Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

137. (c) NOR gate of the circuit is equal to the total emf included in the
138. (a) 10l circuit.
139. (b)frequency modulation 6. State Joule’s law of heating.
140. (c) Sky wave propagation It states that the heat developed in an electrical circuit
11.Recent Developments in Physics due to the flow of current varies directly as
141. (b) Nanomaterial
(i) the square of the current
142. (a) peacock feather
143. (c) parrot fish
(ii) the resistance of the circuit and
144. (b) bottom up approach (iii) the time of flow. H= I2Rt
145. (c) Sports 7. State Coulombs inverse square law
146. (d) steel and Aluminium The force of attraction or repulsion between two
147. (a) Shape Memory alloys magnetic poles is directly proportional to the product
148. (c) virtual reality of their pole strengths and inversely proportional to
qm qm
149. (a) Higgs particles the square of the distance between them. Fα Ar2 B r̂
150. (c) Albert Einstein
8. State Biot savart law
Important 2 Mark questions
The magnitude of magnetic field dB is
State laws
(i) directly proportional to the current I
1. Write down Coulomb’s law in vector form and
(ii) directly proportional to the length of the element
mention what each term represents.
dl
Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force is
(iii) directly proportional to the sine of the angle θ
directly proportional to the product of the magnitude
between
of the two point charges and is inversely proportional
dl and r.
to the square of the distance between the two point
𝑞 𝑞 (iv) inversely proportional to the square of the
charges. 𝐹̅21 = 𝑘 𝑟1 2 𝑟̂ distance (r)
12
r12is the unit vector directed from charge q1 to charge i dl sinθ
q2 and k is the proportionality constant.The force dB α
r2
always lies along the linejoining the two charges 9. State Ampere's circuital law
2.State Microscopic form of ohms’ law The line integral of magnetic field over a closed loop
Consider a conductor with area of cross section A is μ0 times net current enclosed by the
and let an electric field E be applied, n electrons per loop. ∮𝑐 𝐵𝑑𝑙 =µ0I
unit volume then
dx 10.State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
The drift velocity of the electrons Vd = dt induction.
electrons available in the volume of length dx is First law :Whenever magnetic flux linked with a
=Adxn closed circuit changes, an emf is induced in the
Total charge in the volume element dQ = (e)(AVddt)n circuit which lasts in the circuit as long as the
dQ magnetic flux is changing.
= I = neAvd but The current density
dt Second law:The magnitude of induced emf in a
J=I/A= nevd Substituting Vd J=σE The equation
closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of
is called microscopic form of ohm’s law.
magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
3. State Microscopic form of ohms’ law
11. State Lens law
When a potential difference V is applied across the
V Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced
wire can be written as V=EI from this E= I current is such that it always opposes the cause
V d(Nφ)
magnitude of current density J= σE, J= σ I ----(1) responsible for its production ϵ = − dt
I I V 1 12. State Fleming left hand rule
but J = A ----(2) (1)=(2) A = σ I V = I σA ,
The Forefinger, middle finger and thumb of the left
V=IR The resistance is the ratio of potential
hand are stretched out in mutually perpendicular
difference across the given conductor to the current
directions. If the forefinger points in the direction of
passing through the conductor.
magnetic field, the middle finger points in the
4. State Kirchhoff’s current rule. (law)
direction of the electric current, then thumb finger
It states that the algebraic sum of the currents at any
will point in the direction of the force
junction of a circuit is zero
13. State Fleming right hand rule
5. State Kirchhoff voltage rule (law)
The thumb, forefinger and middle finger of right
It states that in a closed circuit the algebraic sum of
hand are stretched out in mutually perpendicular
the products of the current and resistance of each part

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

directions. If the thumb indicates the direction of I and r are constants, ε ∝ l.. The emf of the cell is
motion of the conductor, the forefinger points the directly proportional to the balancing length
direction of the magnetic field and then the middle 3. Give the principle of AC generator
finger will indicate the direction of the induced Generator work on the principle of electromagnetic
current. induction. The relative motion between a conductor
14. Write notes on Ampere-Maxwell law. and a magnetic field changes the magnetic flux
where the total current enclosed by the surface linked with the conductor which in turn, induces an
becomes the sum of conduction current and emf.
displacement current. i=ic+id 4. Give the principle of solar cells.
15. Write notes on Gauss’s law for magnetism A solar cell, also known as photovoltaic cell, works
The surface integral of magnetic field over a closed on the principle of photovoltaic effect. Accordingly,
̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
surface is zero. ∮ B . dA = 0 the p-n junction of the solar cell generates emf when
16. State Snell’s law (lawof refraction.) solar radiation
*The incident ray, refracted ray and normal to the falls on it.
refracting surface are all coplanar Properties of
*The ratio of sine of angle of incident i in the first 1. What are the properties of an equipotential
medium to the sine of angle of refraction r in the surface?
second medium is equal to the ratio of refractive *The work done to move a charge q between any two
index n2 of the second medium to the refractive points lies on the same equipotential surface, work
index n1 of the first medium. done is zero
Sin 𝑖 𝑛 * The electric field must always be normal to
= 𝑛1
sin 𝑟 2 equipotential surface.
17.State Huygens’ principle. 2.Diamagnetism
*Each point on the wave front behaves as the source i) Magnetic susceptibility is negative.
of secondary wavelets spreading out in all directions ii) Relative permeability is slightly less than unity.
with the speed of the wave. iii) The magnetic field lines are repelled or expelled
*The envelope to all these wavelets gives the position by diamagnetic materials when placed in a magnetic
and shape of the new wave front at a later time. field.
18.State and obtain Malus’ law iv) Susceptibility is nearly temperature independent.
light of intensity I0 is incident on an analyser, the 3.Para magnetism
intensity of light I transmitted from the analyser i)Magnetic susceptibility is positive and small.
varies directly as the square of the cosine of the angle ii) Relative permeability is greater than unity.
θ between the transmission axes of polariser and iii)The magnetic field lines are attracted into the
analyser as shown 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 paramagnetic materials when placed in a magnetic
polariser and the analyser are inclined by an angle θ, field.
I0 be the intensity, amplitude a, acosθ and asinθ iv) Susceptibility is inversely proportional to
which are the parallel and perpendicular components temperature.
Only the component acosθ will be transmitted by the 4.Ferromagnetism
analyser 𝐼 ∝ (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 , 𝐼 = 𝑘(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 i) Magnetic susceptibility is positive and large.
𝐼 = 𝑘𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ii) Relative permeability is large.
19.State Brewster’s law. iii) The magnetic field lines are strongly attracted
Brewster’s law states that the tangent of the into the ferromagnetic materials when placed in a
polarising angle for a transparent medium is equal to magnetic field.
its refractive index. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑝 = 𝑛 iv) Susceptibility is inversely proportional to
Principles of temperature.
1.Write a short note on superposition principle. 5.Electromagnetic waves
The total force acting on a given charge is equal to i) It produced by any accelerated charge.
the vector sum of forces exerted on it by all the other ii) It do not require any medium for propagation.
charges. iii) It is transverse in nature.
𝐹1𝑇𝑜𝑡 = 𝐹12 +𝐹13+𝐹12+𝐹14+𝐹12+𝐹15+………….𝐹1𝑛 iv) It travel with speed of light in vacuum
2. State the principle of potentiometer. v) It donot deflected by electric field or magnetic
The potential difference across CJ the balancing field.
length l. is equal to the emf of the cell ε, vi) It can exhibit interference, diffraction and
ε = Irl. polarization.

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

vii) It can also carry energy, linear momentum and intersection point, some of the charge has to move in
angular momentum. two different directions, but it is physically
6.Write the properties of cathode rays. impossible.
*Cathode rays possess energy and momentum 2. Why the current in scalar unit
*It travel in a straight line In general, the current I is defined as the scalar
*It can be deflected by electric and magnetic fields. product of the current density and area vector in
*It affect the photographic plates which the charges cross. (I= J.A)
*When the cathode rays fall on a certain material x- 3.Why is the path of a charged particle not a circle
rays are produced. when it’s velocity is not perpendicular to the
*It ionize the gas magnetic field
Units velocity of the particle is split up into two
1.One Ampere components; one component is parallel to the field
One ampere is defined as that constant current which while the other component perpendicular to the field.
when passed through each of the two infinitely long The component of velocity parallel to field remains
parallel straight conductors kept side by side unchanged and the component perpendicular to the
parallelly at a distance of one metre apart in air or field keeps changing due to Lorentz force. Hence the
vacuum causes each conductor to experience a force path of the particle is not a circle;
of 2 × 10−7 newton per metre length of conductor. 4.what happens to the domain in a ferromagnetic
2. How will you define the unit of inductance? material in the presence of external magnetic field
(One Henry) *The domains having magnetic moments parallel to
if a current changing at the rate of 1 A s−1 induces an the field grow bigger in size
opposing emf of 1 V in the coil then the inductance *The other domains (not parallel to field)are rotated
of the coil is said to be one henry so that they are aligned with the field.
3. Define curie. 5.Is an ammeter connected in series or parallel in
One curie was defined as number of decays per a circuit? Why?
second in 1 g of radium and it is equal to 3.7X1010 The ammeter must offer low resistance such that it
decays/s. will not change the current passing through it. So
4. Define atomic mass unit u. ammeter is connected in series to measure the circuit
One atomic mass unit (u) is defined as the (1/12)th of current.
the mass of the isotope of carbon 126𝑐 6.How to convert galvanometer into ammeter
5. What is meant by activity or decay rate? Give its A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by
unit. connecting a low resistance in parallel with the
unit of activity R is Becquerel and one Becquerel galvanometer. This low resistance is called shunt
(Bq) is equal to one decay per second resistance S.
Application of 7.How to convert galvanometer into voltmeter
1. State the applications of Seebeck effect. A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by
i)It is used in thermoelectric generators connecting a high resistance in series with
ii) Measuring the temperature difference between the galvanometer
two objects 8. What do you understand by self-inductance of a
iii)In automobiles which is used to increasing fuel coil? Give its physical significance
efficiency When a circuit is switched on, the increasing current
2.Advantages of stationary armature-rotating induces an emf which opposes the growth of current
field alternator in a circuit Likewise, when circuit is switched off ,
*The current is drawn directly from fixed terminals the decreasing current induces an emf in the reverse
*The insulation of stationary armature winding is direction which opposes the decay of current Thus,
easier inductance of the coil opposes any change in current
*The number of sliding contacts (slip rings) is and tries to maintain the original state
reduced. 9.Why Electromagnetic wave is a non-mechanical
*Armature windings can be constructed more rigidly Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.and it
Justify and why do not require any medium for propagation.
1.The electric field lines never intersect.Justify. 10. Why do stars twinkle?
If two lines are cross at a point, then there will be two Actually, the stars do not twinkle They appear
different electric field vectors at the same point, in twinkling because of the movement of the
the atmospheric layers with varying refractive indices

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11. Explain the reason for the glittering of diamond. 19. A diode is called as a unidirectional device.
Diamond appears dazzling because of the total Explain.
internal reflection of light that happens inside the For Ideal diode the forward resistance is zero and
diamond barrier potential is considered negligible.so It acts
The range of angle of incidence (24.4° to 90°) which like a conductor when it is forward biased. When it is
ensure that light entering the diamond is total reverse biased, it acts like an insulator.
internally reflected from the many cut faces before 20. Why can’t we interchange the emitter and
getting out collector even though they are made up of the same
12. How are rainbows formed? type of semiconductor material?
where there are water droplets suspended in air Because of the differing size and the amount of
Dispersion occurs, when the sunlight entering a doping, the emitter and collector cannot be
droplet undergoes one total internal reflection inside interchanged.
it and the white light is split into its constituent seven Differentiate
colours due to that rainbow formed 1.What are the differences between Coulomb
13. Why does sky appear blue? force and gravitational force?
During day time, violet colour which has the shortest * The electrostatic force is directly proportional to
wavelength gets more scattered then the other the product of the magnitude of two point charges
colours. The next scattered colour is blue. As our * Coulomb force between two charges can be
eyes are more sensitive to blue colour than violet attractive or repulsive,
colour, so the sky appears blue during day time * The value of the k = 9 × 109 N m2 C–2.
14. What is the reason for reddish appearance of sky * Depends on nature of the medium
during sunset and sunrise? * Gravitational force is directly proportional to the
During sunrise and sunset, the light from sun travels product of the magnitude of two masses.
a greater distance through the atmosphere. Hence, the * The gravitational force between two masses is
blue light which has shorter wavelength is scattered always attractive
away and the red light which has longer wavelength * The value of the G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2
and less-scattered manages to reach our eye *Independent on nature of the medium.
15. Why do clouds appear white? 2.Distinguish between drift velocity and mobility.
clouds which contains large amount of dust and water *The drift velocity is the average velocity acquired
droplets. Thus, in clouds all the colours get equally by the electrons inside the it is subjected to an
scattered and the intensity also equal This is the electric field
reason for the whitish appearance of cloud conductor when *Vd = aτ
16.Why is oil immersed objective preferred in a *SI unit drift velocity is ms-1
microscope? * The mobility of the electron is defined as the
Oil immersed objective is used to reduce the value of magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field.
dmin The reduced value of dmin is increase the *μ = Vd / E
resolving power of microscope so oil immersed SI unit mobility is m2v-1s-1
objective preferred in a microscope 3.Declination and Inclination
17. Why do metals have a large number of free The angle between magnetic meridian at a point and
electrons? geographical meridian is called the declination or
In some of the metals, the electrons in the outer most magnetic declination (D).
shells are loosely bounded with the nucleus. at room The angle subtended by the Earth’s total magnetic
temperature the electron can liberate from the bond field 𝐵̅ with the horizontal direction in the magnetic
so there are large number of free electrons in the meridian is called dip or magnetic inclination (I)
metals 4. What are mirage and looming?
18.Why is temperature co-efficient of resistance Mirage:
negative for semiconductor? In the hot regions, This gives an illusion as if the
When the temperature is increased further, more light comes from somewhere below the ground.
number of electrons are promoted to the conduction Which may observe the object is getting reflected by
band and they increase the conduction. Thus, a pool of water (or) wet surface beneath the object
resistance decreases with increase in temperature. Looming:
Hence, semiconductors are said to have negative In the cold regions, the reverse effect of mirage
temperature coefficient of resistance occurred due to this an inverted image is formed little
above the surface

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5. What are primary focus and secondary focus of a *Asymmetrical about the ray direction
lens? *It is obtained by converting unpolarised light using
The primary focus F1 is defined as a point where a polaroids
point source kept produces a parallel emergent rays Unpolarised light
to the principal axis after passing through lens * Consist of waves having their electric and magnetic
The secondary focus F2 is defined as a point where field vibration in all direction normal to the direction
all the parallel rays travelling close to the principal of ray
axis converge toform an image on the principal axis *Symmetrical about the ray direction
after passing through Lens *Produced by conventional light sources
6.Obtain the relation between phase difference and 11.What are polarizer and analyzer?
path difference. The Polaroid which polarises the light passing
In the path of the wave, one wavelength λ through it is called a polariser. The polaroid which is
corresponds to a phase of 2π a path difference δ used to examine whether a light is polarised or not is
corresponds to a phase difference ϕ as given by the called an analyser.
𝜆 2𝜋
equation 𝛿 = 2𝜋 X 𝜙 or 𝜙 = 𝜆 X 𝛿 12.What are plane polarized, polarized and partially
7.Differentiate between Fresnel and Fraunhofer polarized light?
diffraction. A light is said to be plane polarised if the intensity
Fresnel diffraction varies from maximum to zero for every 90o rotation
*Spherical (or) cylindrical wave front undergoes of the analyser
diffraction A light is said to be partially polarised if the intensity
*Light wave is the form a source at finite distance of light varies between maximum and minimum (not
* Convex lens need not be used for laboratory zero) for every 90o rotation of the analyser.
conditions 13. Define the ionization energy and ionization
potential.
*Difficult to observe and analysis
*The minimum energy required to remove an
Fraunhofer diffraction
electron from an atom in the ground state is known as
*Plane wave front undergoes diffraction
binding energy or ionization energy.
* Light wave is the form a source at infinite distance
*Ionization potential is defined as ionization energy
* convex lens is to be used for laboratory conditions per unit charge.
*Easy to observe and analysis 14.Distinguish between avalanche breakdown and
8.Mention the differences between interference and Zener breakdown.
diffraction. Avalanche breakdown
Interference It occurs in a lightly doped junctions which have
*Equally spaced bright and dark fringes wide depletion region. When reverse bias voltage
*Equally intensity for all bright fringes exceeds a certain value, Avalanche breakdown takes
*Large number of fringes are obtained place
Diffraction Zener breakdown
*Central bright is double the size of other fringes It occurs in a heavily doped junction whose width is
*Intensity falls rapidly for higher order fringes of the order of <10–6 m which have small depletion
*Less number of fringes are obtained region even a small reverse bias voltage Zener
9.What is the difference between resolution and breakdown takes place
magnification? 15.Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic
It is an ability to distinguish the two closely adjacent semiconductors.
objects (or) two points on the same object is called A semiconductor in its pure form without any
resolution impurity is called an intrinsic semiconductor
It is a ratio between the images size and object size Adding impurities to the intrinsic semiconductor to
called magnification increasing the carrier concentration is called an
10.Differentiate between polarized and unpolarised extrinsic semiconductor
light Define
Polarized light 1. What is meant by quantisation of charges?
* Consist of waves having their electric and magnetic The charge q on any object is equal to an integral
field vibration in a single plane normal to the multiple of this fundamental unit of charge e (q = ne)
direction of ray 2.Define ‘electric field’.

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The electric field at the point P at a distance r from materials which exhibit this property are known as
the point charge q is defined as the force that would superconductors
be experienced by a unit positive charge placed at 14.What is Seebeck effect?
𝐹̅ when the two junctions of a thermocouple are
that point p is E= 𝑞0 maintained at different temperatures an emf
3.What is mean by ‘electric field lines’? (potential difference) is developed
Electric field vectors are visualized by the concept of 15. What is Peltier Effect
electric field lines They form a set of continuous lines when an electric current is passed through a circuit of
which are the visual representation of the electric a thermocouple, heat is evolved at one junction and
field in some region of space. absorbed at the other junction.
4. Define ‘electrostatic potential”. 16. What is Thomson effect
The electric potential at a point P is equal to the work If two points in a conductor are at different
done by an external force to bring a unit positive temperatures, the density of electrons at these points
charge with constant velocity from infinity to the will differ and as a result the potential difference is
point P in the region of the external electric field E. created between these points
1 𝑞
V= 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 17.Magnetic dipole moment
5.What is an equipotential surface? The magnetic dipole moment is defined as the
An equipotential surface is a surface on which all the product of its pole strength and magnetic length
points are at the same electric potential. P=2qml.
6.Write a short note on ‘electrostatic shielding’. 18. Explain the concept of velocity selector.
Consider a cavity inside the conductor, whatever be By proper choice of electric and magnetic fields, the
the charges at the surfaces and whatever be the particle with particular speed can be selected. Such
electrical disturbances outside, the electric field an arrangement of fields is called a velocity
E
inside the cavity is zero selector vo = B
7. What is polarisation? 19. What is resonance condition in cyclotron?
Polarisation P is defined as the total dipole moment when the frequency f at which the positive ion
per unit volume of the dielectric circulates in the magnetic field must be equal to the
8. Define ‘capacitance’. Give its unit. constant frequency of the electrical oscillator fosc .
The capacitance C of a capacitor is defined as the This is called resonance condition.
ratio of the magnitude of charge on either of the 20. What is meant by electromagnetic induction?
conductor plates to the potential difference existing whenever the magnetic flux linked with a closed coil
between them C= Q/V (unit coulomb per volt or changes, an emf (electromotive force) is induced This
farad F) phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction
9.What is corona discharge? 21. How is Eddy current produced? How do they
The electric field near the sharp edge is very high and flow in a conductor?
it ionizes the surrounding air hence reduces the total when magnetic flux linked with sheet or plate
charge of the conductor near the sharp edge. This is changes an emf is induced, this induced currents flow
called action of points or corona discharge. in a concentric circular paths like a whirpool known
10.Define current density. as Eddy currents or Foucault currents.
The current density ( J ) is defined as the current per 21. Mention the ways of producing induced emf.
𝐼
unit area of cross section of the conductor 𝐽 = (i) By changing the magnetic field B
𝐴
11. Define electrical resistivity. (ii) By changing the area A of the coil and
electrical resistivity of a material is defined as the (iii) By changing the relative orientation θ of the coil
resistance offered to current flow by a conductor of with magnetic field
1 𝑑
unit length having unit area of cross section. 𝜌 = σ 𝜀 = (BA cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑡
12. Define Temperature coefficient of resistivity 22. What do you mean by self-induction?
Temperature coefficient of resistivity is defined as When an electric current passing through a coil, If the
the ratio of increase in resistivity per degree rise in magnatic flux of the coil is changed by changing the
RT− R0
temperature to its resistivity at T0 α = 𝑅 (T−T ) current an emf is induced in that same coil
0 0
13. Write a short note on superconductors? This phenomenon is known as self-induction
At the critical temperature or transition temperature. 23. What do you mean by Mutual induction
The resistance of certain materials become zero The

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When an electric current passing through a coil Relation between f and R for a spherical mirror is the
1
changes with time, an emf is induced in the focal length f is 2 of the radius of curvature R.
neighbouring coil. This phenomenon is known as 𝑅
mutual induction 𝑓=2
24. What is Step up and step down transformer 33. What is Rayleigh’s scattering?
At the transmitting point, the voltage is increased and If the scattering of light is by atoms and molecules
the corresponding current is decreased, done by step which have size a very much less than that of the
up transformer At the receiving point, the voltage is wave length λ of light, (a<<λ), then the scattering is
decreasedand the current is increased to appropriate called Rayleigh’s scattering.
values,done by step down transformer 34.Define wave front.
25. What is meant by wattles current? A wave front is the locus of points which are in the
The current in an AC circuit is said to be wattless same state (or) phase of vibration.
current if the power consumed by it is zero. 35.What is interference of light?
26. What is displacement current? The phenomenon of superposition of two light waves
The displacement current can be defined as the which produces increase in intensity at some points
current which comes into play in the region in which and decrease in intensity at some other points is
the electric field is changing with time called interference of light.
27.What are electromagnetic waves? 36.What is diffraction?
Electromagnetic waves are non-mechanical, Diffraction is bending of waves around sharp edges
transverse waves, which move with speed equals to into the geometrically shadowed region.
the speed of light 37.What is resolution?
28. Give two uses each of Microwave It is an ability to distinguish the two closely adjacent
The frequency range of electro magnetic waves is 109 objects (or) two points on the same object is called
Hz to 1011Hz called as microwaves. Produced by resolution
special vacuum tubes These waves undergo reflection 38.What is Rayleigh’s criterion?
and can be polarised. It is used in radar system for The two points on an image are said to be just
aircraft navigation resolved when the central maximum of one
29. Give two uses each of Infra-red rays diffraction pattern coincides with the first minimum
The frequency range of electro magnetic waves is of the other and vice-versa a
1011 Hz to 4 × 1014 Hz. called as Infra-red rays 39.What is polarization?
produced by hot bodies, it provides electrical energy The phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of light
to satellites to any one direction perpendicular to the direction of
30. Give two uses each of Ultraviolet rays propagation of wave is called polarisation
Its frequency range electro magnetic waves are from 40.Discuss about pile of plates.
8 ×1014 Hz to 1017 Hz. called as Ultraviolet rays Pile of plates makes to convert the partially polarised
produced by Sun, arc and ionized gases. It is used to refracted light into plane polarised light. It consists of
destroy bacteria in sterilizing the surgical instruments several glass plates kept one behind the other at an
31. What are Fraunhofer lines? How are they angle 90° – ip with the horizontal surface
useful in the identification of elements present in 41.What is double refraction?
the Sun? when a ray of unpolarised light is incident on a
When the spectrum obtained from the Sun is calcite crystal, two images of an object are formed.
examined, it consists of large number of dark lines This phenomenon is called double refraction
(line absorption spectrum). These dark lines in the 42.Discuss about Nicol prism
solar spectrum are
Nicol prism is based on the phenomenon of double
known as Fraunhofer lines
refraction The Nicol prism is a calcite crystal which
The absorption spectra for various materials are
has a length three times its breadth and angles 72ᵒand
compared with the Fraunhofer lines in the solar
108ᵒ. It is cut into two halves along the diagonal The
spectrum, which helps in identifying elements present
two halves are pasted together with a layer of canada
in the Sun’s atmosphere
balsam, a transparent cement.
32. Derive the relation between f and R for a
43.What is myopia? What is its remedy?
spherical mirror.
A person suffering from myopia cannot see distant
objects clearly. This may be due to larger diameter of

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the eyeball than usual. Myopia, that the correcting *A few alpha particles (one in thousand) were
lens should be a concave deflected through the angle more than 90°
44.What is hypermetropia? What is its remedy? *Very few alpha particles were deflected by 180°
A person suffering from hypermetropia cannot see (back scattered)
closer objects clearly. This may be due to shortening 54. Write down the postulates of Bohr atom model.
of the eyeball than usual. *The electron in an atom moves around nucleus in
hypermetropia, that the correcting lens should be a circular orbits
convex *Electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus
45.What is astigmatism? What is its remedy? only in certain discrete orbits called stationary orbits
Astigmatic person cannot see in all the directions *The angular momentum quantization condition for
𝑛ℎ
equally well; the astigmatism can be corrected using the stationary orbits is 𝑙 =
2𝜋
a lens which has different curvatures in different 55. Write down the draw backs of Bohr atom model.
planes *Bohr atom model is valid only for hydrogen but not
46.What is presbyopia? for complex atoms.
This kind of farsightedness arising mainly due to *The spectral lines of hydrogen are accompanied by
aging is called presbyopia a number of faint lines. This cannot be explained by
47. Define work function of a metal. Give its unit. Bohr atom model
The minimum energy needed for an electron to *It fails to explain the intensity variations in the
escape from the metal surface is called work function spectral lines.
and is denoted by φ0 unit of work function is *The distribution of electrons in various levels cannot
electron volt (eV). be completely explained.
48. What is photoelectric effect? 56. What is isotope? Give an example.
The ejection of electrons from a metal plate when isotopes are atoms of the same element having same
illuminated by light or any other electromagnetic atomic number Z, but different mass number A.
radiation of suitable wavelength (or frequency) is Example: 11H Hydrogen, 12H Dutrium
called photoelectric effect 57. What is isotone? Give an example.
49. How will you define threshold frequency? Isotones are the atoms of different elements having
For a given metallic surface, the emission of photo same number of neutrons. Example: 125𝐵 , 136𝐶
electrons takes place only if the frequency of incident 58. What is isobar? Give an example.
light is greater than a certain minimum frequency Isobars are the atoms of different elements having the
called the threshold frequency.
same mass number A, but different atomic number Z.
50. State de Broglie hypothesis.
Example: 40 40
16𝑠 , 17𝑐𝑙 Example:
40
18𝐴𝑟 19𝐾
40
According to de Broglie hypothesis, all material 59. What is mass defect?
particles like electrons, protons, neutrons in motion The mass of any nucleus is always less than the sum
are associated with waves. These waves are called de of the masses of its individual constituent particles
Broglie waves or matter waves This difference in mass is called mass defect.
51. Why we do not see the wave properties of a 60. What is binding energy of a nucleus? Give its
baseball? expression.
Mass of the Base ball have a high value due to that According to the Einstein mass energy relation
momentum also high so the de Broglie wavelengths (E= Δmc2) the disappearing mass Δm is converted in
is very low .This implies that the wave nature of to the energy ,We can write the equation in terms of
matter is important at the atomic level but it is not binding energy BE = (Zmp +Nmn − M)c2
really relevant at 61. Calculate the energy equivalent of 1 atomic mass
the macroscopic level so we do not see the wave unit.
properties of a baseball The energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit
52. What is Bremsstralung? 1u= 1.66 X 10-27 X (3 X 108)2 = 14.94 X 10-11
The radiation produced from such decelerating J ≈ 931Mev
electron is called Bremsstrahlung or braking radiation 62. Give the symbolic representation of alpha decay,
53.Give the results of Rutherford alpha scattering beta decay and gamma emission.
experiment. α- decay process represented
* Most of the alpha particles were un-deflected A A−4 4
ZX → Z−2Y + 2He
*Some of the alpha particles were deflected through a
β- -decay process represented
small angle. A A −
ZX → Z+1Y + 𝑒 + ῡ

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

β+ -decay process represented Important 3 Mark Questions

A A +
ZX → Z−1Y + 𝑒 + ν 1.Give the uses of polarights
γ -decay process represented 1.Polaroids are used in goggles and cameras to
A A avoid glare of light.
ZX → ZX + gamma (γ) rays
63. What is half-life of a radioactive nucleus? Give 2. It is used to take 3D pictures
the expression. 3. It is improve contrast in old oil paintings.
4. It is used in optical stress analysis.
The time required for the number of atoms initially 5. It is used produce window glasses
present to reduce to one half of the initial amount 6. Polarised laser beam acts as needle to read/write in
ln 2 0.6931
𝑇1⁄2 = 𝜆 = 𝜆 . compact discs (CDs).
64. What do you mean by doping? 7. Polarised light is used in liquid crystal display
For increasing the carrier concentration adding (LCD).
impurities to the intrinsic semiconductor in the order 2.Driver relation between f and r for a spherical
of 100 ppm is called doping. mirror
65. Draw the input and output waveforms of a full ➢ Let C be the centre of curvature of the mirror.
wave rectifier. ➢ Consider a ray of light incident on the mirror at
M.
➢ It passes through the principal focus F
➢ after reflection.
➢ The line CM is the normal to the mirror at M.
➢ Let i be the angle of incidence and the same will
66.Give the Barkhausen conditions for sustained be the angle of reflection.
oscillations. ➢ If MP is the perpendicular from M to the principal
To get sustained oscillations in the oscillator the axis, then
following conditions should be satisfied ➢ The angles ∠MCP = i and ∠MFP = 2i
* There should be positive feedback.
* The loop phase shift must be 00 or integral
multiples of 2π.
* The loop gain must be unity.That is,|𝐴𝛽| = 1

67. Why are NOR and NAND gates called universal

gates?
NAND and NOR gates are known as universal gates
because any other logic gate can be made from
NAND or NOR gates. From right angle triangles ΔMCP and ΔMFP, we
68. What is rectification? can write
The process in which alternating voltage or 𝑃𝑀 𝑃𝑀
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖 = 𝑃𝐶 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖 = 𝑃𝐹
alternating current is converted into direct voltage or
direct current is known as rectification. As the angles are small, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖 ≈ 𝑖 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑖 ≈ 2𝑖
𝑃𝑀 𝑃𝑀
69. What is modulation? 𝑖 = 𝑃𝐶 and 2𝑖 = 𝑃𝐹
The low frequency baseband signal (input signal) is Simplifying further,
superimposed onto a high frequency radio signal by a 𝑃𝑀 𝑃𝑀
process called modulation. 2 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐹 2PF =PC
70. What do you mean by skip distance? PF is focal length f and PC is the radius of curvature
The shortest distance between the transmitter and the R.
𝑅
point of reception of the sky wave along the surface 2f=R or f= 2
is called as the skip distanc 3.List out salient features of magnetic Lawrence
* To measure wind speed in meteorological force
observations.
1. ̅𝐹̅𝑚
̅̅ is directly proportional to the magnetic field 𝐵̅
71. What does RADAR stand for?
2. ̅𝐹̅𝑚
̅̅ is directly proportional to the velocity 𝑣̅ of the
Radar basically stands for Radio Detection and
moving charge
Ranging System.
3. ̅𝐹̅𝑚̅̅ is directly proportional to sine of the angle
between the velocity and magnetic field

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

4. ̅𝐹̅𝑚
̅̅ is directly proportional to the magnitude of the iii) Maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is
charge q independent of intensity of the incident light.
5. The direction of ̅𝐹̅𝑚 ̅̅ is always perpendicular to 𝑣̅ iv) Maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is
and 𝐵 as 𝐹𝑚 is the cross product of 𝑣̅ and 𝐵̅
̅ ̅̅̅̅ directly proportional to the frequency of incident
6. The direction of ̅𝐹̅𝑚 ̅̅ on negative charge is opposite light.
to the direction of ̅𝐹̅𝑚̅̅ on positive charge v) There is no time lag between incidence of light
7. If velocity 𝑣̅ of the charge q is along magnetic field and ejection of photoelectrons.
𝐵̅ then, ̅𝐹̅𝑚
̅̅ is zero 6.List of the characteristics of photons
4.Derive the expression for resultant capacitance photons are having the following characteristic
when capacitor or connected in series properties:
i) Capacitor in series
➢ The photons of light of frequency ν and
➢ Consider three capacitors of capacitance C1, C2
wavelength λ will have energy, given by 𝐸 =
and C3 connected in series ℎ𝑐
➢ battery of voltage V ℎ𝜈 = 𝜆
➢ As soon as the battery is connected to the ➢ The intensity has no relation with the energy of
capacitors in series, the individual photons in the beam.
➢ the electrons of charge, each capacitor stores the ➢ The photons travel with the speed of light and its
same amount of charge Q. ℎ ℎ𝜈
momentum is given by 𝑝 = 𝜆 = 𝑐
➢ The capacitances of the capacitors are different,
➢ Since photons are electrically neutral, they
so that the voltage across each capacitor V1, V2 and
areunaffected by electric and magnetic fields.
V3 respectively.
➢ When a photon interacts with matter (photon-
➢ The sum of the voltages across the capacitor
electron collision), the total energy, total linear
must be equal to the voltage of the battery.
momentum and angular momentum are
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 conserved.
𝑉 =𝐶 +𝐶 +𝐶 since Q=CV 7.Explain the conversion of galvanometer into an
1 2 3
ammetre
➢ A galvanometer is very sensitive instrument to
detect the current. It can be easily converted into
ammeter
Galvanometer to an Ammeter
➢ The ammeter must offer low resistance So
1 1 1 ammeter is connected in series to measure the
𝑉 = 𝑄( + + ) circuit current.
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
➢ If three capacitors in series are considered to form ➢ A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by
an equivalent single capacitor Cs connecting a low resistance in parallel with the
𝑄 1 1 1 galvanometer.
= 𝑄( + + ) ➢ This low resistance is called shunt resistance S.
𝐶𝑠 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
1 1 1 1 ➢ The scale is now calibrated in ampere and the
=( + + ) range of ammeter depends on the values of the
𝐶𝑠 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 shunt resistance.
➢ Thus, the inverse of the equivalent capacitance
CS of three capacitors connected in series is equal
to the sum of the inverses of each capacitance.
➢ This equivalent capacitance CS is always less
than the smallest individual capacitance in the
series.
5.List out the laws of photoelectric effect ➢ Let I be the current passing through the circuit
i) For a given metallic surface, the emission of ➢ it divides into two components.
photoelectrons takes place only if the frequency of ➢ Let Ig be the current through a path AGE
incident light is greater than the threshold frequency. ➢ (I – Ig) passes along the path ACDE through
ii) For a given frequency the number of shunt resistance S.
photoelectrons emitted is directly proportional to the ➢ The potential difference across galvanometer is
intensity of the incident light. same as the potential difference across shunt
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡
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⟹ 𝐼𝑔 𝑅𝑔 = (𝐼 − 𝐼𝑔 )𝑆 ➢ Since the resistance of voltmeter is very large

𝑆 ➢ An ideal voltmeter is one which has infinite
𝐼𝑔 = 𝐼 resistance.
(𝑆 + 𝑅𝑔 )
1 9.Explain the equivalent resistance of a series and
𝜃 = 𝐺 𝐼𝑔 from this 𝜃 ∝ 𝐼
parallel resistor network.
➢ Since, the deflection in the galvanometer is
measure of the current I passing through the
circuit.
➢ resistance of ammeter (Ra) can be determined by
computing the effective resistance, which is
𝑅𝑔 𝑆
➢ 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝑅𝑔 +𝑆 ➢ Resistors are in parallel when they are connected
➢ i.e., the resistance offered by the ammeter is across the same potential difference
small. So, when we connect ammeter in series, ➢ In this case, the total current I split in to I1, I2
➢ the ammeter will not change appreciably the and I3
current in the circuit. For an ideal ammeter, the ➢ Resisstance of the resistor R1, R2 and R3
resistance must be equal to zero. ➢ total current in the circuit I is equal to sum of the
8.Explain the conversion of galvanometer into currents through each of the three resistors
voltmeter ➢ 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 -------(1)
➢ A galvanometer is very sensitive instrument to ➢ Voltage same for all and applying Ohm’s law to
detect the current. It can be easily converted into each resistor
ammeter
Galvanometer to an Ammeter 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
𝐼1 = 𝑅 , 𝐼2 =𝑅 , 𝐼3 = 𝑅
➢ The voltmeter must offer high resistance So 1 2 3

voltmeter is connected in parallel to measure the Above values are substituted in equation 1we get
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 1 1 1 𝑉
circuit voltage. 𝐼 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 𝑉 [𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 ] 𝐼=𝑅
1 2 3 1 2 3 𝑃
➢ A galvanometer is converted into voltmeter by ➢ Here RP is the equivalent resistance of the parallel
connecting a high resistance in series with the combination of the resistors.
galvanometer. ➢ Thus, when a number of resistors are connected
➢ The scale is now calibrated in volts and the range in parallel, the sum of the reciprocals of
of voltmeter depends on the values of the high resistance of the individual resistors is equal to
resistance.Rh the reciprocal of the effective resistance of the
combination
1 1 1 1
➢ 𝑅 = [𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 ]
𝑃 1 2 3

Note: The value of equivalent resistance in

➢ Let Rg be the resistance of galvanometer and parallel connection will be lesser than each
➢ Ig be the current. individual resistance.
➢ Since the galvanometer is connected in series 10.Mention the various energy losses in a transformer
with high resistance, ➢ Transformers do not have any moving even
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
➢ 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑔 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 though there are many factors which lead to energy
➢ the current in the electrical circuit is same as the loss in a transformer.
current passing through the galvanometer. i) Core loss or Iron loss
➢ the total resistance or effective resistance in the ➢ When transformer core is magnetized and
circuit is the sum of their resistances. demagnetized repeatedly by the alternating voltage
➢ voltmeter resistance is applied across primary coil, hysteresis takes place
➢ 𝑅𝑣 = 𝑅𝑔 + 𝑅ℎ ➢ due towhich some energy is lost in the form of
➢ current Ig is proportional to the potential heat.
difference. Hence the deflection in the ➢ Hysteresis loss is minimized by using steel of
galvanometer is a measure of potential difference. high silicon content in making transformer core.
𝑉 ii) Eddy current loss
➢ 𝐼𝑔 = 𝑅 +𝑅
𝑔 ℎ
➢ 𝐼𝑔 ∝ 𝑉

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➢ Alternating magnetic flux in the core induces Important 5 Mark Questions

eddy currents in it. Therefore there is energy loss due Lesson 1
to the flow of eddy current, 1.Calculate electric field due to a dipole on its axial
➢ which is minimized by using very thin line
laminations of transformer core. Consider an electric dipole placed on the x-axis as
iii) Copper loss shown in Figure. A point C is located at a distance of r
➢ Transformer windings have electrical resistance. from the midpoint O of the dipole on the axial line
➢ When an electric current flows through them,
some amount of energy is dissipated due to Joule
heating. .
➢ which is minimized by using wires of larger ➢ The electric field at a point C due to +q is
diameter. ̅ 1 𝑞
𝐸+ = 4𝜋𝜀 (𝑟−𝑎)2 along BC
iv) Flux leakage 0
Since the electric dipole moment vector p the
➢ Flux leakage happens when the
equation can be written as
magnetic lines of primary coil are not completely 1 𝑞
linked with secondary coil. 𝐸̅+ = 4𝜋𝜀 (𝑟−𝑎)2 𝑝̂ ------- 1
0
➢ Energy loss is minimized by winding ➢ The electric field at a point C due to –q
coils one over the other is
1 𝑞
𝐸̅− = 4𝜋𝜀 2 𝑝̂ --------2
0 (𝑟+𝑎)
➢ The total electric field at point C is
calculated using the superposition principle of the
electric field. 𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = 𝐸̅+ + 𝐸̅−
1 𝑞 1 𝑞
= 4𝜋𝜀 𝑝̂ − 4𝜋𝜀 𝑝̂
0 (𝑟−𝑎)2 0 (𝑟+𝑎)2
𝑞 1 1
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = ( 2 − ) 𝑝̂
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 − 𝑎) (𝑟 + 𝑎)2
𝑞 4𝑟𝑎
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = ( 2 ) 𝑝̂
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 − 𝑎 2 )2
the total electric field is along E+
➢ If the point C is very far away from the
dipole (r >> a).
1 4𝑞𝑎
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = 4𝜋𝜀 ( 𝑟3 ) 𝑝̂
0
1 2𝑝
̅
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = 4𝜋𝜀 ( 𝑟3 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝑎𝑞𝑝̂ = 𝑝̅
0
➢ If the point C is chosen on the left side
of the dipole, the total electric field is still in the
direction of p vector
2. Calculate electric field due to dipole on its
equatorial plane
➢ Consider a point C at a distance r from the
midpoint O of the dipole on the equatorial
plane
➢ C is equi-distant from +q and –q, so the
magnitude of the electric fields are the same

𝐸̅+ and 𝐸̅− can be resolved into two components

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

➢ Due to the high electric field, air between the

➢ perpendicular components|𝐸̅+ |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and |𝐸̅− |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 belt and comb gets ionized by the action of
are eqaul in magnitude and opposite so cancel points
each other. ➢ The negative charges are attracted towards the
➢ Total electric field at point C is the sum of the comb D and The positive charges stick to the
parallel components of |𝐸̅+ |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and |𝐸̅− |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 belt and move up
➢ 𝐸̅𝑇𝑜𝑡 = −|𝐸̅+ |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑝̂ − |𝐸̅− |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑝̂ -------1
➢ positive charges reach comb E, the comb E
➢ The magnitudes 𝐸̅+ and -𝐸̅− are the same and are
acquires negative charge and the sphere
given by
1 𝑞 acquires positive charge due to electrostatic
|𝐸̅+ | = |𝐸̅− |= 𝑝̂
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 2 +𝑎 2 ) induction.
1 2𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = − ( 2 ) 𝑝̂ ➢ the positive charges are distributed uniformly
4𝜋𝜀0 (𝑟 + 𝑎 2 ) on the outer surface of the hollow sphere
1 2𝑞𝑎 𝑎
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = − 4𝜋𝜀 (
0
3
(𝑟 2 +𝑎 2) ⁄2
) 𝑝̂ since b𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√𝑟 2 +𝑎 2 ➢ When the belt descends, it has almost no net
1 𝑝̅ charge.
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = − 4𝜋𝜀 ( 3 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝑎𝑞𝑝̂ = 𝑝̅
0 (𝑟 2 +𝑎 2) ⁄2 ➢ This process continues until the outer surface
At very large distances (r >> a), the equation produces the potential difference of the order
1 𝑝̅
𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = ( 3) of 107v
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 ➢ extra charge starts leaking ,The leakage of
3. Explain in detail the construction and working of charges can be reduced by enclosing the
Van de Graff generator
machine in a gas filled steel chamber at very
high pressure
Application: Van de Graaff generator is used to
accelerate positive ions (protons and deuterons)
for nuclear disintegrations and other applications.
Lesson 2
4.Obtain the condition for bridge balance in
Wheatstone bridge
➢ It is used to compare resistances and
determining the unknown resistance in
electrical network.
➢ The bridge consists of four resistances P, Q,
Aim: R and S connected as shown in Figure.
Van de Graaff generator designed to produces a large ➢ A galvanometer G is connected between the
amount of electrostatic potential difference points B and D.
Principle: ➢ The battery is connected between the points A
electrostatic induction and action at points. and C.
Contruction:
➢ A-is a large hollow spherical conductor is fixed
on the insulating stand
➢ B –is a pulley mounted at the centre of sphere
➢ C- is a another pulley fixed at the bottom with
electric motor
➢ D and E are two combs are fixed near the
pulleys
➢ A belt made up of insulating materials like
silk or rubber runs over both pulleys.
Working: Current through the galvanometer is IG and its
➢ The comb D is maintained at a positive resistance is G.
potential of 104 V ➢ Applying Kirchhoff ’s current rule to junction B
and D respectively
I1 − IG − I3 = 0 ------1

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

I2 + IG − I4 = 0 ------2 ➢ If P is the unknown resistance equation

➢ Applying Kirchhoff ’s voltage rule to loop ABDA becomes,
I1 P + IG g − I2 R = 0 ------3 𝜋𝑎2
➢ Applying Kirchhoff ’s voltage rule to loop 𝜌=𝑃
𝑙
ABCDA Lesson 3
I1 P + I3 Q − I4 S − I2 R = 0 ------4 6. Deduce the relation for the magnetic field at a
➢ the bridge is said to be balanced so IG = 0 point due to an infinitely long straight conductor
➢ Substituting IG = 0 in equation 1,2 and 3 we get carrying current using Biot savart law
I1 = I3 -------5 I2 = I4 ------6 I1 P = I2 R ----7
➢ Using equation (7) in equation (4)
I3 Q = I4 S ----- 8
➢ Dividing equation (7) by equation (8), we get
𝑃 𝑅
=
𝑄 𝑆
➢ If three of the resistances are known, the value of
unknown resistance (fourth one) can be
determined.
5. Explain the determination of unknown resistance
using Metre Bridge
Aim: To find the unknown resistance ➢ Let YY¢ be an infinitely long straight conductor
Principle:The meter bridge is another form of ➢ I be the steady current
Wheatstone’s bridge. ➢ a is a distance from the wire,
Construction: ➢ let us consider a small line element dl
➢ It consists of manganin wire is stretched along a ➢ magnetic field at a point P due to current element
metre scale on a wooden board Idl can be calculated from Biot-Savart’s law,
➢ Two gaps G1 and G2 as shown in Figure which is
➢ An unknown resistance P is connected in G1 and 𝜇 i dl sinθ
dB = 4𝜋0 r2 𝑛̂ -------1
a standard resistance Q is connected in G2.
➢ A jockey is connected through a galvanometer ➢ where 𝑛̂ is the unit,
(G) and a high resistance (HR). ➢ θ is the angle between current element Idl and
➢ The exact position of jockey on the wire can be line joining dl and the point P.
read on the scale. A Lechlanche cell and a key ➢ Let r be the distance between line element at
(K) are connected between the ends of the bridge A to the point P.
wire. ➢ draw a perpendicular line from A to BP
𝐴𝐶
➢ In triangle ΔABC, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵
➢ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑑𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ------- 2
➢ Let 𝑑𝜑 be the angle subtended between AP and
BP
𝐴𝐶
➢ In a triangle Δ APC 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝜑 = 𝐴𝑃
➢ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑟𝑑𝜑 --------3
➢ The position of the jockey on the wire is adjusted From Euqtion 2&3 in 1 dB = 0
𝜇 I dφ
𝑛̂
so that the galvanometer shows zero deflection 4𝜋 r
Let 𝜑 be the angle between AP and OP
and readings are noted . 𝑎
𝑃 𝑅 𝑟𝐴𝐽 In a ΔOPA, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 𝑟
= = 𝜇 𝐼
0
𝑄 𝑆 𝑟𝐽𝐵 So dB = 4𝜋𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑dφ ̂𝑛
where r is the resistance per unit length of wire The total magnetic field at P due to the conductor
𝑃 𝐴𝐽 𝑙 𝑙
. = = 1 𝑃=𝑄 1 YY| is
𝑄 𝐽𝐵 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝜑2 𝜑2
To find the specific resistance of the material of the 𝜇0 𝐼
wire in the coil P, 𝐵̅ = ∫ ̅̅̅̅
𝑑𝐵 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑dφ𝑛̂
4𝜋𝑎
➢ If radius a and length l. Then the specific −𝜑1 −𝜑1
𝑙 𝜇0 𝐼
resistance ρ is𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜌 𝐴 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑]𝜑 2
𝜑−1 𝑛
̂
4𝜋𝑎

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𝜇0 𝐼 𝑞𝐵
𝑓𝑜𝑠𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑚
𝐵̅ = ⌈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑2 ⌉𝑛
̂
4𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑚
For infinitely long conductor, 𝜑1 =𝜑2 = 90° The time period of oscillation is 𝑇 = 𝑞𝐵
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵̅ = 2𝜋𝑎 𝑥 ̂𝑛 The kinetic energy of the charged particle is
7. Discuss the working of cyclotron in detail 1 2
𝑞2 𝐵 2 𝑟 2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 =
Aim:Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate the 1 2𝑚
charged particles to gain large kinetic energy Lesson 4
Principle When a charged particle moves perpendicular 8. Show mathematically that the rotation of coil in a
to the magnetic field, it experiences magnetic Lorentz magnetic field over one rotation induces
force. an alternating EMF of one cycle
➢ Consider a rectangular coil of N turns
➢ uniform magnetic field B.
➢ The coil rotates in anti-clockwise direction with
an angular velocity ω

➢ Two semi-circular metal containers called Dees

➢ Dees are enclosed in an evacuated chamber and it
is kept in a region with uniform magnetic field ➢ At time t = 0,
➢ The direction of magnetic field is normal to the ➢ the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field
plane of the Dees. ➢ the flux linked with the coil has its maximum
➢ The source S is placed at the centre in the gap value Фm = NBA
between the Dees.
➢ Dees are connected to high frequency alternating
potential difference.
Working
➢ ion ejected from source S is positively charged.
➢ it is accelerated towards a Dee (say, D1) which ➢ In a time t seconds,
has negative potential at that time. ➢ the coil is rotated through an angle θ (= ωt) in
➢ Since the magnetic field the ion moves in a anti–clockwise direction.
circular path. ➢ The perpendicular component of B (B cosωt) has
➢ The ion reaches the gap between Dees. At this the role in electromagnetic induction due to this
time, the polarities of the Deesare reversed linked flux is NBAcosωt
➢ so that the ion is now accelerated towards D2 ➢ The parallel component of B (B sinωt) has no
with a greater velocity. role in electromagnetic induction.
➢ For this circular motion, the centripetal force on ➢ Therefore, the flux linkage with the coil at this
the charged particle q is provided by Lorentz force. deflected position is
𝑚𝑣 2
= 𝑞𝑣𝐵 , 𝑟 = 𝑞𝐵 𝑣
𝑚
, 𝑟∝𝑣 ➢ 𝑁Φ𝐵 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝑟 ➢ According to Faraday’s law, the emf induced at
From the equation that instant is
➢ the increase in velocity increases the radius of 𝑑 𝑑
circular path. 𝜀 = − 𝑁Φ𝐵 = − 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
➢ This process continues and hence the particle = −𝑁𝐵𝐴(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡)𝜔
moves in spiral path of increasing radius = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
➢ Once it reaches near the edge, it is taken out with ➢ When the coil is rotated through 90o from initial
the help of deflector plate and allowed to hit the position, sin ωt = 1.
target T ➢ Then the maximum value of induced emf is 𝜀𝑚 =
➢ At resonance condition.in cyclotron frequency f 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔
must be equal to the constant frequency of the ➢ Therefore, induced emf is then given by 𝜀 =
electrical oscillator fosc . 𝜀𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

➢ The induced emf varies as sine function then it From phasor diagram, the phase angle between v and
is called sinusoidal emf i is found out from the following relation
➢ If this alternating voltage is given to a closed 𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 = =
circuit flows in it. Then the current is called 𝑉𝑅 𝑅
alternating current 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 Lesson 5
where Im is the maximum value of induced current. 10.Maxwell’s equations in integral form
9. Derive an expression for phace angle between the ➢ Electrodynamics can be summarized in four basic
applied voltage and current in a series of RLC circuit equations, known as Maxwell’s equations.
➢ These equations completely explain the behaviour
➢ Consider R,Land C are the resistor ,inductor and
of charges, currents and properties of electric and
capacitor respectively
magnetic fields.
➢ connected across an alternating voltage source
➢ First equation (Gauss’s law for electricity)
➢ The instantaneous value of the alternating voltage
➢ It relates the net electric flux to net electric
is given by 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
charge enclosed in a surface.
𝑄
̅ ̅̅̅̅̅
∮E . dA = 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝜀
0
➢ This equation is true for both discrete and
continuous distribution of charges.
➢ This implies that the electric field lines do not
➢ Let i be the resulting current form a continuous closed path.
➢ voltage is developed across R , L and C. weknow ➢ it means that an isolated positive charge or
➢ voltage across R (VR) is in phase with i, negative charge can exist.
➢ voltage across L (VL) leads i by π/2 ➢ Second equation (Gauss’s law for magnetism)
➢ voltage across C (VC) lags behind i by π/2. ➢ The surface integral of magnetic field over a
➢ The phasor diagram is drawn with current as the closed surface is zero.
reference phasor. ∮ B. ̅̅̅̅
̅ dA = 0
➢ The current is represented by the phasor ̅̅̅
𝑂𝐼 is ➢ where B is the magnetic field.
➢ 𝑉𝑅 𝑏𝑦 𝑂𝐴̅̅̅̅ , 𝑉𝐿 𝑏𝑦 𝑂𝐵̅̅̅̅ and 𝑉𝐶 𝑏𝑦 𝑂𝐶
̅̅̅̅ ➢ This equation implies that the magnetic lines of
The length of these phasors are force form a continuous closed path.
➢ it means that no isolated magnetic monopole
𝑂𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 , 𝑂𝐴(𝑉𝑅 ) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑅 ,
exists.
𝑂𝐵(𝑉𝐿 ) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐿 , 𝑂𝐶(𝑉𝐶 ) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶 ➢ Third equation (Faraday’s law of
Let us assume that 𝑉𝐿 > 𝑉𝑐 electromagnetic induction)
➢ This law relates electric field with the changing
net voltage drop is 𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝑐 which is represented by a magnetic flux which is mathematically written as
̅̅̅̅
phasor𝑂𝐷 ̅ = − d ΦE
̅ dl
∮ E. dt
By parallelogram law, the diagonal OE is equal to ➢ where E is the electric field.
Vm. Therefore, ➢ This equation implies that the line integral of the
𝑉𝑚2 = 𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 )2 electric field around any closed path is equal to
the rate of change of magnetic flux
𝑉𝑚 = √(𝐼𝑚 𝑅)2 + (𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐿 − 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐶 )2 ➢ Fourth equation (modified Ampere’s circuital
𝑉𝑚 = 𝐼𝑚 √(𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 law)
𝑉
𝑍 = √(𝑅)2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑍𝑚 ) ➢ This is also known as Ampere – Maxwell law.
Z is called impedance of the circuit which refers to This law relates the magnetic field around any
the effective opposition to the current by the series closed path to the conduction current and
RLC circuit displacement current through that path.
∮B ̅ = μo ic + μo εo 𝑑 ∮ E
̅ dl ̅̅̅̅̅
dA
dt
➢ where B is the magnetic field.
➢ This equation shows that both conduction current
and displacement current produce magnetic field.
➢ These four equations are known as Maxwell’s
equations in electrodynamics.

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

11.Explain the types of emission spectrum. ➢ When we pass white light through a colour glass
➢ When an object burns.it emits electromagnetic plate,
radiation which depends on temperature. The ➢ it absorbs all the colours except particular colour
spectrum is called black body spectrum It is a and gives continuous absorption spectrum.
continuous frequency curve depending on the ➢ Example: when sunlight pass through window
body’s temperature glass can see the light in glass colour only
➢ Suppose we allow a beam of white light to pass
(ii) Line absorption spectrum
through the prism. It is split into its seven
constituent colours which can be viewed on the ➢ When light from the incandescent lamp is passed
screen as continuous spectrum. through cold gas (medium), the spectrum
➢ The spectra can be broadly classified into two obtained
catagories one is Emission spectra another one is ➢ The light from the carbon arc is made to pass
Absorption spectra through sodium vapour, a continuous spectrum of
1.Emission spectra carbon arc with two dark lines in the yellow
When the spectrum of self luminous source is taken, region are obtained.
we get emission spectrum. Each source has its own (iii) Band absorption spectrum
characteristic The emission spectrum can be divided ➢ When white light is passed through the iodine
into three types: vapour obtained Band absorption spectrum
(i) Continuous emission spectrum dark bands on continuous bright background is
➢ If the light from incandescent lamp is allowed to obtained. This type of band is also obtained
pass through prism it splits up into seven colours ➢ Example:when white light is passed through
from violet to red. diluted solution of certain solutions of organic
➢ Thus, it consists of wavelengths containing all the and inorganic compound
visible colours ranging Lesson 6.
➢ Examples: spectrum obtained from carbon arc and 12. Describe the Fizeau's method of determine the
incandescent solids. speed of light
➢ (ii) Line emission spectrum (or line spectrum):
➢ Suppose light from hot gas is allowed to pass
through prism, line spectrum is observed
➢ The line spectra consists of sharp lines of definite
wavelengths or frequencies.
➢ These lines are the characteristics of the element
and are different for different elements.
➢ Examples: spectra of atomic hydrogen, helium,
etc. ➢ Aim: To determining speed of light in air medium
(iii) Band emission spectrum (or band spectrum) ➢ Contruction: S is the source of light
➢ Suppose light from gas in the discharge tube ➢ G is partially silvered glass plate kept at an angle
the Band spectrum is observed of 45o
➢ consists of several number of very closely spaced ➢ Toothed-wheel with N teeth and N cuts
spectral lines which overlap together forming ➢ The light then was allowed to pass through a
specific bands rotating toothed-wheel
➢ The structure of the molecules can be studied ➢ a mirror M kept at a long distance d, about 8 km
using their band spectra. ➢ The light passing through one cut in the wheel If
➢ Example: spectra of ammonia gas in the the toothed-wheel was not rotating, the light
discharge tube etc. reflected back from the mirror would again pass
through the same cut
(b) Absorption spectra ➢ Working: The angular speed of rotation of the
When light is allowed to pass through a toothed-wheel was increased from 0 to ω
medium or an absorbing substance then the ➢ until the light passing through one cut would
spectrum obtained is known as absorption completely be blocked by the adjacent tooth
spectrum. Absorption spectrum is classified into ➢ The speed v of light in air is equal to the ratio of
three types: the distance to the time taken t.
2𝑑
(i) Continuous absorption spectrum ➢ 𝑣 = 𝑡 -----1

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

➢ The distance d is a known value from the 1 1 𝑛 1

− 𝑢 = (𝑛2 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 ) ------- 3
1

arrangement. 𝑣 1 1 2

➢ 2d is calculated from the angular speed ω of the ➢ If the object is at infinity, the image is formed at
toothed-wheel. the focus of the lens. Thus, for u = ∞, v = f. Then
𝜃 the equation becomes.
➢ The angular speed ω is, 𝜔 = -----2 1 1 𝑛 1 1
𝑡 ➢ 𝑓 − ∞ = (𝑛2 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 ) -------- 4
➢ Here, θ is the angle between one tooth and the 1 1 2
1 𝑛2 1 1
next slot ➢ = (𝑛 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 )
𝑓 1 1 2
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝜃= ➢ If the lens is kept in air, then we can take n1 = 1
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ + 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑠 and n2 = n. So the equation (4) becomes,
2𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = 2𝑛=𝑛 Substituting θ in equation 2 1
➢ = (𝑛 − 1) ( − )
1 1
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝜋 ⁄𝑁 𝜋
𝜔= = The above formula is called as the lens maker’s
𝑡 𝑁𝑡 formula, This formula holds good also for any type
Rewriting the above equation for t,
𝜋 of lens. By comparing the equations (3) and (4) we can
𝑡 = 𝑁𝜔 Substituting this in equation 1, write, lens equation
2𝑑𝑁𝜔 1 1 1
After rearranging,𝑣 = 𝜋 = ( − )
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
➢ The value of speed of light determined by The above equation is known as lens equation which
Fizeau was very close to the actual value. relates the object distance u and image distance v
➢ Later on, with much sophisticated instruments, with the focal length f of the lens. This equation holds
the speed of light in air was determined as, good for any type of lens.
➢ v = 2.99792 ×108 ms–1. Lesson 7
13. Obtain lens maker's formula and mention its 14. Explain the young's double slit experiments setup
significance obtain the equation for path difference
Experimental setup
➢ Consider a source S
➢ slit S1 andS2 kept equidistance
➢ The width of each slit is about 0.03 mm
➢ separated by a distance of about 0.3 mm.
➢ Let us consider a thin lens of refractive index n2 ➢ The light waves at S1 and S2 are in-phase.
placed in a medium of refractive index n1. ➢ So, S1 and S2 act as coherent for obtaining
➢ R1 and R2 be the radii of curvature of two interference pattern.
spherical surfaces 1 and 2 ➢ a screen is placed at a distance of about 1 m
➢ P be the pole.
➢ Consider a point object O on the principal axis.
➢ Due to refraction by the both sides of lens a
paraxial ray from O form the image at I.
➢ The general equation for the refraction at a single
spherical surface is given by is,
𝑛2 𝑛1 𝑛2 − 𝑛1 ➢ Due overlapping bright and dark fringes which
− = are equally spaced appear on the screen.
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅
➢ For the refracting surface 1, the light goes from n1 ➢ Using an eyepiece, the fringes can be seen
to n2. directly
𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛
− 𝑢1 = 2 𝑅 1 --------1 ➢ At O two waves constructively interfere and a
𝑣′ bright fringe is observed
➢ For the refracting surface 2, the light goes from ➢ Equation for path difference
medium n2 to n1. ➢ Let d be the distance between the double slits S1
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛 −𝑛
− = 1𝑅 2 --------2 and S2
𝑣 𝑣′ 2
➢ For surface 2, I' acts as virtual object. ➢ sources of wavelength λ.
➢ Adding equations (1) and (2) On further ➢ A screen is placed parallel to the double slit at a
simplifying and rearranging distance D
1 1 (𝑛2 − 𝑛1 ) 1 1 ➢ P is any point at a distance y from O.
− = ( − ) ➢ The mid-point of S1 and S2 is C
𝑣 𝑢 𝑛1 𝑅1 𝑅2

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➢ waves from S1 and S2 meet at P either in-phase 𝜆𝐷 𝜆𝐷

or out-of-phase 𝛽 = 𝑦(𝑛+1) − 𝑦𝑛 = ((𝑛 + 1) ) − (𝑛 )
𝑑 𝑑
➢ The path difference is, δ = S2P – S1P
𝜆𝐷
𝛽 = 𝑑 -------7
➢ Similarly, the distance between (n+1)th and nth
consecutive dark fringes from O is given by,
(𝑛 + 1) − 1 𝜆𝐷 (2𝑛 − 1) 𝜆𝐷
𝛽 = 𝑦(𝑛+1) − 𝑦𝑛 = ( )−( )
2 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝜆𝐷
➢ 𝛽 = 𝑑 -------8
➢ A perpendicular is dropped from the point S1 to
the line S2P at M to find the path difference more ➢ From Equations (7) and (8) we understand that
precisely the bright and dark fringes are of same width
➢ 𝛿 = 𝑆2 − 𝑀𝑃 = 𝑆2 𝑀 -----1 equally spaced on either side of the central bright
➢ The angular position of the point P From the fringe
geometry, Lesson 8
➢ ∠OCP = ∠S2S1M = θ. 15. Obtain Einstein photoelectric equation with
In right angle triangle ΔS1S2M, the path difference, necessary explanation
➢ When a photon of energy hν is incident on a
S2M = d sin θ
metal
𝛿 = 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ------2
➢ a part of the photon energy is used eject the
➢ If the angle θ is small, sin θ ≈ tan θ ≈ θ
𝑦 electron (work function ϕ0 )
➢ From the ΔOCP, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝐷 -------3 ➢ the remaining energy as the kinetic energy of the
𝑑𝑌
➢ 𝛿 = 𝐷 --------4 ejected electron.
Based on the condition of the path difference, the ➢ From the law of conservation of energy
1
point P may have a bright (or) dark fringe. ℎ𝜈 = 𝜙0 + 2 𝑚𝑣 2 ------- 1
Condition for bright fringe ➢ m is the mass of the electron, v is its velocity.
➢ The condition for a bright fringe is, ➢ If we reduce the frequency of the incident light,
➢ Path difference, δ = nλ ------5 ➢ At some frequency ν0 of incident radiation,
➢ where, n = 0, 1, 2, . …..Form equation 4&5 𝑛𝜆 = ➢ the photo electrons are just ejected with kinetic
𝑑𝑌
𝐷
energy is zero
𝜆𝐷 ℎ𝜈0 = 𝜙0
➢ 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑑 ➢ where ν0 is the threshold frequency. By rewriting
➢ This is the condition for the point P to have a the equation we get
bright fringe. The distance yn is the distance of the 1
ℎ𝜈 = ℎ𝜈0 + 2 𝑚𝑣 2 ------2
nth bright fringe from the point O.
Condition for dark fringe ➢ The equation (2) is known as Einstein’s
➢ The condition for a dark fringe is, photoelectric equation.
𝜆 ➢ If the electron does not lose energy by internal
➢ Path difference, 𝛿 = (2𝑛 − 1) 2 -------- 6 collisions, then it is emitted with maximum
➢ where,n = 1, 2, 3 ……..Form equation 4 & 6 kinetic energy Kmax. Then
𝑑𝑦 𝜆 (2𝑛−1) 𝜆𝐷 1
➢ = (2𝑛 − 1) , 𝑦𝑛 = 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣 2
𝐷 2 2 𝑑
➢ This is the condition for the point P to have a 2 𝑚𝑎𝑥
➢ where vmax is the maximum velocity of the
dark fringe. The distance yn is the distance of the
electron ejected. The equation (1) is rearranged as
nth dark fringe from the point O.
follows:
➢ This shows that on the screen, alternate bright
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙0
and dark fringes are seen on either side of the central 16. Describe briefly Davison -Germer experiment
bright fringe. which demonstrated the wave nature of electron
Equation for bandwidth
Germer experiment
➢ The bandwidth β is defined as the distance
➢ Aim: Louis de Broglie matter waves was
between any two consecutive bright (or) dark
experimentally confirmed by Clinton Davisson
fringes. and Lester Germer
➢ The distance between (n+1)th and nth consecutive ➢ Principle: Electron beams are diffracted when
bright fringes from O is given by, they fall on crystalline solids

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

➢ Constructuion: Electron gun, thin aluminium ➢ De Broglie suggested that if radiation can act as
diaphragms ,aluminium cylinder And Ni cristal particles then material particles can also act as
are fixed as shown in the diagram waves
➢ An electron detector fixed to view the diffracted ➢ According to de Broglie hypothesis, electrons,
elctron protons, neutrons in motion are associated with
➢ Working:The filament F is heated by a low waves. These waves are called matter waves.
tension (L.T.) battery. ➢ The momentum of photon of frequency ν is given
➢ Electrons are emitted from the hot filament by by 𝑝 = 𝑐
ℎ𝜐 ℎ
, 𝑝 = 𝜆 since 𝑐 = 𝜈𝜆
thermionic emission.
➢ The wavelength of a photon in terms of its
➢ They are then accelerated anode aluminium ℎ
cylinder by a high tension (H.T.) battery. momentum is 𝜆 = 𝑝
➢ Electron beam is collimated by using two thin ➢ the above equation is completely a general one
aluminium diaphragms ➢ this is applicable to material particles
➢ and is allowed to strike a single crystal of Nickel ➢ for a particle of mass m ,speed v , then
wavelength is given by
ℎ ℎ
➢ 𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑝
➢ This wavelength of the matter waves is known as
de Broglie wavelength.
➢ This equation relates the wave character (the
wave length λ) and the particle character (the
momentum p) through Planck’s constant.
➢ De Broglie wave length of electrons:
➢ The electrons scattered by Ni atoms in different ➢ Let an electron of mass m
directions ➢ accelerated through a potential difference of V
➢ the electron detector which measures the intensity ➢ The kinetic energy acquired by the electron is
of scattered electron beam. 1
given by 1 𝑚𝑣 2 =ev
➢ The detector is capable of rotation
➢ angle θ between the incident beam and the ➢ Therefore, the speed υ of the electron is
scattered beam can be changed 2𝑒𝑉
➢ The intensity of the scattered electron beam is 𝑣=√
measured as a function of the angle θ 𝑚
➢ Hence, the de Broglie wavelength of the matter
waves associated with electron is
ℎ ℎ
𝜆= =
𝑚𝑣 √2𝑚𝑉
➢ Substituting the known values in the above
equation, we get
➢ Above diagram shows the variation of intensity of 6.625Χ10−34
the scattered electrons with the angle θ for the 𝜆=
accelerating voltage of 54V. √2𝑉Χ1.6Χ10−19 Χ9.11Χ10−31
12.27𝛸10−10 12.27
➢ From the known value of interplanar spacing of = 𝑚 or 𝜆= Å
√𝑉 √𝑉
Nickel, the wavelength of the electron wave was ➢ if an electron is accelerated through a potential
experimentally calculated as 1.65Å. difference of 100V, then its de Broglie
➢ The wavelength can also be calculated from wavelength is 1.227 Å.
equation ➢ Since the kinetic energy of the electron, K = eV,
12.27 12.27
𝜆= Å 𝜆= Å 𝜆 = 1.67Å then the de Broglie wavelength associated with
√𝑉 √54
This value agrees very well with the experimentally electron can be also written as
ℎ
observed wavelength of 1.65Å. ➢ 𝜆 = 2𝑚𝐾
√
➢ Thus this experiment directly verifies de Lesson 9
Broglie’s hypothesis of the wave nature of 18. Discuss the spectral series of hydrogen atom
moving particles. Hydrogen spectrum
17. Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength
of electron
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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

➢ When the hydrogen gas enclosed in a tube is Lesson 10

heated up, it emits electromagnetic radiations 19. Explain the construction and working of a full
➢ When any gas is heated up, the thermal energy is wave rectifier
supplied to excite the electrons
➢ electrons get sufficient energy jumps from one
stationary state to another state
➢ Since electrons in excited states have very small
life time, these electrons jump back to ground
state
➢ spectral lines of hydrogen, the distance of Full wave rectifier
separation between the consecutive wavelengths ➢ The positive and negative half cycles of the AC
decreases from higher wavelength to the lower
input signal are rectified in this circuit and hence it is
wavelength,
called the full wave rectifier.
➢ These series are named as Lyman series, Balmer
➢ It consists of two p-n junction diodes, a centre
series, Paschen series, Brackett series, Pfund
tap transformer and a load resistor RL.
series, etc.
➢ With the help of the centre tap transformer, each
➢ where v is known as wave number which is
diode rectifies one half of the total secondary
inverse of wavelength, R is known as Rydberg
voltage.
constant whose value is 1.09737 × 107 m-1
During positive half cycle
➢ (a) Lyman series
➢ terminal M is positive, and N is at negative
For n = 1 and m = 2,3,4....... in equation the wave
potential..
numbers of Lyman series which lies in ultra-violet
➢ Hence, being forward biased, diode D1conducts
region,
1 1 1 and current flows along the path MDABC1.
𝜈̅ = 𝜆 = 𝑅 (12 − 𝑚2) During negative half cycle
➢ (b) Balmer series ➢ terminal N becomes positive and M is at negative
For n = 2 and m = 3,4,5....... in equation the wave potential.
numbers of Balmer series which lies in visible region, ➢ Hence, being forward biased, diode D2 conducts
1 1 1 and current flows along the pathNDABC2.
𝜈̅ = 𝜆 = 𝑅 (22 − 𝑚2)
➢ During both postive and negative half cycles of
➢ (c) Paschen series the input signal, the current flows through the load in
for n = 3 and m = 4,5,6....... in equation The wave the same direction.
number of Paschen series which lies in infra-red ➢ The output signal corresponding to the input
region signal is shown in Figure
1 1 1 ➢ Though both half cycles of AC input are
𝜈̅ = 𝜆 = 𝑅 (32 − 𝑚2) rectified, the output is still pulsating in nature.
➢ (d) Brackett series ➢ The efficiency (η) of full wave rectifier is twice
that of a half wave rectifier and is found to be
For n = 4 and m = 5,6,7........ in equation the wave
➢ 81.2 %.
numbers of Brackett series which lies in infra-red
20. State and prove de Morgan’s first and second
region
1 1 1 theorem
𝜈̅ = 𝜆 = 𝑅 (42 − 𝑚2) First theorem Statement
➢ (e) Pfund series ➢ The first theorem states that the complement
For n = 5 and m = 6,7,8........ in equation the wave of the sum of two logical inputs is equal to the
numbers of Pfund series which lies in infra-red product of its complements.
region
1 1 1
𝜈̅ = = 𝑅 ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 5 𝑚

Proof
➢ The Boolean equation for NOR gate is 𝑌 =
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴+𝐵
➢ The Boolean equation for a bubbled AND
gate is 𝑌 = 𝐴̅. 𝐵̅

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 Std: XII Simplified important question answers Sub: Physics Vol -1&2

➢ Both cases generate same outputs for same

inputs. It can be verified using the following
truth table.

➢ From the above truth table, we can

conclude ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐴̅. 𝐵̅
➢ Thus De Morgan’s first theorem is proved.
Hence, a NOR gate is equal to a bubbled AND
gate.
➢ second theorem Statement
➢ The second theorem states that the complement
of the product of two inputs is equal to the sum of its
complements.

Proof
➢ The Boolean equation for NAND gate is 𝑌 = Hard work Never Fail- Goodluck
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴. 𝐵
➢ The Boolean equation for bubbled OR gate is
𝑌 = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅
➢ The above two equations produces the same
output for the same inputs. It can be verified by using
the truth table

➢ From the above truth table we can conclude

̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵̅
➢ Thus De Morgan’s second theorem is
proved. Hence, a NAND gate is equal to a
bubbled OR gate.

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