic Programs
1. Random Number Generation:
○ Write a program that generates and prints a random number
between 1 and 100.
2. Random Dice Roll Simulator:
○ Implement a program that simulates rolling a six-sided dice and
prints the result.
3. Random Password Generator:
○ Create a program that generates a random alphanumeric password
of a specified length.
4. Random Array Initialization:
○ Write a program that initializes an array of a specified size with
random integers and prints the array.
Intermediate Programs
5. Random Number Guessing Game:
○ Develop a program where the computer randomly selects a number
between 1 and 100, and the user has to guess it. Provide hints for
higher or lower guesses.
6. Shuffle an Array:
○ Write a program that takes an array of integers and shuffles its
elements randomly.
7. Random Selection from a List:
○ Create a program that takes a list of names from the user and
randomly selects one name from the list.
○
Advanced Programs
8. Monte Carlo Simulation for Pi:
○ Implement a Monte Carlo method to estimate the value of π by
randomly generating points in a square and counting how many fall
within a quarter circle.
9. Randomized Quick Sort:
○ Write a program that implements the quicksort algorithm using a
random pivot selection to improve performance.
10. Random Maze Generator:
○ Create a program that generates a simple maze using random
pathways, using techniques such as depth-first search or recursive
backtracking.
FIle Handling Programs
Basic Programs
1. Write to a File:
○ Create a program that takes user input and writes it to a text file.
2. Read from a File:
○ Write a program that reads and displays the contents of a text file.
3. Copy Contents of One File to Another:
○ Implement a program that copies the contents of one file to another
file.
4. Append to a File:
○ Create a program that allows the user to append text to an existing
file.
5. Count Characters in a File:
○ Write a program that counts and displays the number of characters
in a text file.
Intermediate Programs
6. Count Words in a File:
○ Implement a program that counts and displays the number of words
in a text file.
7. Find and Replace in a File:
○ Write a program that finds a specific word in a file and replaces it
with another word.
8. Sort Lines in a File:
○ Create a program that reads lines from a file, sorts them
alphabetically, and writes the sorted lines to a new file.
9. File Comparison:
○ Implement a program that compares two files and displays the
differences between them.
10. Extract Specific Lines from a File:
○ Write a program that extracts and writes specific lines (e.g., odd or
even numbered lines) from a file to a new file.
Advanced Programs
11.CSV File Reader and Writer:
○ Create a program that reads data from a CSV file and allows the
user to add new records to it.
12. Binary File Write and Read:
○ Implement a program that writes structured data (like a struct) to a
binary file and reads it back.
13. File Encryption and Decryption:
○ W rite a program that encrypts a text file by shifting characters and
provides a way to decrypt it.
14. Record Management System:
○ Create a program that allows users to add, delete, and view records
(like student or employee records) stored in a file.
15. Merge Two Files:
○ Implement a program that merges the contents of two text files into a
new file.
Expert Programs
16. ile Compression:
F
○ Write a program that compresses a text file by replacing sequences
of repeated characters with a single character and a count.
17. Log File Analyzer:
○ Create a program that analyzes a log file, counts occurrences of
specific events, and summarizes the results.
18. Backup System:
○ Implement a program that creates backups of specified files or
directories by copying them to a backup folder.
19. Simple Text Editor:
○ Write a program that allows users to create, edit, and save text files,
implementing features like opening, saving, and editing.
20. File Properties Display:
○ Create a program that displays various properties of a file (like size,
creation date, last modified date) using file handling techniques.
INGREDREIER ICYNADAI
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