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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Palak Singh a student of class
12th hassuccessfully completed his Biology
project work on the topic “Bacterial disease under
the guidance ofsubject Teacher Mrs. Archana
Mam during the year
2024-25 From Amar public school in partial
fulfillment of chemistry practical examination
conducted by C.B.S.E.
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PROCEDURE
1.KEEPING THE TEMPERATURE SAME
i. Take three beakers of equal volume and lable them
as A,B,C D.Pour 10ml of each liquid in these beaker.
Experinen
ii. Find their respective masses using
(density=mass/volume).
iii. Keep the beakers at similar conditions for 30mins
after recording their masses.
iv. After half an hour note the masses of these beakers
and calculate the loss in mass of them
2. BEAKERS OF DIFFERENT SURFACE AREA
Put 10ml of different liquids in beakers of different
surface areas.
3. HEATING THE BEAKERS
Heat the beakers to different temperatures and note
their volumes
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am Palak thankful to my
chemistry teacher Mrs. Archana Mam for
extending his valuable and scholarly
guidance throughout the preparation of
this project. I wish to extend my sincere
thanks to MR. RS CHAUHAN respected
Principal, for his continuous motivation
and moral support for completing the
work.
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INDEX
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Objective
Factors Influencing rate of Evaporation
USES OF DIFFERENT LIQUID
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Introduction
Evaporation is a process in which when a liquid on
the surface turns into a gas or vapor. When liquid
is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into
gaseous phase ventually leaving the vessel empty.
Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the
terms of kinetic molecular model although there
are strong molecular attractive forces which hold.
molecules together. The molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous
phase. If such molecules happen to come near the
surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do
not have same kinetic energy. There is a small
fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic
energy to overcome the attractive forces and
escapes into gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the
reason that the molecules which undergo
evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore
the kinetic energy of the molecules. which are left
behind is less.
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OBJECTIVE
To study the effects of various factors on
evaporation of liquids and hence find the
factors affecting the rate of evaporation.
The factors to be tested are:
1. Nature Of Liquid
2. Surface Area of Liquid
3. Temperature
4. Environmental factors
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FACTORS
INFLUENCING RATE
OF EVAPORATION
1. Concentration of the substance
evaporating in the air:
If the air already has a high concentration of
the substance evaporating, then the given
substance will evaporate more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the
air:
If the air is already saturated with other
substances, it can have a lower capacity forth
substance evaporating.
3. Temperature of the substance
If the substance is hotter, then evaporation
will be faster.
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4. Flow rate of air:
If fresh air is moving over the substance all
the time, then the concentration of the
substance in the air is less likely to go up with
time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In
addition, molecules in motion have more
energy than those at rest, and so
the stronger the flow of air, the greater the
evaporating power of the air molecules.
5. Inter-molecular forces:
The stronger the forces keeping the
molecules together in the liquid or solid state
the more energy that must be input in order
to evaporate them.
6. Surface aren and temperature:
The rate of evaporation of liquids varies
directly with temperature. With the increase
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in the temperature, fraction of molecules
having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out
from the surface also increases. Thus with the
increase in temperature rate of evaporation
also increases. Molecules that escape the
surface of the liquids constitute the
evaporation. Therefore larger surface area
contributes accelerating evaporation.
7. Nature of Liquids:
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of
attraction in liquid determines the speed of
evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular
forces of attraction larger are the extent of
evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of
evaporation is greater than that of ethyl
alcohol
8. Composition of Environment:
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends
upon the flow of air currents above the
surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the
surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the
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substance in vapour state thereby preventing
condensation.
9. Density:
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates.
10. Pressure:
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster
because there is less exertion on the surface keeping
the molecules from launching themselves
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USES OF DIFFERENT
LIQUIDS
WATER:
Water has many distinct properties that are critical for
the proliferation of life that set it apart from other
substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic
compounds to react in ways that ultimately allows
replication. Water is vital both as a solvent in many
ways and respiration. It is also central to acid. base
neutrality and enzyme function
ACETONE:
Acetone is often the primary component in nail polish
remover. It is used extensively for the safe transporting
and storage of acetylene. Vessels containing a porous
material are first filled with acetone followed by
acetylene, which dissolves into acetone. It is a strong
solvent for most plastics and synthetic fibers. It is also
used as a drying agent, due to readiness with which it
binds to water, and it volatility. Acetone can also be
used on hair to remove buildup and oil.
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ACETALDEHYDE:
It is a flammable liquid with fruity smell.
Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in ripe fruit, coffee
and fresh bread and is produced by plants as a
part of their normal metabolism. It is known as
the chemical that causes hangovers. It is used as
an intermediate in the production of acetic acid,
certain esters and a number of other chemicals
ETHANOL:
The largest single use of ethanol is an a motor fuel
and fuel additive. It may also be utilized as a
rocket fuel and is currently. used in lightweight
rocked powered racing craft. Ethanol fuels flue-
less, real flame fireplaces. Ethanol is kept in a
burner containing a wick such as glass wool, a
safety sheild to reduce the chances of accidents
and an extinguisher such as plate or shutter to cut
off oxygen.
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RESULTS
This experiment clearly establishes the
relation between the rate of evaporation of
different liquids and the factors on which it
depends.
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CONCLUSION
✓ From the observation we conclude that
loss in mass is directly proportional to the
rate of evaporation i.e. higher is the loss in
mass higher is the rate of evaporation.
✓ From the observation it is clearly seen
that, rate of evaporation is directly
proportional to the surface area i.e. more
the surface area more is the rate of
evaporation.
✓ The rate of evaporation also depends
upon the temperature, more is the energy
of the molecules, more is the rate of
evaporation.
✓ More is the density, less will be the rate
of evaporation.
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Varation of volume liquids evaporate in different surface area
Different Acetone Ethanol Water Acetaldehyde
surface
Area
9.5 9.7 9.9 9.5
Beaker
Watch glass 9.0 9.3 9.7 9.3
Conical flask 9.3 9.6 9.9 9.5
Varation of rate of evaporation of liquids at different temperatures
Liquid(ml) Temperatures (in Degree Celsius)
25o 27o 29o 31o
Acetone 9.5 9.3 9.0 8.8
Water 9.9 9.8 9.6 9.3
Acetaldehyde 9.5 9.3 9.2 9.0
Ethanol 9.7 9.4 9.2 8.9
