Prim

Sulasehen 07|o1|2025
henenatonlovlukw) Sep uP 132kv thasisioy staHon EPTD(AR)-01
Gokv33kv.
Hep |2; 60(p
tome Second man Se
istoitLtaoUbV
step don SbstationStep doun no

|4o1| 25
Gs) 1kv EpTD(A)-o2
120lPM)
Primany
transmìssionline

LReceiving station
Secondo transnissionlino.
331| kv
Substation
Primany distnibtion line
Secondany disti bution line
Consumor
\he lange
netwonk ot Condwtans bettueenthe poon
theconsumen en be badly ivide ito station Gnd
t o pnts
Transmission system an
tute sb-divide ito Distributton system. Each
t o PaimorH taensissionpontcanbe
and
Secondary tansmission and
dictribon. Pnimany disti butionand Secondan
&totion
Tno station whehe electic folps
poduced
altennaton is Vnoun as
qenenating stoation. ho
Voltage is Il kV. ton econon thnaephase
ueLal genenatiu
Ower, the 3erenotion volteqinetnansmission
is steped wp to 32 kv. on
of electnic
at the qeneatin stoton mone
with the help of s
Poiory Tnansmission phasetnansfonmos,
electic poeh at |32 kV is
nerhood system tranSrmitted by 3 phase
This forms3wine
to the oskhits o+the ty
primany tnnsmissibn. he
Seconday nansrni ssion
The pimony transni ssion ine tenrninates attthe
At the heceiving Stadtion tho Votege is neceivin station
heduced to 33 kV by 3tep dou
tnanconrmer, fhortthis staion electic pouen is tronsittedat
33 KV b 3phase 3 wine oven head systernto vanious cubstation.
 Ie forms 1ho. Socon dar nnnsiScion.
Pri0rg Dictoihion
|ho ceconcdahgtnarn srmiscion lino
ihene Volo 7e is heduced foorntenrmintes at th S b stetion
iine. "he || kv \ines nun o 33KV to 11 kv, 3 phase
tho ipontont noad ide,
his torfog 4ho poirony
Consunor dishoibution. ma. lo
qenrly supplied pol,kor at lkv fon turthOn
hondlin with thoin Oin Sub Station.

(E Secondany Distribion
ho eloctnic potwen from poimany distotbutibn \ine is davene
to dltibution Sao station. Thic .sub.chatio. ane locatea nea,
tho Consnebs lbcaliiesond step don thovoltege 400 Voh
"S phaSe 4 Wine. fo»
Secondany
uny t o phases is 4U0 V and distribton
The voltae btur
betweon uny phase and nutna
is 230 V. The single phase
nesi
-ected btu any one phace and dential lighting Load is conn
nutna whee 3 phase 40O v
motob load connected ochoss 5 phase lines dinecty
27\01|25
EPTDA) -03
# Conparision o+ Ac ond Dc
thansrission -
De Thonsmission
Fon some yeors past the tronsmision of eloctnic
power by de
has been neceiving the active
du to its vonious advantages. Considoration
o+
enginong
Advantoges -
The hihvoltae dc tronsmission has heo following adantoges
high voltage ac tnansmiss ion
0 De nesines only tuo condwctons as compon esttohne
for Ac tnansmissi on

Thene is no
indectoce,Capacitance,
phase displacemant
and sge foobloms in de tnans mission.
An Ao he absenea o
o
indwctonce,he votogedho in
dctoansission
\ine is \oss than ac line ton ho can
\oad ond Sening end Voltege. tor this reason a
drhont
mission line a betten voltage nelaton.
one is no skin etect in de
system.Thenetore entine
section o the line conductor is utilied cnoss
 Same workir Voltoe,the potential stness on the
for tho
Sinsuwaton is less in. cace of dc system than that in ac sy<ter
Thonetore a de line neyines less
insulatton,
GA dcline hac less Conona loss arnd
CorroUnication cincuits. neducec in tenenenc e

The high voltage dc tnonmi ssion is tneotnorm tho. dielectnic

1o.sses, Pabti Clanly in Case ot eables,
ao dc toansisson, hehe ane
no stability foen phoblero
and Synchhonising dificulkes,
4 Dis adwantages ;
Clactnic power Cannot be enenated at high do
to coormutotion roblo.rn
voltage do.
The dc vo ltage can not be Step ton
at high voltages. toonsmission of poor
Ao de suitches and cincit
tiong.
bneaker have thein oun liroita.
AC Tnonsmission
Nout-ardays electnical ener is
almost
Anansroi4ted end distnibuted in+hefono of ar excusively qenanated,
4 Advontoges
O fouor can be geneoted athigh voltages.
The maintanence of ac cub staions de
easy and chospen
6 The ac voltae can be steped wp op steped dounby thans
bnm ens witth is ease an etideney. This femittes to
tnonsmite poon at high voltages and dictnibtes itat
eafe potenti al.
4bisadvontoes'
@An ac
.
line neqyines rmone
Coppeh than o de line.
9We Constowction ot an ac tonsoission ine s mone conple.
Cated than a detnansissi on line.
9 Dueto ineftect in tho ac syctem te
Öt the line is effecve nesistonce
incneosed,
noc line hac
Coacitnee,Thonefore
-Us \0s ot power de to chargi
thehe is a ContinLE
Urrent even whenthelino
 ConclUsion
EPTD(AR)-01
High volto de tnansmission isSenior to hih volto (2 uo PM)
ac tnunsnission. Mencuny Ane
rnado it p OSsibl to Convent ar hectiens and Thynatnos hae
into do c d vice-venso
Cnd e cen+ Such doices ca oberate up to oMW oT o0 kv
in sinale nits . The pnesent tto
dautnend is towands ac ton
naton un distibution and'hih voltege de -fors tnansmissio.
(G-s |MRei
encuny
Ane
er Thynathon A3 phae
Singl \ihe diaqna of higth voltoge de troons tnission
The electnic Powen is genenated as ac
and.is
voltoge by the sesdin end tnansfo nmerTs). Thestepped
p T hgn
voltoa2 is
ed to the mencuny one
ac powen at hig
into dc. The tnansroiss ipn af electnic neéfiennhichconvent
Oc
powén is canhied at hih
de voloqe. At the neceiviny end de is convented
The ac Sply ic steppec doun to low voltage y into ac by thynotno
thans formh (Te) for distnibuion. heceivig end
#Advantages of
hightransmission vo|+age
A+ hig Voltaes troansmi ssion of he elecnical po ien is cannied
d e to the following neasons :
Rewces Rolune of condwctor matenial, Consedening 3 phase
troans roission line
Lot
p= Poen toansmitted in hott.
N \ine volteo in olt.
Cos o P o nfactor of tho: loas
Longth ofhe line in metens
ohm.(2)
R = nesistonce pen condueto in
matenial
P Rosistivity ofthe condueton
heaofthe condUctn
Crose sectiona

R=

TR
Totol poen loge (w)= 5
P Pe
p2 Pa
W
 ducto madenial 3al

for given alee of P,9,P ond , Vsl ume of conducton madenio

hequne is
invensely propontional to thesqhe of the
thansmission
factor, hotherwans the aheaten
thanSmissivn
Noltoge he Losseh is the the
heyined. Conductor materiol
ocneasestnansmission eHiency.
P+total loses

AssLuning I be the curpent density otthe conductor then

Puting He value of Dhput pouer

P+

Va vCos
P +

VCos
PeT

OutputpoLues
Thans missio
eieieng Trptpouwe

Veos
1.

VCo
Binornie theohem)

As J,fand ane constnt, honefone dhancmisaior ethceg

Tncneses wheno line Nolteye is incneoses
 becreases per ertoe. line dnop.

Percetoso line clnop P9

hs, J, P ond is conctent,ther esone persentoge ino
drop docreases whan tha tronsmission volte
incneses, 14|o212s
EPTDUA e)-s
215CoM)

Economico choise of conducton size;

t r ihich
Tho- rost econormial aneo of conductor is thot
+ho total annue oet ottnansroission lino is raiirrn
"This is Vnouun as kolvin's lau Aen load kolvin who finst
stoted it in 1231.Tho totoal annua cost of a transniss ion
line can be ividod bnody into tuo ats
) Annua charge on capital o t laya d
() Aonual cost of enena wasted in te Cordwetor.
w) hnnuol change on copitol outlay
Fr n ovenhoad ine inSulaton Cost is Conctant,he eon
discton cost is proportionoJot anesot cross section
and t cost of suports ard thene enecHon is panthy
crose
(onstant and party poporional to the cnea of
aecin ofths condwetorhenetone anual chans

as

Condctonr
(L) Annua costot enrgy wasted-
This is on accont o enea lostrainly in the condur
ton dueto ' \osses. ssuina Constent cuh nert in
the conductor is propontor,o to nesitance. As nesistaneC
is invensy ppoponHono to s anea ot cnosesecion
ot the condwctor.Thenefore tho. enury loct inthe
Conductor is invensly propotiono to anea of roc
 Section.hus-ho annual Cost of energ uasted in
an oven hoad -tnansrission line. Coanbe eypne. ssed as

Anoual cost of enoray wasted Is: ihone P is

Conctont.
annuol cost) = Pi+at Pa
So, tote
Croossseciona whne, oly
Thoneore hnetoa
annual cot otthansmission (ine will be mininn
tf diffenentHaion of nespet to a is (2eno'

da

# Ginophical
nepnesentetioof kalvin's Law

Anual
cost

Kolvin's Law can also be illustnation gophicaly oy ploting

agoinst x secionad aneala' ofthe condcton as shown in
Cost
linel)Shosthe helation
Hune. Tn the iagnan the straight anea ot
betlnhe anna change i.e. t , a) and
Secion a ofhe condueto. similas y he nectonga
nypenbolol) gives ho. nelaAHon. betuoen annua Cost ot
enenay wasted and X-Sectonal anea a. By ading
ob4eine.This latter
nates of cunes(4) and 2),the Cunve(3is
Cunve shou 4he nelatiorn beteon to4al annua costP
at <a) o+tnansiaission line anea of x- Secton a. he
\oest Point entho ewe(i.e.boint Þnepnesents he moSt
eConoical ahea ot X- Section.
 Linitation ot kelvins La
is the ino.
oT+ is not easy to estimote the energy loseavailabl0. at the
With out actual loa whve whlch Cune not
ime of estrnotion.
Dot
Tnterest and dopnisation of the copital outa
be dotermine aceurately.
tacen
This \ow does not tao. into accaunt severa hysico Conona
lke- Sofe curent, don sity, mechanicol stanath,
loss, cost ot Cawel dielotric nd shoah etc

Proobleo a Constant
Atuo conducton cae4km long isreained to SUtPY
CUnpet ot 26D AthoLghoeyear. The Cost of Cableinduding
installoton is ( Rs -20ao)peh maten whene ais the ane
Choss secHon of-he Cordiucten in cro. me cost ofenertss
Palse per kuhad instened and dopneaion chorges ot
to lo. Caleulatethe. tmesdot economical condwcto sie. HssLur
ina nesisviy ot conducton matenial to be l 4 3 s n.
f=200 A Resistanco of one Condelcton
RL
o.|43
energi lost = 2TR+ nh
eneraH lost per n

|SU0 a
|212384 Kuuh
I21238y
Annu cost o eneray lost z X
N

o Caoita costCvar\aba) ot +he caso. is giyen to be Rs:o a

ber ro. 1honetore on, J krn Leng ot +he cable he Capta Coc
CVarialbleyis Rs. 25aUUO =20 buo a
Manioble annual chonge = Anhua intenest and dosniaion
d Capltal cotCvaniable') of Cable
RS. 206U x a

Re. 2000 a
According to kolvin's lau ton most ecornornical cnossecton
of he Conductor
Narniable annua charae Annua cost ot enarga logt
 a
J-031
fooblarm-2
Acost ofa z-phase oven head transmission lina Rs (25 eroat28 n
Per k whoe a ls tho.aea of chose cton of each condieton
Cr he line is Supplying a load 5MW at 33 lkv and o.g poen
factor lagaing assuunin to be constent 4hnohout the yeor
enera cest 4P per kuwh and instnate nd dophecoHontotel l0
iventha
per annLn. Hndhe most economica sie of conducton
Lom
4he specitHc hesistence. ot conduotonnatela is

5x\6

Resistanco of one condcton

R=
a

Energy lost pen annm,

3\42238212

Annual cost ofenergy asted.

oss
3|42)3&

To Capital costofthe cable.(wabpi able) is gven to be

2s.25 Go0 a ehk .

Vanniabl Ana hrgeon Copital ot lay

Acconding to kelvin's lau

 18<o2|2S
EPTD(AD)-oc
hoss
TRe cost of as phase ovenhead line having 12:1sPM
setiona anea
n T
lolelate the nost economi cod oimnet density
condcetes it the nate of inteot nn_d deprneciatioD
is 5 paise peh ut
pen aun adthe Cost o energy wasted
be tekon as 78phe
The beqistevity ot the conducton may

EnerY lost peh a n h L ,

kut

kush
165o a

wasted
Anna Cost ot enenyO-S55543

he copital cost of the cable. CVariable) is ven to be,

Annul cost o+ eneay asted

Acconding to koluins law,

240

s639-9

42 45 Ac
 Anansrnission line
4 Constants of a

Atoansmission ine has nesistanco inductonce an Capacitana

ntformly distoibLted along the whole lorgth of ho iu
ORosistance -
is4he opposition ot the line condwctonc to cunhent o.t
-ho nesistanca ie distoibuted Untonmly along the whole longd
Àno. Houleveh 4he pentormance of a nansnissi ine.
can be analysed conveniertly it dstnibuted neststane0 is
Consi dered as luped.
In dweton co
When an altennating euhrent eoed ouls thno ugh a Conduc
4on changing flux ts set which links the condweten,
bue to these flux linkages, the conwetor possesses indwc
indetance is doine as the lwy
tance .Mathenateay
Tinkoges þen ampere
So, inductanee L= Heny
where, Y= f w linkoge In uobertunn
P= Cunnent in O p e e

The indetenca is also nitonmly distibted alon 4he.

Longh ofthe line. Aeg Aein ton he convenience of nalysis
(4 an be allen as lumped,
Line cohducte
TT
Faad Linoconcton
C=
hargo on +he line in loulomh
whore 9 =
9 Potential ittenene betuconho
Conductors in Volt.
i torly dstributed alorg he wholo
The. capacitance is
f he line and ma negeded aS a Unitonm senies
Lungt
ofcaaetors connected betu0en the con dyotore
 4 claSSificotionof overn -head tnansoission lino

Tho overhead transmicsionline classited as \ong tans

Qhort transrissionline Meiun tnansmission ino 6
tnans Ynission lin
Oshot tnansmission iino:
Nhenthe Lenth a an overhoad
Tbr and the 1ine voltae is less han transmission
Iine is t
20kv, itis ugals
toncideed as a Shont thansission line. Dueto srmalLs
Lenat nd loeh Vo\+age,thecapacitehco effeet ene srmall nd hence
(2Modiuntnansnìssion 1ine anbe neglacted. Thefefone uhile.
pentonrnonceotashont
when Hhelergthofan oven o tnansm Iine only nesistana
Cund ihdetaneo of the line takon
Ananstssion line is about(Bo-I50) into occont.
uro and the \ine voltege is
Aone as a med
voderodey hibl2-\so) v itis congi
wntransissin line, Due to susfcien
\snt and vo\+ae othe line
t o e n i t o aceoLunt, 4hecogaitanca ostect ane
Lona trangmission line
LAKon 4he, Lenthet an vehead rangmission ling is mane

lene as a a lon tnansrmission lin. for4ha tneatment

t E h a |ine he line
CoNetonts one conat dored un
om dictibted over he hole. LoPh ofhe linee