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CAO Final

The document outlines the primary functions of the CPU, detailing its role in executing instructions stored in main memory through a series of fetch and execute steps. It also describes various types of memory, including CPU registers, main memory, secondary memory, and cache, highlighting their characteristics and differences. Additionally, it covers types of RAM and ROM, explaining their functionalities and usage in computer systems.

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memezawkhin06
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14 views13 pages

CAO Final

The document outlines the primary functions of the CPU, detailing its role in executing instructions stored in main memory through a series of fetch and execute steps. It also describes various types of memory, including CPU registers, main memory, secondary memory, and cache, highlighting their characteristics and differences. Additionally, it covers types of RAM and ROM, explaining their functionalities and usage in computer systems.

Uploaded by

memezawkhin06
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2.

Processor basics

1.Primary Function of CPU

The primary function of the CPU and other instruction-set processors is to execute
sequences of instructions, that is, programs, which are stored in an external main memory. Program
execution is therefore carried out as follows:

1. The CPU transfers instructions and, when necessary, their input data (operands) from
main memory to registers in the CPU.

2. The CPU executes the instructions in their stored sequence except when the execution
sequence is explicitly altered by a branch instruction.

3. When necessary, the CPU transfers output data (results) from the CPU registers to main
memory.

2. Overview of CPU behavior

The flowchart summarizes the main functions of a CPU.The sequence of operations


performed by the OPU in processing an instruction constitutes an instruction cycle. While the details
of the instruction cycle vary with the type of instruction, all instructions require two major steps:

1.A fetch step during while a new instruction is read from the external memory M

2.An execute step during which the operations specified by the instructions are executed.

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3.A small accumulator -based CPU

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4.Instruction set for the CPU

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5 Core instruction set of ARM6(tuto 1 style)

Chapter 4 .Datapath Design

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11. Pipeline Processing

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Chapter 6. Memory Organization

1.Memory Device Characteristics

Memory types: The information-storage components of a computer can be placed in four


groups: CPU registers, Main (primary) memory, Secondary memory, Cache.

CPU registers: These high speed registers in the CPU work as memory for temporary storage of
instruction and data. The data can be read from or written into a register within a single clock cycle.

Main(Primary) memory: Main memory size is large and fast accessing external memory storage
programs and data. This memory is slower compared to CPU registers because of main memory and
large storage capacity is typically between 1 and 2[10] megabyte.

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Secondary memory:

-This memory type has larger in capacity but slower than main memory.

-Secondary memory stores system programs, large data files, and like the data are not continually
required by the CPU.

-It also acts as an overflow memory when the capacity of the main memory is exceeded.

-Information in secondary memory is accessed indirectly via input output processor that transfer
information between main and secondary memory.

Cache:

-Most computers have another level of IC memory called cache memory.

-It is placed between CPU registers and main memory.

-A cache’s storage capacity is less than that of main memory but it is faster than that of main
memory because some or all of it can reside on the same IC as the CPU.

-Cache memories are essential components of high-performance computers.

2. Types of RAM & ROM

RAM (Read Access Memory) Types

-Static RAM

-Dynamic RAM

ROM (Read Only Memory) Types

-PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

-EPROM (Erasable PROM)

-EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM)

RAM

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Static RAM : It consist of internal latches that store the binary information. The stored information
remains valid as long as power is applied to the unit.

Dynamic RAM: It stores the binary information in the form of electric charges on capacitors. The
stored charge on the capacitor tends to discharge with time and the capacitors must be periodically
recharged by refreshing the dynamic memory.

ROM

PROM (Programmable read-only memory) – It can be programmed by the user. Once programmed,
the data and instructions in it cannot be changed.

EPROM (Erasable Programmable read-only memory) – It can be reprogrammed. To erase data from
it, expose it to ultraviolet light. To reprogram it, erase all the previous data.

EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) – The data can be erased by
applying an electric field, with no need for ultraviolet light. We can erase only portions of the chip.

MROM(Mask ROM) – Mask ROM is a kind of read-only memory, that is masked off at the time of
production. Like other types of ROM, mask ROM cannot enable the user to change the data stored in
it. If it can, the process would be difficult or slow.

3.Memory technologies characteristics (choose any 3)

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