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CS 1312

Lecture 1
Course Main Objective

To equip students with the core knowledge required to

develop a procedural program using a high-level
programming language alongside the basic knowledge and
understanding of structured programming paradigm.
Course Main Objective
*+ Recognize object-oriented concepts
* Demonstrate basic knowledge and understanding of structured
programming paradigm.
+ Use standard programming design and development principles on some
moderately complex problems.
* Use the command line and relevant IDEs for writing, formatting,
compiling, running, and debugging code.
Course Topics

T 1
2
Arrays and Vectors
Recursion
12
3
3 Files processing 4
4 Introduction to object-oriented concept 5
5 Classes and objects: the building blocks 6,7
6 Encapsulation and data hiding 8
7 Inheritance and code reusability 9,10
Assessment

Theoretical Practical
* Quizzes (15%) * Quizzes (15%)
= 3 quizzes throughout the semester. = 2 quizzes throughout the semester.

+ Mid-term Exam (20%) * Final practical exam (10%)

» Week 6 = Week 710

* Theoretical Final Exam (40%)

= Assigned by university
 Assessment Timeline (Theoretical)

Day and Date

Quiz 1 Week 3 Sunday 16/9/1446 (16/3/2025)
Quiz 2 Week 5 Thursday 17/10/1446
(19/4/2025)
Midterm exam Week 6 (Lecture time)
Quiz 3 Week 8 Thursday 10/11/1446
(8/5/2025)
Final exam Week 11 or 12 Assigned by university
Resources

* Textbooks
* W. Savitch, JAVA: an introduction to problem solving and
programming, global edition. Philadelphia, PA: Pearson
Education, 2018.

* Blackboard
* Lecture slides
* Checking your marks
* Announcements
* Quizzes will be released in the theoretical part of the module in the blackboard. Don't
be mixed out.
Arrays and Vectors
 Objectives

* Nature and purpose of an array

* Using arrays in Java programs
* Methods with array parameter
* Methods that return an array
* Array as an instance variable
 Array Basics: Outline

* Creating and Accessing Arrays

* Array Details
* The Instance Variable length
* More About Array Indices
* Analyzing Arrays
 Creating and Accessing Arrays

* An array is a special kind of object

* Think of as collection of variables of same type
* Creating an array with 7 variables of type double
double[] temperature = new double[7]; |

* To access an element use

* The name of the array
« An index number enclosed in braces
* Array indices begin at zero
 Creating and Accessing Arrays

* Figure 7.1 A common way to visualize an array

Indices

il 1 2 3 4 5 6 -

P 32 30 25.7 26 34 31.5 29

————— The array temperature

temperature[5]

* Note sample program, listing 7.1

class ArrayOf Temperatures
Creating and Accessing Arrays
Enter 7 temperatures:
32
30
25.7
26
34
31.5
29
The average temperature is 29.7428
The temperatures are Sample
above average screen
above average output
below average
below average
above average
above average
below average
a nice week.
 Array Details

* Syntax for declaring an array with new

Base_Tvpe[] Arrav_Name = new Base_Tvpe[Length] ;

* The number of elements in an array is its length

* The type of the array elements is the array's base type
 Square Brackets with Arrays

* With a data type when declaring an array

int [] pressure;
* To enclose an integer expression to declare the length of the
array
pressure = new int [100];
* To name an indexed value of the array
pressure[3] = keyboard.nextint();
 Array Details

* Figure 7.2 Array terminology

————— Array name
/"

temperature[n + 2]
Index (also cailed a subscript)

Indexed variable (also

temperaturefn + 2] called an array element, an
— element, or a subscripted
rd variable)
temeratur'el n+ 2 I Value of the indexed
variable {also calledan
,/_—— element of the array)
temperature(n + 2] = 32;
 The Instance Variable length

* As an object an array has only one public instance variable

- Variable length
+ Contains number of elements in the array
* It is final, value cannot be changed
* Note revised code, listing 7.2
class ArrayOfTemperatures2
The Instance Variable length

How many temperatures do you have?

3
Enter 3 temperatures:
32
26.5
27
The average temperature is 28.5 Sample
The temperatures are screen
32,0 above average
output
26.5 below average
27.0 below average
Have a nice week.
 More About Array Indices
* Index of first array element is 0
* Last valid Index is arrayName.length — 1
* Array indices must be within bounds to be valid
* When program tries to access outside bounds, run
time error occurs
* OK to "waste" element 0
* Program easier to manage and understand
* Yet, get used to using index 0
 Initializing Arrays

* Possible to initialize at declaration time

double[] reading = {3.3, 15.8, 9.7};

* Also may use normal assignment statements

* One at atime
* Inaloop

int[] count = new int[100];

for (int i = 0; i < 100; d++)
count[i] = 0;
 Indexed Variables as Method Arguments

* Indexed variable of an array

* Example ... a[i]
+ Can be used anywhere variable of array base type can be used
* View program using indexed variable as an argument, listing 7.5
class ArgumentDemo
 Entire Arrays as Arguments

* Declaration of array parameter similar to how an array is

declared
* Example:

public class SampleClass

{
public stavic void incrementArragBy2 (double[] anArray)
{
for (int i = 0; i < anArray.length; i++)
anArray[i] = anarray[i] + 2;
}
<The rest of the class definition goes hare.>
1
 Entire Arrays as Arguments

* Note — array parameter in a method heading does not specify

the length
+ An array of any length can be passed to the method
* Inside the method, elements of the array can be changed
* When you pass the entire array, do not use square brackets in
the actual parameter
 Arguments for Method main

* Recall heading of method main

public static void main (String[] args)
* This declares an array
* Formal parameter named args
+ Its base type is String
* Thus possible to pass to the run of a program multiple strings
* These can then be used by the program
 Array Assignment and Equality

* Arrays are objects

+ Assignment and equality operators behave (misbehave) as specified in
previous chapter
* Variable for the array object contains memory address of the
object
+ Assignment operator = copies this address
+ Equality operator == tests whether two arrays are stored in same
place in memory
 Array Assignment and Equality

* Two kinds of equality

* View example program, listing 7.6
class TestEquals

Sample
screen

Not equal by ==. output

Equal by the equals method.

 Array Assignment and Equality

* Note results of ==
* Note definition and use of method equals
* Receives two array parameters
+ Checks length and each individual pair of array elements
* Remember array types are reference types
 Summary

* An array is a collection of variables all of the same type

* Arrays are objects, created with operator new
* Elements numbered starting with 0, ending with 1 less than
length
* Indexed variable can be used as a parameter — treated like
variable of base type
 Summary

* Entire array can be passed as parameterto a method

* Method return value can be an array
Questions

30
 Z'S

Sl n||p[r| cola
UMM AL-QURA UNIVERSITY

Thank You