Best VTU Student Companion App You Can Get

DOWNLOAD NOW AND GET

Instant VTU Updates, Notes, Question Papers,
Previous Sem Results (CBCS), Class Rank, University Rank,
Time Table, Students Community, Chat Room and Many
More

CLICK BELOW TO DOWNLOAD VTU CONNECT APP

IF YOU DON’T HAVE IT

* Visit https://vtuconnect.in for more info. For any queries or questions wrt our
platform contact us at: [email protected]
Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

1.1 Laplace Transform of elementary functions

Definition:

Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a real valued function defined for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ ∞.

∞
Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) is given by 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡.

Laplace transform of some standard functions:

𝑎 𝑎
1. 𝐿(𝑎) = ,𝑠 > 0 5. 𝐿(sin 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝑠 > 0
𝑠
1 𝑠
2. 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠−𝑎 , 𝑠 > 𝑎 6. 𝐿(cos 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝑠 > 0
1 𝑎
3. 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑠+𝑎 , 𝑠 > 0 7. 𝐿(sinh 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2 , 𝑠 > 𝑎
𝑛! 𝑠
, 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, … 8. 𝐿(cosh 𝑎𝑡) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2 , 𝑠 > 𝑎
𝑛) 𝑠𝑛+1
4. 𝐿(𝑡 ={
Γ(𝑛 + 1), 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

Proof:
∞ ∞
1. 𝐿(𝑎) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑎( ) = − 𝑠 (𝑒 −∞ − 1) =
−𝑠 0 𝑠

∞ ∞
2. 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 1 1
= ( −(𝑠−𝑎) ) = − 𝑠−𝑎 (𝑒 −∞ − 1) = 𝑠−𝑎
0

∞ ∞
3. 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 1 1
= ( −(𝑠+𝑎) ) = − 𝑠+𝑎 (𝑒 −∞ − 1) = 𝑠+𝑎
0

∞
4. 𝐿(𝑡 𝑛 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥, 𝑠𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
∞ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ Γ(𝑛+1)
𝐿(𝑡 𝑛 ) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 ( 𝑠 ) = 𝑠𝑛+1 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠 𝑠𝑛+1
n!
If 𝑛 is a positive integer, Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛! And hence 𝐿(𝑡 𝑛 ) = 𝑠𝑛+1

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 1 1 1
5. 𝐿(sinh 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( ) = 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = ( − )
2 2 2 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠+𝑎
1 𝑠+𝑎−𝑠+𝑎 1 2𝑎 𝑎
= 2( ) = 2 (𝑠2 −𝑎2 ) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2
𝑠2 −𝑎2

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 1 1 1
6. 𝐿(cosh 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( ) = 2 𝐿(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) = 2 (𝑠−𝑎 + 𝑠+𝑎)
2
1 𝑠+𝑎+𝑠−𝑎 1 2𝑠 𝑠
= 2( ) = 2 (𝑠2 −𝑎2 ) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2
𝑠2 −𝑎2

𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 1 1 1 1
7. 𝐿(sin 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( ) = 2𝑖 𝐿(𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 ) = 2𝑖 (𝑠−𝑖𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑖𝑎)
2𝑖
1 𝑠+𝑖𝑎−𝑠+𝑖𝑎 1 2𝑖𝑎 𝑎
= 2𝑖 ( ) = 2𝑖 (𝑠2 −𝑎2 ) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑠2 +𝑎2

𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 1 1 1 1
8. 𝐿(cos 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( ) = 𝐿(𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡 ) = ( + )
2 2 2 𝑠−𝑖𝑎 𝑠+𝑖𝑎
1 𝑠+𝑖𝑎+𝑠−𝑖𝑎 1 2𝑠 𝑠
= 2( ) = 2 (𝑠2 −𝑎2 ) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑠2 +𝑎2

Laplace transform of elementary functions:

1. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕𝟑 − 𝟒𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓𝒆−𝒕 .
𝐿(𝑡 3 − 4𝑒 3𝑡 + 5𝑒 −𝑡 ) = 𝐿(𝑡 3 ) + 𝐿(−4𝑒 3𝑡 ) + 𝐿(5𝑒 −𝑡 )
= 𝐿(𝑡 3 ) − 4𝐿(𝑒 3𝑡 ) + 5𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 )
3! 4 5
= 𝑠4 − 𝑠−3 + 𝑠+1

2. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕

𝐿(cos 3𝑡 + 2𝑡 ) = 𝐿(cos 3𝑡) + 𝐿(2𝑡 )
𝑡
= 𝐿(cos 3𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑒 log 2 )
= 𝐿(cos 3𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑒 𝑡 log 2 )
𝑠 4
= 𝑠2 +9 − 𝑠−log 2

3. Find the Laplace transform of 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕

𝐿(3 cosh 4𝑡 + 4 sin 3𝑡 ) = 𝐿(3 cosh 4𝑡 ) + 𝐿(4 sin 3𝑡 )
= 3𝐿(cosh 4𝑡 ) + 4𝐿( sin 3𝑡 )
𝑠 3
= 3. 𝑠2 +16 + 4. 𝑠2 +9
3𝑠 12
= 𝑠2 +16 + 𝑠2 +9

4. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒂𝒕

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

2
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
𝐿(cosh2 𝑎𝑡) = 𝐿 ( )
2
1
= 4 𝐿(𝑒 2𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑡 + 2)
1
= 4 {𝐿(𝑒 2𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝐿(2)}
1 1 1 2
= 4 (𝑠−2𝑎 + 𝑠+2𝑎 + 𝑠 )

5. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟑 𝒕

3
𝑒 𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡
𝐿(sinh3 𝑡) = 𝐿 ( )
2
1
= 8 𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 2)

1
= 8 {𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 ) + 𝐿(𝑒 −2𝑡 ) − 𝐿(2)}

1 1 1 2
= 8 (𝑠−2 + 𝑠+2 − 𝑠 )

6. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒂𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒃𝒕

1+cos 2𝑎𝑡 1−cos 2𝑏𝑡
𝐿(cos 2 𝑎𝑡 + sin2 𝑏𝑡) = 𝐿 ( + )
2 2
1
= 2 𝐿(1 + cos 2𝑎𝑡 + 1 − cos 2𝑏𝑡)
1
= 𝐿(2 + cos 2𝑎𝑡 − cos 2𝑏𝑡)
2
1
= 2 {𝐿(2) + 𝐿(cos 2𝑎𝑡) − 𝐿(cos 2𝑏𝑡)}
1 2 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 +4𝑎2 − 𝑠2 +4𝑏2 )

7. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒕

1
𝐿(cos 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑏𝑡) = 𝐿 {2 [cos(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑡 + cos(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑡]}
1
= 2 {𝐿[cos(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑡] + 𝐿[cos(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑡]}
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 {𝑠2 +(𝑎+𝑏)2 + 𝑠2 +(𝑎−𝑏)2 }

8. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝟑𝒕

cos 3𝑥 = 4 cos3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
4 cos 3 𝑥 = cos 3𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥
1
𝐿(cos 3 3𝑡) = 𝐿 {4 (cos 9𝑡 + 3 cos 3𝑡)}
1
= 4 𝐿{cos 9𝑡 + 3 cos 3𝑡}
1 3
= 4 𝐿(cos 9𝑡) + 4 𝐿(cos 3𝑡)

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

1 𝑠 3 𝑠
= ( )+ ( )
4 𝑠2 +81 4 𝑠2 +9

𝟐, 𝟎<𝒕<𝟑
9. If 𝒇(𝒕) = { then find 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒕, 𝒕>𝟑
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
3 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2𝑑𝑡 + ∫3 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3 ∞
= 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫3 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3 ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 2 ( −𝑠 ) + (𝑡. − 1. )
0 −𝑠 𝑠2 3
∞
𝑒 −3𝑠 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 2( + ) − (𝑡. + )
−𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2 3
2 2 3 1
= (−𝑠 𝑒 −3𝑠 + 𝑠 ) − (0 + 0 − 𝑠 𝑒 −3𝑠 + 𝑠2 𝑒 −3𝑠 )
2 2 3 1
= 𝑠 + 𝑒 −3𝑠 (− 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑠2 )
2 1 1
= 𝑠 + 𝑒 −3𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )
𝟏, 𝟎<𝒕≤𝟏
10. If 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒕 , 𝟏 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐 then find 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝟎, 𝒕>𝟐
∞
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1 2 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (1) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (0) 𝑑𝑡
1 2
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫1 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= [ −𝑠 ] + [𝑡 ( −𝑠 ) − (1) ( )]
0 𝑠2 1

1 𝑡 1 2
= − 𝑠 (𝑒 −𝑠 − 1) − [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )]
1
𝑒 −𝑠 1 2 1 1 1
=− + 𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 ) + 𝑒 −𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )
𝑠

𝑒 −𝑠 1 2 1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠
=− + 𝑠 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 ) + +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2

1 𝑒 −𝑠 2 1
=𝑠+ − 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 )
𝑠2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

1.2 Properties of Laplace Transforms

Property 1: 𝑳[𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔+𝒂 and 𝑳[𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]𝒔→𝒔−𝒂

1. Find Laplace transform of 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝟑
𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 3 ) = [𝐿(𝑡 3 )]𝑠→𝑠−2
3!
= [𝑠 4 ]
𝑠→𝑠−2
6
= (𝑠−2)4

2. Find Laplace transform of 𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒕

1−cos 2𝑡
𝐿[sin2 𝑡] = 𝐿 ( )
2
1
= 2 𝐿(1 − cos 2𝑡)
1 1 𝑠
= 2 (𝑠 − 𝑠2 +4)

1 1 𝑠
𝐿(𝑒 3𝑡 sin2 𝑡) = 2 [𝑠 − 𝑠2 +4]
𝑠→𝑠−3

1 1 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠−3 − (𝑠−3)2 +4]

3. Find Laplace transform of 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕

1
𝐿(cos 5𝑡 cos 3𝑡) = 2 𝐿[cos(5𝑡 + 3𝑡) + cos(5𝑡 − 3𝑡)]
1
= 2 [𝐿(cos 8𝑡 + cos 2𝑡)]
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 [𝑠2 +64 + 𝑠2 +4]

1 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿(𝑒 −4𝑡 cos 5𝑡 cos 3𝑡) = 2 [𝑠2 +64 + 𝑠2 +4]
𝑠→𝑠+4

1 𝑠+4 𝑠+4
= 2 [(𝑠+4)2 +64 − (𝑠+4)2 +4]

4. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒕

𝑒 2𝑡 +𝑒 −2𝑡
𝐿[cosh 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡] = 𝐿 [( ) cos 2𝑡]
2
1
= 2 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 cos 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos 2𝑡]
1 1
= 2 𝐿[cos 2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠−2 + 2 𝐿[cos 2𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 [(𝑠2 +4) + (𝑠2 +4) ]
𝑠→𝑠−2 𝑠→𝑠+2
1 𝑠−2 𝑠+2
= 2 [(𝑠−2)2 +4 + (𝑠+2)2 +4]

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒅𝒏
Property 2: 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 𝒇(𝒕)] = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)]
𝒅𝒔𝒏

5. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂𝒕

𝑑
𝐿[𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡] = − 𝑑𝑠 𝐿[cos 𝑎𝑡]
𝑑 𝑠
= − 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 ).1−2𝑠.𝑠
= −( (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2
)
𝑠2 −𝑎2
= (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2

6. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕

𝑑2
𝐿[𝑡 2 sin 𝑡] = 𝑑𝑠2 𝐿[sin 𝑡]
𝑑2 1
= 𝑑𝑠2 (𝑠2 +1)
𝑑 −2𝑠
= 𝑑𝑠 ((𝑠2 +1)2 )
2
(𝑠2 +1) (−2)−𝑠.2(𝑠2 +1).2𝑠
= −2 [ (𝑠2 +1)4
]

2(𝑠2 +1)
= − (𝑠2 +1)4 [𝑠 2 + 1 − 4𝑠 2 ]
2
= − (𝑠2 +1)3 [1 − 3𝑠 2 ]
6𝑠2 −2
= (𝑠2 +1)3

7. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒕

𝑑
𝐿[𝑡 sin 4𝑡] = − 𝑑𝑠 𝐿[sin 4𝑡]
𝑑 4 𝐿[𝑡𝑒 −4𝑡 sin 4𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑡 sin 4𝑡]𝑠→𝑠+4
= − 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 +16)
8𝑠
= [(𝑠2 +16)2 ]
4.2𝑠 𝑠→𝑠+4
= − (− (𝑠2 +16)2 )
8(𝑠+4)
8𝑠
= ((𝑠2 +4)2 +16)2
= (𝑠2 +16)2

8. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕

1
𝐿[sin 3𝑡 cos 𝑡 ] = 2 𝐿[sin(3𝑡 + 𝑡) + sin(3𝑡 − 𝑡)]
1 1 4 2
= 2 𝐿[sin 4𝑡 + sin 2𝑡] = 2 (𝑠2 +16 + 𝑠2 +4)
𝑑 1 4 2
𝐿[𝑡 sin 3𝑡 cos 𝑡 ] = − 𝑑𝑠 2 (𝑠2 +16 + 𝑠2 +4)
1 4.2𝑠 2.2𝑠
= − 2 (− (𝑠2 +16)2 − (𝑠2 +4)2 )
4𝑠 2𝑠
= (𝑠2 +16)2 + (𝑠2 +4)2

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒇(𝒕) ∞
Property 3: 𝑳 [ ] = ∫𝒔 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] 𝒅𝒔
𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕
9. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕
sin 𝑎𝑡 ∞ 𝑠
𝐿( )= ∫𝑠 𝐿[sin 𝑎𝑡] 𝑑𝑠 = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 𝑎
𝑡
∞ 𝑎 𝜋 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 2 − tan−1 𝑎
𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝑠
𝑠 ∞ = cot −1 𝑎
= [tan−1 𝑎]
𝑠
𝒆−𝒂𝒕 −𝒆−𝒃𝒕
10. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑎 ∞
𝐿[ ] 1+
𝑠
𝑡 = [log ( 𝑏 )]
1+
∞ 𝑠 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ] 𝑑𝑠
𝑎
1+
𝑠
∞ 1 1 = log 1 − log ( 𝑏 )
= ∫𝑠 (𝑠+𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑏) 𝑑𝑠 1+
𝑠
𝑠+𝑎
= [log(𝑠 + 𝑎) − log(𝑠 + 𝑏)]∞
𝑠 = 0 − log 𝑠+𝑏
𝑠+𝑎 ∞ 𝑠+𝑏
= [log 𝑠+𝑏 ] = log 𝑠+𝑎
𝑠
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒕
11. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕

cos 𝑎𝑡−cos 𝑏𝑡
𝐿[ ]
𝑡

∞ ∞
= ∫𝑠 𝐿[cos 𝑎𝑡 − cos 𝑏𝑡] 𝑑𝑠 𝑎2
1+ 2
𝑠
= [log ( 𝑏2
)]
1+ 2
∞ 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
=∫𝑠 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 − 𝑠2 +𝑏2) 𝑑𝑠
𝑎2
1+ 2
𝑠
= log 1 − log ( 𝑏2
)
1
= 2 [log(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) − log(𝑠 2 + 𝑏 2 )]∞
𝑠
1+ 2
𝑠

𝑠2 +𝑎2
∞ = 0 − log 𝑠2 +𝑏2
𝑠2 +𝑎2
= [log 𝑠2 +𝑏2 ]
𝑠 𝑠2 +𝑏 2
= log 𝑠2 +𝑎2
𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒕
12. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒕
1−cos 𝑎𝑡 ∞ ∞
𝐿[ ]= ∫𝑠 𝐿[1 − cos 𝑎𝑡] 𝑑𝑠 ∞
𝑡 𝑠 1
= log [√𝑠2 ] = log [ ]
∞ 1 𝑠 +𝑎2 𝑠 √1+𝑎2
2
= ∫𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) 𝑑𝑠 𝑠
𝑠

1 ∞ 1
= [log 𝑠 − 2 log(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )] = log 1 − log 2
𝑠 √1+𝑎2
𝑠
∞
= [log 𝑠 − log √𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ]𝑠 𝑠 √𝑠2 +𝑎2
= 0 − log √𝑠2 = log
+𝑎2 𝑠

Dr.Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

1.3 Laplace transform of periodic functions

Definition:
A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be periodic if 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑛𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑇 > 0.
Example:
sin(𝑡 + 2𝑛𝜋) = sin 𝑡 , cos (𝑡 + 2𝑛𝜋) = cos 𝑡
Laplace transform of periodic function:
1 𝑇
If 𝑓(𝑡) is a periodic function of period T, 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

Note:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
= tanh 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑒 2 ) (𝑒 2 )

1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
Problems:
1. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function 𝒇(𝒕) defined by
𝟏, 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝒂
𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟎, 𝒂 < 𝒕 < 𝟐𝒂
1 𝑎
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 { −𝑠 }
0
1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= 𝑠(1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
1
= 𝑠(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )

2. If 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝟐 and 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐) = 𝒇(𝒕), 𝒕 > 𝟐 find 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] .

1 𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1 2
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
2
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑠 [𝑡 2 ( −𝑠 ) − 2𝑡 ( )]
𝑠2 0
1
= 𝑠3 (1−𝑒 −2𝑠 ) [1 − (2𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 1)𝑒 −2𝑠 ]

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝟏, 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝑻
3. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) = {
−𝟏, 𝑻 < 𝒕 < 𝟐𝑻
1 𝑇 2𝑇
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫𝑇 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡}
𝑇 2𝑇
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 { [ −𝑠 ] − [ −𝑠 ] }
0 𝑇
𝑇 2𝑇
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 { [ −𝑠 ] + [ −𝑠 ] }
0 𝑇
1 1
= 𝑠 (1−𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 ) (−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 + 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )
2
1 (1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )
=𝑠 (1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )(1+𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )

1 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇
=𝑠 1+𝑒 −𝑠𝑇
𝑠𝑇 𝑠𝑇
−
1 𝑒 2 −𝑒 2 1 𝑠𝑇
=𝑠 ( 𝑠𝑇 𝑠𝑇 ) = 𝑠 tanh ( 2 )
−
𝑒 2 +𝑒 2

4. A periodic function 𝒇(𝒕) of period 𝟐𝒂, 𝒕 > 𝟎 is defined by 𝒇(𝒕) =

𝑬, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 < 𝒂
{ Find 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)].
−𝑬, 𝒂 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂
1 2𝑎
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐸 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (−𝐸) 𝑑𝑡}
𝑎 2𝑎
𝐸 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 { [ −𝑠 ] + [ −𝑠 ] }
0 𝑎
𝐸 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 +1+𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= . ( )
𝑠 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠
𝐸 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
= 𝑠 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
𝐸 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
= (1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
𝑠

𝐸 𝑒 𝑎𝑠/2 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑠/2
= 𝑠
(𝑒 𝑎𝑠/2 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑠/2 )
𝐸 𝑎𝑠
= 𝑠 tanh ( 2 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝟑𝒕, 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝟐

5. For a periodic function 𝒇(𝒕) of period 4 defined by 𝒇(𝒕) = { find
𝟔, 𝟐 < 𝒕 < 𝟒
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)].

1 2 4
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −4𝑠 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 6 𝑑𝑡}

2 4
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −4𝑠 {3 [𝑡 −1 ] + 6 [ −𝑠 ] }
−𝑠 𝑠2 0 2

1 3 6
= 1−𝑒 −4𝑠 {𝑠2 [−𝑠𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ] − 𝑠 [𝑒 −4𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]}

1 3 6
= { [−𝑠𝑡𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]20 − [𝑒 −4𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]}
1−𝑒 −4𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠

1 3 6
= 1−𝑒 −4𝑠 {𝑠2 [−2𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 + 1] − 𝑠 [𝑒 −4𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ]}

1
= 𝑠2 (1−𝑒 −4𝑠 ) {−6𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 − 3𝑒 −2𝑠 + 3 − 6𝑠𝑒 −4𝑠 + 6𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 }

3 1−𝑒 −2𝑠 −2𝑠𝑒 −4𝑠

= 𝑠2 ( )
1−𝑒 −4𝑠

𝒕 , 𝟎≤𝒕≤𝒂
6. If 𝒇(𝒕) = { , 𝒇(𝒕 + 𝟐𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒕), Then show that
𝟐𝒂 − 𝒕, 𝒂 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝒂
𝟏 𝒂𝒔
𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = 𝒔𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 ( 𝟐 )
Proof:
1 2𝑎
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 {∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (2𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡}
𝑎 2𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 {(𝑡. − 1. ) + ((2𝑎 − 𝑡) − (−1) ) }
−𝑠 𝑠2 0 −𝑠 𝑠2 𝑎
1 1
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 . 𝑠2 {(−𝑠𝑡. 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )𝑎0 + (−𝑠(2𝑎 − 𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 )2𝑎
𝑎 }

1 1
= 12 −(𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2 . 𝑠2 {−𝑎𝑠𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 + 0 + 1 − 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 }
1 1
= (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ) . 𝑠2 {1 − 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 + 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 }
(1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2 1
= (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ) . 𝑠2
1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 1
= 1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 . 𝑠2
𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠
− −
𝑒 2 𝑒 2 −𝑒 2 1
= −
𝑎𝑠 . 𝑎𝑠
−
𝑎𝑠 . 𝑠2
𝑒 2 𝑒 2 +𝑒 2
1 𝑎𝑠
= 𝑠2 tanh 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

Note:
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥)
𝝅
𝟐𝝅
𝑬 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝝎
7. A periodic function of period is defined by 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝝎
𝟎 , ≤𝒕≤
𝝎 𝝎
𝑬𝝎
Prove that 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = −
𝝅𝒔 , where 𝑬 and 𝝎 are constants.
(𝒔𝟐 +𝝎𝟐 )(𝟏−𝒆 𝝎 )

Proof:
1 𝑇 2𝜋
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , 𝑇 = 𝜔
𝜋
1
=
−
2𝜋𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝜔
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
1
=
−
2𝜋𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐸 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜔
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
𝐸 𝜔 −𝑠𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝜋𝑠 ∫0 𝑒
−
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
𝐸 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝜔
= 2𝜋𝑠 [𝑠2 +𝜔2 (−𝑠 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡)]
− 0
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝜋
𝐸 1 −𝑠𝑡 (−𝑠
= 𝑠2 +𝜔2 . 2𝜋𝑠 [𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡)]𝜔
0
−
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝑠𝜋
𝐸 1
= 𝑠2 +𝜔2 . 2𝜋𝑠 [𝑒 − 𝜔 (0 + 𝜔) − 𝑒 0 (0 − 𝜔)]
−
1−𝑒 𝜔
𝑠𝜋
𝐸𝜔
= 2𝜋𝑠 . [𝑒 − 𝜔 + 1]
(𝑠2 +𝜔 2 )(1−𝑒 − 𝜔 )

𝜋𝑠
−
𝐸𝜔(1+𝑒 𝜔 )
= 𝜋𝑠 𝜋𝑠
(𝑠2 +𝜔 2 )(1−𝑒 − 𝜔 )(1+𝑒 − 𝜔 )

𝐸𝜔
= 𝜋𝑠
(𝑠2 +𝜔 2 )(1−𝑒 − 𝜔 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

 Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

1.4 Laplace transform of unit step function

Introduction:

 Unit step function: Unit step function of Heaviside function is given by

0, 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎
𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) = {
1, 𝑡 > 𝑎
 Application:
𝑓1 (𝑡), 𝑡 ≤ 𝑎
(1) If 𝑓(𝑡) = { then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)
𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑡 > 𝑎
𝑓1 (𝑡), 𝑡≤𝑎
(2) If 𝑓(𝑡) = {𝑓2 (𝑡), 𝑎 < 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 then
𝑓3 (𝑡), 𝑡>𝑏
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) + [𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)
 Laplace transform of unit step function:

𝐿[𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐿(1)

 Important results:

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑎)]

𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 + 𝑎)] = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)]

1. Find the Laplace transform of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝝅)

𝐿[sin 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)] = 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 𝜋)]
= −𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿(sin 𝑡)
𝑒 −𝜋𝑠
= − 1+𝑠2

2. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒆−𝒕 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟐)

𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)] = 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿[𝑒 −(𝑡+2) ]
= 𝑒 −2 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝑒 −2𝑠
= 𝑒 2 (𝑠+1)
𝝅
3. Find the Laplace transform of (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕)𝒖 (𝒕 − 𝟐 )
𝜋 𝜋𝑠 𝜋 𝜋
𝐿 [(sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)𝑢 (𝑡 − )] = 𝑒 − 2 𝐿 [sin (𝑡 + ) + cos (𝑡 + )]
2 2 2
𝜋𝑠
= 𝑒 − 2 𝐿[cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡]
𝜋𝑠 𝜋𝑠
𝑠 1 𝑠−1
= 𝑒 − 2 (𝑠2 +1 − 𝑠2 +1) = 𝑒 − 2 (𝑠2 +1)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

 Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

4. Find the Laplace transform of (𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏)𝒖(𝒕 − 𝟑)

𝐿[(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 − 1)𝑢(𝑡 − 3)] = 𝑒 −3𝑠 𝐿[(𝑡 + 3)2 + 2(𝑡 + 3) − 1]

= 𝑒 −3𝑠 𝐿[𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 14]

2 8 14
= 𝑒 −3𝑠 (𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + )
𝑠

5. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑳[(𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝒖(𝒕 + 𝟏)]

𝐿[(𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 1)𝑢(𝑡 + 1)] = 𝑒 𝑠 𝐿[(𝑡 − 1)2 + (𝑡 − 1) + 1]
= 𝑒 𝑠 𝐿(𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 1 + 𝑡 − 1 + 1)
= 𝑒 𝑠 𝐿(𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1)
2 1 1
= 𝑒 𝑠 (𝑠 3 − 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 )

6. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝒕, 𝒕 ≤ 𝟒
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟓, 𝒕 > 𝟒
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)
= 𝑡 + (5 − 𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 4)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑡) + 𝐿[(5 − 𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 4)]
= 𝐿(𝑡) + 𝑒 −4𝑠 𝐿{5 − (𝑡 + 4)}
1
= 𝑠2 + 𝑒 −4𝑠 𝐿(1 − 𝑡)
1 1 1
= 𝑠2 + 𝑒 −4𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑠2 )

7. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝒕𝟐 , 𝟏 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝟒𝒕, 𝒕>𝟐

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)

= 𝑡 2 + (4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝑡 2 ) + 𝐿[(4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 )𝑢(𝑡 − 2)]
= 𝐿(𝑡 2 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿{4(𝑡 + 2) − (𝑡 + 2)2 }
2
= 𝑠3 − 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿(4 − 𝑡 2 )
2 4 2
= 𝑠3 + 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑠3 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

 Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

8. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝝅 − 𝒕, 𝟎 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 , 𝒕>𝝅
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)
= (𝜋 − 𝑡) + [sin 𝑡 − (𝜋 − 𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿(𝜋 − 𝑡) + 𝐿{[sin 𝑡 − (𝜋 − 𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)]}
= 𝐿(𝜋 − 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 𝜋) − (𝜋 − (𝑡 + 𝜋))]
= 𝐿(𝜋 − 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 𝜋) + 𝑡]
= 𝐿(𝜋 − 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[−sin 𝑡 + 𝑡]
𝜋 1 1 1
= − 2 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (− 2 + 2)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 +1 𝑠

9. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕, 𝟎 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 , 𝒕>𝝅

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎)

= cos 𝑡 + [sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝐿{[sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)]}
= 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 𝜋) − cos(𝑡 + 𝜋)]
= 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[− sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡]
𝑠 1 𝑠
= 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (− 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1)

10. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 , 𝟎 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝝅
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝟏, 𝝅 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 , 𝒕 > 𝟐𝝅
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) + [𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)
= cos 𝑡 + [1 − cos 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋) + [sin 𝑡 − 1]𝑢(𝑡 − 2𝜋)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = L(cos 𝑡) + 𝐿{[1 − cos 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)} + 𝐿{[sin 𝑡 − 1]𝑢(𝑡 − 2𝜋)}
= 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[1 − cos(𝑡 + 𝜋)] + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin(𝑡 + 2𝜋) − 1]
= 𝐿(cos 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[1 + cos 𝑡] + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin 𝑡 − 1]
𝑠 1 𝑠 1 1
= 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑠2 +1) + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 (𝑠2 +1 − 𝑠 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

 Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

11. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 , 𝟎<𝒕≤𝝅
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = {𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 , 𝝅 < 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕 , 𝒕 > 𝟐𝝅

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) + [𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)

= sin 𝑡 + [sin 2𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋) + [sin 3𝑡 − sin 2𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 2𝜋)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = L(sin 𝑡) + 𝐿{[sin 2𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜋)} + 𝐿{[sin 3𝑡 − sin 2𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 2𝜋)}
= L(sin 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin 2(𝑡 + 𝜋) − sin(𝑡 + 𝜋)] + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin 3(𝑡 + 𝜋) − sin 2(𝑡 + 𝜋)]
= 𝐿(sin 𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 𝐿[sin 2𝑡 + sin 𝑡] + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝐿[− sin 3𝑡 − sin 2𝑡]
1 2 1 1 1
= 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (𝑠2 +22 + 𝑠2 +1) + 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 (− 𝑠2 +32 − 𝑠2 +22 )

12. Express the following in terms of unit step function and hence find the Laplace
𝟏, 𝟎<𝒕≤𝟏
transform: 𝒇(𝒕) = { 𝒕, 𝟏<𝒕≤𝟐
𝒕𝟐 , 𝒕>𝟐
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓1 (𝑡) + [𝑓2 (𝑡) − 𝑓1 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎) + [𝑓3 (𝑡) − 𝑓2 (𝑡)]𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)
= 1 + [𝑡 − 1]𝑢(𝑡 − 1) + [𝑡 2 − 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[1 + (𝑡 − 1)𝑢(𝑡 − 1) + (𝑡 2 − 𝑡)𝑢(𝑡 − 2)]
= 𝐿(1) + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝐿(𝑡) + 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿((𝑡 + 2)2 − (𝑡 + 2))
1 𝑒 −𝑠
=𝑠+ + 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 − 𝑡 + 4 − 2)
𝑠2
1 𝑒 −𝑠
=𝑠+ + 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝐿(𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 2)
𝑠2
1 𝑒 −𝑠 2 1 2
=𝑠+ + 𝑒 −2𝑠 (𝑠3 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠 )
𝑠2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

1.5 Inverse Laplace Transform of elementary functions

Introduction: If 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝑓(𝑡) then 𝑓(𝑡) is called inverse Laplace transform.

𝑎 𝑎
𝐿−1 ( 𝑠 ) = 𝑎 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) = sin 𝑎𝑡

1 𝑠
𝐿−1 (𝑠−𝑎) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) = cos 𝑎𝑡

1 𝑎
𝐿−1 (𝑠+𝑎) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 −𝑎2 ) = sinh 𝑎𝑡

1 𝑡𝑛 𝑠
𝐿−1 ( )= 𝐿−1 ( ) = cosh 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑛! 𝑠2 −𝑎2

(𝒔+𝟐)𝟑
1. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒔𝟔
(𝑠+2)3 𝑠3 +6𝑠2 +12𝑠+8
𝐿−1 { } = 𝐿−1 { }
𝑠6 𝑠6
1 6 12 8
= 𝐿−1 {𝑠3 + 𝑠4 + 𝑠5 + 𝑠6 }
𝑡2 6𝑡 3 12𝑡 4 8𝑡 5
= + + +
2! 3! 4! 5!
𝒔−𝟐
2. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔+𝟒)(𝒔+𝟓)
𝑠−2 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑠+4)(𝑠+5)
= 𝑠+4 + 𝑠+5

𝑠 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 4)

𝑠 = −4 ⇒ −4 − 2 = 𝐴(−4 + 5) ⇒ 𝐴 = −6

𝑠 = −5 ⇒ −5 − 2 = 𝐵(−5 + 4) ⇒ 𝐵 = 7

𝑠−2 6 7
𝐿−1 {(𝑠+4)(𝑠+5)} = 𝐿−1 {− 𝑠+4 + 𝑠+5}

= −6𝑒 −4𝑡 + 7𝑒 −5𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝟐𝒔−𝟓 𝟒𝒔
3. Find the inverse Laplace transform of +
𝟖𝒔𝟐 −𝟓𝟎 𝟗−𝒔𝟐

2𝑠−5 4𝑠 2 𝑠 5 1 𝑠
𝐿−1 {8𝑠2 −50 + 9−𝑠2 } = 𝐿−1 {8 50 −8 50 − 4 𝑠2 −9}
𝑠2 − 𝑠2 −
8 8
5
2 𝑠 5 2 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 {8 2 − . 2
− 4 𝑠2 −9}
5
𝑠2 −( ) 8 5 𝑠2 −(5)2
2 2
5
1 𝑠 1 𝑠
= 𝐿−1 {4 5 2 −4 5 2
2
− 4 𝑠2 −32 }
𝑠2 −( ) 𝑠2 −( )
2 2

1 5𝑡 1 5𝑡
= 4 cosh − 4 sinh − 4 cosh 3𝑡
2 2
𝟏
4. Find the inverse Laplace transform of
𝒔𝟒 −𝒂𝟒
1 1
𝐿−1 {𝑠4 −𝑎4 } = 𝐿−1 {(𝑠2 −𝑎2 )(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )}

1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 )−(𝑠2 −𝑎2 )

= 2𝑎2 𝐿−1 { (𝑠2 −𝑎2 )(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )
}
1 1 1
= 2𝑎2 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 −𝑎2 − 𝑠2 +𝑎2 }
1 𝑎 𝑎
= 2𝑎3 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 −𝑎2 − 𝑠2 +𝑎2 }
1
= 2𝑎3 𝐿−1 {sinh 𝑎𝑡 − sin 𝑎𝑡}
𝟐𝒔−𝟏
5. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒔𝟐 +𝟓
2𝑠−1 𝑠 1
𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +5} = 𝐿−1 {2 𝑠2 +5 − 𝑠2 +5}
𝑠 1
= 𝐿−1 {2 2 − 2 }
𝑠2 +√5 𝑠2 +√5

𝑠 1 √5
= 𝐿−1 {2 2 − 2 }
𝑠2 +√5 √5 𝑠2 +√5
1
= 2 cos √5𝑡 − sin √5𝑡
√5
𝒔+𝟐 𝟒𝒔−𝟏
6. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒔𝟐 +𝟑𝟔 + 𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓
𝑠+2 4𝑠−1 𝑠 1 𝑠 1
𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +36 + 𝑠2 +25} = 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +36 + 2 𝑠2 +36 + 4 𝑠2 +25 − 𝑠2 +25}
𝑠 1 𝑠 1
= 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +62 + 2 𝑠2 +62 + 4 𝑠2 +52 − 𝑠2 +52 }
𝑠 2 6 𝑠 1 5
= 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +62 + 6 𝑠2 +62 + 4 𝑠2 +52 − 5 𝑠2 +52 }
1 1
= cos 6𝑡 + 3 sin 6𝑡 + 4 cos 5𝑡 − 5 sin 5𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝟑𝒔+𝟓√𝟐
7. Find the inverse Laplace transform of
𝒔𝟐 +𝟖

3𝑠+5√2 𝑠 1
𝐿−1 { } = 𝐿−1 {3 2 + 5√2 2 }
𝑠2 +8 𝑠2 +(2√2) 𝑠2 +(2√2)

𝑠 5√2 2√2
= 𝐿−1 {3 2 + 2√2 2 }
𝑠2 +(2√2) 𝑠2 +(2√2)
5
= 3 cos 2√2𝑡 + 2 sin 2√2𝑡
𝟏
8. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)

1 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +1)
= 𝑠+1 + 𝑠2 +1

1 = 𝐴(𝑠 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶)(𝑠 + 1)

1
𝑠 = −1 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴(1 + 1) ⇒ 𝐴 = 2

1
𝑠 2 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = − 2

1 1
𝑠 = 0⇒1= 𝐴+𝐶 ⇒𝐶 = 1−2=2

1 1/2 𝑠/2 1/2

𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +1)} = 𝐿−1 {𝑠+1 − 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1} , [By Partial fraction]

1 1 𝑠 1
= 2 𝐿−1 {𝑠+1 − 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1}
1
= 2 (𝑒 −𝑡 − cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)
𝒔
9. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔−𝟑)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒)
𝑠 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶
(𝑠−3)(𝑠2 +4)
= 𝑠−3 + 𝑠2 +4

𝑠 = 𝐴(𝑠 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶)(𝑠 − 3)

3
𝑠 = 3 ⇒ 3 = 𝐴(9 + 4) ⇒ 𝐴 = 13
3
𝑠 2 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −
13
4 4
𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 4𝐴 − 3𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 3 𝐴 = 13
3 3 4
𝑠 𝑠
𝐿−1 {(𝑠−3)(𝑠2 +4)} = 𝐿−1 { 𝑠−3
13
− 𝑠213+22 + 13
}
𝑠2 +22

3 1 3 𝑠 4 1
= 𝐿−1 {13 𝑠−3 − 13 𝑠2 +22 + 13 𝑠2 +22 }
3 1 3 𝑠 4 2 3 3 2
= 𝐿−1 {13 𝑠−3 − 13 𝑠2 +22 + 26 𝑠2 +22 } = 13 𝑒 3𝑡 − 13 cos 2𝑡 + 13 sin 2𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝟐 𝟓 𝟕
10. Find the inverse Laplace transform of + −
𝒔√𝒔 𝒔𝟐 √𝒔 √𝒔

2 5 7 1 1 1
𝐿−1 {𝑠 + 𝑠2 − } = 𝐿−1 {2 3 +5 5 − 7 1} , [By Partial fraction]
√𝑠 √𝑠 √𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑠2

1 1 1
= 𝐿−1 {2 1 +5 3 −7 1 }
+1 +1 − +1
𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑠 2
1 3 1
−
𝑡2 𝑡2 𝑡 2
=2 1 +5 3 −7 1
Γ( +1) Γ( +1) Γ(− +1)
2 2 2

2√𝑡 5𝑡√𝑡 7
=1 1 +3 3 − 1
Γ( ) Γ( ) √𝑡Γ(2)
2 2 2 2

2√𝑡 5𝑡√𝑡 7
=1 1 + 31 1 − 1
Γ( ) . .Γ( ) √𝑡Γ(2)
2 2 22 2

1 2√𝑡 5𝑡√𝑡 7
= { 1 + 31 − }
√ 𝜋 . √𝑡
2 22

1 20 7
= {4√𝑡 + 𝑡 √𝑡 − }
√𝜋 3 √𝑡

Note: 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] and 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)] = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]

𝒔+𝟓
11. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑
𝑠+5 (𝑠−3)+8
𝐿−1 { } = 𝐿−1 { }
𝑠2 −6𝑠+13 𝑠2 −6𝑠+9+4
(𝑠−3)+8
= 𝐿−1 {(𝑠−3)2 +22}
𝑠+8
= 𝑒 3𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +22 } [∵ 𝐵𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦]
𝑠 2
= 𝑒 3𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +22 + 4 𝑠2 +22 }

= 𝑒 3𝑡 [cos 2𝑡 + 4 sin 2𝑡]

𝟓𝒔+𝟑
12. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔−𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝒔+𝟓)
5𝑠+3 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶
(𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)
= 𝑠−1 + 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5

5𝑠 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5) + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶)(𝑠 − 1)

𝑠 = 1 ⇒ 5 + 3 = 𝐴(1 + 2 + 5) ⇒ 𝐴 = 1.
𝑠 2 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1.
𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 3 = 5𝐴 − 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

5𝑠+3 1 −𝑠+2
𝐿−1 {(𝑠−1)(𝑠2 } = 𝐿−1 { + }
+2𝑠+5) 𝑠−1 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5
1 3−(𝑠+1)
= 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1 + (𝑠+1)2 +4}
1 3 (𝑠+1)
= 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1 + (𝑠+1)2 +4 − (𝑠+1)2 +4}
1 3 (𝑠+1)
= 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1} + 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2 +4} − 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2 +4}
3 𝑠
= 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +22 } − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +22 }
3 2
= 𝑒 𝑡 + 2 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +22 } − 𝑒 −𝑡 cos 2𝑡
3
= 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 2𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 cos 2𝑡
2
𝟒𝒔+𝟓
13. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒔+𝟐)
4𝑠+5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(𝑠−1)2 (𝑠+2)
= 𝑠−1 + (𝑠−1)2 + 𝑠+2

4𝑠 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1)2

Put 𝑠 = 1, 9 = 3𝐵, 𝐵 = 3.
1
Put 𝑠 = −2, −3 = 9𝐶, 𝐶 = − 3
1
Equating 𝑠 2 terms, 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶, 𝐴 = −𝐶 = − 3
4𝑠+5 1/3 3 1/3
𝐿−1 {(𝑠−1)2 (𝑠+2)} = 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1 + (𝑠−1)2 − 𝑠+2}
1 1
= 3 𝑒 𝑡 + 3𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 − 3 𝑒 −2𝑡
𝒔𝟐
14. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔−𝟐)𝟑

𝒔𝟐 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
(𝒔−𝟐)𝟑
= 𝒔−𝟐 + (𝒔−𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒔−𝟐)𝟑

𝑠 2 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶

Put 𝑠 = 2, 4 = 𝐶
Equating 𝑠 2 terms, 1 = 𝐴
Equating 𝑠 terms, 0 = −4 + 𝐵, 𝐵 = 4
𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝟒 𝟒
𝐿−1 {(𝒔−𝟐)𝟑 } = 𝐿−1 {𝒔−𝟐 + (𝒔−𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒔−𝟐)𝟑 }
1 1
= 𝑒 2𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 ) + 4𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 (𝑠3 )
𝑡2
= 𝑒 2𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 + 4𝑒 2𝑡 2
2𝑡 2
= 𝑒 (1 + 4𝑡 + 2𝑡 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒔+𝟑
15. Find the inverse Laplace transform of
𝒔𝟐 −𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑
𝑠+3 (𝑠−2)+5
𝐿−1 {𝑠2 −4𝑠+13} = 𝐿−1 {(𝑠−2)2 +9}
𝑠+5
= 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +9}
𝑠 5
= 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +9 + 𝑠2 +9}
𝑠 5 3
= 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +32 + 3 }
𝑠2 +32
5
= 𝑒 2𝑡 {cos 3𝑡 + 3 sin 3𝑡}

Note: 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭′ (𝒔)] = −𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)]

𝒔
16. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒂)
𝒔
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = cot −1 (𝒂)
1 1 𝑎
𝐹 ′ (𝑠) = 𝑠2
(𝑎) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2
1+ 2
𝑎

𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)] = −𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]

−𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
1
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
𝑠
𝐿−1 {cot −1 (𝑎)}
1 𝑎
= − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +𝑎2 ]
1
= − 𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝟐
17. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝟐 )
𝒔
2
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = tan−1 (𝑠2 )
1 4
𝐹 ′ (𝑠) = 2 2
(− 𝑠3 )
1+( 2 )
𝑠

𝑠4 4
= (𝑠2 )2 +22 (− 𝑠3 )
−4𝑠
= (𝑠2 )2 +22
−4𝑠
= (𝑠2 +2)2 −4𝑠2
−4𝑠
= (𝑠2 +2𝑠+2)(𝑠2 −2𝑠+2)
(𝑠2 −2𝑠+2)−(𝑠2 +2𝑠+2)
= (𝑠2 +2𝑠+2)(𝑠2 −2𝑠+2)
1 1
= −
𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 𝑠2 −2𝑠+2
1 1
= (𝑠+1)2 +1 − (𝑠−1)2 +1

𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)] = −𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]

−𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
1
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
2 1 1 1
𝐿−1 {tan−1 (𝑠2 )} = − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)2 +1 − (𝑠−1)2 +1]
1 1 1
= − 𝑡 {𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +1) − 𝑒 𝑡 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +1)}
1
= − 𝑡 {𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 } sin 𝑡
2
= 𝑡 sinh 𝑡 sin 𝑡

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒔𝟐 +𝟏
18. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒍𝒐𝒈√𝒔𝟐 +𝟒

𝑠2 +1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = log √𝑠2 +4

1 𝑠2 +1
= 2 {log (𝑠2 +4)}
1
= 2 {log(𝑠 2 + 1) − log(𝑠 2 + 4)}
1 2𝑠 2𝑠
𝐹 ′ (𝑠) = 2 {𝑠2 +1 − 𝑠2 +4}

𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)] = −𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]

−𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
1
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
𝑠
𝐿−1 {cot −1 (𝑎)}
1 𝑎
= − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +𝑎2 ]
1
= − 𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡
𝒂𝟐
19. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 − 𝒔𝟐 )
𝑎2 𝑠2 −𝑎2
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = log (1 − 𝑠2 ) = log ( ) = log(𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 ) − log 𝑠 2
𝑠2
2𝑠 2
𝐹 ′ (𝑠) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2 − 𝑠

𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)] = −𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]

−𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
1
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
𝑎2 1 2𝑠 2
𝐿−1 {log (1 − 𝑠2 )} = − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 −𝑎2 − 𝑠 ]
1
= − 𝑡 {2 cosh 𝑎𝑡 − 2}
2
= 𝑡 {1 − cosh 𝑎𝑡 }

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒔𝟐 +𝟏
20. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒔(𝒔+𝟏)

𝑠2 +1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = log (𝑠(𝑠+1))

= log(𝑠 2 + 1) − log 𝑠 − log(𝑠 + 1)

2𝑠 1 1
𝐹 ′ (𝑠) = 𝑠2 +1 − 𝑠 − 𝑠+1

𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)] = −𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]

−𝑡𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
1
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝐹 ′ (𝑠)]
𝑠2 +1 1 2𝑠 1 1
𝐿−1 {log (𝑠(𝑠+1))} = − 𝑡 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +1 − 𝑠 − 𝑠+1]
1
= − 𝑡 {2 cos 𝑡 − 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 }

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

1.6 Solution of Linear Differential Equations

Introduction:
∞
𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑦 ′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑦
∞
= [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑦]∞
0 − ∫0 𝑦 𝑑(𝑒
−𝑠𝑡 )

∞
= [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑦]∞
0 − ∫0 𝑦 (−𝑠)𝑒
−𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡

= 0 − 𝑦(0) + 𝑠𝐿(𝑦)
Laplace Transform of the derivatives:
𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] = 𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)
𝐿[𝑦"(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)
𝐿[𝑦′′′(𝑡)] = 𝑠 3 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑠𝑦′(0) − 𝑦"(0)
Working rule:
 Express the given differential equation using 𝑦 ′ (𝑡), 𝑦"(𝑡) and 𝑦′′′(𝑡)
 Take Laplace transform on both sides.
 Apply Laplace transform of the derivatives formula.
 Substitute the initial conditions.
 Obtain 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] as a function of 𝑠.
 Obtain 𝑓(𝑡) using inverse Laplace transform.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

Problems:

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
1. Solve the initial value problem + 𝟒 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕 , 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎 by
𝒅𝒕𝟐
using Laplace transforms.

𝑦" + 4𝑦′ + 4𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿(𝑦" + 4𝑦′ + 4𝑦) = 𝐿(𝑒 −𝑡 )
1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦′(0) + 4[𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)] + 4𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠+1

Put 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

1
(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 4)𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠+1
1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑠+1 + 𝑠+2 + (𝑠+2)2

1 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)

Put 𝑠 = −1, 1 = 𝐴
Put 𝑠 = −2, 1 = −𝐶, 𝐶 = −1
Equating 𝑠 2 terms, 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵, 𝐵 = −𝐴 = −1.
1 1 1
𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠+1 − 𝑠+2 − (𝑠+2)2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 (𝑠+1 − 𝑠+2 − (𝑠+2)2 )
1 1 1
= 𝐿−1 (𝑠+1) − 𝐿−1 (𝑠+2) − 𝐿−1 ((𝑠+2)2 )

= 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑡 − (1 + 𝑡)𝑒 −2𝑡
This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒅𝒚
2. Solve the equation + 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕, given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒕

𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,

𝐿(𝑦 ′ ) + 𝐿(𝑦) = 𝐿(sin 𝑡)

1
{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1

Put 𝑦(0) = 0
1
(𝑠 + 1)𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1
1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +1)

𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶
= 𝑠+1 + 𝑠2 +1
1 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶
= 𝑠+1 +
(𝑠+1)(𝑠2 +1) 𝑠2 +1

1 = 𝐴(𝑠 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶)(𝑠 + 1)

1 1
Put 𝑠 = −1, 𝐴 = 12 +1 = 2
1
Equating 𝑠 2 terms, 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = − 2
1
Equating 𝑠 terms, 0 = 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2
1 1 1
− 𝑠+
2 2 2
𝐿(𝑦) = +
𝑠+1 𝑠2 +1

1 1 𝑠 1
= 2 {𝑠+1 − 𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1}

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 𝑠 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 { − 2 + 2 }
2 𝑠+1 𝑠 +1 𝑠 +1
1
= 2 [𝑒 −𝑡 − cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡]

This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. Solve the equation +𝟓 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟓𝒆𝟐𝒕 , given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐, (𝟎) = 𝟏.
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝑦 ′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 5𝑒 2𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 5𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 6𝐿{𝑦} = 5𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 }
5
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 5{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 6𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠−2

Put 𝑦(0) = 2 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1,

5
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 2𝑠 − 1 + 5𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 10 + 6𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠−2 ,
5
(𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6)𝐿(𝑦) = + 2𝑠 + 11
𝑠−2
5 2𝑠+11
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠−2)(𝑠2 +5𝑠+6)
+ 𝑠2 +5𝑠+6
5 2𝑠+11
= (𝑠−2)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3) + (𝑠+2)(𝑠+3)

1 1 5 1 1 7 5
= 4 . 𝑠−2 − 4 . 𝑠+2 + 𝑠+3 − 𝑠+2 − 𝑠+3 [By partial fraction]

Taking the inverse Laplace transforms,

1 1 5 1 1 7 5
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {4 . 𝑠−2 − 4 . 𝑠+2 + 𝑠+3 − 𝑠+2 − 𝑠+3}
1 1 5 1 1 1 1
= 4 𝐿−1 {𝑠−2} − 4 𝐿−1 {𝑠+2} + 𝐿−1 {𝑠+3} − 7𝐿−1 {𝑠+2} − 5𝐿−1 {𝑠+3}
1 5
= 4 𝑒 2𝑡 − 4 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑒 −3𝑡 − 7𝑒 −2𝑡 − 5𝑒 −3𝑡
1 33
= 4 𝑒 2𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 4𝑒 −3𝑡
4

This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. Solve the IVP −𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 , given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟐, (𝟎) = −𝟏 by using
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Laplace transform.
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } − 2𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 }
1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} − 2{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠−2
Put 𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1
1
(𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 2𝑠 + 1) − 2 (𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 2) + 𝐿(𝑦) = ,
𝑠−2
1
(𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1)𝐿(𝑦) = 2𝑠 − 5 +
𝑠−2
2𝑠−5 1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠−1)2 + (𝑠−2)(𝑠−1)2

2(𝑠−1)−3 1 1 1
= + {𝑠−2 − 𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2 }, By partial fractions
(𝑠−1)2

1 4 1
= 𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2 + 𝑠−2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 4 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2 + 𝑠−2}

= 𝑒 𝑡 − 4𝑡𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡
This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

5. Using the Laplace transform method, Solve the initial value problem,
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
− 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + 𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 , 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟎, (𝟎) = −𝟏.
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

𝑥 ′′ − 2𝑥 ′ + 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑥 ′′ } − 2𝐿{𝑥 ′ } + 𝐿{𝑥} = 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 }
1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑥) − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥 ′ (0)} − 2{𝑠𝐿(𝑥) − 𝑥(0)} + 𝐿(𝑥) = ,
𝑠−2

Put 𝑥(0) = 0, 𝑥 ′ (0) = −1,

1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑥) + 1 − 2𝑠𝐿(𝑥) + 𝐿(𝑥) =
𝑠−2
1
(𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 + 1)𝐿(𝑥) = −1
𝑠−2
1
(𝑠 − 1)2 𝐿(𝑥) = −1
𝑠−2

1 1
𝐿(𝑥) = −
(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 1)2 (𝑠 − 1)2
1 1 1 1
= 𝑠−2 − 𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2 − (𝑠−1)2 [By partial fractions]
1 1 2
𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑠−2 − 𝑠−1 − (𝑠−1)2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {𝑠−2} − 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1} − 2𝐿−1 {(𝑠−1)2 }

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 − 2𝑡𝑒 𝑡 .
This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
6. Solve the equation +𝟒 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕 with 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏 = 𝒚′ (𝟎), using Laplace
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕
transform.
𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 4𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 3𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 }
1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 4{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 3𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠+1

Put 𝑦(0) = 1 and 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1,

1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠 − 1 + 4𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 4 + 3𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠+1
1
(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 3)𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠 + 5) +
𝑠+1
1
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3)𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠 + 5) + 𝑠+1
𝑠+5 1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠+3)(𝑠+1) + (𝑠+3)(𝑠+1)2

2 1 1 1 1 2
= {𝑠+1 − 𝑠+3} + 4 {𝑠+3 − 𝑠+1 + (𝑠+1)2 }, [By partial fractions]
7 1 3 1 1 1
= 4 . 𝑠+1 − 4 . 𝑠+3 + 2 . (𝑠+1)2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

7 1 3 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 4 𝐿−1 {𝑠+1} − 4 𝐿−1 {𝑠+3} + 2 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2 }
7 3 1
= 4 𝑒 −𝑡 − 4 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡

This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
7. Solve the equation −𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐𝒕 given that 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒 2𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } − 3𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{1} − 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 }
1 1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} − 3{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 2𝐿(𝑦) = −
𝑠 𝑠−2

Put 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

1 1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠 − 3𝑠𝐿(𝑦) + 3 + 2𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠 − 𝑠−2
1 1
(𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠 − 3 + −
𝑠 𝑠−2
𝑠−3 1 1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) + 𝑠(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) − (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)2

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2) + (2𝑠 − 𝑠−1 + 2(𝑠−2)) − (𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2 + (𝑠−2)2 ) [By partial fraction

1 1 1 1
= 2 (𝑠 + 𝑠−2) − (𝑠−2)2

Taking inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 𝐿−1 (𝑠 + 𝑠−2) − 𝐿−1 {(𝑠−2)2 }
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 (1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 ) − 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡

This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
8. Solve the IVP, −𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟒𝒕 + 𝒆𝟑𝒕 , 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = −𝟏, using the
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕
Laplace transforms.
𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 4𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡
Taking Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } − 3𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦} = 4𝐿{𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑒 3𝑡 }
4 1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} − 3{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 2𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠2 + 𝑠−3

Put 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1

4 1
𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠 + 1 − 3𝑠𝐿(𝑦) + 3 + 2𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠2 + 𝑠−3
4 1
(𝑠 2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝐿(𝑦) = 𝑠 − 4 + + 𝑠−3
𝑠2
𝑠−4 4 1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) + 𝑠2 (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2) + (𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)

3 2 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2) + (𝑠 + 𝑠2 − 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2) + (2 . 𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2 + 2 𝑠−3)
1 1 2 1 1 3 2
= − 2 . 𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2 + 2 . 𝑠−3 + 𝑠 + 𝑠2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 2 1 1 3 2
𝑦(𝑡) = − 2 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1} − 𝐿−1 {𝑠−2} + 2 𝐿−1 {𝑠−3} + 𝐿−1 {𝑠 } + 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 }
1 1
= − 2 𝑒 𝑡 − 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 2 𝑒 3𝑡 + 3 + 2𝑡

This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
9. Solve +𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕, under the conditions 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚′(𝟎) = 𝟎.
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦 ′ } − 3𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡}
1
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 2{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} − 3𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1

Put 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

1
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 3)𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1
1
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠+3)(𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +1) ------ (1)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑠+𝐸
= 𝑠+3 + 𝑠−1 + 𝑠2 +1
(𝑠+3)(𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +1)

1 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑠 + 𝐸)(𝑠 + 3)(𝑠 − 1)

Taking 𝑠 = 1, −3, 0 and −1 respectively,
1 = 8𝐵, 1 = −40𝐴, 1 = −𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 3𝐸, 1 = −4𝐴 + 4𝐵 − 4(𝐸 − 𝐶)
1 1 1 1
These give 𝐴 = − 40 , 𝐵 = 8 , 𝐸 = −5 , 𝐶 = − 10
1 1 1 1 1 𝑠 2
𝐿(𝑦) = − 40 . 𝑠+3 + 8 . 𝑠−1 − 10 (𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1)

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

1 1 1 1 1 𝑠 2
𝑦(𝑡) = − 40 𝐿−1 {𝑠+3} + 8 𝐿−1 {𝑠−1} − 10 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +1 + 𝑠2 +1)
1 1 1
= − 40 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 8 𝑒 𝑡 − 10 (cos 𝑡 + 2 sin 𝑡)

This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT

10

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

10. Solve the initial value problem 𝒚′′ + 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕, with the conditions
𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟎.
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 5 sin 𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform,
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦} = 5 sin 𝑡
5
{𝑠 2 𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 2{𝑠𝐿(𝑦) − 𝑦(0)} + 2𝐿(𝑦) =
𝑠2 +1

Put 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

5
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2)𝐿(𝑦) =
(𝑠2 +1)

5
𝐿(𝑦) = (𝑠2 +2𝑠+2)(𝑠2 +1)
2𝑠+3 2𝑠−1
= 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 − 𝑠2 +1 [By partial fractions]

Taking the inverse Laplace transform,

2(𝑠+1) 1 𝑠 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2 +1} + 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2 +1} − 2𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +1} + 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +1}

= 2𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 2 cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡

This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT

11

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

11. Solve the equation 𝒚′′ + 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕, under the conditions
𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟏
Given equation is 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡
Taking the Laplace transform of the given equation, we obtain
𝐿{𝑦 ′′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦 ′ } + 5𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡}
1
{𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 2{𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)} + 5𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠+1)2 +1

Using the given conditions, this becomes

1
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5)𝑌(𝑠) = 1 +
(𝑠+1)2 +1

1 1
𝑌(𝑠) = + (𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)(𝑠2 +2𝑠+2)
(𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)

1 1 1 1
= (𝑠2 +2𝑠+5) + 3 {(𝑠2 +2𝑠+2) − (𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)} using the partial fraction

1 1 2
= 3 {𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 + 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5}
1 1 2
= 3 {(𝑠+1)2 +1 + (𝑠+1)2 +4}

Taking the inverse Laplace transform of this, we obtain

1 1 2
𝐿−1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 3 𝐿−1 {(𝑠+1)2 +1 + (𝑠+1)2 +4}

1
𝑦(𝑡) = 3 {𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 2𝑡}

This is the required solution.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT

12

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

1.7 Convolution Theorem

If 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒇(𝒕) and 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑮(𝒔)] = 𝒈(𝒕) then
𝒕
𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔). 𝑮(𝒔)] = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒖)𝒈(𝒕 − 𝒖)𝒅𝒖.
𝒔𝟐
1. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 {(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐)(𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )}
𝑠 𝑠
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑏2
𝑠
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) = cos 𝑎𝑡
𝑠
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑏2) = cos 𝑏𝑡
𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
Therefore,
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿−1 [(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )(𝑠2 +𝑏2)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +𝑎2 . 𝑠2 +𝑏2 ]
𝑡
= ∫0 cos 𝑎𝑢 cos 𝑏(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 [cos(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢) + cos(𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑢)]𝑑𝑢
1 sin(𝑎𝑢+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑢) sin(𝑎𝑢−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑢) 𝑡
= 2[ + ]
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 0
1 sin(𝑎𝑡+𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑡) sin(𝑎𝑡−𝑏𝑡+𝑏𝑡) 1 sin(𝑏𝑡) sin(−𝑏𝑡)
= 2[ + ]− 2[ + ]
𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
1 sin 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 1 sin 𝑏𝑡 sin 𝑏𝑡
= 2 [ 𝑎−𝑏 + ] − 2 [ 𝑎−𝑏 − ]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑎+𝑏+𝑎−𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑡 𝑎+𝑏−𝑎+𝑏
= [ ]− [ ]
2 𝑎2 −𝑏2 2 𝑎2 −𝑏2
sin 𝑎𝑡 2𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑡 2𝑏
= [𝑎2 −𝑏2 ] − [𝑎2 −𝑏2]
2 2
𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑡−𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑡
= 𝑎2 −𝑏 2

𝒔
2. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐 ]
(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )

1 𝑠
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2

1 sin at
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) = a

𝑠
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) = cos 𝑎𝑡

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

Therefore,

𝑠 1 𝑠
𝐿−1 [(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 ] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +𝑎2 . 𝑠2 +𝑎2 ]

𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑢
= ∫0 cos 𝑎(𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑎

1 𝑡
= 2𝑎 ∫0 [sin(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) + sin(𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑢)]𝑑𝑢

1 cos (2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡) 𝑡
= 2𝑎 [𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 − ]
2𝑎 0

1 1
= [(𝑡 − 0) sin 𝑎𝑡 − (cos 𝑎𝑡 − cos 𝑎𝑡)]
2𝑎 2𝑎

𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡
= 2𝑎

𝟏
3. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )]
1 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠

1 1
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +𝑎2 ) = sin 𝑎𝑡
𝑎

1
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 ( ) = 𝑒 0𝑡 1
𝑠

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Therefore,

𝑠 1 1
𝐿−1 [𝑠(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +𝑎2 . 𝑠 ]

𝑡1
= ∫0 𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑡
= 𝑎 ∫0 [sin 𝑎𝑢]𝑑𝑢

1 −cos 𝑎𝑢 𝑡
= 𝑎[ ]
𝑎 0

1
= 𝑎2 [− cos 𝑎𝑡 + 1]

1
= 𝑎2 (1 − cos 𝑎𝑡)

𝒔
4. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔−𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒)]

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝑠 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = , 𝐺(𝑠) =
𝑠2 +4 𝑠−1

𝑠
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +4) = cos 2𝑡

1
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠−1) = 𝑒 𝑡

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Therefore,

𝑠 𝑠 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)(𝑠2 +4)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +4 . 𝑠−1]

𝑡
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑡
= ∫0 [cos 2𝑢 . 𝑒 𝑡−𝑢 ]𝑑𝑢

𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑡 ∫0 [𝑒 −𝑢 cos 2𝑢]𝑑𝑢

𝑒 −𝑢 𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑡 [ 1+4 (− cos 2𝑢 + 2 sin 2𝑢)]
0

𝑒𝑡
= [𝑒 −𝑡 (− cos 2𝑡 + 2 sin 2𝑡) + 1 + 0]
5

1
= 5 (2 sin 2𝑡 − cos 2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 )

𝒔
5. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝟐)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟗)]
𝑠 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +9 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠+2

𝑠
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +9) = cos 3𝑡

1
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠+2) = 𝑒 −2𝑡

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Therefore,

𝑠 𝑠 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠+2)(𝑠2 +9)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +9 . 𝑠+2]

𝑡
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

𝑡
= ∫0 [cos 3𝑢 . 𝑒 −2(𝑡−𝑢) ]𝑑𝑢

𝑡
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 ∫0 [𝑒 2𝑢 cos 3𝑢]𝑑𝑢

𝑡
𝑒 2𝑢
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 [4+9 (2 cos 3𝑢 + 3 sin 3𝑢)]
0

𝑒 −2𝑡
= [𝑒 2𝑡 (2 cos 3𝑡 + 3 sin 3𝑡) − 2]
13

1 2
= 13 (2 cos 3𝑡 + 3 sin 3𝑡) − 13 𝑒 −2𝑡

𝟏
6. By employing convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟑 (𝒔𝟐+𝟏)]

1 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +1 , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠3

1
Then 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠2 +1) = sin 𝑡

1 𝑡2
And 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 (𝑠3 ) = 2!

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠). 𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

Therefore,

1 1 1
𝐿−1 [𝑠3 (𝑠2 +1)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +1 . 𝑠3 ]

𝑡
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑡 (𝑡−𝑢)2
= ∫0 [sin 𝑢 . ] 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑡
= 2 ∫0 [ (𝑡 2 − 2𝑢𝑡 + 𝑢2 ) sin 𝑢]𝑑𝑢

1
= 2 [(𝑡 2 − 2𝑢𝑡 + 𝑢2 )(− cos 𝑢) − (2𝑢 − 2𝑡)(− sin 𝑢) + 2 cos 𝑢 ]𝑡0

1
= 2 [2 cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 − 2]

𝑡2
= cos 𝑡 + −1
2

1 2
= 13 (2 cos 3𝑡 + 3 sin 3𝑡) − 13 𝑒 −2𝑡

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store Go Digital, Go Green, Save Paper

Download VTU Connect App Now From Google Play Store