Topic: MENSURATION

Learning Objectives
By the end of the lesson you will be able to:

➢Define mensuration.
➢Find the perimeter and area of 2-dimensional shapes
 INTRODUCTION

• Geometry is an important area of study. Many professions and tasks

require and use geometrical concepts and its associated techniques.
Besides architects, surveyors and navigators, all of us use it in our
daily lives. Much of this area of study is assumed knowledge gained
from previous years of study.
 INTRODUCTION Cont.’

• Children learn about such important concepts in measurement as area

and volume. These are measures that are used in our lives on a daily
basis.
• For example, we buy carpeting according to square footage and this is
a measure of area.
• We buy paint according to the area of the surface that must be covered.
We buy milk by the quart, which is a measure of volume, and we build
tanks to hold gallons of oil, another measure of volume.
 INTRODUCTION Cont.’
➢When children learn how to develop measurement formulas for the
basic shapes, they are building understanding that can be extended
when they encounter a new irregular shape.

➢Optimization problems, such as maximizing the area enclosed by a

length of fence, require the use and development of formulas.
 DEFINITION OF MENSURATION

• Mensuration : It is a branch of mathematics which deals with

the lengths of lines, areas of surfaces and volumes of solids.

• OR Mensuration is the branch of mathematics which deals

with the study of different geometrical shapes, their areas and
volumes in the broadest sense, it is all about the process of
measurement.
 MENSURATION

Mensuration is categorize into two groups:

➢Plane Mensuration or Plane figures (2-dimensional shapes)

➢Solid Mensuration or Solid figures (3-dimensional shapes)

 PLANE MENSURATION

➢Plane Mensuration or Plane Figures: It deals with the sides,

perimeters and areas of plane figures of different shapes. They are
called 2-dimensional figures.
➢Examples: triangle, square, rectangle, parallelogram, trapezium, kite,
rhombus, circle etc.
 SOLID MENSURATION
• Solid Mensuration or Solid figures : It deals with the areas and
volumes of solid objects. They are called 3-dimensional figures.
• examples: cylinder, cone, cuboid, cube, sphere etc
 Units

• You should be familiar with the following units:

• Length: mm, cm, m, km
• Area: 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑘𝑚2
• Volume: 𝑚𝑚3 , 𝑐𝑚3 , 𝑚3
• Capacity: ml, cl, l
• Mass: g, kg,
 Units and Measuring

• Some important units are listed below:

➢To convert from smaller to larger units we divide
by the conversion factor.
➢To convert from larger to smaller units we multiply
by the conversion factor.
QUESTION
SOLUTION
 PERIMETER

• The word Perimeter means ‘a path that surrounds an area’. It comes from
the Greek words peri meaning around and metre which means measure.

• Perimeter is defined as the distance or length around a closed two-

dimensional shape or figure.

or The Perimeter of plane figure is defined as the length of the boundary.

• It units is same as that of length i.e. m , cm, km

• For example, if I measure the distance all around a whiteboard, I will
obtain its perimeter.
 EXAMPLE 1

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3 + 7 + 3 + 7 Add the lengths of ALL the sides

= 20𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
 EXAMPLE 2

• The perimeter is the distance all around

= 4m + 4m + 3m +11m + 3m + 15m + 7m
• = 44m
 PERIMETER

• Note:
• In finding perimeter inside distance are not part only
outside distance are used.
 QUESTION

• Before moving further in this chapter, let me ask you these

questions:

• Can you think about where perimeter is used in the real

life?
• Think about the playground of your school. If you run all
around it, what will be the distance you have covered?

➢In fact, the distance you have covered is none other than
the perimeter of the playground.
Word problems based on perimeter

QUESTION 1

• A man wants to fence his rectangular garden which is 15m

long and 8m wide. Find the minimum length of fencing he
needs to buy.
 SOLUTION

• The minimum length of fencing he needs to buy is the perimeter of the

garden.
• Perimeter = 15 m + 8m + 15m + 8m = 46m
 QUESTION 2

• An athlete runs thrice all round the track shown below,

everyday in the month of November. Find the total distance he
covered in kilometers.
 SOLUTION

➢The distance covered in 1 turn = perimeter of the triangular track

= 150m + 120m + 215m
= 485 m
➢The distance covered in 3 turns= 485 X 3 = 1 455m
Distance covered in November = 30 X 1 455
= 43 650 m
= 43.65 km (43 650 ÷ 1000)
 AREA
• The term ‘Area’ refers to the amount of space inside the boundaries of
a figure. Measured in units squared .
➢We frequently use area in our daily life.
➢For instance, if you want to paint the walls of your room, you have to
know the area to be painted so as to buy the adequate amount of paint.
➢Calculating area of a room is important to determine the number of
tiles needed or the size of a new carpet to be fitted into the room.
➢In fact many people such as builders, architects, farmers or engineers
need to calculate areas as part of their daily job.
➢Its units is 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑘𝑚2
 EXAMPLES

➢If you ask an architect to design a new house for you, he must
first know the area of the land where you want to build the
house and most important the area of the house you want.

➢You must have seen farmers working in their vegetables fields.

In fact they use area to decide on the amount of seeds or
fertilizers to use.
Finding The Perimeter and Area of
2-Dimensional Figures
• Square
• Rectangle
• Triangle
• Parallelogram
• Trapezium
• Rhombus
• Kite
• Circle
 SQUARE
• A square is a closed figure that has 4 sides of equal length and 4 equal
angles of 90 degree.
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 4𝑙 where 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
• Area 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑙 × 𝑙 = 𝑙 2

• d = diagonal
 EXAMPLE 1

• A square has one of its sides measuring 23 cm. Calculate its area,
perimeter, and length of its diagonal.
 SOLUTION

• Let 𝑎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒

 EXAMPLE 2

• The perimeter of a square is 96 cm. Find the area and the

length of the diagonal.
 SOLUTION

• Step 1: use the given perimeter to find the side of the square.
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 4𝑙 where 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
• But the perimeter = 96𝑐𝑚
• 4𝑙 = 96𝑐𝑚
• 𝑙 = 24𝑐𝑚
• Step2 : Use the value of 𝑙 = 24𝑐𝑚 to find the area and the length of
the diagonal now.
 SOLUTION Cont.’

• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙 2
➢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (24)2
= 24 × 24
= 576𝑐𝑚2
➢𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑙 2
= 24 2
= 33.94𝑐𝑚
 Example 3

• The diagonal of a square is 9√2cm. Find its area and perimeter.

 SOLUTION

➢𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑙 2,
𝑙 2=9 2
𝑙=9
➢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (9)2
=9×9
= 81𝑐𝑚2
➢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4𝑙
= 4(9)
➢ = 36𝑐𝑚
 Try Questions

1. The area of a square is 289 cm². Find its perimeter and the length of
the diagonal. (Ans. P = 68 cm, d = 24.038 cm )

2. The diagonal of a square is 20 cm. Find the side of the square and its
perimeter. (Ans. Side = 14.14 cm, P = 56.56 cm)
3. The area of a square and rectangle are equal. If the side of the square
is 35 cm and the length of the rectangle is 45 cm, find the breadth
and perimeter of the rectangle. (Ans. b = 27.22 cm, P = 144.44 cm)
 RECTANGLE

• A rectangle is a closed figure that has equal opposite sides and each
angle is of 90 degree. The longer side of rectangle is known as
length(l) of the rectangle and shorter side is known as width (w) or
breadth(b) of rectangle.
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 2𝑙 + 2𝑤 where 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, w = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

• Area 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 = 𝑙𝑤
 EXAMPLE 1
• Find the perimeter and area of the rectangle of
length 17 cm and breadth 13 cm.
SOLUTION
 EXAMPLE 2
• Find the breadth and the perimeter of the rectangular
plot of land whose area is 660 𝑚2 and whose length
is 33 m.
SOLUTION
 EXAMPLE 3
• The breadth of the rectangle is 8 cm and its diagonal
is 17 cm. Find the area of the rectangle and its
perimeter.
Solution
 Example 4
• The area of a rectangle is 20 sq. cm and one of its
sides is 4cm long. Find the breadth and the
perimeter of the rectangle.
Solution
 EXAMPLE5
• The area of a rectangle is 168 cm2. The
perimeter of the same rectangle is 52 cm.
What are the dimensions of the rectangle?
Solution
Solution cont.’
 Example 6

• A rectangle field is 13m long and 10 m wide it has a

cement path 3.5m wide around it. What is the area of
the cement path?
Solution
 Example 7
• Find perimeter and area of the shape below
 Solution
• Divide the shape into two shapes
 PARALLELOGRAM
• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides
are equal in length and parallel, however, its diagonals
are unequal and bisect each other.
 When the two adjacent sides and included angle
given

• Area = (product of adjacent sides) Sin θ

 EXAMPLE 1
• Find the area
 Solution

• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 8𝑐𝑚, ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 6𝑐𝑚

• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 8 × 6
• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 48𝑐𝑚2
 EXAMPLE 2

• The base of the parallelogram is thrice its height. If the

area is 192 cm², find the base and height.
 Solution

• 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑦

• Implies 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 3𝑦
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
192= 3𝑦 × 𝑦
192= 3𝑦 2
64 = 𝑦 2
𝑦=8
• Therefore the ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 8𝑐𝑚
• b𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 3 8 = 24𝑐𝑚
 Example3
• Find the area of a parallelogram whose base
is 24cm and height 13 cm respectively.
 Solution
• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡,
• 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 24𝑐𝑚, ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 13𝑐𝑚
• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 24 × 13
• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 312𝑐𝑚2
 Example4

• Find the area of a parallelogram whose two adjacent

sides of which are 70 cm and 80cm and their
included angle 60°.
 Solution

• b =80, c= 70 𝜃 = 60°
 EXAMPLE 5

• A parallelogram has sides 12 cm and 9 cm. If the

distance between its shorter sides is 8 cm, find the
distance between its longer side.
Solution
 Trapezium
• A trapezium is a quadrilateral having one pair of parallel sides
• In the diagram below, The parallel sides are 𝑎 and 𝑏 and while ℎ
is called the perpendicular height.
Area of a Trapezium
 EXAMPLE 1
• Find the area
 SOLUTION

• ℎ = 5, 𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 16
1
• A𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × (6 + 16) × 5
2
1
• A𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × (22) × 5
2
• A𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 55𝑐𝑚2
 Example 2

• Find the area of a trapezium whose parallel sides

are 57 cm and 85 cm and perpendicular distance
between them is 4cm.
SOLUTION
 Example 3

• The area of a trapezium is 165 cm² and its height is

10 cm. If one of the parallel sides is double of the
other, find the two parallel sides.
Solution
 TRIANGLE

• A triangle is plane figure bounded by three

straight lines.
Area of Triangle in terms of its Height (altitude)
and Base

• Area of a triangle whose base and

height is given

𝟏
• Area of a triangle= (𝒃)(𝒉), where
𝟐
𝑏 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
 EXAMPLE 1
• Find the area of the triangle below
SOLUTION
 EXAMPLE 2

• Find the area of a triangle whose base is 12 cm. and

hypotenuse is 20cm.
Solution
Solution Cont.’
 TRY QUESTION

• Find the area of the triangle below

• (ans. Area=28𝑐𝑚2 )
Area of Triangle Using Trigonometry
• Area of the Triangle when two adjacent sides and their
included angle is Given
 Area of the Triangle when two adjacent sides and
their included angle is Given

• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = Half of the product of two sides with sine of the angle between them.
 EXAMPLE1

• Find the area of a triangle whose two adjacent sides are

17.5cm and 25.7cm respectively, and their included
angle is 57°.
Solution
 Example 2

• Find the area of the triangle below

Solution
 Area of Triangle when all sides are given

• Let ABC be a triangle whose sides are a, b and c respectively,

then

Which is called Hero’s Formula

 Example 1

• Find the area of the triangle below

 SOLUTION

(6+8+10) 24
• 𝑎 = 6, b = 8 and c = 10 s= = = 12
2 2

• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 12(12 − 6)(12 − 8)(12 − 10)

• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 12(6)(4)(2)
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 576
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 24𝑐𝑚2
 EXAMPLE 2

• Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 51, 37 and 20cm
respectively.
SOLUTION
Area of an equilateral triangle
 EXAMPLE

• Find the area of equilateral triangle with side 4 m.

 SOLUTION

• Let a = 4m

3
• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (4)2 = 4 3 sq. m.
4
 Try QUESTION

• The sides of the triangular plot are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4 and the
perimeter is 180 m. Find its area.
SOLUTION
 Try Question

• The area of the triangle below is 7square centimetres, find the

value of 𝑥.
 TRY QUESTIONs

1. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 10 cm and its height is twice of its

base. Find the area of the triangle. (Ans. 19.98 sq.cm)
2. Find the area of the triangle whose sides are in the ratio 9 : 40 : 41 and
whose perimeter in 180 meters. ( Ans. 720sq.cm )
3. Find the area of right triangle if base and altitude are 20m. and 10m
respectively. ( Ans. 100 sq. m.)
4. Find the area of a triangle whose two adjacent sides are 16 cm and 12 cm
and their included angle is 30°. (Ans. 48 sq. cm.)
5. What is the side of the equilateral triangle whose area is 9 3 sq.cm.
(Ans. 6 cm. )
 RHOMBUS
• A rhombus is a quadrilateral having all sides equal with
unequal diagonal, which bisect each other. If a square is
pressed from two opposite corners the rhombus is
formed.
Area of rhombus, when two diagonals are given
 If side a and the included angle θ is given

• Let ABCD be a rhombus and length of each side be ‘a’ and θ be the
included angle.
Area Cont.’
 EXAMPLE1

• The diagonals of a rhombus are 56 and 33 cm

respectively. Find the length of side and the area of
the rhombus.
 Solution
• solution
Solution Cont.’
 EXAMPLE 2
• Find the area of a rhombus with diagonals of 6cm and 8 cm.
 Solution

1
• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2
1
• 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 8 × 6 = 24𝑐𝑚2
2
 EXAMPLE3

• The length of each side of a rhombus is 120cm and two of

its opposite angles are each 60°, find the area.
SOLUTION
 EXAMPLE 4

• The area of a rhombus is 240 sq. cm and one of the

diagonals is 16 cm. Find the other diagonal.
Solution
 EXAMPLE5

• Find the area of the rhombus having each side equal

to 17 cm and one of its diagonals equal to 16 cm.
SOLUTION
 KITE
• Kite is a special quadrilateral in which each pair of the
consecutive sides is congruent, but the opposite sides are not
congruent. Rhombus is a kite with all the four sides congruent.
• Thus, a kite has 2 pairs of equal adjacent sides and its
diagonals meet each other at right angle.
 Area of a Kite
1
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2
 Example 1
• Find the area of kite whose long and short diagonals are
22 cm and 12cm respectively.
 Solution

1
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2
1
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = × 22 × 12 = 132𝑐𝑚2
2
 EXAMPLE2

• Area of a kite is 126 cm² and one of its diagonal is

21cm long. Find the length of the other diagonal.
 Solution

1
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒 = × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠
2

• Let the other diagonal = 𝑦

1
• 126 = × 21 × 𝑦
2
• 252 = 21𝑦
• 𝑦 = 12𝑐𝑚
• The length of the other diagonal is 12𝑐𝑚
 END OF LESSON

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