Sample Questions and Answers

Marks
Sr. No. Question/Answer (5 Marks Type) Unit No.
Distribution
State Cayley-Hamilton Theorem.
Q 1. 2 1 2+3 6
Also show that 𝐴 = [ ] satisfies the theorem.
1 1
Cayley-Hamilton theorem states that every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
2
To verify, |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼|=0
This implies, λ2 − 3λ + 1 = 0.

Answer Applying Cayley-Hamilton theorem, 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 𝐼 = 0

5 3
Calculating 𝐴2 = ( )
3 2
Putting all the values we get L.H.S=R.H.S.
Thus, Theorem is satisfied. 3

𝑑𝑦
Q 2. Use Picard’s method up to second iteration and compute y(0.2) from the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥𝑦 given y =1 when x = 0. 5 9
Given, 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 1 and 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 + 𝑥𝑦

𝑥 𝑥2
First iteration: 𝑦1 (𝑥) = 𝑦0 + ∫𝑥 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦0 )𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 +
0 =0 2
Answer 5
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
Second iteration: 𝑦2 (𝑥) = 𝑦0 + ∫𝑥 =0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦1 )𝑑𝑥 =1+𝑥+ + +
0 2 3 8

Therefore, 𝑦(0.2) ≈ 1.22287

Q 3. Find a real root of the equation 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 1 = 0 lying between 2 and 3, using bisection method correct up to 3- significant figures. 5 3
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 1 = 0,
Here, 𝑓(2) < 0.
Answer
And 𝑓(3) > 0.
i.e., 𝑓(2). 𝑓(3) < 0
 Now, let 𝑎 = 2 & 𝑏 = 3
Applying bisection method:
𝑎+𝑏
First iteration: 𝑥1 = = 2.5
2
𝑓(𝑥1 ) = −5.875 < 0
𝑥1 +𝑏 5
Second iteration: 𝑥2 = = 2.75
2
𝑓(𝑥2 ) = −2.9531 < 0
𝑥_2+𝑏
Third iteration: 𝑥3 = = 2.875
2
𝑓(𝑥3 ) = −1.115 < 0
𝑥3 +𝑏
Fourth iteration: 𝑥4 = = 2.9375
2
𝑓(𝑥4 ) = −0.0901 < 0
Hence, 𝑥 ≈ 2.9375
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Solve 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦2 = 0 for the unknown a and b in the given region with indicated boundary conditions.

0 60 50 0
Q 4. 3 +2 10
80 a b 30

0 0 10 0

The unknown values of 𝑢 at the interior points are 𝑎 and 𝑏.

1
𝑎 = (140 + 𝑏) 3
4
And
Answer
1
𝑏 = (90 + 𝑎)
4
i.e., 4𝑎 − 𝑏 = 140 & − 𝑎 + 4𝑏 = 9 2
By solving, we get 𝑎 ≈ 43.33 & 𝑏 ≈ 3.33
5 𝑑𝑥
Q 5. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥
using Trapezoidal method correct to three significant figures taking h = 1. 5 8
1
Here, 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 5 & ℎ = 1
1+𝑥

Answer Constructing the table 5

X 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 1.000 0.500 0.333 0.250 0.200 0.167
 Now, let us apply trapezoidal rule
𝑑𝑥 ℎ
∫ 𝑥5 = 5 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 ) + 𝑦4 ] ≈ 1.866
𝑥0 =0 1+𝑥 2
2 3
Q 6. Decompose the given matrix 𝐴 = ( ) into a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U. 5 5
4 1
2 3
Given, 𝐴 = ( )
4 1
Do 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
2 3
Answer We get 𝑈 = ( ) 5
0 −5
1 0
And 𝐿 = ( )
2 1
1 0 2 3
Hence 𝐴 = ( )( )
2 1 0 −5
𝑑𝑦 1
Given = (𝑥 + 𝑦), find y (2) using Milne’s method using the following data:
𝑑𝑥 2
Q 7. x 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2+3
y 2 2.636 3.595 4.968
1
Here, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦), and ℎ = 0.5
2
For,
1 2
𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 2, 𝑦0′ = (0 + 2) = 1
2
1
𝑥1 = 0.5, 𝑦1 = 2.636, 𝑦1′ = (0.5 + 2.636) = 1.568
2
1
𝑥2 = 1.0, 𝑦2 = 3.595, 𝑦2′ = (1.0 + 3.595) = 2.2975
2
1
Answer 𝑥3 = 1.5, 𝑦3 = 4.968, 𝑦3′ = (1.5 + 4.968) = 3.234
2
By Milne’s predictor formula
4
𝑦4 = 𝑦0 + ℎ[2𝑦1′ − 𝑦2′ + 2𝑦3′ ]
3
Which gives, 𝑦4 = 6.8710
1
Thus, 𝑦4′ = (𝑥4 + 𝑦4 ) = 4.4355
2 3
Now, by Milne’s corrector formula
1
𝑦4 = 𝑦2 + ℎ[𝑦2′ + 4𝑦3′ + 𝑦4′ ] = 6.8731667
3
1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Q 8. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 correct to three significant figures taking six equal sub-intervals using Simpson’s one-third rule. 5 8
 𝑥 1−0 1
Here, 𝑓(𝑥) = ,𝑥 = 0, 𝑥6 = 1 and ℎ = =
1+𝑥 0 6 6
Now, let us construct a table
𝑥𝑖 𝑥0 = 0 𝑥1 = 1/6 𝑥2 = 2/6 𝑥3 = 3/6 𝑥4 = 4/6 𝑥5 = 5/6 𝑥6 = 1
Answer 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 0.00000 0.14286 0.25000 0.33333 0.40000 0.45454 0.50000 5

Applying Simpson’s one-third rule.

1
𝑥𝑑𝑥 ℎ
∫ = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 4(𝑦1 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦2 + 𝑦4 )] = 0.307
0 1+𝑥 3
Using Stirling’s formula in the following table find the value of y at x=16.
Q 9. X 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3+2 2
y 0 0.0875 0.1763 0.2679 0.3640 0.4663 0.5774
Taking 𝑥0 = 15, 𝑥 = 16, ℎ = 5
𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝑝= = 0.2
ℎ
The difference table is
i x y Δ𝑦 Δ2 𝑦 Δ3 𝑦 Δ4 𝑦 Δ5 𝑦 Δ6 𝑦
-3 0 0.0000
-2 5 0.0875 0.0875 3
-1 10 0.1763 0.0888 0.0013

0 15 0.2679 0.0916 0.0028 0.0015

Answer 1 20 0.3640 0.0961 0.0045 0.0017 0.0002

2 25 0.4663 0.1023 0.0062 0.0017 0.0000 -0.0002

3 30 0.5774 0.1111 0.0088 0.0026 0.0009 0.0009 0.0011

2

By Stirling’s formula, we have

Δ𝑦0 + Δ𝑦−1 𝑝2 2 𝑝(𝑝2 − 1) Δ3 𝑦−1 + Δ3 𝑦−2 𝑝2 (𝑝2 − 1) 4
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑝 ( ) + Δ 𝑦−1 + ( )+ Δ 𝑦−2 …
2 2! 3! 2 4!
Putting all the values we get
 𝑦(0.2) ≈ 0.28671

Q 10. Define Absolute error, Relative Error and Percentage Error. 5 1

Absolute error: It is the numerical difference between its true value of a quantity and its approximated value. 5

Relative error: It is calculated by dividing absolute error by it’s true value.

Answer

Percentage error: Percentage error is relative error translated to percentage. I.e., to calculate percentage error, one needs to
multiply relative error by 100.

Q 11. Explain with an example the difference between Inherent errors and numerical errors. 5 1
Inherent errors are those errors which are present in the statement of the problem itself, before finding its solution. Whereas
numerical errors are introduced during the process of implementation of a numerical method.
Let us consider a problem statement as follows: Fit a third-degree polynomial to find an approximation for x= x0 for a given data
Answer 5
table.
In this problem one must restrict oneself to the third degree. This may or may not be a good fit for the given data. The error thus
introduced is an error on modelling of the problem itself. It is an example of Inherent error.
 Marks
Sr. No. Question/Answer (10 marks type) Unit No.
Distribution
1 1
Q 1. Find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of the matrix 𝐴 = [ ]. 4+6 6
1 1
The characteristic equation is given by
|𝐴 − λ𝐼| = 0 which gives λ = 0 𝑜𝑟 2
4
Now, for eigen vectors consider the equation (𝐴 − λ𝐼)𝑋 = 0

Which gives
(1 − λ)𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥1 + (1 − λ)𝑥2 = 0
Answer
For λ = 0, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 0
And 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 0

Take 𝑥1 = 1 then 𝑥2 = −1
1
Hence one of the eigen vectors associated with λ = 0 is ( ).
−1 6
Similarly, for λ = 2, set of equations are −𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 0 and 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0
1
Hence one of the eigen vectors associated with 𝜆 = 2 is ( ).
1
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3 by using Newton’s forward interpolation formula from the following data:
Q 2. X 1 2 3 4 5 6 5+2+1+2 1
Y 2.7183 3.3210 4.0552 4.9530 6.0496 7.3891
Let us construct a difference table. 5
x y Δ𝑦 Δ2 𝑦 Δ3 𝑦 Δ4 𝑦 Δ5 𝑦
1 2.7183
2 3.3210 0.6027
3 4.0552 0.7342 0.1315
Answer
4 4.9530 0.8978 0.1636 0.0321
5 6.0496 1.0966 0.1988 0.0352 0.0031
6 7.3891 1.3395 0.2429 0.0441 0.0089 0.0058

Newton’s forward interpolation formula for differentiation is given by 2

 1 2𝑝 − 1 2 3𝑝2 − 6𝑝 + 2 3 4𝑝3 − 18𝑝2 + 22𝑝 − 6 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = [Δ𝑓(𝑥0 ) + . Δ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + . Δ f(x0 ) + . Δ 𝑓(𝑥0 )
ℎ 2 6 24
5𝑝4 − 40𝑝3 − 105𝑝2 − 100𝑝 + 24 5
+ . Δ 𝑓(𝑥0 )]
120
Here, ℎ = 1. 1
For 𝑥 = 1, 𝑝 = 0.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≈ 0.5480 2
3−1
For, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑝 = =2
1
𝑓 ′ (3) ≈ 0.8052
Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to fit a polynomial for the following data:
x 0 1 3 4
Q 3. y -12 0 6 12 8+2 2

Also estimate y at x=2.

Given, 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = 3 and 𝑥4 = 4
8
𝑦0 = −12, 𝑦1 = 0, 𝑦2 = 6 and 𝑦4 = 12
By Lagrange’s interpolation formula
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 )
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦0 + 𝑦1 + 𝑦
Answer (𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) (𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) 2
(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 )
+ 𝑦2 + 𝑦
(𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ) (𝑥3 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥3 − 𝑥2 ) 3
= 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 − 12
2
Now, putting the value 𝑥 = 2, we get, 𝑓(2) = 4.
𝑑𝑦
Q 4. Compute y(0.3) from the equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦(0) = 1, taking ℎ = 0.1, by Runge-Kutta fourth order method. 3+3+4 7
For 𝑦(0.1): 3
𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦 and ℎ = 0.1.
Thus,
𝐾1 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = −0.1
Answer ℎ 𝐾1
𝐾2 = ℎ𝑓 (𝑥0 + , 𝑦0 + ) = −0.09
2 2
ℎ 𝐾2
𝐾3 = ℎ𝑓 (𝑥0 + , 𝑦0 + ) = −0.0905
2 2
𝐾4 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥0 + ℎ, 𝑦0 + 𝐾3 ) = −0.08095
 1
Therefore 𝑦(0.1) = 𝑦0 + [𝐾1 + 2𝐾2 + 2𝐾3 + 𝐾4 ] = 0.909675
6
3
For 𝑦(0.2):
𝑥1 = 0.1, 𝑦1 = 0.909675
Thus,
𝐾1 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = −0.0809675
ℎ 𝐾1
𝐾2 = ℎ𝑓 (𝑥1 + , 𝑦1 + ) = −0.0719191
2 2
ℎ 𝐾2
𝐾3 = ℎ𝑓 (𝑥1 + , 𝑦1 + ) = −0.0723715
2 2
𝐾4 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥1 + ℎ, 𝑦1 + 𝐾3 ) = −0.0637303
1
Therefore 𝑦(0.2) = 𝑦1 + 6 [𝐾1 + 2𝐾2 + 2𝐾3 + 𝐾4 ] = 0.8374618 4

For 𝑦(0.3):
𝑥2 = 0.2, 𝑦2 = 0.837462
Thus,
𝐾1 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = −0.0637462
ℎ 𝐾1
𝐾2 = ℎ𝑓 (𝑥2 + , 𝑦2 + ) = −0.0555588
2 2
ℎ 𝐾2
𝐾3 = ℎ𝑓 (𝑥2 + , 𝑦2 + ) = −0.0559682
2 2
𝐾4 = ℎ𝑓(𝑥2 + ℎ, 𝑦2 + 𝐾3 ) = −0.0481493
1
Therefore 𝑦(0.3) = 𝑦2 + [𝐾1 + 2𝐾2 + 2𝐾3 + 𝐾4 ] = 0.781637
6

3 2 7
Decompose matrix 𝐴 = [2 3 1] into L and U, where L is a lower triangular matrix and U is an upper triangular
Q 5. 3 4 1 5+5 6
matrix.

3 2 7 5
Given, 𝐴 = [2 3 1]
3 4 1
Answer 2
Do 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 and 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
3
 3 2 7
We get [0 5/3 −11/3]
0 2 −6
6
Do 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
5
3 2 7
We get, 𝑈 = [0 5/3 −11/3] 5
0 0 −8/5

1 0 0
And 𝐿 = [2/3 1 0]
1 6/5 1
1 0 0 3 2 7
Hence 𝐴 = [2/3 1 0] [0 5/3 −11/3]
1 6/5 1 0 0 −8/5
0.3 𝑑𝑥
Q 6. Calculate the value of ∫0 using Simpson’s 3/8th rule. Take h= 0.05. 10 5
√1−𝑥 2
Let us construct the table:
x 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
y 1.00000 1.00125 1.00504 1.01144 1.02062 1.03279 1.04838
Answer 10
Applying Simpson’s 3/8th formula:
0.3 𝑑𝑥 3ℎ
∫0 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦6 ) + 3(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦4 + 𝑦5 ) + 2(𝑦3 )] = 0.30469.
√1−𝑥 2 8
Using Newton-Raphson method find a real root of 3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 1 lying between 0 and 1, correct up to four decimal
Q 7. 10 8
places.
Given, f(x)=3x-cos x -1.

Further we get f’(x)=3+sin x

Answer 10
Now by trial-and-error method, let us identify a and b.

f(0) = -2 < 0
f(1) = 1.46 > 0
Let us take a = 0 and b = 1.

To further improve our estimates, let us do bisection.

a+b 0+1
x0 = 2
= 2
= 0.5, f(0.5) = −0.38 < 0.

Let us take this x0 as initial approximation.

Now applying Newton Raphson’s method.

f(x0 ) 3 ∗ 0.5 − cos 0.5 − 1

x1 = x0 − ′
= 0.5 − = 0.6087
f (x0 ) 3 + sin 0.5
For n =2 step.

f(x1 ) 3 ∗ 0.6087 − cos 0.6087 − 1

x2 = x1 − ′
= 0.6087 − = 0.607102
f (x1 ) 3 + sin 0.6087

For n= 3 step.

f(x2 ) 3 ∗ 0.607102 − cos 0.607102 − 1

x3 = x2 − ′
= 0.607102 − = 0.60710165
f (x2 ) 3 + sin 0.607102

As we can see roots appears to be converging to its true value. This approximation is good enough. Hence, we conclude
that approximate root of given f(x) is 0.60710165.