All elements F–10

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
F–10 AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM: SCIENCE...........................................................................................................................................................1
ABOUT THE LEARNING AREA ..................................................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Rationale..................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Aims.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Organisation of the learning area .............................................................................................................................................................................2
Key connections.....................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Key considerations .................................................................................................................................................................................................17
CURRICULUM ELEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................19
Foundation .............................................................................................................................................................................................................19
Year 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................24
Year 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
Year 3 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................36
Year 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................42
Year 5 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................48
Year 6 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
Year 7 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................61
Year 8 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................70
Year 9 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................79
Year 10 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................90
F–10 AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM: SCIENCE
ABOUT THE LEARNING AREA
Introduction
The Australian Curriculum: Science has been developed on the basis that all students will study Science from Foundation to Year 10.
Rationale
Science is a dynamic, collaborative and creative human endeavour arising from our desire to make sense of our world through exploring the
unknown, investigating universal mysteries, making predictions and solving problems. Science provides an empirical way of answering interesting
and important questions about the changing world in which we live. The knowledge it produces has proved to be a reliable basis for action in our
personal, social and economic lives. Science knowledge is contestable and is revised, refined and extended as new evidence arises.
The Australian Curriculum: Science gives students opportunities to develop an understanding of important science concepts and processes, the
practices used to develop scientific knowledge, science’s contribution to our culture and society, and its applications in our lives. The curriculum
supports students to develop the scientific knowledge, understandings and skills needed to make informed decisions about local, national and
global issues and to participate in science-related careers.
In addition to its practical applications, learning science is a valuable pursuit in its own right. Students can experience the joy of scientific discovery
and nurture their natural curiosity about the world around them. In doing this, they develop critical and creative thinking skills and challenge
themselves to identify questions and draw evidence-based conclusions using scientific practices. The wider benefits of this ‘scientific literacy’ are
well established, including giving students the capability to investigate the natural world and changes made to it through human activity.
Aims
The Australian Curriculum: Science aims to ensure that students develop:
• an interest in science as a means of expanding their curiosity and willingness to explore, ask questions about and speculate on the changing
world in which they live
• a solid foundation of knowledge of the biological, Earth and space, physical and chemical sciences, including being able to select and
integrate the scientific knowledge and practices needed to explain and predict phenomena, to apply that understanding to new situations
and events, and to appreciate the dynamic nature of scientific knowledge

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 • an understanding of the nature of scientific inquiry and the ability to use a range of scientific inquiry practices, including questioning; planning
and conducting experiments and investigations based on ethical principles; collecting and analysing data; evaluating results; and drawing
critical, evidence-based conclusions
• an ability to communicate scientific understanding and findings to a range of audiences, to justify ideas on the basis of evidence, and to
evaluate and debate scientific arguments and claims
• an ability to solve problems and make informed, evidence-based decisions about current and future applications of science while taking into
account ethical and social implications of decisions
• an understanding of historical and cultural contributions to science as well as contemporary science issues and activities and an
understanding of the relationship between science and society.
Organisation of the learning area
Content structure
The Australian Curriculum: Science is presented in year levels from Foundation to Year 10.
Year level descriptions
Year level descriptions give an overview of the learning that students should experience at each year level. Year level overviews include example
inquiry questions that could be used to prompt discussion; they are optional only.
Achievement standards
Achievement standards describe the expected quality of learning that students should typically demonstrate by the end of each year.
Content descriptions
Content descriptions specify the essential knowledge, understanding and skills that students are expected to learn, and teachers are expected to
teach, in each year. The content descriptions are organised into strands and sub-strands.
Content elaborations
Content elaborations give teachers suggestions and illustrations of ways to teach the content descriptions. They are optional material only; they are
not a set of complete or comprehensive content points that all students need to be taught. They illustrate and exemplify content descriptions with a
diverse range of examples.

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Strands and sub-strands
The Australian Curriculum: Science has three interrelated strands:
• Science understanding
• Science as a human endeavour
• Science inquiry.
Together, the three strands provide students with understanding, knowledge and skills through which they can develop a scientific view of the world.
Students are challenged to explore science, its concepts, nature and uses through clearly described inquiry processes.
Content under each strand is further organised into sub-strands as shown in Figure 1 and Table 1.

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Figure 1: Science strands and sub-strands

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Table 1: Relationship between strands and sub-strands

Strands Science understanding Science as a human endeavour Science inquiry

Sub- Biological sciences Nature and development of science Questioning and predicting
strands
Earth and space sciences Use and influence of science Planning and conducting

Physical sciences Processing, modelling and analysing

Chemical sciences Evaluating

Communicating

Read more

Science understanding
Science understanding is evident when a person selects and integrates appropriate science knowledge to explain and predict phenomena and
applies that knowledge to new situations. Science knowledge refers to facts, concepts, principles, laws, theories and models that have been
established by scientists over time.
Content for science understanding is described by year level. The science understanding strand comprises four sub-strands:
• Biological sciences – The biological sciences sub-strand is concerned with understanding living things. Students investigate living things,
including animals, plants and microorganisms, and their interdependence and interactions within ecosystems. They explore their life cycles,
body systems, structural adaptations and behaviours; how these features aid survival; and how their characteristics are inherited from one
generation to the next.
• Earth and space sciences – The Earth and space sciences sub-strand is concerned with Earth’s dynamic structure and its place in the
cosmos. Through this sub-strand, students view Earth as part of a larger celestial system. They explore how changes on Earth such as day
and night and the seasons relate to Earth’s rotation and its orbit around the sun. Students investigate the processes that result in change to
Earth’s surface, recognising that Earth has evolved over 4.5 billion years and that the effect of some of these processes is only evident when

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 viewed over extremely long timescales. They explore the interactions and interdependencies of the biosphere, geosphere, atmosphere and
hydrosphere and appreciate the influence of human activity on the Earth system.
• Physical sciences – The physical sciences sub-strand is concerned with understanding the nature of forces and motion, and matter and
energy. Students gain an understanding of how an object’s motion is influenced by a range of forces such as frictional, magnetic,
gravitational and electrostatic forces. They develop an understanding of the concept of energy and how energy transfer is associated with
phenomena involving motion, heat, sound, light and electricity. They appreciate that concepts of force, motion, matter and energy apply to
systems ranging in scale from atoms to the universe itself.
• Chemical sciences – The chemical sciences sub-strand is concerned with understanding the composition and behaviour of substances.
Students classify substances based on their properties, such as solids, liquids and gases; or their composition, such as elements,
compounds and mixtures. They explore physical changes such as changes of state and dissolving and investigate how chemical reactions
result in the production of new substances. Students recognise that all substances consist of atoms, and that chemical reactions involve
atoms in substances being rearranged and recombined to form new substances. They explore relationships between rearrangements of
atoms, properties of substances and energy.

Science as a human endeavour

Through science, humans seek to improve their understanding and explanations of the natural world. Science involves the construction of
explanations based on evidence, and scientific knowledge can be changed as new evidence becomes available. Science influences society by
posing and responding to social and ethical questions, and scientific research is itself influenced by the needs and priorities of society. This strand
highlights the development of science as a unique way of knowing and doing, and the role of science in contemporary decision-making and
problem-solving. It acknowledges that in making decisions about science practices and applications, ethical and social implications must be taken
into account.
The content in the science as a human endeavour strand is described in two-year bands. The science as a human endeavour strand comprises two
sub-strands:
• Nature and development of science – Through this sub-strand students develop an appreciation of the unique nature of science and
scientific knowledge, including how science is based on empirical evidence that can be changed in light of new or reinterpreted evidence.
Students learn how scientific knowledge has been revised, refined and extended over time through the individual and collaborative efforts of
scientists from diverse cultures.

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 • Use and influence of science – Through this sub-strand students explore how scientific knowledge and applications affect individuals and
communities, including informing their decisions and identifying responses to contemporary issues. Students learn that scientific knowledge
and applications are also influenced by social, cultural and economic factors.

Science inquiry
Science inquiry involves identifying and posing questions; planning, conducting and reflecting on investigations; processing, analysing and
interpreting evidence; and communicating findings. This strand is concerned with evaluating claims, investigating ideas, solving problems, drawing
valid conclusions and developing evidence-based arguments.
Science investigations are activities in which ideas, predictions or hypotheses are tested and conclusions are drawn in response to a question or
problem. Investigations can involve a range of activities including experimental testing, field work, locating and using information sources,
conducting surveys, and using modelling and simulations. The choice of the approach taken will depend on the context and subject of the
investigation.
The content in the science inquiry strand is described in two-year bands. There are five sub-strands. These are:
• Questioning and predicting – Students identify and construct questions, propose hypotheses and predict possible outcomes.
• Planning and conducting – Students make decisions regarding how to investigate or solve a problem and carry out an investigation,
including the generation of data.
• Processing, modelling and analysing – Students represent data in meaningful and useful ways and identify trends, patterns and
relationships in data.
• Evaluating – Students consider the quality of available evidence, and the merit or significance of a claim, proposition or conclusion with
reference to that evidence.
• Communicating – Students convey information or ideas to others in ways appropriate to the purpose and audience.
Relationship between the strands
In the practice of science, the three strands of science understanding, science inquiry and science as a human endeavour are closely integrated;
the work of scientists reflects the nature and development of science, is built around scientific inquiry and seeks to respond to and influence
society’s needs. Students’ experiences of science at school should mirror and connect to this multifaceted view of science.

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To achieve this, the three strands of the Australian Curriculum: Science should be taught in an integrated way. The content descriptions of the three
strands have been written so that at each year this integration is possible. In the earlier years, the nature and development of science sub-strand
within the science as a human endeavour strand focuses on how scientists engage in scientific inquiry. This enables students to make clear
connections between the inquiry skills that they are learning and the work of scientists. As students progress through the curriculum they will be
able to investigate how science understanding has developed, including considering some of the people and stories behind advances in science.
Students will also recognise how science understanding can be applied to their lives and the lives of others. As students develop a more
sophisticated understanding of the knowledge and skills of science, they are increasingly able to appreciate the role of science in society. The
content of the science understanding strand will inform students’ understanding of contemporary issues such as climate change, use of resources,
emerging technologies and protection of biodiversity. The importance of these areas of science can be emphasised through the content of the
science as a human endeavour strand, and students can be encouraged to view contemporary science critically through aspects of the science
inquiry strand; for example, by analysing, evaluating and communicating.
Core concepts
Core concepts are the big ideas, understandings, skills or processes that are central to the Science curriculum. They give clarity and direction about
what content matters most in the learning area. In the curriculum development process, core concepts help identify the essential content students
should learn to develop a deep and increasingly sophisticated understanding of Science across the years of schooling. They ensure content is
connected within and across the strands, building in sophistication across the year levels.
In Science, the core concepts are complemented by a set of key ideas. Figure 2 gives an overview of the design of the Australian Curriculum:
Science.

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Figure 2: Overview of the design of the Australian Curriculum: Science

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In Science, core concepts are identified for each strand, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Science core concepts by strand

Science core concepts

Science understanding Science as a human endeavour Science inquiry

• Earth is part of an astronomical system; • Science inquiry values curiosity, creativity, • Science inquiry involves making observations
interactions between Earth and celestial bodies accuracy, objectivity, perseverance and and predictions, asking questions, and
influence Earth’s systems scepticism constructing evidence-based explanations for
• Earth’s systems are dynamic and • Science knowledge is a result of individual natural and physical phenomena
interdependent; interactions between the and collaborative efforts, and advances • Science inquiry may be undertaken to
systems cause continuous change over a reflect historical and cultural contributions describe a phenomenon, explore
range of scales • Science knowledge is built on empirical relationships, test a theory or model, or design
• A diverse range of living things have evolved evidence; however, all science knowledge solutions
on Earth over hundreds of millions of years can be changed in light of new or • Science inquiries should be designed to
• Biological systems are interdependent and reinterpreted evidence systematically collect valid and reliable
interact with each other and their environment • Scientific knowledge, practices and products primary and secondary data in a safe, ethical
• The form and features of living things are are influenced by social, ethical and and interculturally aware manner
related to the functions that their body systems economic factors • Mathematical thinking underpins science
perform • Science, technology and engineering are practices of representing objects and events,
• The chemical and physical properties of interconnected; advances in one field can analysing data and modelling relationships
substances are determined by their structure at lead to advances in other fields • Evaluating evidence enables development of
a range of scales • Science knowledge, balanced with ethical explanations, decision-making and designed
• Substances change and new substances are and social considerations, contributes to solutions
produced by rearranging atoms; these changes understanding complex contemporary • Critiquing and communicating science ideas
involve energy transfer and transformation issues and identifying responses effectively is critical to advancing science and
• Forces affect the motion and behaviour of influencing environmental, social and
objects economic futures
• Energy can be transferred and transformed
from one form to another and is conserved
within systems

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Key ideas
Science core concepts are further underpinned by a set of key ideas. The key ideas support the coherence and development of science knowledge
within and across year levels. They frame the development of core concepts in the science understanding strand, support key aspects of the
science inquiry strand and contribute to developing students’ appreciation of the nature of science in the science as a human endeavour strand.
Read more
The key ideas are:
Patterns, order and organisation
An important aspect of science is recognising patterns in the world around us and ordering and organising phenomena at different scales. As
students progress from Foundation to Year 10, they build skills and understanding that will help them to observe and describe patterns at different
scales and develop and use classifications to organise events and phenomena and make predictions. Classifying objects and events into groups
(such as solid, liquid or gas, or living or non-living) and developing criteria for those groupings relies on making observations and identifying patterns
of similarity and difference. As students progress through the primary years, they become more proficient in identifying and describing the
relationships that underpin patterns, including cause and effect. Students increasingly recognise that scale plays an important role in the
observation of patterns; some patterns may only be evident at certain time and spatial scales. For example, the pattern of day and night is not
evident over the timescale of an hour.
Form and function
Many aspects of science are concerned with the relationships between form (the nature or make-up of an aspect of an object or organism) and
function (the use of that aspect). As students progress from Foundation to Year 10, they see that the functions of living and non-living objects rely
on their forms. Students’ understanding of forms such as the features of living things or the nature of a range of materials, and their related
functions or uses, is initially based on observable behaviours and physical properties. In later years, students recognise that function often relies on
form and that this relationship can be examined at many scales. They apply an understanding of microscopic and atomic structures, interactions of
force, and flows of energy and matter to describe relationships between form and function.
Stability and change
Many areas of science involve the recognition, description and prediction of stability and change. Early in their schooling, students recognise that in
their observations of the world around them, some properties and phenomena appear to remain stable or constant over time whereas others
change. As they progress from Foundation to Year 10, they also recognise that phenomena (such as properties of objects and relationships

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between living things) can appear to be stable at one spatial or time scale, but at a larger or smaller scale may be seen to be changing. Students
begin to appreciate that stability can be the result of competing but balanced forces. They become increasingly adept at quantifying change through
measurement and looking for patterns of change by representing and analysing data in tables or graphs.
Scale and measurement
Quantification of time and spatial scale is critical to the development of science understanding as it enables the comparison of observations.
Students often find it difficult to work with scales that are outside their everyday experience – these include the huge distances in space, the
incredibly small size of atoms and the slow processes that occur over geological time. As students progress from Foundation to Year 10, their
understanding of relative sizes and rates of change develops and they conceptualise events and phenomena at a wider range of scales. They
progress from working with scales related to their everyday experiences and comparing events and phenomena using relative language (such as
‘bigger’ or ‘faster’) and informal measurement, to working with scales beyond human experience and quantifying magnitudes, rates of change and
comparisons using formal units of measurement.
Matter and energy
Many aspects of science involve identifying, describing and measuring transfers of energy and matter. As students progress through the year levels,
they become increasingly able to explain phenomena in terms of the flow of matter and energy. In the early years, students focus on direct
experience and observation of phenomena and materials. As they progress, they begin to connect observable phenomena with more abstract
notions of particles, forces and energy transfer and transformation. They use these understandings to describe and model phenomena and
processes involving matter and energy.
Systems
Science often involves thinking, modelling and analysing in terms of systems to understand, explain and predict events and phenomena. As
students progress from Foundation to Year 10, they explore, describe and analyse increasingly complex systems. Initially, students identify the
observable components of a clearly identified ‘whole’ such as features of plants and animals and parts of mixtures. Across Years 3 to 6 they learn to
identify and describe relationships between components within simple systems, and they begin to appreciate that components within living and non-
living systems are interdependent. In Years 7 to 10 they are introduced to the processes and underlying phenomena that structure systems such as
ecosystems, body systems and the carbon cycle. They recognise that within systems, interactions between components can involve forces and
changes acting in opposing directions and that for a system to be in a steady state, these factors need to be in a state of balance or equilibrium.
They are increasingly aware that systems can exist as components within larger systems, and that one important part of thinking about systems is
identifying boundaries, inputs and outputs.

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Key connections
General capabilities
In the Australian Curriculum, general capabilities equip young Australians with the knowledge, skills, behaviours and dispositions to live and work
successfully. General capabilities are developed through learning area content; they are not separate learning areas, subjects or isolated skills.
Opportunities to develop general capabilities in learning area content vary. The general capabilities of most relevance and application to Science
are Literacy, Numeracy, Critical and Creative Thinking, Digital literacy, Ethical Understanding and Personal and Social capability.
Literacy and numeracy are fundamental to all learning. While literacy and numeracy development is core to the curriculum in English and
Mathematics, literacy and numeracy skills are required and applied in all learning areas, including Science.
General capabilities are identified in content descriptions when they are developed or applied through learning area content. They are also identified
in content elaborations when they offer opportunities to add depth and richness to student learning.
Read more
Literacy
In Science, students develop literacy capability as they explore and investigate their world. They comprehend and compose texts including those
that give information; describe events and phenomena; recount experiments; present and evaluate data; give explanations; and present ideas,
opinions and claims. They comprehend and compose multimodal texts such as charts, graphs, diagrams, pictures, maps, animations, models and
visual media. Language structures and text structures are used to link information and ideas, give descriptions and explanations, formulate
hypotheses and construct evidence-based arguments capable of expressing an informed position.
Scientific vocabulary is often technical and includes specific terms for concepts and features of the world, as well as terms that encapsulate an
entire process in a single word, such as a ‘photosynthesis’. Language is therefore essential in providing the link between the concept itself and
student understanding and assessing whether the student has understood the concept.
Numeracy
Students use and develop numeracy through investigation of science understanding concepts and application of science inquiry practices. The key
ideas of science which underpin science understanding and science as a human endeavour are closely linked to numeracy through their focus on
scale and measurement, and patterns, order and organisation.

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Through inquiry practices, students develop numeracy through a focus on measurement and data collection. They identify patterns in data and use
mathematical relationships to represent those patterns. They represent observed and secondary data using tables, displays and visualisations and
interpret data to construct evidence-based conclusions and arguments. In later years, they engage in statistical analysis of data and consider issues
of validity and reliability of data.
Critical and Creative Thinking
Students develop critical and creative thinking as they learn to generate and evaluate ideas and possibilities when seeking new pathways or
solutions. In the Science learning area, critical and creative thinking are embedded in the skills of questioning and predicting, solving problems
through planning and conducting investigations, and analysing and evaluating evidence to make decisions and draw conclusions. Students develop
an understanding of science concepts through active inquiry that involves selecting appropriate information, evaluating sources of information to
formulate hypotheses and reflecting on the processes used to reach evidence-based conclusions.
Creative thinking enables the development of ideas that are new to the individual, and this is intrinsic to the development of scientific understanding.
Scientific inquiry promotes critical and creative thinking by encouraging flexibility and open-mindedness as students speculate about their
observations of the world and the ability to use and design new processes to solve problems and create solutions. Students’ conceptual
understanding becomes more sophisticated as they actively acquire an increasingly scientific view of their world and the ability to examine it from
new perspectives.
Digital Literacy
Students develop digital literacy as they operate and manage digital systems and practise digital safety and wellbeing while investigating, creating
and communicating. In particular, they use digital literacy to access information; collect, analyse and represent data and information; model and
interpret concepts and relationships; and communicate science ideas, processes and information.
Digital tools such as animations and simulation software can support student understanding of abstract phenomena, as they give opportunities to
view phenomena and test predictions that cannot be investigated through practical investigations in the classroom.
Ethical Understanding
Students develop their understanding of ethical concepts and ethical decision-making processes in relation to science investigations, codes of
practice, and the use of scientific information and science applications. They learn about ethical procedures for investigating and working with
people, animals, data and materials. Students use scientific information to evaluate claims and to inform ethical decisions about a range of social,
environmental and personal issues. They consider their own roles as discerning citizens and learn to analyse biases and assumptions as they apply
ethical concepts when making decisions in complex situations.

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Personal and Social capability
Students develop self-awareness and self-management skills as they direct their own learning, plan and carry out investigations, and become
independent learners who can apply science understanding and practices to make decisions. They build skills in social awareness and social
management as they engage in collaborative investigations that require them to work cooperatively in teams, share resources and processes, make
group decisions and show leadership. Empathy and respect are developed as students identify and learn about the diverse world views and
perspectives that have informed the development of science, and the ways in which different individuals and groups may perceive scientific
knowledge, advances or solutions.
Cross-curriculum priorities
Cross-curriculum priorities support the Australian Curriculum to be a relevant, contemporary and engaging curriculum that reflects regional, national
and global contexts. Cross-curriculum priorities are incorporated through learning area content; they are not separate learning areas or subjects.
They give opportunities to enrich the content of the learning areas where most appropriate and authentic, allowing students to engage with and
better understand their world.
Opportunities to apply cross-curriculum priorities to learning area content vary. The cross-curriculum priorities of most relevance and meaning to the
Science curriculum are Sustainability and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories and Cultures.
Read more
Sustainability
In Science, the sustainability priority provides contexts for investigating and understanding biological, Earth and space, physical and chemical
systems. Students explore a range of systems that operate at different time and spatial scales. By investigating the relationship between systems
and system components and how systems respond to change, students develop an appreciation for the interconnectedness of Earth’s biosphere,
geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Students also explore how science is used to predict possible effects of human and other activity and to
develop management plans or alternative technologies that minimise or mitigate these effects.
Through the lens of science as a human endeavour, students explore the relationship between science and society and the importance of
understanding and considering competing viewpoints, values and interests. Students appreciate that science provides the basis for decision-making
in many areas of society and that these decisions can impact the sustainability of environmental, social and economic systems.

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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Histories and Cultures
In Science, students will have opportunities to learn that First Nations Peoples of Australia have longstanding scientific knowledge traditions and
developed knowledge about the world by making observations, using all the senses, engaging in prediction, hypothesising and testing (trial and
error), and making generalisations within specific contexts such as the use of food, natural materials, navigation and sustainability of the
environment.
Science provides opportunities for students to become aware that First Nations Australians have worked scientifically for millennia and continue to
provide significant contributions to developments in science. Content elaborations in each strand include examples of particular First Nations
Australians’ science knowledges and suggestions for how students can explore cultural techniques and processes employed by First Nations
Australians such as stone knapping, skin tanning, cooking methods, production of pigments and dyes, and fire lighting methods that relate to
Australian Curriculum: Science. Through the exploration of the contributions of First Nations Peoples of Australia to areas such as medicine, mining,
ecology, fire management, habitat restoration and water management, students can investigate the ways First Nations Australians knowledges and
Western knowledges can be used in combination to advance scientific understanding and to care for Country and Place.
Science inquiry provides an opportunity for students to engage in reconciliation, respect and recognition of First Nations Peoples of Australia and
their cultures through respectful approaches to field work, consultation and collaboration. Students consider ethical considerations regarding access
to Country and Place, the treatment of cultural heritage sites and respect for intellectual property rights.
Learning Areas
The Australian Curriculum: Science gives opportunities to integrate and connect content to other learning areas; in particular, Mathematics,
Technologies, Humanities and Social Sciences and Health and Physical Education.
Read more
Science and Mathematics
Science and Mathematics share a focus on measurement, empirical reasoning, inquiry, experimentation and investigation. In both learning areas
students are introduced to measurement, first using informal units, then using formal units. Later, they consider issues of uncertainty and reliability
in measurement. As students progress, they collect qualitative and quantitative data, which are analysed and represented in graphical forms.
Students learn data analysis skills, including identifying trends and patterns from numerical data and graphs. In later years, students explore the use
of mathematical relationships to model interactions between system components and make predictions.

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Science and Technologies
Science and Technologies share a focus through the Design and Technologies sub-strand: technologies contexts, which gives students an
opportunity to apply the core concepts and explanatory models they learn in Science to designed solutions. Physical sciences inform engineering
principles and systems; chemical sciences inform materials and technologies specialisations, and food specialisations; and biological sciences
share concepts and models with food and fibre production.
Science and Humanities and Social Sciences
Science and Humanities and Social Sciences share a focus on understanding patterns of continuity and change in the world. Humanities and Social
Science subjects draw on students’ scientific understandings of biological and Earth and space sciences and give students an opportunity to
explore socio-scientific issues through the lens of science as a human endeavour. Science and Humanities and Social Sciences also share a focus
on developing students’ inquiry practices, with an emphasis on questioning and data collection and analysis to form evidence-based conclusions
and arguments.
Science and Health and Physical Education
Science and Health and Physical Education share a focus on the human body and movement. In Health and Physical Education, students
investigate human anatomy, movement performance in a practical context, and body responses to exercise and activity. Science approaches these
topics through the lenses of biological systems and interactions of force and energy. Health and Physical Education also gives students an
opportunity to explore applications of scientific concepts in ways that directly relate to their sense of self and wellbeing within their community.
Key considerations
Safety
Identifying and managing risk in Science addresses the safe use of equipment and materials as well as safe behaviours in field, classroom or
laboratory contexts. It covers all necessary aspects of health, safety and injury prevention and the use of potentially dangerous materials and
equipment.
Science learning experiences may involve the use of potentially hazardous substances and hazardous equipment. It is the responsibility of the
school to ensure that duty of care is exercised in relation to the health and safety of all students and that school practices meet the requirements of
the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and Work Health and Safety Regulation 2017, in addition to relevant state or territory health and safety
guidelines.

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In implementing investigations involving food, care must also be taken with regard to food safety and specific food allergies that may result in
anaphylactic reactions. The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy has published guidelines for the prevention of anaphylaxis in
schools. Some states and territories have their own specific guidelines that should be followed.
When state and territory curriculum authorities integrate the Australian Curriculum into local courses, they will include more specific advice on
safety. For more information about relevant guidelines, contact your state or territory curriculum authority.
Animal ethics and biosecurity
Any teaching activities that involve caring for, using or interacting with animals must comply with the Australian code of practice for the care and use
of animals for scientific purposes 2013, in addition to relevant state or territory guidelines. The Australian Government and state and territory
governments may have extra legislation for animal ethics, protection of native animals and biosecurity that could affect how schools use animals.
When state and territory curriculum authorities integrate the Australian Curriculum into local courses, they will include specific advice on the care
and use of, or interaction with, animals. Schools must ensure they are aware of and comply with all state, territory and Commonwealth legislation or
regulation about the use of animals in schools. For more information about relevant guidelines or to access your animal ethics committee, contact
your state or territory curriculum authority.
Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes, 2013
https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/australian-code-care-and-use-animals-scientific-purposes
Information correct as at 1 April 2021
Protocols for engaging with First Nations Australians
When planning teaching activities involving engagement with First Nations Australians, teachers should follow protocols that describe principles,
procedures and behaviours for recognising and respecting First Nations’ Australians people and their intellectual property. Teachers should use
approved resources such as those provided by their state or territory school system, First Nations Australians education consultative groups or
other protocols accredited by First Nations Australians.

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CURRICULUM ELEMENTS
Foundation

Year level description

In Foundation students learn that observations can be organised to reveal patterns, and that these patterns can be used to make predictions about phenomena.
They observe and describe the characteristics of everyday objects, materials and living things and identify similarities and differences. They explore changes in
the world around them, including changes they can affect, such as making things move or change shape. They learn that seeking answers to questions they
pose and making observations is a core part of science and use their senses to gather different types of information.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• How is a tree like an octopus? A bird like a fish? A spider like a fly?
• How do different objects move?
• Why are objects made of different materials?
• How can I use my senses to learn about the natural world?

Achievement standard

By the end of Foundation students group plants and animals based on external features. They identify factors that affect the movement of objects. They
describe the observable properties of materials that make up objects. They describe how scientists investigate the world around them.
Students pose questions and state predictions. They engage in explorations safely. With guidance, they make and represent observations and identify patterns.
They reflect on their explorations by comparing their observations with their predictions. They share observations and ideas with others.

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 Strand / Content description Elaboration
Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
explore external features of exploring how First Nations Australians’ observations of external features of living things are mimicked and
plants and animals and replicated in traditional dance (AC9SFU01_E1)
ways they can be grouped
recognising First Nations Australians’ use of observable features to group living things (AC9SFU01_E2)
Biological sciences

based on these features

(AC9SFU01) using magnifying glasses or digital cameras to observe and identify external features of plants including seeds,
flowers, fruits and roots, or of animals such as eyes, body covering, legs and wings (AC9SFU01_E3)
recognising humans as animals, describing external features of humans and exploring similarities and
differences from other animals (AC9SFU01_E4)
sorting collections of model animals and explaining different grouping strategies (AC9SFU01_E5)
Science understanding

observing fruits and vegetables and identifying them as parts of plants such as roots, fruits or leaves
(AC9SFU01_E6)
explore how objects move exploring how the size and shape of traditional instructive toys used by First Nations Australians influence their
and how factors including movement (AC9SFU02_E1)
Physical sciences

their size, shape and comparing the way different-sized, similar-shaped objects such as tennis balls, golf balls, marbles or basketballs
material, affect their motion roll and bounce (AC9SFU02_E2)
(AC9SFU02)
observing and describing ways different and unusually shaped objects such as blocks, tubes or eggs move when
rolled down a slope (AC9SFU02_E3)
exploring how the material a ball is made from affects the way it moves, such as tennis, cloth or rubber balls on a
surface (AC9SFU02_E4)
observing how toys such as bathtub toys move, and grouping them based on their movement (AC9SFU02_E5)

explore how objects can be investigating the ways in which First Nations Australians use different materials (AC9SFU03_E1)
composed of different
Chemical
sciences

materials, and describe creating a display of different materials, naming each material and exploring language for describing properties
observable properties of of materials (AC9SFU03_E2)
those materials observing and manipulating objects to identify the materials they are made of and recognising that some objects
(AC9SFU03) are made of more than one type of material (AC9SFU03_E3)

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 using a digital camera to collect images of objects on a materials scavenger hunt (AC9SFU03_E4)

sorting and grouping materials based on observed properties such as colour, hardness, texture and flexibility
(AC9SFU03_E5)
recognising that tools such as magnifying glasses enable more-detailed observations (AC9SFU03_E6)

suggesting why different parts of everyday objects, such as saucepans and clothing, are made from different
materials (AC9SFU03_E7)
explore how scientists use exploring how First Nations Australians gain knowledge about the land and its vital resources, such as water and
observation and questioning food, through observation (AC9SFH01_E1)
Nature and development of

to learn about the natural

Science as a human

interacting with stories or documentaries about scientists such as Dame Jane Goodall or Sir Joseph Banks and
world (AC9SFH01)
noticing the ways they make their observations such as through drawings, collections, sound recordings and
endeavour

photography and how they ask questions about what they think they will observe and find (AC9SFH01_E2)
science

using their senses to make observations and exploring how scientists use their senses as well as equipment to
make observations (AC9SFH01_E3)
viewing examples of scientific observations such as rock paintings, bark drawings, simple written reports,
labelled drawings or photographs to explore ways to make and record observations (AC9SFH01_E4)
watching an age-appropriate documentary, noticing how scientists ask questions and posing their own questions
(AC9SFH01_E5)
pose questions and make asking questions based on experiences such as: ‘What part of a plant is broccoli?’ or ‘How high do balls
Science inquiry

Questioning and

predictions based on bounce?’ (AC9SFI01_E1)

experiences (AC9SFI01)
predicting

posing questions about everyday objects and the materials that they may be made of (AC9SFI01_E2)

making predictions before field work, such as which plants and animals they may observe in the school grounds
(AC9SFI01_E3)
making predictions about how an unusually shaped object such as an egg or a hexagonal block might roll down
a slope (AC9SFI01_E4)

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 Planning and conducting engage in explorations observing external features of plants and animals (AC9SFI02_E1)
safely and make
observations using their recording observations using numbers, dots, drawings, voice recordings or digital photography or video
senses (AC9SFI02) (AC9SFI02_E2)
discussing ways to conduct investigations safely, such as by being sun safe, not running with equipment, not
tasting objects or materials, and following teacher instructions (AC9SFI02_E3)
explaining safety considerations for using the senses of touch, smell, sight, hearing and taste (AC9SFI02_E4)

using provided tools such as magnifying glasses and digital photography or video to enhance their observations
(AC9SFI02_E5)
represent observations in using provided tables or graphic organisers to sort images or models of plants and animals into groups based on
provided templates and external features (AC9SFI30_E1)
Processing, modelling

identify patterns with identifying common features of familiar groups of animals, such as fish, birds or reptiles (AC9SFI03_E2)
and analysing

guidance (AC9SFI03)
identifying patterns of movement of objects, with guidance, such as that balls roll easily in a straight line when
pushed, or toys move in certain ways because of their wheels (AC9SFI03_E3)
collaborating to create a floor or wall display to link images or samples of materials to images of observed
objects (AC9SFI03_E4)
identifying patterns in uses of everyday objects made of similar materials, such as wood, metal or glass
(AC9SFI03_E5)
compare observations with revisiting their predictions with guidance and identifying whether the prediction matched their observations
predictions (AC9SFI04) (AC9SFI04_E1)
Evaluating

comparing with guidance plants or animals observed during field work with their initial predictions
(AC9SFI04_E2)
using a provided table to draw or dictate their prediction and their observation and identifying whether they are
the same or different (AC9SFI04_E3)

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 share observations and describing observations to others through discussions and circle groups (AC9SFI05_E1)
ideas with others
Communicating

(AC9SFI05) recounting stories about scientists and how they learn about the natural world (AC9SFI05_E2)

role-playing or showing how scientists use different equipment to make observations (AC9SFI05_E3)

representing external features of animals and plants using a range of materials such as blocks, modelling clay,
craft materials or paper (AC9SFI05_E4)
communicating observations using posters, collages, displays, drawings or storyboards (AC9SFI05_E5)

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Year 1

Year level description

In Year 1 students learn that common characteristics within groups of living things, objects and events can be identified. They infer simple relationships from
their observations and experiences and begin to link function with observable properties and to ask questions. They observe changes, including changes that
impact on them, that can be large or small and happen quickly or slowly. Students pose questions and make predictions based on their observations and are
introduced to ways of organising their observations to identify patterns.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• Does a fish have a home?

• How does the weather affect our decisions?
• How many different ways can we make objects move?
• How do we use science at school or at home?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 1 students describe where plants and animals live and how they meet their needs. They recognise patterns of change in their environment
and describe how these affect their everyday life. They explain how to change the motion and shape of objects. They describe how scientists make predictions
and they identify science in their daily life.
Students pose questions and make predictions to explore observations. They follow safe procedures to make and record observations. They sort and order
data and information using provided templates and with guidance, represent patterns. They compare observations with predictions and identify further
questions. They use provided scaffolds to communicate observations, findings and ideas.

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 Strand / Content description Elaboration
Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
explore the basic needs recognising how First Nations Australians care for living things (AC9S1U01_E1)
of plants and animals,
including air, water, food identifying and comparing the needs of a variety of plants and animals, including humans, based on their own
Biological sciences

and shelter and how the experiences (AC9S1U01_E2)

place they live meets identifying the places where plants and animals live, including in our homes, local areas such as ponds, bush areas,
those needs gardens or zoos (AC9S1U01_E3)
(AC9S1U01) identifying what we do to look after pets or plants at home and grouping these activities (AC9S1U01_E4)

creating dioramas of a place a plant or animal lives, and identifying the features that enable it to meet its needs
Science understanding

(AC9S1U01_E5)
exploring why caring for plants and animals is important including as sources of food and fibre (AC9S1U01_E6)

explore daily and exploring how First Nations Australians’ concepts of time and weather patterns explain how things happen in the
seasonal changes in the world around them (AC9S1U02_E1)
environment and how recognising the extensive knowledges of daily and seasonal changes in weather patterns and landscape held by
Earth and space sciences

these changes affect First Nations Australians (AC9S1U02_E2)

everyday life
observing and describing short-term and longer-term patterns of events that occur in the sky, such as the
(AC9S1U02)
appearance of the moon and stars at different times of the month or year (AC9S1U02_E3)
investigating how seasonal changes affect plants and animals, including animals that hibernate and migrate
(AC9S1U02_E4)
investigating how changes in the weather affect plants and animals, including humans (AC9S1U02_E5)

making and recording observations of phenomena such as daily movement of the sun, changes to weather, or
seasonal changes to plants such as colour, dropping of leaves, or growth of flowers or fruit (AC9S1U02_E6)
noticing how daily weather indicators and seasonal patterns help us to make plans for activities in our daily lives
(AC9S1U02_E7)

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 explore pushes and investigating the push and pull movements of traditional First Nations Australians children’s instructive toys
pulls in terms of strength (AC9S1U03_E1)
and direction and the observing and manipulating everyday objects such as playground equipment, toys, windows or doors and identifying
effect of these forces on
Physical sciences

the forces used to move these objects (AC9S1U03_E2)

objects motion and
investigating ways that pushing or pulling on an object can start or stop its motion, and change its direction
shape (AC9S1U03)
(AC9S1U03_E3)
exploring ways the shape of playdough can be changed when pushed or pulled (AC9S1U03_E4)

designing playground equipment, toys or games and representing push and pull forces involved using models,
drawings or role-play (AC9S1U03_E5)
investigating how age-appropriate sporting equipment such as paddles, plastic bats and racquets help to produce
stronger pushes and pulls (AC9S1U03_E6)

explore how scientists recognising how First Nations Australians use changes in the landscape and the sky to answer questions about
Nature and development of

use patterns to make when to gather certain resources (AC9S2H01_E1)

Science as a human

predictions and apply learning from local ecologists about native animals’ needs and how they use patterns of animal behaviour to design
their understanding creative supports for them to meet those needs, such as building frog and insect hotels and nesting boxes or
endeavour

creatively to develop
science

recycling materials to provide habitat (AC9S2H01_E2)

new ideas or propose
learning from farmers, bush care volunteers, gardeners or nursery owners about the patterns they observe in the
solutions (AC9S2H01)
needs of plants, and how they have designed or managed habitats to meet those needs (AC9S2H01_E3)
exploring how engineers use knowledge of forces to create new playground equipment or toys (AC9S2H01_E4)

exploring the products that have been designed by scientists and engineers to help us live in very hot or cold
conditions (AC9S2H01_E5)

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 Use and influence of explore how people use investigating how First Nations Australians use science to meet their needs, such as food supply (AC9S2H02_E1)
science in their daily
lives (AC9S2H02) exploring how people use science knowledge to care for plants and animals at home or in local environments
(AC9S2H02_E2)
science

sharing examples of how they have used science knowledge at home, such as by listening to or viewing weather
forecasts or observing weather patterns when planning family events or outings, or wearing appropriate clothing for
the season (AC9S2H02_E3)
identifying how we use pushes and pulls when preparing meals, and the tools that help us push or pull objects
(AC9S2H02_E4)
pose questions and posing questions about simple relationships between push and pull forces, such as: ‘Does a toy car go further if it is
make predictions to pushed harder?’ (AC9S2I01_E1)
explore observed simple
Questioning and

making predictions about plant needs, such as: ‘I think a plant will die if it doesn’t get enough water’ (AC9S2I01_E2)
patterns or relationships
predicting

(AC9S2I01) making predictions about patterns of observable phenomena such as the sun’s movement across the sky, or
seasons (AC9S2I01_E3)
making predictions about types of animals and plants they might observe in a particular place, such as a garden or
pond (AC9S2I01_E4)
Science inquiry

posing questions about how animals meet their needs in particular places, such as: ‘Where does it shelter? Where
does it get water from?’ (AC9S2I01_E5)
suggest and follow safe following steps in a guided investigation to determine how different objects move when pushed or pulled
Planning and conducting

procedures to (AC9S2I02_E1)
investigate questions suggesting steps for setting up and packing away equipment (AC9S2I02_E2)
and test predictions
(AC9S2I02) exploring different ways of solving science questions through guided discussion (AC9S2I02_E3)

suggesting ways to conduct investigations safely, including being sun safe, using age-appropriate equipment such
as plastic goggles and aprons, or following teacher instructions promptly (AC9S2I02_E4)

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 make and record counting and using informal measurements such as cups, handspans, walking paces, blocks, pencil lengths or
observations, including lengths of string (AC9S2I03_E1)
informal measurements,
making suggestions about types of measurements that may be made during an investigation, including measuring
using digital
plant growth or how far an object has moved (AC9S2I03_E2)
technologies as
appropriate (AC9S2I03) recording observations through text, drawing, counts, informal measurements, digital photography or video
(AC9S2I03_E3)

sort and order data and using pictographs featuring drawings or photographs and tables of measurements to document patterns of growth of
Processing, modelling

information and plants (AC9S2I04_E1)

represent patterns, using photography to show how pushes and pulls affect the shape of object and sorting images into before and after
and analysing

including with provided columns of a table (AC9S2I04_E2)

tables and visual or
using drawings or photographs to document changes in weather over a series of days or weeks (AC9S2I04_E3)
physical models
(AC9S2I04) using graphic organisers to sort data into groups, such as plants and animals, or objects around the home that need
a push or pull force to work (AC9S2I04_E4)
ordering images of seasonal changes across the year (AC9S2I04_E5)

compare observations consulting with First Nations Australians to compare observations and evaluate identifications of animal tracks
with predictions and (AC9S2I05_E1)
others’ observations, comparing observations of movement with predictions, such as how far an object travels (AC9S2I05_E2)
consider if investigations
Evaluating

are fair and identify comparing observations with those of others, such as how many birds each group counted in the playground or how
further questions much each group’s seedling has grown in a week (AC9S2I05_E3)
(AC9S2I05) exploring if all ‘big’ pushes are the same by comparing how far an object travels with different students doing the
pushing, and discussing how they could have made the investigation more fair (AC9S2I05_E4)
exploring if making weather observations at different times of day makes a difference and considering how they
could compare weather across each day more fairly (AC9S2I05_E5)

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 communicate acknowledging and learning about First Nations Australians’ ways of representing and sharing observations
observations, findings (AC9S2I06_E1)
and ideas through
consulting First Nations Australians’ representations of living things as evidenced and communicated through formal
multimodal texts
and informal sharing of information (AC9S2I06_E2)
Communicating

(AC9S2I06)
creating models of the place a plant or animal lives using recycled objects, modelling clay, toys or drawings
(AC9S2I06_E3)
representing seasonal changes of plants using sequential drawings, calendars or photographs (AC9S2I06_E4)

representing push and pull forces using role-play, labels, arrows or time-lapse drawings and describing their
representation (AC9S2I06_E5)
role-playing or recounting how a scientist makes predictions in their work, or how they think of new ideas or solutions
(AC9S2I06_E6)

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Year 2

Year level description

In Year 2 students learn that some patterns can only be observed over certain time scales. They observe growth and change in living things, describe patterns
and make predictions. They describe the components of simple systems, such as how objects can be put together and manipulated to make sounds. Students
order their observations by grouping and classifying. In classifying things as living or non-living they begin to recognise that classifications are not always easy
to define or apply. They use counting and informal measurements to make and compare observations and begin to recognise that organising these
observations in tables makes it easier to show patterns.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• Do plants, birds or frogs ‘grow up’ the way humans do?

• How can we decide if something is living or non-living?
• How do we make and sense sound?
• Do we all see, hear, smell or otherwise sense events in our world in the same ways?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 2 students identify common characteristics of living things, including life cycles. They describe how sound energy can be observed and
explain how to produce a variety of sounds. They describe ways materials can be physically changed without changing their composition. They explain why
creativity is important in science and describe ways people use science in their daily lives.
Students pose questions and make predictions to explore observed patterns or relationships. They suggest steps to be followed in an investigation, and
independently follow safe procedures safely to make and record observations. They sort and order data and information using provided scaffolds and represent
patterns in data. They compare their observations with those of others, consider the fairness of the investigation with guidance and identify further questions.
They communicate observations, findings and ideas through multimodal texts.

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 Strand / Content description Elaboration
Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
explore the differences investigating First Nations Australians’ systems of classifying living things and how these systems differ from those
between living and non- used in contemporary science (AC9S2U01_E1)
living things and the life
investigating how First Nations Australians understand and utilise the life cycles of certain species (AC9S2U01_E2)
cycles of plants and
Biological sciences

animals (AC9S2U01) classifying a collection of objects as living, once living or non-living and explaining their reasoning (AC9S2U01_E3)

identifying common features of living and non-living things (AC9S2U01_E4)

representing stages of a plant or animal’s life cycle using drawings, photographs, graphic organisers or concrete
materials (AC9S2U01_E5)
Science understanding

observing and describing differences between metamorphic (butterflies, beetles or frogs) and non-metamorphic life
cycles of animals, including humans (AC9S2U01_E6)
engaging in a guided discussion about why life cycles are represented as a cycle, and whether each stage of the
cycle should be considered ‘alive’ (AC9S2U01_E7)
explore how vibrating exploring how traditional musical instruments used by First Nations Australians produce their characteristic sounds
objects make sounds, (AC9S2U02_E1)
how sound energy exploring different ways to produce sound using familiar objects and actions such as striking, blowing, scraping,
causes objects to
Physical sciences

plucking and shaking (AC9S2U02_E2)

vibrate, and how to
observing vibrations produced by a twanged ruler held on a desk and experimenting with different ways of holding
produce a variety of
or positioning the ruler to produce observably different vibrations and sounds (AC9S2U02_E3)
sounds (AC9S2U02)
investigating how sound energy makes things vibrate such as through speaking, tuning forks or music speakers
(AC9S2U02_E4)
exploring vocabulary for describing sound, such as volume and pitch, and comparing sounds made by musical
instruments (AC9S2U02_E5)
designing instruments that produce different sounds, such as drums, rain-makers, thongophones or box guitars
(AC9S2U02_E6)

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 discussing situations in which they have heard echoes and exploring how humans with vision impairment and other
animals such as dolphins and bats use echolocation to locate objects in their environments (AC9S2U02_E7)
investigating which materials best muffle sound (AC9S2U02_E8)

explore how everyday exploring how First Nations Australians make physical changes to natural materials to produce objects such as
materials can be bowls, baskets and various fibre crafts (AC9S2U03_E1)
physically changed
manipulating materials such as paper or fabric, and determining ways they can be physically changed by
without changing their
Chemical sciences

scrunching, twisting or bending, or broken into smaller pieces by cutting or tearing (AC9S2U03_E2)
material composition,
including by bending,
crushing chalk into a powder, comparing the properties of the stick and the powder, and discussing whether it is
twisting, stretching and
still the same material (AC9S2U03_E3)
being broken into
smaller pieces creating an ‘odd one out’ game by providing samples of the same material that have been physically changed in
(AC9S2U03) different ways, and one sample of a different material and challenging other students to identify the odd one out
(AC9S2U03_E4)
exploring how materials can be physically changed to suit a particular purpose, such as twisting strands of cotton
or wool together to make the thread stronger, or folding paper to make it fly (AC9S2U03_E5)
explore how scientists recognising how First Nations Australians observe and describe developmental changes in living organisms and
Nature and developme nt

use patterns to make answer questions about when to harvest certain resources (AC9S2H01_E6)
Science as a human

predictions and apply

considering how technologies used by First Nations Australians require an understanding of how materials can be
their understanding
endeavour

sustainably sourced to make tools and weapons, musical instruments, clothing, cosmetics and artworks
of science

creatively to develop
(AC9S2H01_E7)
new ideas or propose
solutions (AC9S2H01) listening to music and learning from musicians about how music can be understood as patterns of sounds and how
they use their body or instruments to create music (AC9S2H01_E8)
learning from people who work with materials, such as woodworkers, product designers or artists such as fibre
artists or sculptors, about how they learn about properties of materials and how they use creativity when
manipulating materials (AC9S2H01_E9)

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 Use and influence of explore how people considering why living and non-living things are important in our lives (AC9S2H02_E5)
use science in their
daily lives exploring how humans use knowledge of animal life cycles to meet the needs of pets, local wildlife or captive
animals at each life stage (AC9S2H02_E6)
science

(AC9S2H02)
exploring how we manage sound at home to ensure that we do not disturb each other or our neighbours, such as
closing doors, turning down the volume, taking off shoes on wooden floors, or using headphones (AC9S2H02_E7)
exploring how making physical changes to materials helps us to re-use them in a variety of ways, and decrease
waste (AC9S2H02_E8)

pose questions and posing questions about patterns in life cycles such as: ‘Do all plants produce flowers? How long do things live for?’
Questioning and predicting

make predictions to (AC9S2I01_E6)

explore observed
posing questions about how to make sounds with different instruments, such as: ‘How do I make a higher pitched
simple patterns or
sound?’ (AC9S2I01_E7)
relationships
(AC9S2I01) making predictions about what might occur when materials such as playdough or tissue paper are pulled with
different strengths (AC9S2I01_E8)
making predictions about what type of plant or animal will develop from pictured or actual seeds, eggs or newborn
Science inquiry

animals (AC9S2I01_E9)
making predictions about the relationship between vibration and sound such as: ‘I think that if a ruler is twanged
harder, it will make a louder sound’ (AC9S2I01_E10)
suggest and follow investigating the growth and development of plants or animals such as mealworms or silkworms and suggesting
Planning and conducting

safe procedures to what they might need to do to meet their needs through the investigation, such as providing water, sunlight or food
investigate questions (AC9S2I02_E5)
and test predictions
following visual or verbal steps to construct a musical instrument or manipulate a material (AC9S2I02_E6)
(AC9S2I02)
suggesting ways they could manipulate materials (AC9S2I02_E7)

showing appropriate use of materials and equipment to others such as teachers, students or trusted adults and
making suggestions about how to make an investigation safe or safer (AC9S2I02_E8)

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 make and record using familiar units of measurement such as cups, handspans, walking paces, blocks or pencils (AC9S2I03_E4)
observations, including
informal selecting appropriate forms of measurement to suit the purpose of an investigation, such as using blocks to measure
measurements, using the height of a plant (AC9S2I03_E5)
digital technologies as using a range of equipment to make observations, such as magnifying glasses, handheld microscopes, digital
appropriate cameras and video (AC9S2I03_E6)
(AC9S2I03)
recording observations using drawing, photography, text, counts, video or voice recording (AC9S2I03_E7)

sort and order data representing observed life stages by constructing models using recycled or craft materials (AC9S2I04_E6)
and information and
Processing, modelling

represent simple using a graphic organiser to sort images of life stages for a plant or animal (AC9S2I04_E7)
and analysing

patterns, including with

provided tables and constructing simple column graphs and picture graphs with guidance to represent class investigations, such as
visual or physical recording objects that produce or do not produce sound AC9S2I04_E8)
models (AC9S2I04) completing a table to record the first life stage of different types of animals as either eggs or live birth and identifying
patterns (AC9S2I04_E9)
adding labels to a drawing or photograph to indicate key features, such as properties of materials that stay the same
when physically changed, or to indicate how sound is produced by an instrument (AC9S2I04_E10)
compare observations comparing observations of mature plants and animals with predictions made about what the seed, egg or immature
with predictions and animal might develop into (AC9S2I05_E6)
others’ observations,
comparing findings from investigations about physical changes to a material, such as cutting and folding, and
Evaluating

consider if
exploring questions that investigate similar physical changes to different materials (AC9S2I05_E7)
investigations are fair
and identify further comparing observations of sounds with those of others and considering if we all sense sound in the same way
questions (AC9S2I05) (AC9S2I05_E8)
considering when investigating sounds how to ensure that same sound is produced in order to keep the investigation
fair (AC9S2I05_E9)

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 Communicating communicate creating and narrating a short animation to show the life cycle of a plant or animal (AC9S2I06_E7)
observations, findings
and ideas through making a collage to represent and display all the ways a material can be physically changed (AC9S2I06_E8)
multimodal texts
(AC9S2I06) presenting and sharing musical instruments, through dance and song, to show what is vibrating to make the sound
(AC9S2I06_E9)
presenting findings of investigations using charts, read-alouds, slideshows or displays (AC9S2I06_E10)

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Year 3

Year level description

In Year 3 students begin to recognise that processes can describe the relationships between components of systems. They explore systems such as the water
cycle through the lens of key processes and are introduced to the idea of the flow of matter when considering how water moves through the environment. They
classify states of matter and observe how changes in heat energy can cause changes to a system, such as water changing state. They observe temperature
changes in objects and begin to develop an understanding of energy flows through simple systems. Students use their understanding of relationships between
components of simple systems to make predictions. They begin to quantify their observations to enable comparison and learn more sophisticated ways of
identifying and representing relationships, including the use of tables and graphs to identify trends.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• Is there enough water for everyone?

• Why do jumpers keep us warm?
• Why do puddles disappear?
• How is slime like a solid? How is it like a liquid?
• How does science help us to solve problems?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 3 students identify key processes in the water cycle and describe how water is cycled through the environment. They identify sources of
heat energy and predict temperature changes as a result of heat transfer. They classify solids, liquids and gases based on observable properties and describe
how to cause a change of state. They explain why data and evidence are important in science inquiry and describe an everyday solution that reflects science
knowledge.
Students pose questions and make predictions to explore cause-and effect-relationships. They use scaffolds to plan safe investigations and fair tests. They use
familiar classroom instruments to make measurements. They organise data and information using provided scaffolds to show relationships and patterns. They
compare their findings with those of others, consider the fairness of the investigation, identify further questions and draw conclusions. They show awareness of
purpose when communicating ideas and findings.

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 Strand / Content description Elaboration
Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
investigate sources of exploring First Nations Australians’ connections with and valuing of water and water resource management
water and key (AC9S3U01_E1)
processes in the water
identifying local water sources and exploring how they change over time (AC9S3U01_E2)
Earth and space sciences

cycle, including
movement of water tracing the water in the tap back to its source and predicting what happens to water that goes down the drain
through the sky, (AC9S3U01_E3)
landscape and ocean;
precipitation; identifying everyday examples of precipitation, evaporation and condensation of water (AC9S3U01_E4)
evaporation; and
recognising that clouds are tiny water droplets suspended in air, observing a ‘cloud in a bottle’ demonstrated by a
condensation
teacher and discussing what conditions are needed for clouds to form and for rain to fall (AC9S3U01_E5)
Science understanding

(AC9S3U01)
exploring a game or simulation of the water cycle, identifying key processes and creating their own representation of
the water cycle (AC9S3U01_E6)
considering why we are encouraged to save water, and actions people can take to reduce water consumption and
waste (AC9S3U01_E7)
investigate sources of investigating the production and transfer of heat in First Nations Australians’ methods of cooking, such as the use of
heat energy and ground ovens (AC9S3U02_E1)
temperature changes
exploring how we sense heat energy and identifying sources of heat energy such as the sun, fire, electrical devices
Physical sciences

when heat energy is

and geothermal springs (AC9S3U02_E2)
transferred from one
object to another recognising that changes in heat energy can be measured using a thermometer (AC9S3U02_E3)
(AC9S3U02)
observing what happens when a cold object is placed in direct contact with a warm object and proposing
explanations (AC9S3U02_E4)
modelling the movement of heat from one object to another using drawing or role-play (AC9S3U02_E5)

investigating how well heat is transferred by different types of materials such as metals, plastics and ceramics and
identifying how materials are used to keep things hot and cold (AC9S3U02_E6)

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 investigate the investigating how changes of state in materials used by First Nations Australians such as beeswax or resins are
observable properties important for their use (AC9S3U03_E1)
of solids, liquids and
observing the properties of substances and classifying them as solids (that can be handled), liquids (that require an
gases and how adding
open container to be handled) or gases (that require a closed container to be handled) (AC9S3U03_E2)
or removing heat
Chemical sciences

energy changes the observing how gases take up space by blowing up balloons, exploring inverting clear cups in water and blowing
state of water through straws to move small objects (AC9S3U03_E3)
(AC9S3U03) using ice cubes, butter or chocolate to explore how changes of state involve the removal of heat or the addition of
heat (AC9S3U03_E4)
investigating ice melting in a sealed bag and explaining their observations (AC9S3U03_E5)

observing key processes in the water cycle and identifying them as changes of state (AC9S3U03_E6)

exploring everyday experiences of change of state, including clothes drying, water boiling or iceblocks melting
(AC9S3U03_E7)

investigate how investigating how engineers test the insulation properties of materials, and how other scientists use this information
Nature and development
Science as a human

scientists use data and to design food and beverage packaging, building insulation or clothing (AC9S4H01_E1)
evidence to develop
investigating how hydrologists monitor water sources and the movement of water through the water cycle to develop
endeavour

of science

explanations, and how

water conservation and preservation plans (AC9S4H01_E2)
scientists share
scientific knowledge exploring age-appropriate science reports and journal articles and identifying where in the text the author has
(AC9S4H01) included data, evidence, findings or explanations (AC9S4H01_E3)
viewing a webinar and observing how scientists share their findings, such as through presentations, reports or
conversations (AC9S4H01_E4)

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 Use and influence of investigate how investigating how First Nations Australians of arid regions of Australia use scientific knowledge to manage precious
scientific knowledge water resources (AC9S4H02_E1)
helps people to meet a
identifying how people use knowledge of the water cycle to design urban and rural environments that conserve
science

need or solve a
water (AC9S4H02_E2)
problem (AC9S4H02)
exploring how science knowledge about heat transfer has helped people develop different ways to cook food, such
as by boiling, frying or roasting (AC9S4H02_E3)
examining how knowledge of gases enabled people to design hot air balloons and zeppelins for transport
(AC9S4H02_E4)
pose questions and posing questions about patterns in rainfall during different seasons, and the effects on local water sources
make predictions to (AC9S4I01_E1)
Questioning and

explore observed
posing questions about substances that are difficult to classify, such as toothpaste, slime or hair gel (AC9S4I01_E2)
patterns or
predicting

relationships predicting whether the weight of ice in a sealed container will change when the ice has melted (AC9S4I01_E3)
(AC9S4I01)
predicting which material will be the most effective insulator (AC9S4I01_E4)

predicting how quickly ice will melt at different ambient temperatures based on previous observations
Science inquiry

(AC9S4I01_E5)
use provided scaffolds consulting with First Nations Australians to guide the planning of scientific investigations, including safety
to plan and conduct considerations for field investigations (AC9S4I02_E1)
Planning and conducting

investigations to
collaboratively identifying and ordering the steps in an investigation (AC9S4I02_E2)
answer questions or
test predictions, using a provided framework or graphic organiser to plan and identify what to change, what to keep the same and
including identifying the what to measure (AC9S4I02_E3)
elements of fair tests,
and considering the planning an investigation to determine which material is the best insulator for cold substances (AC9S4I02_E4)
safe use of materials
planning an investigation to identify sites of water wastage around the school (AC9S4I02_E5)
and
equipment (AC9S4I02)
discussing safety rules to follow when conducting investigations, such as following teacher instructions, manipulating
equipment and materials with care and wearing appropriate personal safety gear (AC9S4I02_E6)

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 follow procedures to using appropriate equipment to make and record observations, such as digital cameras, video, voice recorders and
make and record scaled instruments with appropriate increments (AC9S4I03_E1)
observations, including
exploring how to use equipment such as thermometers or rain gauges and making readings with guidance
making formal
(AC9S4I03_E2)
measurements using
familiar scaled collaboratively designing a table to collect observations in the form of numerical data, written descriptions, drawings
instruments and using or photos (AC9S4I03_E3)
digital technologies as identifying and taking on roles in group work, such as setting up the equipment, making observations, recording
appropriate (AC9S4I03) observations and ensuring safe behaviours (AC9S4I03_E4)
construct and use constructing and using tables to explore the relationship between ambient temperature and time taken to melt
Processing, modelling and

representations (AC9S4I04_E1)
including tables, simple
using maps to locate water sources in the local area, or constructing maps to show sites of water wastage in the
column graphs and
school grounds (AC9S4I04_E2)
analysing

visual or physical
models, to organise using column graphs to show melting time for ice in containers with different insulating layers (AC9S4I04_E3)
data and information,
show simple constructing flowcharts to show how water moves through the water cycle (AC9S4I04_E4)
relationships and
using graphic organisers to compare properties of solids and liquids (AC9S4I04_E5)
identify patterns
(AC9S4I04)
compare findings with comparing findings about best insulators with those of others and identifying further questions based on differences
those of others, identify in findings (AC9S4I05_E1)
questions for further
comparing findings of water use surveys and discussing differences between home and school, or between each
investigation and draw
others’ homes (AC9S4I05_E2)
Evaluating

conclusions
(AC9S4I05) drawing conclusions based on consideration of their own and others’ findings (AC9S4I05_E3)

identifying further questions for investigation based on observations, differences in findings or new ideas
(AC9S4I05_E4)

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 create multimodal texts creating an imaginative text or an interactive ‘choose your own adventure’ that recounts the journey of a water
to communicate droplet through the water cycle for an audience of their peers (AC9S4I06_E1)
Communicating

findings and ideas for

creating a poster to promote a new insulated container design to parents of primary-school-aged children
identified audiences,
(AC9S4I06_E2)
using digital
technologies as representing heat transfer using diagrams, drawings, arrows or labels (AC9S4I06_E3)
appropriate (AC9S4I06)
constructing simple reports of their investigations to share their predictions, methods, results and conclusions with
their peers (AC9S4I06_E4)

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Year 4

Year level description

In Year 4 students extend their understanding of systems as interactions between related components. They broaden their understanding of classification and
form and function through an exploration of different materials and their properties and begin to appreciate that classification can enable prediction. They learn
that forces can operate from a distance and begin to appreciate that some interactions result from phenomena that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They
begin to appreciate that current systems, such as Earth’s surface, have characteristics that have resulted from past changes and that living things form part of
systems. They apply their knowledge to make predictions based on interactions within systems, including those involving the actions of humans. Students use
fair testing to explore relationships between system components. They appreciate the value of using standard units of measurement to measure and compare
attributes of systems and the importance of fair methods for drawing conclusions.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• What eats a crocodile?

• How do we know how local landforms have changed over time?
• How do roller-coasters work?
• Why do engineers need to know about properties of materials?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 4 students identify the roles of organisms in a habitat and construct food chains. They identify frictional, gravitational and magnetic forces
and represent the effect of forces on interactions between objects. They describe key processes that change Earth’s surface and identify factors that impact
change. They relate the uses of materials to their physical properties. They explain the role of evidence in developing explanations and identify different ways
scientific knowledge is shared. They describe a science-based design and the needs it meets.
Students pose questions and make predictions to explore patterns and cause-and-effect relationships. They plan investigations using planning scaffolds,
identify key elements of fair tests and describe how they conduct investigations safely. They use simple procedures to make accurate formal measurements.
They organise data and information to show relationships and patterns. They compare their findings with those of others, analyse the fairness of the
investigation, identify further questions for investigation and draw conclusions. They show awareness of audience and purpose when communicating ideas and
findings.

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 Strand / Content description Elaboration
Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
investigate the roles and recognising how First Nations Australians perceive themselves as being an integral part of the environment
interactions of (AC9S4U01_E1)
consumers, producers
describing how animals, including humans, obtain their food from plants and other animals (AC9S4U01_E2)
and decomposers within
Biological sciences

a habitat and how food observing living things in a local habitat and categorising them as producers, consumers or decomposers
chains represent feeding (AC9S4U01_E3)
relationships
(AC9S4U01) researching the different types of decomposers and their importance within a habitat (AC9S4U01_E4)

representing feeding relationships of producers and consumers as a food chain and comparing food chains across
different habitats (AC9S4U01_E5)
Science understanding

investigating how the removal of a food source from within a habitat, such as through an insect or rodent
infestation, affects other living things within that habitat (AC9S4U01_E6)
investigating the impact of introduced predators such as foxes on small mammal species in Australia
(AC9S4U01_E7)
investigate how physical considering how First Nations Australians are impacted by the rapid erosion of sand dunes and the resulting effect
weathering, erosion and of saltwater on culturally significant freshwater swamps (AC9S4U02_E1)
deposition cause slow or
Earth and space sciences

identifying types of physical weathering caused by mechanical means such as by wind abrasion, cycles of
rapid change to Earth’s
extreme heat or cold, and frost wedging; and biological means such as by plants and tree roots (AC9S4U02_E2)
surface and the factors
that can impact erosion observing and describing erosion and deposition caused by wind or water action, on a local or regional scale
in local environments (AC9S4U02_E3)
(AC9S4U02) investigating changes to a landscape over time: identifying weathering, erosion or deposition; and inferring the
timescales over which these processes occur (AC9S4U02_E4)
modelling the effects of erosion on a simulated landscape and exploring factors that mitigate its effects
(AC9S4U02_E5)
investigating how humans have changed local landscapes and predicting the effect these changes might have on
rates of erosion (AC9S4U02_E6)

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 investigate how forces investigating the effect of forces on the movement of objects in traditional First Nations Australians’ children’s
can be exerted by one instructive toys and games (AC9S4U03_E1)
object on another and
exploring how magnetic forces can push or pull objects from a distance (AC9S4U03_E2)
how frictional,
gravitational and exploring how friction causes objects to slow down (AC9S4U03_E3)
magnetic forces can
Physical sciences

affect the motion of recognising that gravity is the force that pulls all objects to towards the centre of Earth and that gravitational force
objects (AC9S4U03) acts on an object regardless of whether it is moving or not moving (AC9S4U03_E4)
exploring how force arrows can be used to represent the direction and magnitude of forces acting on an object
(AC9S4U03_E5)
describing the pushes, pulls, gravitational and frictional forces involved in erosion, weathering and deposition
(AC9S4U03_E6)
watching a video of astronauts walking on the moon or dropping objects on its surface, and discussing the force
they are observing (AC9S4U03_E7)
examining shoe sole design and identifying patterns in sole design and use related to friction (AC9S4U03_E8)

investigate the properties considering how First Nations Australians use materials for different purposes, such as tools, clothing and shelter,
of materials including based on their properties (AC9S4U04_E1)
fibres, metals, ceramics,
considering how First Nations Australians’ knowledge of materials informs the preparation of effective, vibrant and
glass and plastics and
Chemical sciences

long-lasting paints (AC9S4U04_E2)

how these properties
influence their use identifying and naming materials in the classroom, and grouping objects made of similar materials or combinations
(AC9S4U04) of materials (AC9S4U04_E3)
investigating the properties of different fibres, metals, ceramics, glass and plastics (AC9S4U04_E4)

investigating familiar objects, such as shoes or backpacks, examining the combination of materials from which
they are made and suggesting reasons for those combinations based on properties of materials (AC9S4U04_E5)
investigating which materials can be recycled and researching alternatives for materials such as single-use
plastics (AC9S4U04_E6)

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 designing, building and testing an object or structure for a specific purpose, such as a tent, lunchbox or bird feeder
(AC9S4U04_E7)
investigate how investigating how scientists used data and evidence to develop explanations about population decline of native
Nature and development

scientists use data and species such as the Richmond birdwing butterfly, and to develop strategies to increase their population
evidence to develop (AC9S4H01_E5)
explanations, and how
of science

examining how scientists share their findings, such as the impact of single-use plastics on marine ecosystems,
scientists share scientific
through social media, brochures, media presentations and documentaries (AC9S4H01_E6)
Science as a human endeavour

knowledge (AC9S4H01)
examining age-appropriate scientific journal articles, identifying common text features and exploring why the
scientific community might have conventions for sharing information (AC9S4H01_E7)
viewing or listening to documentaries or news reports that feature scientists and identifying how they talk about
their area of research, particularly references to observations, data and evidence (AC9S4H01_E8)
investigate how scientific investigating how knowledge of the role of decomposers has helped scientists design industrial composting
Use and influence of science

knowledge helps people systems to manage organic waste (AC9S4H02_E5)

to meet a need or solve
examining how communities use knowledge of erosion processes to design landscape features that reduce
a problem (AC9S4H02)
erosion in fragile environments (AC9S4H02_E6)
exploring how knowledge of the properties of plastic has influenced people to change how they purchase, use and
dispose of plastic products (AC9S4H02_E7)
examining how people use knowledge of friction to improve car or bicycle safety on slippery surfaces such as wet
or icy roads (AC9S4H02_E8)
investigating how knowledge of magnetic force is used to sort metals in recycling, mining and food processing
(AC9S4H02_E9)

pose questions and consulting with First Nations Australians to clarify questions based on their traditional ecological knowledge, such
and predicting

make predictions to as predictions regarding the impact of invasive species (AC9S4I01_E6)

Questioning
Science
inquiry

explore observed
posing questions about landscape features and how they were changed by weathering, erosion or deposition
patterns or relationships
(AC9S4I01_E7)
(AC9S4I01)
making predictions about potential future changes to local areas through erosion due to wind or wave action
(AC9S4I01_E8)

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 posing questions about why some materials are used more often than others for particular products
(AC9S4I01_E9)
predicting the effect on food chains when living things are removed from or die out in an area (AC9S4I01_E10)

use provided scaffolds to using an investigation scaffold to design a fair test to identify which shoe provides the greatest or least friction or
plan and conduct which pair of magnets has the greatest attractive force (AC9S4I02_E7)
investigations to answer
predicting the interactions of forces in a game or toy design, and building and testing a prototype (AC9S4I02_E8)
questions or test
predictions, including using a map or aerial photography to predict local sites likely to be affected by erosion, and collaboratively
identifying the elements planning a field excursion to collect observations (AC9S4I02_E9)
Planning and conducting

of fair tests, and

considering the safe use predicting effects of changing numbers of producers or consumers, and using a virtual or role-play food chain
of materials and simulation to explore possible outcomes by running the simulation multiple times (AC9S4I02_E10)
equipment (AC9S4I02) following safety rules when conducting investigations, such as wearing personal safety gear correctly, using
equipment according to guidelines and demonstrating safe behaviours in field sites or when interacting with
biological specimens (AC9S4I02_E11)
follow procedures to identifying animals in field locations using procedures such as direct or virtual observation, call or scat
make and record identification or pitfall traps (AC9S4I03_E5)
observations, including
using appropriate equipment to make and record observations, such as digital cameras, video, voice recorders
making formal
and familiar scaled instruments with appropriate increments (AC9S4I03_E6)
measurements using
familiar scaled describing how to use rounding up or down when reading scaled instruments, and the effect of the scale size on
instruments and using the accuracy of the measurement (AC9S4I03_E7)
digital technologies as constructing tables or graphic organisers to record observations (AC9S4I03_E8)
appropriate (AC9S4I03)

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 Processing, modelling and construct and use using food chain simulations to explore effects of changing numbers of producers or consumers in a habitat
representations, (AC9S4I04_E6)
including tables, simple
constructing column graphs to compare numbers of objects made of particular materials or distances moved by
column graphs and
objects experiencing frictional forces (AC9S4I04_E7)
analysing

visual or physical
models, to organise data modelling landscapes using materials such as sand, gravel, soil and rocks to show effects of erosion by water
and information, show (AC9S4I04_E8)
relationships and identify using maps to identify patterns in erosion site locations or aerial photographs to show effects of erosion over time
patterns and trends (AC9S4I04_E9)
(AC9S4I04)
using force arrows to show forces operating on objects (AC9S4I04_E10)

compare findings with identifying instances during investigations where elements may have been changed in error, resulting in an unfair
those of others, consider test (AC9S4I05_E5)
if investigations were
Evaluating

comparing designed solutions, such as toys, lunch boxes or structures, to determine fitness for purpose of
fair, identify questions for
selected materials (AC9S4I05_E6)
further investigation and
draw conclusions comparing findings from investigations with peers and asking questions about factors that may have led to any
(AC9S4I05) differences in findings (AC9S4I05_E7)
drawing conclusions that reflect their data and information (AC9S4I05_E8)

create multimodal texts acknowledging and exploring First Nations Australians’ ways of communicating information about anatomical
to communicate findings features of organisms (AC9S4I06_E5)
and ideas for identified
sharing ideas about ways to represent feeding relationships including using drawings, labels, images or models
Communicating

audiences, using digital

(AC9S4I06_E6)
technologies as
appropriate (AC9S4I06) constructing a persuasive text for local council to argue the use of an erosion mitigation strategy in a local area
(AC9S4I06_E7)
producing an informative text to explain why introduced predators should be removed (AC9S4I06_E8)

constructing a report to explain which materials are best suited to be used for making particular products, such as
nylon for tents, rubber for shoes or wool for warm clothing (AC9S4I06_E9)

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Year 5

Year level description

In Year 5 students begin to identify how patterns inform predictions about cause-and-effect relationships. They investigate the relationship between form and
function by exploring how features of living things enable them to survive in their habitat. They explore observable phenomena associated with light and begin to
appreciate that phenomena have sets of characteristic behaviours. Students begin to identify stable and dynamic aspects of systems and learn how to look for
patterns and relationships between components of systems at scales ranging from the very small to the astronomical. They begin to explain how matter
structures the world around them. They consider Earth as a component within a solar system and use observable phenomena to predict the relative positions of
Earth and the sun. They develop explanations for the patterns they observe and begin to reflect on their methods and potential sources of error.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• Why don’t we see rainbows every time it rains?

• How is the view from the surface of Mars different from that here on Earth?
• What lives in the desert? What lives in the sea? How are they the same and different?
• Is an empty glass really empty?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 5 students explain how the form and behaviour of living things enables survival. They model the solar system and demonstrate how the
relative positions of Earth and the sun result in observed phenomena on Earth. They identify sources of light and model the transfer of light to explain observed
phenomena. They relate the particulate structure of solids, liquids and gases to their observable properties. They explain the role of collaboration in science
inquiry and describe an example of scientific knowledge that has changed over time. They describe how science knowledge has helped people make decisions.
Students plan safe investigations to identify patterns or relationships. They identify risks associated with investigations and identify key intercultural
considerations when planning field work. They identify variables to be changed and kept constant. They use equipment to collect data with appropriate
precision. They organise data and information and describe patterns, trends and relationships. They compare their methods and findings with those of others,
posing questions for further investigation and drawing reasonable conclusions. They use language features to reflect their purpose and audience when
communicating their ideas and findings.

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 Strand / Content description Elaboration
Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
investigate how investigating First Nations Australians’ knowledges of the structural features of certain species and how those
particular structural features can be exploited (AC9S5U01_E1)
Biological sciences

features and behaviours

exploring features of plants and animals that enable them to survive in Australia’s desert environments, such as the
of living things enable
water-holding frog (AC9S5U01_E2)
their survival in specific
habitats (AC9S5U01) investigating how camouflage is used by animals to hide from predators and to ambush prey (AC9S5U01_E3)

using simulations to explore how the shape of animals’ body parts, such as beaks on birds, influence their ability to
find food and survive in a given environment (AC9S5U01_E4)
researching and reporting on a plant or animal that has features and behaviours that enable its survival in a particular
Science understanding

environment (AC9S5U01_E5)
investigate the exploring how cultural stories of First Nations Australians explain cyclic phenomena involving the sun and stars and
relationship between the how those explanations differ from contemporary science understanding (AC9S5U02_E1)
sun and planets in the
researching First Nations Australians’ understandings of the night sky and its use for timekeeping purposes as
solar system and how
Earth and space sciences

evidenced in oral cultural records, petroglyphs, paintings and stone arrangements (AC9S5U02_E2)
Earth’s tilt, rotation on its
axis and revolution constructing a scale model of elements of the solar system on the school oval, and exploring simulations of the solar
around the sun cause system such as a pocket solar system, to appreciate the distances and relationships between the sun and planets
cyclic observable (AC9S5U02_E3)
phenomena, including explaining the role of gravity in keeping the planets in orbit around the sun (AC9S5U02_E4)
variable day and night
observing the movement and length of shadows across the day and comparing these with simulations of the sun’s
length (AC9S5U02)
movement through the sky (AC9S5U02_E5)
using 3-dimensional models or role-play to model how Earth’s rotation on its axis causes day and night
(AC9S5U02_E6)
exploring why different regions on Earth, such as the South Pole, experience long periods of sunlight or darkness
over the cycle of one revolution of Earth around the sun (AC9S5U02_E7)

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 using 3-dimensional models to explore how the tilt of Earth points one hemisphere towards the sun and the other
away at different times of the year, and predict how this affects the amount of sunlight in different regions on Earth
(AC9S5U02_E8)
investigate sources of recognising First Nations Australians’ understanding of refraction as experienced in spear fishing and in shimmering
light and how light body paint, and reflection as evidenced by materials selected for construction of housing (AC9S5U03_E1)
travels in a straight path,
distinguishing between natural and artificial sources of light (AC9S5U03_E2)
Physical sciences

interacts with objects to

form shadows and can investigating the shadows that are formed when light is completely or partially blocked by an object, such as when
be reflected and using a sundial or shadow puppets (AC9S5U03_E3)
refracted (AC9S5U03)
drawing ray diagrams to show the path of light such as from a source to the eye (AC9S5U03_E4)

exploring refraction of light using prisms or water droplets and examining the rainbow effect produced
(AC9S5U03_E5)
exploring the use of reflection of light by mirrors such as in periscopes and mirror mazes (AC9S5U03_E6)

investigate how the recognising First Nations Australians’ knowledges and understandings of evaporation and how the effect of
observable properties of evaporation can be reduced to conserve water, such as by covering surfaces (AC9S5U04_E1)
Chemical sciences

solids, liquids and gases

recognising First Nations Australians’ knowledges and understandings of solids, liquids and gases (AC9S5U04_E2)
can be described by
modelling the motion classifying substances as solids, liquids and gases and investigating their properties (AC9S5U04_E3)
and arrangement of
particles and how using role-play to model the arrangement and motion of particles in solids, liquids and gases including changes that
adding or removing heat occur when heat is added or removed (AC9S5U04_E4)
energy affects particle
explaining change of state with reference to changes in the motion and arrangement of particles (AC9S5U04_E5)
movement (AC9S5U04)

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 investigate why investigating how First Nations Australians’ traditional ecological and zoological knowledges have informed
advances in science are sustainable harvesting practices of certain species such as dugongs and turtles, and how through collaboration these
Nature and development of science

often the result of knowledges have led to the co-development of current conservation practices (AC9S6H01_E1)
collaboration of many
constructing a timeline to show how contributions of scientists, mathematicians and astronomers from many
different scientists and
countries have shaped our ideas about space and the solar system through development of models, gathering of
describe how scientific
evidence and more recently space exploration (AC9S6H01_E2)
knowledge has changed
over time (AC9S6H01) researching why European naturalists and scientists first thought the platypus was a faked animal, and how
scientists such as those in the Platypus Conservation Initiative are collaborating in ongoing research to understand
the features and behaviours of platypuses (AC9S6H01_E3)
Science as a human endeavour

exploring how the recent discovery of a biofluorescent flying squirrel led to discoveries of more fluorescent mammals,
such as wombats, bilbies, echidna and bandicoots (AC9S6H01_E4)
investigating how astronauts and scientists from many different countries have collaborated in the International
Space Station program (AC9S6H01_E5)
exploring how understanding of light and optics has changed by comparing the ideas of Plato, Euclid, Ptolemy, Ibn
al-Haytham and Roger Bacon (AC9S6H01_E6)
investigate how learning how First Nations Australians gathered data on the patterns in night sky to overcome problems associated
scientific knowledge is with navigation (AC9S6H02_E1)
Use and influence of science

used by individuals and

researching how First Nations Australians’ knowledge of the local natural environment, such as the characteristics of
communities to identify
plants and animals, has long-informed fire management practices which ensure sustainability of ecosystems and
problems, consider
increase productivity of resources (AC9S6H02_E2)
responses and make
decisions (AC9S6H02) considering how decisions are made to grow particular plants and crops depending on environmental conditions
(AC9S6H02_E3)
exploring objects and devices that include parts that involve the reflection or refraction of light, such as mirrors,
sunglasses and prisms (AC9S6H02_E4)
investigating how and why people used properties of light to design signal lamps to communicate via Morse code
and where they continue to be used (AC9S6H02_E5)
considering why some individuals and communities are making decisions not to use throwaway plastics such as
plastic plates and spoons (AC9S6H02_E6)

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 identifying the benefits and problems of using solid, liquid or gaseous fuels to heat a home and how that knowledge
would influence their decision on which one to use (AC9S6H02_E7)
pose investigable acknowledging and using information from First Nations Australians to guide the formulation of investigable
questions and make questions about structural features and behaviours of living things (AC9S6I01_E1)
Questioning and

predictions to identify
posing questions that can be investigated scientifically, such as: ‘Do all animals which live in desert habitats have
patterns or test
predicting

ways to survive without water? Why is it night-time in England when it is daytime here?’ (AC9S6I01_E2)
relationships
(AC9S6I01) making predictions about the pattern of shadow movement across the day, the habitat a plant or animal lives in or
the observable effect of light interacting with an object (AC9S6I01_E3)
asking questions and making predictions to test relationships, such as: ‘Will this organisation of mirrors enable me to
see around corners? Does evaporation only occur when water is boiled? Are animals that camouflage well more
likely to survive predation?’ (AC9S6I01_E4)
plan and conduct consulting with First Nations Australians to guide the planning of scientific investigations, considering potential risks
Science inquiry

repeatable for field investigations (AC9S6I02_E1)

investigations to answer
identifying local areas that require permissions before accessing (AC9S6I02_E2)
questions, including, as
appropriate, deciding planning and recording the method to be used in an investigation so that it could be repeated by someone else
Planning and conducting

the variables to be (AC9S6I02_E3)

changed and measured
in fair tests, describing making decisions on the variables to be changed and measured in fair tests, such as measuring the length and size
potential risks, planning of a shadow formed by different light sources (AC9S6I02_E4)
for the safe use of explaining rules for safe processes and use of equipment and materials, and potential risks to themselves or others
equipment and materials when conducting an investigation (AC9S6I02_E5)
and identifying required
considering different ways to approach investigations, such as researching, using trial and error, experimental
permissions to conduct
testing, field observations or development of simulations (AC9S6I02_E6)
investigations on
Country or Place
(AC9S6I02)

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 use equipment to exploring which equipment gives the most accurate measurements (AC9S6I03_E1)
observe, measure and
record data with recording data using standard units, such as gram, second and metre and developing the use of standard multipliers
reasonable precision, such as kilometre and millimetre (AC9S6I03_E2)
using digital recording data in tables and diagrams or electronically as digital images and spreadsheets (AC9S6I03_E3)
technologies as
appropriate (AC9S6I03)
construct and use developing a physical model of the sun and Earth using objects or role-play to identify their relative positions where a
Processing, modelling and

appropriate place on Earth experiences day or night (AC9S6I04_E1)

representations,
constructing a role-play or animation to show how heat energy affects particle movement (AC9S6I04_E2)
including tables, graphs
analysing

and visual or physical using a spreadsheet to sort data about the planets in the solar system to answer questions or identify patterns
models, to organise and (AC9S6I04_E3)
process data and
information and identify using digital photography or field sketches to identify structural features of plants or animals (AC9S6I04_E4)
patterns, trends and
constructing a column graph to illustrate the relationship between an animal feature such as colour and predation as
relationships
indicated by a simulation, and using mean values to represent the outcomes of repeated simulations (AC9S6I04_E5)
(AC9S6I04)
compare methods and comparing methods and findings with those of others to determine if the investigation was a fair test (AC9S6I05_E1)
findings with those of
others, including recognising errors that could have occurred during investigations including changing too many variables, incorrect or
Evaluating

recognising possible misreading of measurements, or changes in environmental factors (AC9S6I05_E2)

sources of error, posing comparing, in small groups, proposed reasons for findings and explaining their reasoning and posing further
questions for further questions (AC9S6I05_E3)
investigation and
drawing reasonable reflecting on inferences made from observations and analysis of the data to draw a conclusion (AC9S6I05_E4)
conclusions (AC9S6I05)

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 create multimodal texts acknowledging and exploring First Nations Australians’ ways of representing and communicating information about
to communicate ideas anatomical features (AC9S6I06_E1)
and findings for specific
exploring whether there is a ‘correct’ way of representing particles and creating an animation to teach other students
Communicating

purposes and
about the particulate nature of matter (AC9S6I06_E2)
audiences, including
selection of language creating an imaginative text about a future in which humans live on other planets (AC9S6I06_E3)
features, using digital
technologies as developing a presentation to share information about the structural features or behaviours of animals and plants in a
appropriate (AC9S6I06) particular habitat (AC9S6I06_E4)
co-authoring a scientific report on an investigation into the behaviours of light using appropriate vocabulary, data
representations and sentence structures (AC9S6I06_E5)

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Year 6

Year level description

In Year 6 students continue to develop their understanding of how systems change over time and are shaped by flows of matter and energy. They begin to
appreciate interdependencies between systems as they explore the relationship between physical conditions of ecosystems and the growth and survival of
living things. They continue to develop a view of Earth as a dynamic system, in which change occurs across a range of timescales. They explore electrical
circuits and learn to describe energy flows in terms of transfer and transformation. They are introduced to ways to classify changes to substances. Students
begin to see the role of variables in measuring changes and the value of accuracy in these measurements. They learn how to look for patterns and to use these
to identify and explain relationships by drawing on evidence. They begin to generalise about relationships between events, phenomena and systems.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• Is concrete ‘rock’?
• How can we live without electricity?
• How and why do we use different methods to prepare food to eat?
• What makes a decision a good one? How can understanding science help us to make good decisions?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 6 students explain how the growth and survival of living things are impacted by changes in physical conditions. They represent changes in
Earth materials as they move through the rock cycle and relate their properties to their uses. They represent the transfer and transformation of electrical energy
in electrical circuits. They classify and compare reversible and irreversible changes to substances. They explain why science is often collaborative and describe
how scientific knowledge has changed over time. They describe how individuals and communities use scientific knowledge.
Students plan safe, repeatable investigations to identify patterns or test relationships. They describe risks associated with investigations and describe key
intercultural considerations when planning field work. They identify variables to be changed and kept constant. They use equipment to collect and record data
with appropriate precision. They organise and process data and information to examine patterns, trends and relationships. They compare their own and others’
methods and findings, considering possible sources of error, posing questions for further investigation and drawing reasonable conclusions. They select and
use language features effectively for their purpose and audience when communicating their ideas and findings.

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 Strand / Content description Elaboration
Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
investigate the physical investigating First Nations Australians’ knowledges and understandings of the physical conditions necessary for the
conditions of aquatic survival of certain plants and animals (AC9S6U01_E1)
and terrestrial
identifying the physical conditions in an aquatic or terrestrial ecosystem and how they change over time
ecosystems and how
(AC9S6U01_E2)
Biological sciences

the growth and survival

of living things is investigating how changes to physical conditions such as salinity, soil type or temperature affect plant growth
affected by changing (AC9S6U01_E3)
physical conditions examining how changes in physical conditions such as temperature, light availability and rainfall affect animals, such
(AC9S6U01) as corals, honey bees or flying foxes, and predict impacts of these changes (AC9S6U01_E4)
investigating changes in physical conditions that are the result of human activity and exploring the impact of these on
Science understanding

living things, such as sound from oil rigs impacting on the migration of whales or algal blooms affecting fish
(AC9S6U01_E5)
investigating the effect of physical conditions on the growth of bread mould colonies (AC9S6U01_E6)

investigate the key exploring the traditional geological knowledges of First Nations Australians that are used in the selection of different
processes of the rock rock types for different purposes (AC9S6U02_E1)
cycle, the timescales
investigating how First Nations Australians have used quarrying to access rocks for use or production of everyday
Earth and space sciences

over which they occur,

objects such as grindstones, hammerstones, anvils and cutting tools (AC9S6U02_E2)
and how the
characteristics of comparing the observable properties of different types of rocks and grouping them using a provided key
sedimentary, igneous (AC9S6U02_E3)
and metamorphic rocks examining how the properties of different rocks determine their use (AC9S6U02_E4)
reflect their formation
and influence their use identifying the role of forces and heat energy in the formation of different types of rocks and comparing how quickly
(AC9S6U02) or slowly different processes can occur (AC9S6U02_E5)
examining fossil evidence, including opalised fossils, to predict how and when a rock was formed (AC9S6U02_E6)

exploring how rocks are quarried and examining impacts on local environments, including to land features,
vegetation and rivers (AC9S6U02_E7)

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 investigate the transfer identifying necessary components for an electric circuit including a source of electrical energy and conducting
and transformation of material such as wires (AC9S6U03_E1)
energy in electrical
constructing a real or virtual circuit to examine requirements to allow the flow of electricity and discussing electric
circuits, including the
current as the movement of small particles through the circuit (AC9S6U03_E2)
role of electric current,
circuit components, constructing representations of electrical circuits and their components using accepted conventions (AC9S6U03_E3)
Physical sciences

insulators and
conductors (AC9S6U03) examining the purpose of different components such as switches and bulbs and exploring use of ammeters to
measure current (AC9S6U03_E4)
investigating different electrical conductors and insulators and examining why they may be used (AC9S6U03_E5)

exploring how electricity is used in the home and identifying electrical hazards and safety measures used to mitigate
these hazards (AC9S6U03_E6)
investigate why investigating First Nations Australians’ knowledges of reversible processes such as the application of adhesives and
dissolving, mixing and of irreversible processes such as the use of fuels for torches (AC9S6U04_E1)
changes of state are
investigating the ways in which First Nations Australians combine different materials to produce utensils, including
Chemical sciences

classified as reversible
hafting, weaving, sewing and gluing (AC9S6U04_E2)
changes and compare
with irreversible identifying what makes a change reversible or irreversible, using examples (AC9S6U04_E3)
changes, including
burning, cooking and examining the substances produced in burning, cooking and rusting and comparing them to the original substance
rusting, that produce (AC9S6U04_E4)
new substances exploring the impact of irreversible changes, such as burning petrol, on the environment (AC9S6U04_E5)
(AC9S6U04)
exploring how reversible changes can be used to recycle materials (AC9S6U04_E6)

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 Nature and development investigate why exploring how international scientific collaboration can answer complex questions about the abiotic factors that affect
advances in science are the growth and survival of living things in Antarctica (AC9S6H01_E7)
often the result of
examining why ecologists collaborate with computer scientists to learn more about the effects of ecosystem changes
collaboration of many
of science

and make predictions (AC9S6H01_E8)

different scientists and
Science as a human endeavour

describe how scientific investigating how knowledge about the effects of mining Earth’s resources has changed over time (AC9S6H01_E9)
knowledge has changed
over time (AC9S6H01) investigating how knowledge of the location and extraction of mineral resources relies on expertise and collaboration
from across the disciplines of science (AC9S6H01_E10)
investigating why scientists changed the phosphate levels in detergents to prevent algal blooms (AC9S6H01_E11)

investigate how discussing how modern approaches to fire ecology in Australia are being informed by First Nations Australians’
scientific knowledge is traditional ecological knowledges and fire management practices (AC9S6H02_E8)
Use and influence of

used by individuals and

exploring how communities consider the impact of aquatic noise pollution when designing guidelines for water sports
communities to identify
(AC9S6H02_E9)
science

problems, consider
responses and make considering how people use electrical device guidelines to help ensure safety of children (AC9S6H02_E10)
decisions (AC9S6H02)
exploring how people use knowledge of rocks and their properties to select building materials (AC9S6H02_E11)

investigating how people use knowledge of conditions that favour mould or bacterial growth when considering food
packaging and storage (AC9S6H02_E12)
pose investigable posing questions that can be investigated scientifically, such as observing different rock samples and asking how
questions and make they were made and where they came from (AC9S6I01_E5)
predictions to identify
Science inquiry

Questioning and

making predictions about the physical conditions that will result in the largest mould colonies growing on bread
patterns or test
predicting

(AC9S6I01_E6)
relationships
(AC9S6I01) making predictions about electrical circuit function based on a picture or diagram of a circuit (AC9S6I01_E7)

posing questions to identify patterns, such as: ‘What type of material is the best conductor and what is the best
insulator?’ (AC9S6I01_E8)
discussing and refining questions to enable scientific investigation (AC9S6I01_E9)

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 plan and conduct consulting with First Nations Australians land councils in seeking permissions to conduct scientific investigations on
repeatable traditional lands and seeking guidance regarding culturally sensitive locations during field work (AC9S6I02_E7)
investigations to answer
identifying local areas that require permissions before accessing (AC9S6I02_E8)
questions, including, as
appropriate, deciding determining which is the variable being tested and which variable is being measured, and which other variables
the variables to be might affect their investigations and need to be kept the same (AC9S6I02_E9)
changed and measured
in fair tests, describing considering different ways to approach investigations including researching, using trial and error, experimental
testing, field observations and using simulations (AC9S6I02_E10)
Planning and conducting

potential risks, planning

for the safe use of
equipment and materials
and identifying required
permissions to conduct
investigations on
Country or Place
(AC9S6I02)
use equipment to selecting and using instruments with the correct scale for measuring data with appropriate accuracy, such as a
observe, measure and multimeter (AC9S6I03_E4)
record data with
recording data in tables and diagrams or electronically as digital images and spreadsheets (AC9S6I03_E5)
reasonable precision,
using digital recording data using standard units, such as volt, ampere, gram, second and metre and developing the use of
technologies as standard multipliers such as kilometre and millimetre (AC9S6I03_E6)
appropriate (AC9S6I03)
using digital technologies such as digital thermometers or soil moisture probes to collect data over time and record
data in spreadsheets (AC9S6I03_E7)

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 Processing, modelling and construct and use exploring how different representations can be used to show different aspects of relationships, processes and trends
appropriate (AC9S6I04_E6)
representations,
representing circuits using circuit diagrams and indicating the direction of current flow (AC9S6I04_E7)
including tables, graphs
analysing

and visual or physical using line graphs to show changes in growth over time under different physical conditions (AC9S6I04_E8)
models, to organise and
process data and constructing physical models to show the forces involved in the rock cycle (AC9S6I04_E9)
information and identify
patterns, trends and organising information in graphic organisers to identify patterns and trends (AC9S6I04_E10)
relationships
(AC9S6I04)
compare methods and working collaboratively to identify the strengths and weaknesses of their own and others’ investigations including
findings with those of where testing was not fair and practices could be improved (AC9S6I05_E5)
others, including
recognising errors that could have occurred during investigations including changing too many variables, incorrect or
Evaluating

recognising possible
misreading of measurements, or changes in environmental factors (AC9S6I05_E6)
sources of error, posing
questions for further comparing and contrasting data collected by different groups to discuss similarities and differences in their findings
investigation and (AC9S6I05_E7)
drawing reasonable evaluating the inferences made from observations and analysis of the data to draw a conclusion (AC9S6I05_E8)
conclusions (AC9S6I05)
create multimodal texts constructing a scientific report to share findings about how a plant responds to physical conditions such as
to communicate ideas temperature or soil moisture and using appropriate vocabulary, data representations, units and sentence structures
Communicating

and findings for specific (AC9S6I06_E6)

purposes and
designing a map to highlight local sites of geological interest, including the rock types that can be found there
audiences, including
(AC9S6I06_E7)
selection of language
features, using digital constructing a poster comparing everyday examples of reversible and irreversible change (AC9S6I06_E8)
technologies as
appropriate (AC9S6I06) designing a product that uses electrical circuits and performing a pitch to have the product mass produced
(AC9S6I06_E9)

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Year 7

Year level description

In Year 7 students explore the diversity of life on Earth and continue to develop their understanding of the role of classification in ordering and organising
information. They use and develop models to represent and analyse the flow of energy and matter through ecosystems and explore the impact of changing
components within these systems. They investigate relationships in the Earth-sun-moon system and use models to predict and explain events. They extend
their understanding of the particulate nature of matter and explore how interactions of matter and energy at the sub-microscopic scale determine macroscopic
properties. They consider the effects of multiple forces when explaining changes in an object’s motion. Students make accurate measurements and analyse
relationships between system components. They construct and use models to test hypotheses about phenomena at scales that are difficult to study directly and
use these observations and other evidence to draw conclusions. They begin to understand the relationship between science and society and appreciate the
need for ethical and cultural considerations when acquiring data.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• Which is the best system for classifying living things?

• Mosquitoes are so annoying! What would the impact be if we got rid of them?
• How do simple machines make our lives easier?
• Why do we mix substances to create new materials?
• How are the calendars we use influenced by our culture and world view?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 7 students explain how biological diversity is ordered and organised. They represent flows of matter and energy in ecosystems and predict
the effect of environmental changes. They model cycles in the Earth-sun-moon system and explain the effects of these cycles on Earth phenomena. They
represent and explain the effects of forces acting on objects. They use particle theory to explain the physical properties of substances and design and explain
processes to separate substances. Students describe the factors that result in scientific knowledge changing over time. They examine scientific responses to
contemporary issues and describe the role of science communication.
Students plan and conduct safe, reproducible investigations to test relationships or aspects of scientific models. They recognise ethical issues and identify key
intercultural considerations for specific field locations or use of secondary data. They use equipment to generate and record data with precision. They construct

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 representations to organise and process data and information. They analyse data and information to identify patterns, trends and relationships. They identify
possible sources of error in methods and identify conflicting evidence and unanswered questions when analysing conclusions and claims. They identify
evidence to support their conclusions and construct arguments to support or dispute claims. They select and use text features to achieve their purpose when
communicating their ideas, findings and arguments to specific audiences.

Strand / Content description Elaboration

Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
investigate the role of investigating classification systems used by First Nations Australians and how they differ with respect to approach
classification in ordering and purpose from those used by contemporary science (AC9S7U01_E1)
and organising the
observing and identifying the similarities and differences of particular features within and between groups of
diversity of life on Earth
organisms (AC9S7U01_E2)
and use and develop
classification tools creating and modifying a dichotomous key to classify organisms into groups and groups within groups
including dichotomous (AC9S7U01_E3)
keys (AC9S7U01) naming and classifying species using scientific conventions from the Linnaean hierarchical classification system,
Science understanding

such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (AC9S7U01_E4)

Biological sciences

considering the reasons for classifying living things, such as identification and communication (AC9S7U01_E5)

examining how biological classification has changed over time through improvements in microscopy
(AC9S7U01_E6)
using provided dichotomous keys to identify organisms surveyed on a field trip (AC9S7U01_E7)

investigate how models, investigating First Nations Australians’ responses to invasive species and their effect on food webs that many
including food webs and communities are a part of, and depend on, for produce and medicine (AC9S7U02_E1)
biomass pyramids,
investigating how First Nations Australians’ use fire-mediated chemical reactions to facilitate energy and nutrient
represent matter and
transfer in ecosystems through the practice of firestick farming (AC9S7U02_E2)
energy flow in
ecosystems and predict analysing food webs to show feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem and the role of
the impact of changing microorganisms (AC9S7U02_E3)
abiotic and biotic factors modelling how energy flows into and out of an ecosystem via the pathways of food webs (AC9S7U02_E4)

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 on populations comparing and contrasting biomass pyramids from different ecosystems and exploring why some biomass
(AC9S7U02) pyramids are inverted (AC9S7U02_E5)
examining how events such as seasonal changes, destruction of habitat or introduction of a species impact abiotic
and biotic factors and cause changes to populations (AC9S7U02_E6)
investigate how cyclic researching First Nations Australians’ oral traditions and cultural recordings of solar and lunar eclipses and
changes in the relative investigating similarities and differences with contemporary understandings of such phenomena (AC9S7U03_E1)
positions of the Earth,
Earth and space sciences

investigating First Nations Australians’ calendars and how they are used to predict seasonal changes
sun and moon can be
(AC9S7U03_E2)
modelled and explain
how these cycles cause researching knowledges held by First Nations Australians regarding the phases of the moon and the connection
eclipses and influence between the lunar cycle and ocean tides (AC9S7U03_E3)
predictable phenomena using physical models or simulations to explain how Earth’s tilt and position relative to the sun causes differences
on Earth, including in light intensity on Earth’s surface, resulting in seasons (AC9S7U03_E4)
seasons and tides
examining the effect of the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun on Earth's oceans and describing how
(AC9S7U03)
the relative positions of the moon and sun with respect to Earth result in tidal variations (AC9S7U03_E5)
using physical models or simulations to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases and eclipses of the sun and
moon (AC9S7U03_E6)
investigate and represent analysing the forces acting on boomerangs and how early First Peoples of Australia designed an air foil profile
balanced and which allowed for multiple variations and applications (AC9S7U04_E1)
unbalanced forces,
investigating the effects of applying different forces to familiar objects (AC9S7U04_E2)
including gravitational
Physical sciences

force, acting on objects, investigating the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object’s motion, such as starting, stopping and
and relate changes in an changing direction (AC9S7U04_E3)
object’s motion to its
mass and the magnitude measuring the magnitude of a force using a force meter and representing the magnitude and direction of forces
and direction of forces acting on an object using force arrow diagrams (AC9S7U04_E4)
acting on it (AC9S7U04) investigating how gravitational force is the attractive force which pulls objects to the centre of Earth and its
magnitude is related to the mass of an object (AC9S7U04_E5)
investigating how simple machines such as levers and pulleys are used to change the magnitude of force needed
to perform a task (AC9S7U04_E6)

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 examining how gravity affects objects in space, including moons, planets, stars, galaxies and black holes
(AC9S7U04_E7)
investigate how particle using and constructing models, diagrams or simulations to represent changes in particle arrangement as
theory describes the substances change state (AC9S7U05_E1)
arrangement of particles
relating strength of attractive forces between particles to distances between particles of the same substance in
in a substance, including
different states (AC9S7U05_E2)
the motion of and
attraction between examining how the changing motion and energy of particles is affected by the amount of heat energy absorbed or
particles, and relate this released (AC9S7U05_E3)
to the properties of the investigating properties of materials such as density, melting point and compressibility and explaining these in
Chemical sciences

substance (AC9S7U05) terms of particle arrangement (AC9S7U05_E4)

investigate how particles investigating separation techniques used by First Nations Australians, such as hand picking, sieving, winnowing,
in pure substances and yandying, filtering, cold-pressing and steam distilling (AC9S7U06_E1)
mixtures can be
using representations of particles to show the difference between samples of pure substances and mixtures and
modelled and how
identifying examples of each (AC9S7U06_E2)
differences in the
properties of substances examining different solutions and identifying the solvent and solute (AC9S7U06_E3)
can be used to separate
mixtures (AC9S7U06) investigating and using a range of physical separation techniques such as filtration, decantation, evaporation,
crystallisation, chromatography and distillation (AC9S7U06_E4)
exploring and comparing separation methods used in a variety of situations such as in the home, recycling
industries and purifying water (AC9S7U06_E5)
examining how the physical properties of substances in mixtures, such as particle size, density or volatility,
determine the separation technique used (AC9S7U06_E6)

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 investigate how new investigating how First Nations Australians developed specific fire-based agricultural practices using observations,
evidence or different evidence and understandings of complex ecological relationships (AC9S8H01_E1)
perspectives can lead to
investigating how people’s understanding of the nature of matter has changed over time as developments in
changes in
technology have led to new evidence (AC9S8H01_E2)
scientific knowledge
(AC9S8H01) exploring how scientists are re-examining the relationships between organisms to refine the classification of
species as they discover new information or interpret evidence in new ways (AC9S8H01_E3)
Nature and development of science

researching developments in the understanding of astronomy, such as the predictions of eclipses and the
Science as a human endeavour

calculation of the length of the solar year by Abu Abdallah Mohammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan al-Raqqi al-Harrani al-
Sabi al-Battani in the 10th century (AC9S8H01_E4)
investigate how cultural investigating how the land management practices of First Nations Australians inform contemporary management of
perspectives and world the environment to protect biodiversity (AC9S8H02_E1)
views influence the
investigating how First Nations Australians’ knowledges of the identification and use of medicinal and endemic
development of scientific
plants has led to the development of new pharmaceuticals and treatments (AC9S8H02_E2)
knowledge (AC9S8H02)
exploring how David Unaipon, a Ngarrindjeri man, used his knowledge of forces and motion of boomerangs to
conceptualise the principle of the helicopter, the final development of which used exactly the principle he had
developed (AC9S8H02_E3)
exploring how the personal beliefs of a scientist may influence the questions they choose to pursue and how they
investigate those questions, such as Richard Levins, whose political views led him to focus on population ecology,
or Joseph Rotblat, a physicist who refused to work on science that might lead to development of an atomic bomb
(AC9S8H02_E4)
considering why it is important to recognise that different people in society have different perspectives on the
introduction of biological controls to eradicate an invasive species (AC9S8H02_E5)
exploring the work of Wang Zhenyi, an acclaimed female scholar of 18th-century China, including her experiments
in studying lunar eclipses (AC9S8H02_E6)

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 investigate how investigating how scientific knowledge that larger reserves are better for maintaining ecosystem function might
proposed scientific interact with competing viewpoints, values and interests for land use when planning ecological reserves
responses to (AC9S8H03_E1)
contemporary issues
examining how laboratory-grown meat might reduce impact on ecosystems and considering any social, ethical and
may impact on society
economic implications of developing laboratory-grown meat for wider consumption (AC9S8H03_E2)
and explore
environmental, social examining how the use of desalination plants to produce fresh water has impacted marine ecosystems where the
and economic desalination plants are located (AC9S8H03_E3)
Use and Influence of science

considerations discussing how scientific knowledge of the forces involved in flight has led to changes in aircraft design and any
(AC9S8H03) social, environmental and economic considerations of these changes (AC9S8H03_E4)
investigate the role of investigating how, through two-way approaches, First Nations Australians are communicating their knowledge and
science communication viewpoints, such as caring for Country and Place initiatives to influence related policies (AC9S8H04_E1)
in informing individual
reflecting on the role of contemporary First Nations Australians astronomers and astrophysicists, such as Kirsten
viewpoints and
Banks, in promoting First Nations astronomy knowledges and understandings (AC9S8H04_E2)
community policies and
regulations (AC9S8H04) examining how science communication of endangered species has led to policies and regulations related to fishing
catch and hunting limits (AC9S8H04_E3)
exploring how Dame Jane Goodall’s communication of her research resulted in changed individual viewpoints and
conservation policies (AC9S8H04_E4)
examining how global reporting on high-impact weather events such as cyclones, tidal surges and heatwaves has
led to the development of warning systems and evacuation policies (AC9S8H04_E5)
investigating how science communication of the impact of waste materials on the environment has led to the
adoption of community policies for separating household waste and encouraged other recycling initiatives
(AC9S8H04_E6)
develop investigable consulting with First Nations Australians to clarify investigable questions based on their traditional ecological
and predicting

questions, observation- knowledge, such as predictions regarding the impact of invasive species (AC9S8I01_E1)
Science

Questioning
inquiry

based predictions and

discussing the features of investigable and non-investigable questions, including consideration of school and web-
hypotheses to explore
based resources available, and examining their own and others’ questions (AC9S8I01_E2)
scientific models, identify
discussing the relationship between a prediction and a hypothesis, identifying essential elements of a hypothesis
and using a provided scaffold to develop hypotheses (AC9S8I01_E3)

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 patterns or test developing questions to test relationships, such as: ‘Why does the volume of a balloon change as it is heated and
relationships (AC9S8I01) cooled? What happens to the height of the tide at different points of the lunar cycle?’ (AC9S8I01_E4)
developing questions to explore scientific models, such as: ‘How does particle theory explain the properties of
substances? How does the shape of a biomass pyramid change in response to ecosystem disruption?’
(AC9S8I01_E5)
formulating hypotheses such as: ‘If the surface area of the parachute is decreased, it will descend more quickly
because there will be less air resistance’ (AC9S8I01_E6)
plan and conduct recognising state and territory laws as they relate to First Nations Australians’ heritage sites and artefacts
reproducible (AC9S8I02_E1)
investigations to answer
learning to recognise First Nations Australians’ artefacts and heritage sites, such as human stonework and scatter
questions and test
sites in comparison with rocks changed by natural processes, and understanding not to harm or disturb sites
hypotheses, including
(AC9S8I02_E2)
identifying assumptions
and, as appropriate, collaborating with First Nations Australians communities and organisations to conduct investigations about
Planning and conducting

recognising and ecosystems, ensuring mutually beneficial outcomes (AC9S8I02_E3)

managing risks, discussing the features of reproducible investigations, constructing methods and reviewing other students’ methods
considering ethical (AC9S8I02_E4)
issues and recognising
comparing the method with the hypothesis and examining the reasonableness of the method for testing that
key considerations
hypothesis (AC9S8I02_E5)
regarding heritage sites
and artefacts on Country identifying assumptions relating to variables that are assumed to be constant, such as ambient temperature,
or Place (AC9S8I02) properties of materials used or purity of substances (AC9S8I02_E6)
identifying risks to themselves and others in investigations and considering actions that can be taken to avoid or
manage those risks (AC9S8I02_E7)
considering ethical issues relating to interactions with living things (AC9S8I02_E8)

select and use selecting and using equipment appropriate to the investigation, such as ensuring a selected thermometer can
equipment to generate measure within the range of temperatures expected, or selecting an appropriate-capacity measuring cylinder for
and record data with the volume of liquid needed (AC9S8I03_E1)

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 precision, using digital considering an appropriate sample size for the investigation, and how the use of digital technologies might enable
technologies as more-efficient data collection for larger sample sizes (AC9S8I03_E2)
appropriate (AC9S8I03)
using digital technologies such as apps for field identification (AC9S8I03_E3)

using appropriate standard units and performing simple unit conversions when recording data (AC9S8I03_E4)

constructing tables, spreadsheets and graphic organisers to collect data and information (AC9S8I03_E5)

select, construct and use acknowledging, analysing and interpreting data and information from First Nations Australians’ understandings of
appropriate Earth systems (AC9S8I04_E1)
representations,
constructing food webs to represent feeding relationships and flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem
including tables, graphs,
(AC9S8I04_E2)
mathematical
relationships, and constructing representations of dichotomous keys, such as a creating a visual key or an interactive presentation, or
Processing, modelling and analysing

models, to organise and coding a simple program (AC9S8I04_E3)

process data and analysing data, including secondary data, to determine mathematical relationships, such as tidal variations over the
information (AC9S8I04) course of a lunar cycle (AC9S8I04_E4)
distinguishing between discrete and continuous data and selecting appropriate data representations
(AC9S8I04_E5)
using spreadsheets to aid the presentation and analysis of data (AC9S8I04_E6)
analyse data and collaborating with First Nations Australians communities to create a calendar as a representation of seasonal
information to identify patterns and relationships using digital technology (AC9S8I05_E1)
patterns, trends,
using spreadsheets to analyse second-hand data such as biomass at different trophic levels in an ecosystem
relationships and
(AC9S8I05_E2)
anomalies (AC9S8I05)
identifying patterns and relationships such as identifying qualitative relationships between the mass of a planet and
its gravity (AC9S8I05_E3)
identifying patterns in the proportions of a day spent in sunlight and in darkness and relating these patterns to the
seasons (AC9S8I05_E4)
analysing change in predator and prey numbers over time to identify predator-prey cycles (AC9S8I05_E5)

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 analyse methods, identifying and considering indicators of the quality of the data when analysing results to identify unanswered
conclusions and claims questions (AC9S8I06_E1)
for assumptions,
evaluating the method used in an investigation, identifying assumptions made about variables that should be
possible sources of error,
controlled, suggesting ways it could be improved and giving reasons for the suggested changes (AC9S8I06_E2)
conflicting evidence and
unanswered questions analysing conclusions and claims to identify facts or premises that are taken for granted to be true, and considering
(AC9S8I06) their relevance to conclusions (AC9S8I06_E3)

considering the spread of repeated measurements and observations (AC9S8I06_E4)

Evaluating

identifying the evidence being cited to support a claim and evaluating conflicting evidence (AC9S8I06_E5)

construct evidence- researching the development of commercial products that are founded on the traditional knowledges and practices
based arguments to of First Nations Australians and discussing related ethical considerations associated with biopiracy and intellectual
support conclusions or property rights (AC9S8I07_E1)
evaluate claims and
constructing an argument supported by evidence and reasoning in support of or to reject a hypothesis
consider any ethical
(AC9S8I07_E2)
issues and cultural
protocols associated with drawing a logical conclusion in consideration of the method of data collection, quality of evidence and limitations or
using or citing secondary significance of a claim (AC9S8I07_E3)
data or information exploring how to determine credibility of a source (AC9S8I07_E4)
(AC9S8I07)
create multimodal texts reporting on a scientific investigation, incorporating diagrams, graphical representations and data as appropriate,
to communicate ideas, and including examination of the accuracy and reproducibility of the data (AC9S8I08_E1)
findings and arguments
creating an informative explanation for a younger audience to show how the tilt of Earth’s axis, rotation of Earth on
Communicating

for specific purposes and

that axis, and the revolution of Earth around the sun cause the seasons (AC9S8I08_E2)
audiences, including
selection of appropriate creating an animation that explains particle theory to a peer audience (AC9S8I08_E3)
language and text
features, using digital writing a letter to the editor to express a view about an environmental issue affecting local ecosystems
technologies as (AC9S8I08_E4)
appropriate (AC9S8I08) designing a conference poster to report on a scientific investigation (AC9S8I08_E5)

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Year 8

Year level description

In Year 8 students are introduced to cells as microscopic structures that explain macroscopic properties of living systems. They link form and function at an organ
level and explore the organisation of a body system in terms of flows of matter between interdependent organs. They begin to classify different types of energy and
describe the role of energy in causing change in systems, including the role of energy and forces in the geosphere. They learn to classify matter at the atomic level
and distinguish between chemical and physical change. They understand that chemical reactions also involve energy. Students use experimentation to isolate
relationships between components in systems and explain these relationships through increasingly complex representations. They consider the magnitude of
properties and use appropriate units to describe proportional relationships.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• Could artificial organs make transplants obsolete?

• What can earthquakes and volcanoes tell us about Earth?
• How should we power Australia’s future?
• How do we know a substance has changed?
• Are women under-represented in the history of science?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 8 students explain the role of specialised cell structures and organelles in cellular function and analyse the relationship between structure and
function at organ and body system levels. They apply an understanding of forces, energy and the theory of plate tectonics to explain patterns of change in the
geosphere. They compare processes of electricity generation and represent transfer and transformation of energy in simple systems. They represent and classify
different types of matter and distinguish between physical and chemical change. Students explain how social, cultural and technological factors can influence
development and application of scientific knowledge. They analyse scientific responses to contemporary issues and examine the importance of science
communication.
Students plan and conduct safe, reproducible investigations to test relationships or explore models. They consider ethical issues and describe any intercultural
considerations for specific field locations or use of secondary data. They select and use appropriate equipment to generate and record data with precision. They
select and construct appropriate representations to organise and process data and information. They analyse data and information to identify patterns, trends,
relationships and anomalies. They identify assumptions and sources of error when analysing methods and identify conflicting evidence or unanswered questions

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 when analysing conclusions and claims. They construct evidence-based arguments to support conclusions or evaluate claims. They select and use language and
text features to achieve their purpose when communicating their ideas, findings and arguments to specific audiences.

Strand / Content description Elaboration

Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
investigate how cells are exploring an augmented or virtual reality tour of a plant or animal to ‘zoom in’ and understand the scale of cells
the basic units of living (AC9S8U01_E1)
things, the differences
identifying the structure and function of organelles in cells including the nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm,
between plant and
chloroplasts and vacuoles (AC9S8U01_E2)
animal cells, and the
function of specialised examining a variety of cells, including single-celled organisms, using a light microscope, digital technologies,
cell structures and simulations and photomicrographs (AC9S8U01_E3)
organelles (AC9S8U01) comparing the similarities and differences of plant cells and animal cells visible with a light microscope and
represented in a digital or physical model (AC9S8U01_E4)
Science understanding

Biological sciences

designing a physical or digital model of a cell and explaining how the representation models the cell (AC9S8U01_E5)

considering how the invention of the microscope has contributed to understanding of cell structure (AC9S8U01_E6)

investigate the comparing 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional representations of organ systems to understand how organs are
relationship between positioned within the body (AC9S8U02_E1)
structure and function of
comparing the structure and function of analogous systems in a plant and an animal (AC9S8U02_E2)
cells, tissues and organs
in a plant and an animal examining the specialised cells and tissues involved in structure and function of particular organs in an organ system
organ system and (AC9S8U02_E3)
explain how these
systems enable survival describing the structure of each organ in a system and relating its function to the overall function of the system
of the individual (AC9S8U02_E4)
(AC9S8U02) researching how a disorder in cells or tissues can affect how an organ functions, such as how hardening of the
arteries can lead to poor circulation or heart disease (AC9S8U02_E5)
investigating how an artificial organ mimics or augments the function or functions of a real organ (AC9S8U02_E6)

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 investigate the role of researching First Nations Australians’ cultural narratives that provide evidence of earthquakes and volcanoes
energy and forces in (AC9S8U03_E1)
tectonic activity, including
observing patterns of earthquake and volcanic activity over time and proposing explanations (AC9S8U03_E2)
Earth and space sciences

formation of geological
features at divergent, modelling interactions at plate boundaries (AC9S8U03_E3)
convergent and
transform plate investigating convection currents and identifying the source of the heat energy driving tectonic activity
boundaries, and describe (AC9S8U03_E4)
the scientific evidence for
relating the extreme age and stability of a large part of the Australian continent to its plate tectonic history
the theory of plate
(AC9S8U03_E5)
tectonics (AC9S8U03)
constructing a timeline of evidence to show the development of the theory of plate tectonics (AC9S8U03_E6)

evaluating the impact of tectonic events on human populations and examining engineering solutions designed to
reduce the impact (AC9S8U03_E7)
investigate how different investigating traditional fire-starting methods used by First Nations Australians and their understandings of the
types of energy are transformation of energy (AC9S8U04_E1)
classified as kinetic or
identifying types of energy as either kinetic energy such as movement, heat and electricity or potential energy such as
potential energy and
chemical, elastic and gravitational (AC9S8U04_E2)
represent energy transfer
Physical sciences

and transformations in using representations such as flow diagrams to illustrate changes between different forms of energy in a system
simple systems (AC9S8U04_E3)
(AC9S8U04) identifying where heat energy is produced as a by-product of energy transfer, such as filament light globes, exercise,
and battery charging and use (AC9S8U04_E4)
observing a Rube Goldberg machine and identifying the energy transfers and transformations involved
(AC9S8U04_E5)
investigating relationships between kinetic and potential energy in a simple system such as a rollercoaster or
Newton’s cradle (AC9S8U04_E6)
investigate processes of examining the differences between renewable and non-renewable energy resources including referring to the
electricity generation timescales involved (AC9S8U05_E1)

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 from a non-renewable investigating the change in the relative contribution of renewables and non-renewable energy sources to Australian
and a renewable source, electricity generation over the past 20 years and proposing reasons for this change (AC9S8U05_E2)
including examining
using representations such as a flowchart to show the sequence of steps and energy changes involved in producing
energy transfers and
electricity from a non-renewable source and from a renewable source (AC9S8U05_E3)
transformations
(AC9S8U05) discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using different energy sources considering economic and
environmental factors (AC9S8U05_E4)
investigate how matter using simulated and physical models to distinguish between elements and compounds in terms of types of atoms
can be classified as (AC9S8U06_E1)
elements, compounds
examining how Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the elements in the first version of the periodic table and comparing his
and mixtures, and
arrangement with the current version of the modern periodic table (AC9S8U06_E2)
compare different
representations of these, explaining why elements are represented by a symbol, compounds by a formula and mixtures by percentages
including 2-dimensional (AC9S8U06_E3)
and 3-dimensional using a representation to show the classification of matter as element, compound and different types of mixtures such
models, symbols and as solutions, suspensions and colloids (AC9S8U06_E4)
formulas (AC9S8U06)
Chemical sciences

examining the information conveyed by different types of representations of elements and compounds and identifying
where and why these different representations are used (AC9S8U06_E5)
creating a timeline or models to show how the concept of an element has changed over time from Democritus to John
Dalton (AC9S8U06_E6)
investigate the investigating chemical reactions employed by First Nations Australians in the production of substances such as
differences between quicklime, plaster, pigments, acids, salts and ethanol (AC9S8U07_E1)
physical and chemical
performing simple chemical reactions to identify the indicators of chemical change such as gas production, solid
changes and identify
production, colour change and temperature change (AC9S8U07_E2)
indicators of energy
change in chemical analysing and interpreting data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine
reactions (AC9S8U07) if a chemical or physical change has occurred (AC9S8U07_E3)
investigating and identifying energy changes in different chemical reactions such as differences in temperature
(AC9S8U07_E4)
examining how the physical and chemical properties of a substance will affect its production or use (AC9S8U07_E5)

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 discussing where indicators of chemical change are used for identifying the presence of particular substances, such
as pool water testing kits, bore water test kits, lead testing kits, diabetes test strips or drug testing strips
(AC9S8U07_E6)
investigate how new identifying how the development of technologies has led to improved understanding of cells and organs
evidence or different (AC9S8H01_E5)
perspectives can lead to
considering how advances in technologies have enabled medical science to repair and replace organs using synthetic
changes in scientific
materials (AC9S8H01_E6)
knowledge (AC9S8H01)
describing how evidence led to the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics over the idea of continental drift
Nature and development of science
Science as a human endeavour

(AC9S8H01_E7)
researching why Dmitri Mendeleev developed a different representation of the periodic table (AC9S8H01_E8)

discussing the story of Sir Isaac Newton’s discovery of gravity or the questions that Albert Einstein asked which led
him to developing a new theory (AC9S8H01_E9)
investigate how cultural investigating how First Nations Australians develop material culture through a holistic world view that employs
perspectives and world multidisciplinary knowledge and skills (AC9S8H02_E7)
views influence the
exploring how geologist and oceanographic cartographer Marie Tharp’s topological maps of the Atlantic Ocean floor
development of scientific
provided support for the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics (AC9S8H02_E8)
knowledge (AC9S8H02)
researching how cultural building techniques such as houses built of bamboo led to the development of structures and
materials better able to withstand the effects of earthquakes (AC9S8H02_E9)
discussing how world views on fairness in sport have led to the development of rapid chemical tests to identify
performance-enhancing drugs (AC9S8H02_E10)
investigating how world views about the role of women lead to women scientists being placed in subordinate roles
and ‘written out’ of history, a phenomenon known as the Matilda effect (AC9S8H02_E11)

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 investigate how exploring how remote First Nations Australians communities are embracing renewable energy systems that meet
proposed scientific environmental, social and economic considerations (AC9S8H03_E5)
responses to
examining the environmental impact, reliability and affordability of different forms of electricity generation and
contemporary issues
proposing an energy profile for a particular community (AC9S8H03_E6)
may impact on society
and explore investigating how the development of hybrid and solar-, electric- and hydrogen-powered vehicles are applications of
Use and Influence of science

environmental, social contemporary science responses to the depletion of fossil fuels and exploring environmental considerations
and economic (AC9S8H03_E7)
considerations discussing how scientists’ development of organoids has impacted on the social, ethical and economic issues that
(AC9S8H03) arise from using live animals in a laboratory to research diseases and treatments (AC9S8H03_E8)
discussing ethical issues that arise from organ transplantation (AC9S8H03_E9)

investigate the role of investigating campaigns designed to increase rates of organ donation (AC9S8H04_E7)
science communication
in informing individual exploring how seismic data is collected and shared between governments across Asia and how governments use this
viewpoints and data to issue alerts (AC9S8H04_E8)
community policies and investigating how the development and promotion of using biodegradable materials has informed individual
regulations (SHEUI7/8.2) viewpoints (AC9S8H04_E9)
(AC9S8H04)
research how high-profile science communicators such as Professor Lisa Harvey-Smith or Dr Karl Kruszelnicki
influence people’s attitudes to science (AC9S8H04_E10)
develop investigable discussing what is meant by a causal relationship and examining how causation is different from correlation
questions, observation- (AC9S8I01_E7)
Science inquiry

Questioning and

based predictions and

developing questions to test causal relationships, such as: ‘How does the concentration of a salt solution affect plant
predicting

hypotheses to explore
cells? How does the amount of sunlight affect the amount of electricity produced by a solar cell?’ (AC9S8I01_E8)
scientific models, identify
patterns or test developing questions to explore scientific models, such as: ‘How do the shapes of the continents support the theory of
relationships (AC9S8I01) plate tectonics?’ (AC9S8I01_E9)
formulating hypotheses such as: ‘An earthquake of greater magnitude will cause more damage because there is more
energy transferred (AC9S8I01_E10)

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 predicting what will happen when conditions change in a given scenario or phenomenon, such as: ‘When materials of
less resistance are used to transfer electricity there will be less heat energy produced’ (AC9S8I01_E11)
plan and conduct learning to recognise First Nations Australians’ artefacts and heritage sites of significance such as ceremonial
reproducible grounds and traditional quarries, and ensuring they cause no harm to heritage sites and artefacts (AC9S8I02_E9)
investigations to answer
designing investigations that specifically test variables of the causal relationship and control the remaining variables
questions and test
(AC9S8I02_E10)
hypotheses, including
identifying assumptions identifying assumptions related to testing a hypothesis using analogous models such as using dialysis tubing to model
and, as appropriate, the properties of plant cell walls, and using a shake table to model the effects of an earthquake on buildings
recognising and (AC9S8I02_E11)
managing risks, explaining why safety procedures address identified risks (AC9S8I02_E12)
considering ethical
Planning and conducting

issues and recognising considering ethical issues relating to the access to and use of biological material and secondary data
key considerations (AC9S8I02_E13)
regarding heritage sites
and artefacts on Country
or Place (AC9S8I02)
select and use selecting and using equipment with required precision such as adjusting magnification to observe specific cell
equipment to generate structures and recording this magnification, reading the bottom of the meniscus (AC9S8I03_E6)
and record data with
precision, using digital recording data with precision appropriate to the instrument such as rounding up or down with finer graduations or
technologies as estimating an intermediate value with coarser graduations (AC9S8I03_E7)
appropriate (AC9S8I03) using digital technologies such as digital microscopes, simulations and video-recording devices when appropriate to
observe, measure and record qualitative and quantitative data (AC9S8I03_E8)
using conventions related to dependent and independent variables with relevant units when constructing tables and
spreadsheets (AC9S8I03_E9)
using appropriate positive and negative signs for standard units, number of decimal points and exponential notation
where relevant when recording data (AC9S8I03_E10)

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 select, construct and use using simple formulas in spreadsheets to organise and process collected data (AC9S8I04_E7)
appropriate
representations, using visual displays of large datasets such as maps showing the location of volcanoes and earthquakes, charts
including tables, graphs, showing the structure of body systems and graphs showing variable current in electricity production to identify
mathematical temporal and spatial relationships (AC9S8I04_E8)
relationships, and constructing graphs using correct conventions such as independent variable on the horizontal axis and dependent
models, to organise and variable of the vertical axis, axis labelling and graph naming (AC9S8I04_E9)
Processing, modelling and analysing

process data and

information (AC9S8I04) constructing energy flow diagrams to represent energy changes in a system such as a roller-coaster or rocket launch
(AC9S8I04_E10)
constructing representations of chemical and physical changes, such as creating a visual model or symbolic
representation (AC9S8I04_E11)
collating data from a number of sources such as different groups in the class who performed the same investigation to
create a summary (AC9S8I04_E12)
examining the strengths and limitations of representations such as physical models, diagrams and simulations and
selecting the most appropriate representation to use (AC9S8I04_E13)

analyse data and identifying correlational relationships in data such as: ‘Dropping a mass from a greater height produces a larger
information to identify indentation’ and analysing this relationship for causality (AC9S8I05_E6)
patterns, trends,
describing measures of central tendency such as mean, mode and median and identifying outliers for quantitative
relationships and
data (AC9S8I05_E7)
anomalies (AC9S8I05)
using spreadsheets to analyse second-hand data such as daily power output of solar panels and examining
anomalies such as periods of reduced output (AC9S8I05_E8)
analysing changes in battery energy output following recharging over many cycles and relating to available chemical
potential energy (AC9S8I05_E9)
analyse methods, identifying assumptions then examining if extra variable controls are required and how these might affect the data and
Evaluating

conclusions and claims conclusion (AC9S8I06_E6)

for assumptions, possible
identifying sources of error in methods such as inconsistent variable control and inaccuracies in procedures or
sources of error,
measurements, and explaining how the method could be improved (AC9S8I06_E7)
conflicting evidence and

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 unanswered questions considering the limitations to the accuracy of the data such as number of trials, cost, risk and time, and adjusting the
(AC9S8I06) investigation method accordingly (AC9S8I06_E8)
comparing results with other groups or secondary sources to examine consistency and describing where there may
be conflicting results or conclusions (AC9S8I06_E9)
analysing conclusions or claims to determine if there are further questions which should be explored to verify the
conclusion or claim (AC9S8I06_E10)
analysing conclusions to identify facts or premises that are taken for granted to be true, and discussing the
reasonableness of those assumptions with others (AC9S8I06_E11)
construct evidence- evaluating the quality of evidence of primary and secondary sources used when constructing an argument to support
based arguments to a conclusion or claim (AC9S8I07_E5)
support conclusions or
evaluate claims and examining competing ideas, differences in methods and sources of error when constructing an argument
consider any ethical (AC9S8I07_E6)
issues and cultural
protocols associated with considering the ethical issues or cultural protocols when using or citing secondary data, such as acknowledging
using or citing secondary sources and respecting cultural protocols around sharing of particular information (AC9S8I07_E7)
data or information
(AC9S8I07)
create multimodal texts writing a report on a scientific investigation using correct conventions including passive voice and past tense, and
to communicate ideas, including a discussion of how assumptions and possible sources of error may have affected the results
findings and arguments (AC9S8I08_E6)
for specific purposes and
Communicating

modifying the method for an investigation and explaining where and why the original was changed with reference to
audiences, including
any assumptions and sources of error (AC9S8I08_E7)
selection of appropriate
language and text constructing a persuasive text on the use of renewable energy sources, including scientific explanations and
features, and using principles, to influence a specified audience (AC9S8I08_E8)
digital technologies as creating an infographic to compare and contrast different forms of energy, highlighting examples of energy transfer
appropriate (AC9S8I08) and transformations within each (AC9S8I08_E9)
filming a documentary on the dynamic nature of the geosphere and selecting appropriate language, models and
analogies to engage a specific audience (AC9S8I08_E10)

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Year 9

Year level description

In Year 9 students consider the operation of systems at a range of scales and how those systems respond to external changes in order to maintain stability.
They explore ways in which the human body system responds to changes in the external environment through physiological feedback mechanisms and the
reproductive processes that enable a species to respond to a changing environment over time. They are introduced to the notion of the atom as a system of
protons, electrons and neutrons, and how this system can change through nuclear decay. They learn that matter can be rearranged through chemical change
and that these changes play an important role in many systems. They are introduced to the concepts of conservation of matter and energy and begin to develop
a more sophisticated view of energy transfer. They explore these concepts as they relate to the global carbon cycle. Students begin to consider how well a
sample or model represents the phenomena under study and use a range of evidence to support their conclusions.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• How is the human body like an ecosystem?

• What are the biological advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
• Whose responsibility is it to reduce carbon emissions?
• How do different technologies help humans to communicate?
• What happens if scientists cannot establish consensus?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 9 students explain how body systems provide a coordinated response to stimuli. They examine how the processes of sexual and asexual
reproduction enable survival of the species. They examine how interactions within and between Earth’s spheres affect the carbon cycle. They explain energy
conservation in simple systems and apply wave and particle models to describe energy transfer. They explain observable chemical processes in terms of
changes in atomic structure, atomic rearrangement, mass and energy. Students explain the role of publication in validating scientific knowledge and describe
the relationship between science, technologies and engineering. They examine key factors that influence interactions between science and society.
Students plan and conduct safe, reproducible investigations to test or identify relationships or explore models. They examine ethical and intercultural
considerations when acquiring or using primary and secondary data. They select and use equipment to generate and record repeatable data. They select and
construct appropriate representations to organise, process and summarise data and information. They analyse and connect data and information to identify and

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 explain patterns, trends, relationships and anomalies. They analyse methods for assumptions and sources of error and evaluate the validity of conclusions and
claims. They construct logical, evidence-based arguments to support conclusions or evaluate claims. They select and use content, language and text features
to achieve their purpose when communicating their ideas, findings and arguments to specific audiences.

Strand / Content description Elaboration

Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
investigate how a body examining how feedback mechanisms serve to maintain balance in internal systems, including body temperature,
system regulates and blood sugar, iron levels, or extracellular pH (AC9S9U01_E1)
coordinates the body’s
contrasting the role of positive feedback mechanisms to negative feedback mechanisms, focusing on the ability to
response to stimuli and
maintain the direction of a stimulus and accelerate its effect (AC9S9U01_E2)
the role of positive and
negative feedback exploring the relationships between body systems that are necessary to maintain a functioning body using models,
mechanisms flow diagrams or simulations (AC9S9U01_E3)
(AC9S9U01) modelling how the process of regulation is monitored and adjusted by connections between the receptor, command
Science understanding

centre and effector (AC9S9U01_E4)

Biological sciences

exploring the response of an organism to changes as a result of the presence of a pathogen, such as high
temperatures, inflammation, or changes in skin colour (AC9S9U01_E5)
examining the effects of a disorder in a feedback system, such as diabetes-induced blindness or hypothermia
(AC9S9U01_E6)
considering how understanding of feedback mechanisms has enabled the development of pharmaceuticals and
other products to address issues or enhance performance, such as insulin or electrolytes in sports
drinks (AC9S9U01_E7)
investigate how the examining how the male and female reproductive structures work collectively as a system to produce and release
processes of sexual and gametes (AC9S9U02_E1)
asexual reproduction in
identifying and comparing sexual and asexual reproductive strategies in plants (AC9S9U02_E2)
animals and plants
enable survival of the exploring how mutations arising during asexual reproduction can produce offspring different from their parents,
species (AC9S9U02) while sexual reproduction creates a greater rate of variation among offspring (AC9S9U02_E3)

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 examining how the reproductive strategies of multicellular animals are related to their environment and the
complexity of the organism (AC9S9U02_E4)
examining how the number of offspring produced by animals is related to the amount of parental care
(AC9S9U02_E5)
investigate how key identifying Earth as a system, describing Earth’s spheres and discussing examples of interactions between
processes in the carbon different spheres (AC9S9U03_E1)
cycle, including
examining the carbon cycle using diagrams, animations or simulations, explaining the role of photosynthesis and
Earth and space sciences

combustion,
cellular respiration and identifying the impact of combustion reactions as a result of human activity
photosynthesis and
(AC9S9U03_E2)
respiration, rely on
interactions between the investigating the greenhouse effect and relating it to the role carbon dioxide plays in maintaining temperatures that
biosphere, geosphere, support life on Earth (AC9S9U03_E3)
hydrosphere and conducting a field investigation to evaluate carbon sequestration in an ecosystem, such as measuring tree
atmosphere (AC9S9U03) biomass, deadwood, leaf litter and soil depth and using formulas to calculate approximate carbon storage
(AC9S9U03_E4)
identifying how carbon dioxide is captured and stored naturally or through the use of technologies (AC9S9U03_E5)

calculating an individual’s carbon fingerprint, examining the impact of human activities and suggesting strategies to
reduce carbon dioxide emissions (AC9S9U03_E6)
investigate how wave investigating the impact of material selection on the transfer of sound energy in First Nations Australians’ traditional
and particle models musical, hunting and communication instruments (AC9S9U04_E1)
describe energy transfer
Physical sciences

investigating aspects of heat transfer and conservation in the design of First Nations Australians’ bedding and
through different
clothing in the various climatic regions of Australia (AC9S9U04_E2)
mediums and examine
the usefulness of each describing the processes underlying convection and conduction of heat in terms of the particle model
model for explaining (AC9S9U04_E3)
phenomena (AC9S9U04) modelling the transfer of sound energy as waves using slinky springs and relating to the medium through which the
sound is transferred (AC9S9U04_E4)
discussing the wave and particle models of energy transfer and how they are useful for understanding aspects of
light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation (AC9S9U04_E5)

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 examining the forms of electromagnetic radiation that are used in different modern communication technologies
and identifying any limitations (AC9S9U04_E6)

investigate how energy explaining that the law of conservation of energy explains that total energy is maintained in energy transfer and
transfers and transformation in a system (AC9S9U05_E1)
transformations in
recognising that in energy transfer and transformation a variety of processes can occur, so that the amount of
physical systems
usable energy is reduced and the system is not 100 per cent efficient (AC9S9U05_E2)
demonstrate the law of
conservation of energy using representations such as Sankey diagrams to show energy inputs, changes and outputs in a system
and analyse system (AC9S9U05_E3)
efficiency in terms of examining the meaning of energy star ratings given to appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines and
energy inputs and criteria used to determine these ratings (AC9S9U05_E4)
outputs (AC9S9U05)
examining how improving efficiency in energy transfer and transformations in sporting activities such as pole
vaulting or archery improves athletic performance (AC9S9U05_E5)
comparing the efficiency of electricity generation from coal and solar sources (AC9S9U05_E6)

investigate how the investigating how radiocarbon and other dating methods have been used to establish that First Peoples of Australia
discovery of protons, have been present on the Australian continent for more than 60,000 years (AC9S9U06_E1)
neutrons and electrons
comparing the mass and charge of protons, neutrons and electrons (AC9S9U06_E2)
influenced the model of
Chemical sciences

the atom and how natural examining and representing how the discovery of electrons, protons and neutrons resulted from experimental
radioactive decay results evidence and answered questions related to properties and behaviours of atoms (AC9S9U06_E3)
in stable atoms
(AC9S9U06) explaining that differences in the number of neutrons in atoms of the same element results in isotopes and that
naturally occurring isotopes of some elements are unstable (AC9S9U06_E4)
describing in simple terms how different unstable isotopes decay such as radon-222 releasing an alpha particle,
iodine-131 releasing a beta particle and cobalt-60 releasing gamma radiation to form stable atoms
(AC9S9U06_E5)
defining half-life, examining the timescales of decay of different elements such as carbon-14 and uranium-238 and
simulating or using simulations to examine radioactive decay including half-life (AC9S9U06_E6)

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 identifying where applications of radioactivity are used in medicine and industry such as diagnosing and treating
cancer and checking for faults in materials used in spacecraft (AC9S9U06_E7)
discussing how mass and energy are connected at all scales and energy conversion processes within atomic
nuclei (AC9S9U06_E8)
investigate how the investigating how First Nations Australians develop pigments and dyes through understanding of chemical
rearrangement of atoms reactions, and knowledge of plant-based dyes and mineral sources and their properties (AC9S9U07_E1)
in chemical reactions can
identifying reactants and products in chemical reactions (AC9S9U07_E2)
be modelled using a
range of representations, using models and representations to show the rearrangement of atoms in chemical reactions (AC9S9U07_E3)
including word and
simple balanced investigating chemical reactions in closed and open systems and relating data obtained to the law of conservation
chemical equations, and of mass (AC9S9U07_E4)
use these to demonstrate
writing symbolic equations that are easy to balance and explaining, using the law of conservation of mass, and
the law of conservation of
atoms, the rationale for balancing chemical equations (AC9S9U07_E5)
mass (AC9S9U07)
investigating why most elements are not found in their elemental state and processes which are used to obtain the
element (AC9S9U07_E6)
predicting how ideas of green chemistry such as minimising the amount of unusable waste products, energy use
and using more environmentally friendly chemical processes will affect the environment (AC9S9U07_E7)
investigate how scientific investigating how the publication of data and findings related to the reintroduction of First Nations Australians’
Nature and development of

knowledge is validated, traditional fire regimes has informed more effective fire-reduction strategies and policies (AC9S10H01_E1)
Science as a human

including the role of

investigating how First Nations Australians understood the causative nature of infection and developed effective
publication and peer
wound treatments such as the use of tea tree, and how the effectiveness of these treatments was subsequently
endeavour

review (AC9S10H01)
evaluated then published in peer-reviewed journals (AC9S10H01_E2)
science

investigating the process of publishing a paper in a scientific journal such as Science, which receives about 12,000
submissions per year, and consider how editors evaluate submitted papers (AC9S10H01_E3)
examining how Marie and Pierre Curie’s discovery of new elements was validated (AC9S10H01_E4)

exploring why the work of Professor Barry Marshall and Dr Robin Warren related to the cause of peptic ulcers was
first rejected for publication then later validated (AC9S10H01_E5)

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 examining the scientific consensus supporting global warming (AC9S10H01_E6)

investigate how considering how the development of imaging technologies has improved our understanding of the functions and
advances in technologies interactions of body systems (AC9S10H02_E1)
enable advances in
considering the impact of technological advances developed in Australia such as the cochlear implant pioneered by
science, and how science
Professor Graeme Clark, the Monash Vison Group’s work on a bionic eye and Professor Fiona Woods’
has contributed to
development of spray-on skin (AC9S10H02_E2)
developments in
technologies and researching how technological advances in monitoring greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental factors
engineering have contributed to the reinstatement of traditional fire management practices as a strategy to reduce atmospheric
(AC9S10H02) pollution (AC9S10H02_E3)
considering how common properties of electromagnetic radiation relate to its uses, such as radar, medicine, mobile
phone communications and microwave cooking (AC9S10H02_E4)
exploring how scientists and engineers make machines more energy efficient (AC9S10H02_E5)

exploring how understanding of the nature of matter and energy has changed over time, and how modern
technology has enabled exploration of energy conversion processes at all scales, from black holes to atoms to sub-
atomic particles (AC9S10H02_E6)
examining how advances in understanding of radioactivity and radioisotopes have led to new applications and
technologies (AC9S10H02_E7)

investigate key factors considering how the traditional ecological knowledges of First Nations Australians are being reaffirmed by modern
that contribute to science science and how these practices are being adopted more broadly in the field of restorative ecology
Use and Influence of

knowledge and practices (AC9S10H03_E1)

being adopted more
investigating how an understanding of materials and concern for the environment have led to the adoption of
science

broadly by society
widespread recycling practices (AC9S10H03_E2)
(AC9S10H03)
examining reasons for the adoption of solar panels and battery storage by individuals, industry and communities
(AC9S10H03_E3)
investigating how the practices adopted by society based on research by Australian Dr Helen Mayo led to a
reduction in infant mortality (AC9S10H03_E4)

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 examining how assisted reproductive technologies have become widely used since their initial development
(AC9S10H03_E5)
investigate how the researching how First Nations Peoples of the Torres Strait are at the forefront of the development of scientific
values and needs of measures to prevent the transfer of certain infectious diseases and pests to the Australian continent
society influence the (AC9S10H04_E1)
focus of scientific
exploring how governments determine which scientific research projects should be funded (AC9S10H04_E2)
research (AC9S10H04)
exploring how Australia has developed an artificial intelligence system which is used to predict the likelihood of a
viable pregnancy from transfer of a single embryo to a woman undergoing IVF (AC9S10H04_E3)
investigating how the need to minimise greenhouse gas production has led to scientific and technological advances
(AC9S10H04_E4)
considering how the development of new materials and procedures has contributed to safe sound levels for
humans in the workplace and leisure activities (AC9S10H04_E5)
examining why many manufacturers are adopting green chemistry processes (AC9S10H04_E6)

considering innovative energy transfer devices, including those used in transport and communication
(AC9S10H04_E7)
develop investigable acknowledging and using the knowledges of science held by First Nations Australians to hypothesise about fauna
questions, predictions or flora distributions (AC9S10I01_E1)
Questioning and predicting

and hypotheses to test

collaborating with First Nations Australians to formulate questions and hypotheses that can be investigated to test
Science inquiry

relationships or develop
casual relationships regarding disrupted ecosystems (AC9S10I01_E2)
explanatory models
(AC9S10I01) generating questions about the relationships between human body systems and everyday events, such as: ‘How
does the intensity of exercise affect heart rate and breathing rate?’ (AC9S10I01_E3)
developing investigable questions to explore an explanatory model such as: ‘How is sound wave transfer affected
by the density of the medium through which it travels? What causes our body temperature to rise when we are ill?’
(AC9S10I01_E4)
discussing why a scientific hypothesis has to be able to be supported or refuted through evidence (AC9S10I01_E5)

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 proposing a hypothesis to test an identified relationship such as: ‘If objects of different temperature are placed in
contact, heat energy will transfer from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature until both
objects reach the same temperature’ (AC9S10I01_E6)
plan and conduct valid, recognising First Nations Australians’ heritage laws and public responsibilities to report new sites or artefacts, and
reproducible developing awareness of the consequences for disturbing heritage sites on, above or below the land surface, or in
investigations to answer waters (AC9S10I02_E1)
questions and test
identifying the potential hazards of chemicals or biological materials and processes used in experimental
hypotheses, including, as
investigations and identifying how these should be addressed (AC9S10I02_E2)
appropriate, developing
risk assessments, discussing the ethical and social issues involved in the care and use of animals for scientific purposes before
considering ethical starting an investigation involving animals (AC9S10I02_E3)
issues, and addressing discussing what is meant by validity and reproducibility and how they relate to the method used in an investigation
Planning and conducting

key considerations (AC9S10I02_E4)

regarding heritage sites
identifying assumptions in methods then examining if further testing or extra variable control is needed
and artefacts on Country
(AC9S10I02_E5)
or Place (AC9S10I02)
determining the reproducibility of a field investigation using survey techniques that seeks to answer a question
such as: ‘How much traffic passes the school during a designated period of time?’ (AC9S10I02_E6)
using modelling and simulations to investigate phenomena such as the body’s response to cancerous cells
(AC9S10I02_E7)
select and use data using an electronic balance that measures within the parameters of the required mass, and recording data to the
generation equipment correct number of significant figures using correct units (AC9S10I03_E1)
with precision to obtain
using data loggers and choosing correct scale and appropriate output representation (AC9S10I03_E2)
useful sample sizes and
repeatable data, using examining the degree of accuracy that different instruments provide, such as a measuring cylinder compared with
digital technologies as a pipette, and recording data values to the correct degree of accuracy using appropriate scientific notation
appropriate (AC9S10I03) (AC9S10I03_E3)
considering the reproducibility of data collected using different instruments, including the inaccuracies that may be
introduced when taking measurements (AC9S10I03_E4)

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 minimising wastage of resources by checking the quantities of substances used in an investigation are only what is
required (AC9S10I03_E5)
examining and selecting credible data sources (AC9S10I03_E6)

select and construct using spreadsheet software to present data in tabular and graphical forms (AC9S10I04_E1)
appropriate
representations including identifying which sample properties such as mean, median and range, are the most appropriate to use to make
tables, graphs, generalisations (AC9S10I04_E2)
descriptive statistics, comparing the information provided by molecular models and word and balanced symbolic chemical equations
models and mathematical when examining the law of conservation of mass (AC9S10I04_E3)
relationships to organise
Processing, modelling and analysing

and process data and applying algorithms to measure carbon storage of different vegetation types (AC9S10I04_E4)
information (AC9S10I04) applying ratios to accurately represent usable and waste energy in transfer and transformation diagrams such as
Sankey diagrams (AC9S10I04_E5)
analyse and connect a recognising First Nations Australians’ histories and cultural expressions as a data source that can reveal trends,
variety of data and relationships and anomalies from the past (AC9S10I05_E1)
information to identify
analysing representations of data from atmospheric monitoring and ice cores to identify patterns and trends in the
and explain patterns,
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, highlighting inconsistencies (AC9S10I05_E2)
trends, relationships and
anomalies (AC9S10I05) comparing published data with experimental data such as the sound-insulating levels of different materials and
identifying any trends or patterns in differences such as: ‘The published sound levels are usually higher than the
experimentally determined levels’ (AC9S10I05_E3)
analysing data on heat transfer through multiple layers of an insulating material and identifying patterns and
proportional relationships such as: ‘When the thickness of the material is doubled the amount of heat transferred is
halved’ (AC9S10I05_E4)
examining tables, graphs and simulations of radioactive decay half-life to predict changes in mass over time
(AC9S10I05_E5)
discussing the validity of the data when extrapolating from a graph (AC9S10I05_E6)

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 assess the validity and identifying gaps or weaknesses in conclusions and relating these to the validity and reproducibility of the method
reproducibility of methods (AC9S10I06_E1)
and evaluate the validity
considering how general practitioners manage conflicting evidence to diagnose illness (AC9S10I06_E2)
of conclusions and
claims, including by discussing what is meant by ‘validity’ and how the validity of information in secondary sources can be evaluated
identifying conflicting (AC9S10I06_E3)
evidence and areas of identifying assumptions in methods and determining the impact these could have on the validity of the conclusion
uncertainty (AC9S10I06) (AC9S10I06_E4)
analysing methods and conclusions to identify facts or premises that are taken for granted to be true, and
evaluating the reasonableness of those assumptions (AC9S10I06_E5)
considering if areas of uncertainty could lead to a viable alternative conclusion (AC9S10I06_E6)
Evaluating

construct arguments constructing an argument for acknowledging the contributions to medicine of First Nations Australians’ knowledges
based on a variety of of physiological pathways and contemporary medicinal delivery systems (AC9S10I07_E1)
evidence to support
conclusions or evaluate identifying multiple sources of evidence that are consistent with a claim such as the effectiveness of a vaccine
claims and consider any (AC9S10I07_E2)
ethical issues and
interrogating the evidence and reasoning used to justify claims regarding the age of ancient artefacts
cultural protocols
(AC9S10I07_E3)
associated with
accessing, using or citing researching the methods used by scientists in studies reported in the media to evaluate the validity of the headlines
secondary data or (AC9S10I07_E4)
information (AC9S10I07) examining secondary data to ensure it does not contain personal information which could potentially harm
individuals, is correctly cited and is relevant to the investigation question or claim (AC9S10I07_E5)

examining secondary data to determine the credibility of the source and the validity and reproducibility of the data
(AC9S10I07_E6)

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 create multimodal texts to selecting appropriate content and language which is culturally responsive and maintains cultural protocols,
communicate ideas, considering sensitivities in communicating First Nations Australians’ knowledges and managing risks of offensive
findings and arguments narratives, language, images and attributions (AC9S10I08_E1)
effectively for identified
writing a report on a scientific investigation including: an introductory paragraph that explains or references
Communicating

purposes and audiences,

scientific theories, processes or other related knowledge that gives background information to the investigation; an
including selection of
explanation of the results obtained using scientific knowledge; and a discussion that considers validity and
appropriate content,
reproducibility (AC9S10I08_E2)
language and text
features, using digital planning a Twitter campaign to encourage young people to reduce their carbon fingerprint (AC9S10I08_E3)
technologies as
appropriate (AC9S10I08) collaborating to prepare a written report for local government on estimated carbon storage across different local
ecosystems and proposals to increase carbon storage across the area (AC9S10I08_E4)
developing an interactive presentation that shows feedback loops in human body systems (AC9S10I08_E5)

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Year 10

Year level description

In Year 10 students explore the biological, chemical and geological evidence for different theories, such as the theories of natural selection and the Big Bang.
Through investigating natural selection and processes of heredity they come to understand the evolutionary feedback mechanisms that ensure the continuity of
life. They appreciate how energy drives the Earth system and how climate models simulate the flow of energy and matter within and between Earth’s spheres.
Students develop a more sophisticated understanding of atomic theory to understand patterns and relationships within the periodic table. They understand that
motion and forces are related by applying physical laws and can be modelled mathematically. Students analyse and synthesise data from systems at multiple
scales to develop evidence-based explanations for phenomena. They learn that all models involve assumptions and approximations, and that this can limit the
reliability of predictions based on those models.
Inquiry questions can help excite students’ curiosity and challenge their thinking. Following are examples of inquiry questions that could be used to prompt
discussion and exploration:

• What is the future of our species?

• Are Newton’s laws all we need to explain and predict motion in our universe?
• How do we know what an atom is?
• Is seeing believing?
• Just because we have the technology, should we use it?
• How should Australia’s research priorities be determined?

Achievement standard

By the end of Year 10 students explain the processes that underpin heredity and genetic diversity and describe the evidence supporting the theory of evolution
by natural selection. They sequence key events in the origin and evolution of the universe and describe the supporting evidence for the big bang theory. They
examine patterns of global climate change and identify causal factors. They explain how Newton’s laws describe and predict motion of objects in a system.
They explain patterns and trends in the periodic table and predict the products of reactions and the effect of changing reactant and reaction conditions.
Students explain the processes through which scientific knowledge is validated and examine the relationship between science, technology and engineering.
They analyse key factors that influence interactions between science and society.
Students plan and conduct safe, valid and reproducible investigations to test relationships or develop explanatory models. They explain ethical and intercultural
considerations when acquiring or using primary and secondary data. They select and use equipment efficiently to generate and record repeatable data. They

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 select and use effective representations to organise, process and summarise data and information. They analyse and connect a variety of data and information
to identify patterns, trends, relationships and anomalies. They assess the validity and reproducibility of methods, and the validity of conclusions and claims.
They construct logical arguments based on a variety of evidence to support conclusions and evaluate claims. They select and use content, language and text
features effectively to achieve their purpose when communicating their ideas, findings and arguments to diverse audiences.

Strand / Content description Elaboration

Sub-strand Students learn to: This may involve students:
investigate the role of investigating First Nations Australians’ knowledges of heredity as evidenced by the strict adherence to kinship and
meiosis and mitosis and family structures, especially marriage laws (AC9S10U01_E1)
the function of
using models and diagrams to represent the relationship between genes, chromosomes, and DNA of an organism’s
chromosomes, DNA and
genome (AC9S10U01_E2)
genes in heredity and
explain and predict explaining how genetic information passed on to offspring from both parents by meiosis and fertilisation increases
patterns of Mendelian the variation of a species (AC9S10U01_E3)
inheritance using Mendelian inheritance to predict the ratio of offspring genotypes and phenotypes in monohybrid crosses
Science understanding

(AC9S10U01) involving dominant and recessive alleles or in genes that are sex-linked (AC9S10U01_E4)
Biological sciences

using pedigree diagrams to show patterns of inheritance of simple dominant and recessive characteristics through
multigenerational families (AC9S10U01_E5)

examining karyotypes and applications of gene technologies, such as gene therapy and genetic engineering and
biotechnologies used to produce therapeutic proteins (AC9S10U01_E6)
exploring environmental and other factors that cause mutations and identifying changes in DNA or chromosomes
(AC9S10U01_E7)
exploring the role of DNA in cancer or genetic disorders such as haemochromatosis, sickle cell anaemia and cystic
fibrosis (AC9S10U01_E8)
investigate how the investigating some of the structural and physiological adaptations of First Nations Australians to the Australian
theory of evolution by environment (AC9S10U02_E1)
natural selection
outlining processes involved in natural selection including variation, isolation and selection (AC9S10U02_E2)
explains past and
present diversity and examining biodiversity as a function of evolution (AC9S10U02_E3)

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 analyse the scientific investigating changes caused by natural selection in a particular population as a result of a specified selection
evidence supporting the pressure such as artificial selection in breeding for desired characteristics (AC9S10U02_E4)
theory (AC9S10U02)
relating genetic characteristics to survival and reproductive rates (AC9S10U02_E5)

examining evidence for the theory of evolution by natural selection including the fossil record, chemical and
anatomical similarities, and geographical distribution of species (AC9S10U02_E6)
investigate how the big researching First Nations Australians’ knowledge of celestial bodies and explanations of the origin of the universe
bang theory models the (AC9S10U03_E1)
origin and evolution of
describing the major components of the universe using appropriate scientific terminology and units including
the universe, including
astronomical units, scientific notation and light-years (AC9S10U03_E2)
the formation of stars
and galaxies, and examining how stars’ light spectra and brightness is used to identify compositional elements of stars, their
analyse the supporting movements and their distances from Earth (AC9S10U03_E3)
evidence for the theory constructing a timeline to show major changes in the universe which occurred from the Big Bang until the formation
Earth and space sciences

(AC9S10U03) of the major components such as stars and galaxies (AC9S10U03_E4)

explaining how each different type of evidence such as cosmic microwave background information, red or blue shift
of galaxies, Edwin Hubble’s observations and proportion of matter in the universe provides support for the
acceptance of the big bang theory (AC9S10U03_E5)
identifying the different technologies used to collect astronomical data and the type of data collected
(AC9S10U03_E6)
exploring recent advances in astronomy and astrophysics such as the discovery of gravity waves, dark matter and
dark energy, and identifying new knowledge which has emerged (AC9S10U03_E7)

investigate how models investigating how First Nations Australians are reducing Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions through the
of energy flow between reinstatement of traditional fire management regimes (AC9S10U04_E1)
the biosphere,
examining the role of radiation from the sun and how its interactions with the atmosphere, ocean and land are the
geosphere, hydrosphere
foundation for the global climate system (AC9S10U04_E2)
and atmosphere
describe patterns of investigating indicators of climate change such as changes in ocean and atmospheric temperatures, sea levels,
biodiversity, permafrost and sea ice (AC9S10U04_E3)

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 global climate change identifying changes in global climate over time and using simulations to explore why energy balances have changed
and predict future (AC9S10U04_E4)
changes (AC9S10U04)
examining the factors, including energy, that drive deep ocean currents, their role in regulating global climate and
their effects on marine life (AC9S10U04_E5)
examining patterns of climate change using models, simulations and data (AC9S10U04_E6)

predicting changes to the Earth system and identifying strategies which attempt to reduce climate change
(AC9S10U04_E7)
investigate Newton’s investigating how First Nations Australians achieve an increase in speed and subsequent impact force through the
laws of motion and use of spearthrowers and bows (AC9S10U05_E1)
quantitatively analyse
investigating a moving object to analyse and propose relationships between distance and time, speed, force and
the relationship between
acceleration (AC9S10U05_E2)
force, mass and
Physical sciences

acceleration of objects using mathematical representations including graphs and algebraic formula to quantitatively relate force, speed,
(AC9S10U05) acceleration and mass (AC9S10U05_E3)
modelling how a change in net force acting on an object affects its motion and relating to the purpose of safety
features such as seatbelts, airbags and crumple zones in vehicles (AC9S10U05_E4)
investigating the application of Newton’s laws in sport and how these are applied to improve an athlete’s
performance or safety (AC9S10U05_E5)
discussing how Einstein’s theory of relativity arose from limitations of Newton’s laws (AC9S10U05_E6)
constructing an argument, supported by data, to support lower speed limits near schools or for trucks in urban
environments (AC9S10U05_E7)

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 investigate how the Bohr examining how elements are organised in the periodic table and recognising that elements in the same group of the
model of the atom periodic table have similar properties (AC9S10U06_E1)
explains the structure
investigating the physical properties of some metals and non-metals (AC9S10U06_E2)
and properties of atoms
and relates to their describing the structure of atoms in terms of electron shells and relating this to their properties and position in the
organisation in the periodic table (AC9S10U06_E3)
periodic table
(AC9S10U06) deducing that repeating patterns of the periodic table reflect patterns of outer electron states (AC9S10U06_E4)

conducting flame tests for a selection of elements and examining emission spectra (AC9S10U06_E5)

examining how the development of the spectroscope led to further development of the model of the atom
Chemical sciences

(AC9S10U06_E6)
investigate synthesis, investigating some of the chemical reactions and methods employed by First Nations Australians to convert toxic
decomposition and plants into edible food products (AC9S10U07_E1)
displacement reactions,
investigating chemical reactions employed by First Nations Australians in the production of substances such as
predict their products,
acids and ethanol (AC9S10U07_E2)
and examine the factors
that affect reaction rates defining and representing synthesis, decomposition and displacement reactions using a variety of formats such as
(AC9S10U07) molecular models, diagrams and word and balanced symbolic equations (AC9S10U07_E3)
identifying reaction type and predicting the products (AC9S10U07_E4)

investigating synthesis reactions such as reaction of metals with oxygen, formation of water and sodium chloride;
decomposition reactions such as those used to extract metals; and displacement reactions such as metal and acid,
neutralisation and precipitation (AC9S10U07_E5)
investigating the effect of a range of factors, such as temperature, concentration, surface area and catalysts, on the
rate of chemical reactions (AC9S10U07_E6)
examining reactions that are used to produce a range of useful products (AC9S10U07_E7)

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 investigate how examining how the work of Rosalind Franklin was critical to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA and
scientific knowledge is her publications validated the findings of James Watson and Francis Crick (AC9S10H01_E7)
validated, including the
investigating how the development of the periodic table has been disputed, altered and improved as science has
role of publication and
progressed and new elements have been discovered (AC9S10H01_E8)
peer review
(AC9S10H01) exploring the role of large datasets and statistical analysis in validating scientific findings, such as Gregor Mendel’s
experiments with pea plants (AC9S10H01_E9)
examining why there are different climate change models used by scientists when there is a climate change
Nature and development of science
Science as a human endeavour

consensus among scientists (AC9S10H01_E10)

exploring how astronomer Vera Rubin’s discovery of the existence of dark matter was validated (AC9S10H01_E11)
examining how the discovery of gravity waves validated Einstein’s theory of general relativity and why this discovery
did not occur until 100 years after the theory was proposed (AC9S10H01_E12)
investigate how researching how technological advances in dating methods of First Peoples of Australia’s material culture are
advances in contributing to our understanding of the changing climatic conditions and human interaction with the Australian
technologies enable megafauna (AC9S10H02_E8)
advances in science,
recognising that the development of fast computers has made possible the analysis of DNA sequencing, radio
and how science has
astronomy signals and other data (AC9S10H02_E9)
contributed to
developments in considering how computer modelling has improved knowledge and predictability of phenomena such as climate
technologies and change and atmospheric pollution (AC9S10H02_E10)
engineering researching examples of major international scientific projects, for example the Large Hadron Collider and the
(AC9S10H02) International Space Station (AC9S10H02_E11)
considering how information technology can be applied to different areas of science such as bioinformatics and the
Square Kilometre Array (AC9S10H02_E12)
examining how the recent use of female crash test dummies has shown women are at greater risk of injury in a car
accident and considering implications for changing car safety features (AC9S10H02_E13)

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 investigate key factors considering how the traditional ecological knowledges of First Nations Australians are being reaffirmed by modern
that contribute to science and how these practices are being used by traditional owners in carbon farming initiatives (AC9S10H03_E6)
scientific knowledge and
examining statistics to compare bicycle or electric scooter injuries sustained by riders with and without helmets and
practices being adopted
relating these to helmet wearing requirements (AC9S10H03_E7)
more broadly by society
(AC9S10H03) discussing examples of the application of genetic screening and reasons for the adoption of the practice by groups
within society (AC9S10H03_E8)
examining why climate change models used by scientists are contested by some people in society
(AC9S10H03_E9)
discussing citizen science projects such as the GLOBE Project and examining why people would choose to be
Use and Influence of science

involved (AC9S10H03_E10)
investigating why agricultural practices have changed to include widespread use of genetically engineered crops
(AC9S10H03_E11)
investigate how the researching how the values of 19th and early 20th century Australian society, combined with scientific
values and needs of misconceptions about heredity and evolution, influenced policies and attitudes towards First Nations Australians
society influence the (AC9S10H04_E8)
focus of scientific
investigating how disease outbreaks and the emergence of drug-resistant infections have focused scientific research
research (AC9S10H04)
into First Nations Australians’ traditional medicines to identify effective therapeutic compounds for the use in
pharmaceuticals (AC9S10H04_E9)
examining the link between scientific research and real-world applications such as space research and new material
development (AC9S10H04_E10)
investigating the use and control of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) based on scientific studies of atmospheric ozone
(AC9S10H04_E11)
recognising that financial backing from governments or commercial organisations is needed for scientific
developments and that this can determine what research is carried out (AC9S10H04_E12)
considering the use of genetic testing for decisions such as genetic counselling, embryo selection, identification of
carriers of genetic mutations and the use of this information for personal use or by organisations such as insurance
companies or medical facilities (AC9S10H04_E13)

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 develop investigable discussing how a tested hypothesis may lead to further predictions and testing to determine if the prediction is
questions, predictions supported (AC9S10I01_E7)
and hypotheses to test
Questioning and predicting

observing a change in the frequency of extreme weather events and hypothesising causes from scientific models
relationships or develop
such as: ‘If the El Niño weather pattern occurs more frequently then there will be more droughts due to decreased
explanatory models
rainfall’ (AC9S10I01_E8)
(AC9S10I01)
observing how changing the surface area, concentration and temperature affects the rate of a chemical reaction and
developing predictions (AC9S10I01_E9)
developing hypotheses about the role of human activity in changes to climate and investigating these using
secondary data (AC9S10I01_E10)
asking questions about the relationship between crash impact force and speed and developing a hypothesis which
can then be tested (AC9S10I01_E11)
Science inquiry

plan and conduct valid, addressing ethical issues when collaborating with First Nations Australians to explore the development of a
reproducible commercial product based on traditional ecological knowledges (AC9S10I02_E8)
investigations to answer
modelling how to report the discovery of unregistered First Nations Australians artefacts and heritage or any
questions and test
unauthorised disturbance (AC9S10I02_E9)
hypotheses, including,
Planning and conducting

as appropriate, considering possible confounding variables or effects and ensuring these are controlled or accounted for in planned
developing risk methods for data collection and analysis (AC9S10I02_E10)
assessments, identifying the potential hazards of chemicals or biological materials and processes used in experimental
considering ethical investigations and how these should be addressed (AC9S10I02_E11)
issues, and addressing
considering the ethical and social issues, and legal responsibilities, involved in the care and use of animals for
key considerations
scientific purposes before starting an investigation involving animals (AC9S10I02_E12)
regarding heritage sites
and artefacts on Country identifying safety risks and impacts on animal welfare and ensuring these are effectively managed within an
or Place (AC9S10I02) investigation (AC9S10I02_E13)
addressing assumptions through choice of equipment, variable control or further testing (AC9S10I02_E14)

select and use data ensuring instruments are correctly calibrated before use and planning for recalibration as necessary between uses to
generation equipment improve reliability of results (AC9S10I03_E7)

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 with precision to obtain explaining how estimation affects precision and examining the inaccuracy introduced when reading between scale
useful sample sizes and markings (AC9S10I03_E8)
repeatable data, using
identifying how human error can affect repeatability and reproducibility (AC9S10I03_E9)
digital technologies as
appropriate deciding how much data is needed to produce reproducible conclusions (AC9S10I03_E10)
(AC9S10I03)
select and construct using spreadsheet software to carry out mathematical analyses of data (AC9S10I04_E6)
appropriate
representations evaluating the merits and limitations of time-lapse visual representations of changes in polar ice coverage with a
including tables, graphs, mathematical representation (AC9S10I04_E7)
descriptive statistics, comparing merits and limitations of patterns as represented by the periodic table with graphical representations of
models and patterns such as melting point or boiling point, and with consideration of anomalies (AC9S10I04_E8)
Processing, modelling and analysing

mathematical
relationships to organise describing sample properties such as mean, median, range and large gaps visible on a graph to make
and process data and generalisations, acknowledging uncertainties and the effects of outliers (AC9S10I04_E9)
information considering how data or information can be organised and represented to effectively communicate support for
(AC9S10I04) conclusions, including through visual or interactive models (AC9S10I04_E10)

considering how the scales used for representing data affect interpretation of the data (AC9S10I04_E11)
analyse and connect a representing speed and acceleration data from investigations or simulations in tables and graphs and comparing
variety of data and how these facilitate the identification of relationships (AC9S10I05_E7)
information to identify
exploring relationships between variables using spreadsheets, databases, tables, charts, graphs and statistics to
and explain patterns,
make predictions about global climate change (AC9S10I05_E8)
trends, relationships and
anomalies (AC9S10I05) identifying similar trends and patterns in data from different sources such as homologous structures and fossil
evidence (AC9S10I05_E9)
exploring how different interpretations can be made from data that is organised or processed in different ways, and
the implications of this for data analysis (AC9S10I05_E10)
analysing data regarding the distribution of species in time and space to identify patterns and relationships between
organisms (AC9S10I05_E11)

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 assess the validity and evaluating the strength of a conclusion that can be inferred from a particular dataset (AC9S10I06_E7)
reproducibility of
methods and evaluate distinguishing between random and systematic errors and how these can affect investigation results
the validity of (AC9S10I06_E8)
conclusions and claims, judging the validity of science-related media reports and how these reports might be interpreted by the public
including by identifying (AC9S10I06_E9)
conflicting evidence and
areas of uncertainty identifying assumptions in methods then examining if further testing or extra variable control is needed
(AC9S10I06) (AC9S10I06_E10)
considering how data variation can indicate uncertainty and might affect confidence in conclusions reached and
claims made (AC9S10I06_E11)
analysing conclusions and claims to identify facts or premises that are taken for granted to be true, and evaluating
the reasonableness of those assumptions (AC9S10I06_E12)
construct arguments acknowledging the need to critically analyse scientific literature for potential cultural bias towards First Nations
Evaluating

based on a variety of Australians (AC9S10I07_E7)

evidence to support
constructing a scientific argument showing how a range of evidence supports a claim relating to the age of the
conclusions or evaluate
universe (AC9S10I07_E8)
claims and consider any
ethical issues and engaging in evidence-based debates about the role of human activity in global climate change (AC9S10I07_E9)
cultural protocols reasoning from a range of evidence to support or rebut claims made in news reports on scientific research
associated with (AC9S10I07_E10)
accessing, using or
citing secondary data or examining secondary data to determine the credibility of the source and the validity and reproducibility of the data,
information and identifying the extent to which the data is consistent with data from other sources (AC9S10I07_E11)
(AC9S10I07)
considering the ethical issues of non-therapeutic genetic testing performed by commercial companies
(AC9S10I07_E12)
using primary or secondary scientific evidence to support or oppose a local action that may impact on global climate
change (AC9S10I07_E13)
preparing an argument for increased funding for a particular scientific research focus (AC9S10I07_E14)

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 create multimodal texts writing a report on a scientific investigation ensuring only relevant data and observations are reported in the results
to communicate ideas, and including a discussion that presents: an argument based on the results with comparisons related to accepted
findings and arguments values; an explanation of outliers; and the effect of possible sources of error (AC9S10I08_E6)
effectively for identified
creating a campaign to lower speed limits in specific areas of the local community (AC9S10I08_E7)
Communicating

purposes and
audiences, including creating an infographic to highlight the multiple lines of evidence from polar ice caps, ocean temperatures and
selection of appropriate extreme weather to explain how climate change is impacting Earth (AC9S10I08_E8)
content, language and
text features, using explaining the Big Bang to an audience of their peers through a comic (AC9S10I08_E9)
digital technologies as
designing a public performance about climate change collaboratively to encourage people to take specific action
appropriate
(AC9S10I08_E10)
(AC9S10I08)
writing a letter to a member of parliament in support of or against a proposed action or climate change mitigation
strategy, such as a carbon capture and storage technology or the building of a new solar farm (AC9S10I08_E11)

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