PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

INTRODUCTION
PROFESSION AND BUSSINESS
Difference?
Profession
• Qualification required
• Prolonged period of study and practice
• Membership of a professional association
• Rendering service
• Code of conduct
• Advertisement strictly prohibited
• Social responsibility
• Professional fee

IS ARCHITECTURE A PROFESSION OR BUSSINESS ?

 ARCHITECTURE
Governing Bodies?
Governing Bodies….

COA- Council of architecture

IIA- Indian Institute Of Architects
ARCHITECT
Duties?
DUTIES….
• Design
• Preparation of contract documents
• Acceptance of estimates
• Selection of specialist contractors
• Inspection of works
• Solutions to problems encountered during the execution of work
• Rejecting defective works
• Issue of certificates under the contract
• Resolution of disputes between the owner and contractor
ARCHITECTURE PRACTICE
ARCHITECTURE PRACTICE

• Proprietary concern - Individual ownership

• Partnership Firm - Ownership shared by two or more partners
• Private LTD Company- Size of partnership firm increase and
annual income goes up
ARCHITECTURE OFFICE ORGANISATION STRUCTURE
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
MODULE I
MODULE I

Architects Act ’72-Council of Architecture, Functions and Powers,

Architects Regulations, Standard terms for comprehensive architectural
services including UD and Conservation works.
Guidelines for architectural competitions.
Professional Ethics.
IIA- Functions and Powers, Registration for membership.
ARCHITECT’S ACT 1972
• Came into force on 1st September , 1972
Objectives
• To prepare a register of qualified architects to safeguard the
interest of common man
• To regulate the profession-evoked code of ethics and lay
down minimum standards of architectural education in
India
ARCHITECT’S ACT 1972
MAIN FEATURES
• A corporate body -COA-created
• Has powers for registration of architects
• Enrolls persons holding degrees
• Holds enquiries and actions –for misconducts of architects
• Prescribes minimum standards of education and training of
architects in India
ARCHITECT’S ACT 1972
CHAPTERS….

• Chapter 1: definitions
• Chapter 2: about COA
• Chapter 3: about registration
• Chapter 4: all court matters
• Schedule : contains recognized Indian degrees and diplomas in
Architecture and some recognized qualification in other
countries
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
 COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
• Constituted by Government of India under the provisions
of Architects Act, 1972.
• It is a statutory regulating body
• To regulate the education and practice of profession
throughout India .
• To protect the public from unqualified persons working as
Architects.
• Architect should be registered with COA to practice , serve
the government sector and to teach.
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
MEMBERS….
a. five architects possessing recognized qualifications
elected by the Indian Institute of Architects
b. two persons nominated by the All India Council for
Technical Education
c. five persons elected by heads of architectural institutions
in India imparting full-time instruction for recognized
qualifications
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
MEMBERS….
d. Chief Architects in Ministries of Central Government and head
of the Architectural Organization in Central Public Works
Department
e. one person nominated by the Central Government
f. an architect from each State nominated by state Government
g. two persons nominated by Institution of Engineers (India)
h. one person nominated by the Institution of Surveyors of India
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
Duties & Functions of various committees of COA….
• Executive committee: Headed by president-has a vice
president and 5 members elected by the council.
Tenure :3 years
Functions:
Formulate the budget
Carry out specific directives of council
Take action on reports of various committees
Laying down the policy
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
• Disciplinary committee:consists of 3 members
Headed by either president or vice president-assisted by 2
more members
Tenure:3 years
Functions:
Conduct hearings in all cases of unprofessional conduct and
report its findings and recommendations to the council.
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
• Appeals committee: consists of 2 or 3 members-headed by
vice president

Functions:
Considers appeals made by aggrieved persons whose
applications for registration have been rejected by the
registrar.
ARCHITECTS (PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT)
REGULATIONS, 1989
 Architect’s Regulations....

• These Regulations are made under the Architects Act 1972

Objectives : To promote the standard of professional conduct/ self-

discipline required of an Architect
Architect’s Regulations....
• Ensure professional activities do not conflict with general responsibility to
contribute to quality of the environment and future welfare of society.
• Apply his skill to creative, responsible and economic development of his
country
• Provide professional services of a high standard, to the best of his ability
• If in private practice, inform his Client of conditions of engagement and
scale of charges and agree that these conditions shall be the basis of the
appointment
• Not sub-commission to another Architect or Architects the work for which
he has been commissioned without prior agreement of his Client.
• Not give or take discounts, commissions, gifts or other inducements for the
introduction of Clients or of work.
Architect’s Regulations....
• Act with fairness and impartiality when administering a building contract.
• Maintain a high standard of integrity.
• Promote advancement of Architecture, standards of Architectural
education, research, training and practice
• Conduct himself in a manner which is not derogatory to his professional
character, nor likely to lessen the confidence of public in profession, nor
bring Architects into disrepute
• Compete fairly with other Architects.
• Observe and uphold the Council's conditions of engagement and scale of
charges
• Not supplant or attempt to supplant another Architect.
Architect’s Regulations....
• Not prepare designs in competition with other Architects for a Client
without payment or for a reduced fee (except in a competition conducted
in accordance with the Architectural competition guidelines approved by
the Council)
• Not accept a commission for which he knows another Architect has been
selected for the work until selection has been terminated and his dues are
settled .He must notify the previous architect before accepting.
• Comply with Council's guidelines for Architectural competitions and inform
the Council of his appointment as assessor for an Architectural competition
• When working in other countries, observe the requirements of codes of
conduct applicable to the place where he is working .
Architect’s Regulations....
• Not have or take as partner in his firm any person who is disqualified for
registration by reason of the fact that his name has been removed from the
Register under Section 29 or 30 of the Architects Act, 1972 .
• Provide their employees with suitable working environment, compensate them
fairly and facilitate their professional development
• Recognize and respect the professional contribution of his employees
• Provide their associates with suitable working environment, compensate them
fairly and facilitate their professional development
• Recognize and respect the professional contribution of his associates
• Recognize and respect the professional contribution of the consultants
• Enter into agreement with them defining their scope of work, responsibilities,
functions, fees and mode of payment
• Shall not advertise his professional services nor shall he allow his name to be
included in advertisement or to be used for publicity purposes
ASSIGNMENT DISCUSSION
Standard terms for comprehensive
architectural services
 Standard terms for comprehensive
architectural services
1. SCOPE OF WORK : Work to be performed is described.
SITE EVALUATION,
DESIGN BRIEF ANALYSIS AND INSPECTION,
IMPACT EVALUATION
ARCHITECTURE
FIRE,
DESIGN AND SITE
SECURITY
DEVELOPMENT
STRUCTURAL ELEVATORS,
SCOPE OF WORK DESIGN ESCALATORS
LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
INTERIOR SANITARY, PLUMBING, HVAC AND
ARCHITECTURE DRAINAGE, WATER SUPPLY OTHER
ALLIED SERVICES ARCHITECTURAL AND SEWERAGE DESIGN MECHANICAL
CONSERVATION
RETROFITTING OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC,
GRAPHIC DESIGN BUILDINGS COMMUNICATION
AND SIGNAGE SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services

2. SCHEDULE OF SERVICES: Services offered by Architect (7 stages )

STAGE 1: Concept design

STAGE 2: Preliminary design and drawings
STAGE 3: Drawings for client's/ statutory approvals
STAGE 4: Working Drawings And Tender Documents
STAGE 5: Appointment Of Contractors
STAGE 6: Construction
STAGE 7: Completion

3. PROFESSIONAL FEE: Fee for professional services in accordance with Scale of

Charges.
 Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services
4. SCHEDULE OF PAYMENT: Professional fee paid in stages
RETAINER 5% of the total fees payable
On appointment/ Signing of Agreement/ acceptance of offer

Stage 1 10% of the total fees payable

On submitting conceptual designs and preliminary estimate

Stage 2 20% of the total fees payable less payments

On submitting the required preliminary scheme for the already made at stage 1
Client's approval along with the preliminary estimate of cost
Stage 3 30% of the total fees payable less payment
On incorporating Client's suggestions and submitting drawings for approval already made at Stages 1 and 2.
from the Client/ statutory authorities, if required.
Upon Client's / statutory approval necessary for commencement of 35% of the total fees payable less payment
construction, wherever applicable. already made at Stages1 to 3a.
 Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services
4. SCHEDULE OF PAYMENT
Stage 4 45% of the total fees payable less payment already made
Upon preparation of working drawings, specifications at Stages1 to 3a.
and schedule of quantities sufficient to prepare estimate
of cost and preparation of tender documents
Stage 5 55% of the total fees payable less payment already made
On inviting, receiving and analysing tenders; advising at Stages 1 to 4.
Client on appointment of contractors.
Stage 6 65% of the total fees payable less payment already made
On submitting working drawings and details required for at Stages 1 to 5.
commencement of work at site.
70% of the total fees payable less payment already made
a.On completion of 20% of the work at Stages 1 to 6a.
b.On completion of 40% of the work 75% of the total fees payable less payment already made
c.On completion of 60% of the work at Stages 1 to 6b(i).
d.On completion of 80% of the work 80% of the total fees payable less payment already made
e.On Virtual Completion at Stages 1 to 6b(ii).
85% of the total fees payable less payment already made
at Stages 1 to 6b(iii).
90% of the total fees payable less payment already made
at Stages 1 to 6b(iv).
 Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services

4. SCHEDULE OF PAYMENT

Stage 7 100% of the fees payable less payment already made at

On submitting Completion Report and drawings for various stages and retainer.
issuance of completion/ occupancy certificate by statutory
authorities, wherever required and on issue of as built
drawings
 Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services
5. EFFECTING PAYMENT TO THE ARCHITECT: Payment computed based on actual
cost of works on completion

Payment due to Architect at different stages be computed on following basis:

Retainer : On rough estimate of cost.
At Stage 1 : On rough estimate of cost.
At Stages 2 to 4 : On preliminary estimate of cost.
At Stages 5 to 6b : Accepted tender cost.
At Stage 7 : Actual total cost.
 Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services
6. DOCUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION CHARGES.

Additional charge payable by client to architect- @ 10% of professional fee at all stages

7. REIMBURSABLE EXPENSES

• In addition to amounts reimbursable against site visits by Architect/ Consultant, the Client
will reimburse the Architect the following expenses incurred by him for discharge of his
obligations:

Actual cost of travel (to & fro), boarding & lodging and local transport - performance of
duties.
Cost of presentation models, computer simulation, presentation drawings, etc.
 Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services
8. CLIENT'S ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES
• To provide detailed requirements of the project.
• To provide property lease/ ownership documents.
• To provide a site plan and existing condition and dimensions.( not available, Client shall
arrange for survey/ collection of necessary information and pay for the same).
• To furnish reports on soil conditions and others test as required by Architect or pay for
preparation of same.
• To furnish specific conditions/ Statutory stipulations/ Codes of Practice/Schedule of
rates, etc., desired to be followed.
• To pay all fees, levies, security deposits and expenses in respect of statutory sanction.
• To give effect to professional advice of Architect and cause no changes in drawings and
documents without consent of Architect.
• To honour Architect's bills within one month of its submission.
• To appoint a Construction Manager (case of a large and complex project) as per the
Architect's advice.
 Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services
9. EXECUTION OF THE ASSIGNMENT
• Architect – Inform Client about progress of work in his office.
• Architect - appointment of specialised consultants in consultation with the Client, if necessary.
• Architect - direction and integration of consultants work.
• Architect - advise Client on Time Schedule prepared by contractors for completion of work, if required.
• Architect - supply to Client, free of cost, up to six sets of drawings at different stages.
• Architect - not make any deviations, alterations or omissions from approved drawings, involving financial
implications without prior consent of the Client.
• Any professional services rendered by the Architect to Client after agreed project completion period -
compensated for on mutually agreed terms.
• Architect - ensure that works are being executed in accordance with Conditions of Contract.
• Any revision (drawings, tenders) made by the Client – paid additional services rendered by the Architect .
• No change shall be made in the approved drawings and specifications at site without consent of the
Architect.
• Any curtailment of professional services, beyond Stage 2- client to pay at least 20% of fee for the
remaining Stage(s) of the curtailed work/ Services.
 Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services
10. TIME SCHEDULE
• Architect shall, in consultation with the Client, prepare a Time Schedule in respect of
various services to be rendered and discharge of Client's obligations.

11. INDEMNIFICATION

• Claim or suit is brought against Architect or Consultants by any third party for
damages arising from personal injury or property damage caused wholly by Client, or
anyone employed by the Client- Client responsible to indemnify the Architect and fully
reimburse any loss, damage or expenses..
12. OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT
• Architectural design is an intellectual property of Architect.
• Client shall retain copies of the Architect's models, drawings, specifications and other documents for his
information and use in connection with the project.
• Not be used for any other project
 Standard terms for comprehensive architectural services
13. TERMINATION OF AGREEMENT :
• Agreement between Architect and the Client – termination given by any one - written notice of not less
than 30 (thirty) days.
• If termination not related to any act, omission, neglect or default - Architect shall be entitled to professional
fees .
• In event of Architect's firm closing its business or Client having terminated agreement, Client shall have
right to employ another Architect to complete work, after making payment to previous architect's firm.
14. INTERPRETATION :
• In case of any ambiguity or difficulty in interpretation of Conditions of Engagement and Scale of Charges,
the interpretation of Council of Architecture shall be final and binding on Architect and Client.
15. ARBITRATION :
• All disputes or differences which may arise between Client and Architect - arbitrator shall be appointed by
the President, Council of Architecture- decision and award of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on
the Architect and the Client.
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION
• Avenue to exhibit or encourage talents and a valuable opportunity for research.
• Competitions as per COA guidelines will safeguards the interest of both the promoter
and the competitors.
• Registered architect must not take part in architectural competition which is not as
per the guidelines by the council nor as a jury.
• Competition judged by qualified personalities.
• Both the client and architect equally benefited
Architect
gives valuable opportunities to show their merit and to get recognition in profession.
Successful participants may be commissioned for work.
Clients
He gets best designs and services of best architects for the work
Project of high standard with a variety of approaches.
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION- Assessors
• Entries judged by Assessors
• Guidelines emphasis on mandatory requirement of Assessors and qualifications.
• Immediate and first step - appointment of the Assessors
• President of COA Council of Architecture- as per request from promoter, may suggest a panel of names as
Assessors.

Responsibilities
 approval of brief of competition project.
 help to prepare the brief.
 Study and understand the requirements of the Local Authorities
 Visit and examine the project site, if necessary.
 Advise on appointment of Technical Advisers, if necessary.
 Finalise the competition conditions.
 Prepare the final report/award.
 Advise the promoter on all matters - hold the competition till the final award.
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION- Guidelines
• Purpose: Frame the principles and rules to be followed by a promoter for conducting
competitions.
ARTICLE 1 : ELIGIBILITY TO COMPETE
Participation open to:
Architects registered with COA on date of announcement of competition and thereafter.
Firms -partners registered with COA on date of announcement of competition and thereafter.
Students of a Teaching Institution- qualifying examination recognised by COA
Condition: no member of staff of said institution is sole Assessor or in a jury of three or more
Assessors, only one Assessor is from the staff of said institution.
Neither Promoter, Assessor/s nor any associate, partner or employee shall compete.

Competitor : submit a proof of qualification, Registration certificate ( copy) issued by the

Council of Architecture
For student - certificate from head of his institution .
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION- Guidelines
ARTICLE 2 : COMPETITION
1.Draft competition conditions including time table, registration fees, prize monies/
honoraria, board of assessors, the programme etc. of competitions shall have been
finalised within the framework of guidelines prescribed by COA .
2.Conditions of competitions : Based upon guidelines prescribed by COA
Type of Competition.
Purpose of competition and intentions of promoter.
Nature of problem to be solved.
Mandatory requirements to be met by competitors.
Number, nature, scale and dimensions of documents, plan and/or models.
Estimates
Nature of prizes.
Names of Assessors.
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION- Guidelines
ARTICLE 2 : COMPETITION
Necessary information required for conducting the competition.

1.The competition shall be conducted in English.

2.All competition designs shall be submitted anonymously.

ARTICLE 3 :BOARD OF ASSESSORS:

Board of Assessors : Registered Architects and shall be in a majority of at least one.

ARTICLE 4 : PRIZES, HONORARIA & MENTIONS

No competition - without adequate premium/honoraria and must state amounts and number
of prizes for open competition and amount of premium or honorarium to each competitor in
a limited competition .
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION- Guidelines

ARTICLE 5 : Copyright & Right of ownership :

Each competitor shall retain Copyright in his own competition design.
Each competitor shall retain the right of reproduction of his own competition design.

ARTICLE 6 :
All competition designs ( even disqualified by Board of Assessors) shall be exhibited for at
least one week, together with a copy of signed report of Board of Assessors.
Exhibition shall be open to public free of charge.
.
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION -Types
• Project competition:
To find best solution and appoint author as Architect

• Competition of ideas:
To find ideas and concepts, may not be commissioned to carry
out the project

• A combination of both:
Adopted under certain circumstance
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION - Classifications
• OPEN COMPETITIONS:
All eligible architects are invited to participate through an advertisement.
Winner –execute the project

• LIMITED COMPETITIONS:
Reputed architects are selected by client on advice of board of assessors.
Honorarium is paid to such architects.

• SPECIAL COMPETITIONS:
For projects involving town planning and design of special buildings like airport etc.
Participation of developers may be necessary.
Participation is limited to professionals .
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION - Organization
SINGLE STAGE COMPETITION:
• For small projects
• Completed drawings received
• Winner: awarded the prize and work order

TWO STAGE COMPETITION:

• For large projects
• First stage : Scheme
• 5-10 entries selected from first stage – invited for second stage
• Paid honorarium for second stage participants
• Final winner – awarded the prize and give work order
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
 Professional Ethics
• Ethics- Study of how our decisions affect other people.
• It is also the study of people’s rights and duties
• It is the moral rules that people apply in making decisions and the nature of
relationship among people.
• It deals with moral duty and obligation
• It give rise to values and in turn used to judge the appropriateness of a particular
conduct or behaviour.
• Code of ethics- regulates professional behaviour.
• It represents values on which profession stands.
• Values generate faith in people that their interest is in safe hands and will
improve quality of life.
• Code of ethics- based on truth, honesty, justice, trustworthiness, to respect and
safeguard human life and its welfare, competence and accountability.
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
• National body of Architects in the country.
• Formed in 1917 as Bombay Architectural Students Association In Mumbai.
• In 1929 - converted to IIA
OBJECTIVES….
• To organize and unite Architects in India
• To promote architectural profession
• To encourage architectural education
• To prescribes syllabus and conduct examinations
• To make necessary changes in laws relating to architectural practice
• To organize conferences, seminars, lectures etc and to award medals, certificates,
prizes etc
• To promote other bodies such as SSA
• To promote improvement of living standards and to make awareness among the
public about the profession
 FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF IIA
• President
• 2 vice presidents
• 2 Joint Honorary
Secretaries
• Honorary treasurer
• Member
Six classes of membership:

Honorary fellow member

Associate member
Fellow member
Licentiate member
Retired member
Student member
MEMBERSHIP
Honorary fellow member
• Not a qualified architect but has contributed to the growth of architectural profession
• Administrators, writers, designers or persons connected with architectural institution

Associate member
• Person who has attained the age of 21 and graduated from one of the institution recognized by IIA or
registered with COA
• Those who pass IIA exams
• An Associate member after 7 years of independent practice or 10 years service in a responsible position can
apply for Fellow membership
• Can use suffix AIIA
Fellow member
• An associate member who has attained the age of 36
• Practiced independently or served in a senior and responsible capacity in architectural office
• Made a significant contribution to profession
• Can help and advice junior members of IIA in conducting their practice
• Can use the suffix FIIA
MEMBERSHIP
Licentiate member
• Any person registered with COA
• Has all the privileges of an Associate member except he is not eligible to vote on matters relating to change in IIA constitution and bye
laws
• Serving for 7 years , can apply for Associate membership
• Can use suffix LIIA
Retired member
• Any fellow member, licentiate member or associate member after attaining age of 55 and on completely retiring from services /
professions can apply for this.
• Enjoy all the privileges enjoyed by full fledged member
• Not eligible to seek election to any IIA post or vote in such elections
• Can use the suffix MIIA
Student member
• Student enrolled in any one of the architectural institution whether recognized by IIA or not can on application become a Student member
• Has limited privileges of attending conferences, seminars, lectures etc
• Not able to attend general body meeting or participate in any elections conducted by IIA
• Have access to Sohrab Bharoocha library of IIA
• Can Seek assistance of IIA in his Academic Problems and for seeking placement as trainee in an architect’s office
• For student members IIA organizes special lectures , training programs and co-curricular activities
• Cant use any suffix
 Registration for membership
• Application form
• Available in head office of IIA or office of chapters and centers on payment of prescribed fee and
annual membership subscription.
• Documentary proofs of qualification and registration with COA
• Necessary for the applicant to make a declaration stating that he will abide by IIA’s constitution and
byelaws
• Every application endorsed by 3 members of IIA
• After receiving the application at the IIA head office in Mumbai ,the names of applicants are published in
IIA newsletter for the information of members
• Application are duly scrutinized and then placed before IIA council for election
• IIA has power to accept or reject without any reason
• Upon election, member is given a membership certificate which is displayed in members office.
• Membership certificate is IIA’s property and must be returned to IIA on retirement or registration

NOTE:
Any arrears architect will be removed from membership
On payment of arrears and entrance fees he may be reinstate
Member found guilty by COA and whose name is struck out from the council’s register can be removed by IIA council-without any
enquiry
He has given opportunity to represent his case before action is taken