SURYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

SCHOOL OF ENGIONEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

G.S.T Road, Vikiravandi-605602. Villupuram Dist.
Ph: 04146-263221, 263122 Website: www.suryagroup.edu.in
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

Subject Name : Embedded system and IOT

Subject code : CS3691
Regulation : 2021
Year / Branch : III / CSE
Semester : VI
UNIT – V
APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

Complete Design of Embedded Systems – development of IOT applications – home automation –

Smart Agriculture – Smart Cities – Smart healthcare

5.1 COMPLETE DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

1. Explain in detail about complete design of embedded systems.

An Embedded system is a controller, which controls many other electronic devices. It is a combination
of embedded hardware and software. There are two types of embedded systems microprocessors and
micro-controller. Micro-processor is based on von Neumann model/architecture (where program + data
resides in the same memory location), it is an important part of the computer system, where external
processors and peripherals are interfaced to it. It occupies more area and has more power consumption.
The application of the microprocessor is personal computers.

Definition: A system designed with the embedding of hardware and software together for a specific
function with a larger area is embedded system design. In embedded system design, a microcontroller
plays a vital role. Micro-controller is based on Harvard architecture, it is an important component of
an embedded system. External processor, internal memory and i/o components are interfaced with
the microcontroller. It occupies less area, less power consumption. The application of
microcontrollers is MP3, washing machines.

Types of Embedded Systems

 Stand-Alone Embedded System
 Real-Time Embedded System
 Networked Appliances
 Mobile devices

Design process uses following concept:

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 Fig: steps for design process

1. Abstraction: Problem component is abstracted first.

2. Software and hardware architecture: Before start of design, architecture must be understood.

3. Additional functional properties: Developer should understand any additional functionality is

required or not.

4. System related family of design: Earlier version of system is also considered while designing.

5. Modular design: Modular design is a design approach that creates things out of independent parts
with standard interfaces. This allows designs to be customized, upgraded, repaired and for parts to be
reused.

6. Mapping: mapping into different representations is done from software requirement.

7. User interface design: It is designed as per user requirement, environment analysis and system
functions. In automatic coffee vending machine, LCD display is the user interface.

5.1.1 Design Metrics

• Design metrics for embedded systems are as follows:

1. Unit cost: The monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system, excluding NRE cost

2. Size: The physical space required by the system

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 3. Performance: The execution time or throughput of the system

4. Power: The amount of power consumed by the system

5. Flexibility: The ability to change the functionality of the system without incurring heavy NRE
cost

6. Maintainability: The ability to modify the system after its initial release

7. Time-to-market: The time required to develop a system to the point that it can be released and
sold to customers

5.1.2 Abstraction Steps in the Design Process

Embedded system design can be divided into four major tasks:

1. Partitioning the function to be implemented into smaller interacting pieces.

2. Allocating those partitions to microprocessors or other hardware units where the function may be
implemented directly in hardware or in software running on a microprocessor.

3. Scheduling the times at which functions are executed, which is important when several partitions
share one hardware unit?

4. Mapping a generic functional description into an implementation on a particular set of components.

 Design flow of embedded system begins with design specification, its define system
constraint, both cost and processing time. System functionality is defined in behavioural
description, hardware software partitioning is done to optimize design result and still fit
requirement.
 Hardware and software integration is done after hardware/software detail design. Register
transfer level design is carried out by means hardware programming language such as,
Verilog, VHDL and Esterel.
 Verification and testing process is done to ensure embedded system design is fit to
specification. Fig. show the major steps in the embedded system design process.

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 Fig: Top-down design & Bottom-up design

Embedded System Requirements

1. Reactive systems: The system never stops and the system responds to signals produced by the
environment.

2. Real time systems: Timing constraints on task execution. Hard and soft constraints.

 Real design often uses top-down and bottom-up design methods.

 What does the customer want? (Requirement)
 System functions/characteristics. (Specification)
 Block diagram (Architecture)
 HW & SW module detailed design (Components)
 Working system (System Integration)

Top-down design Methodology

1. Starts with the top level
2. Functional description is converted into component list on each level
3. Each component function is decomposed further on the next abstraction level
4. Layout is given only for transistor components
Advantages of Top-down Methodology

 Highest level of customization possible on each abstraction level

 Only one small transistor library needed
 Only one layout design at the end

Disadvantages of Top-down Methodology

 Difficult metric estimation on upper levels since layout is not known until the end.

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  Design decision impact on higher level not clear.
 Hot spot removal is difficult.
 Metric annotation (closure) from lower to higher levels needed during design iterations.

Bottom-up Design Methodology

1. Starts from the bottom level.
2. Each level generates library for the next higher level.

 Circuit: Standard cells for logic level.

 Logic: RTL components for processor level.
 Processor: Processing and communication components for system level.
 System: Embedded systems platforms for different applications.

3. Floor planning and layout on each level.

Advantages of Bottom-up Methodology

 Abstraction levels clearly separated with its own library

 Accurate metric estimation with layout on each level
 Globally distributed development possible
 Easy management

Disadvantages of Bottom-up Methodology

 An optimal library for each design is difficult to predict

 Library customization is outside the design group
 Layout is performed on every level

Requirement
2. Explain in detail about functional and non-functional requirements.
Requirements are general parameters that the system must satisfy. Plain language description of what the
user wants and expects to get.
It may be developed in following ways:
1. Talking directly to customers;

2. Talking to marketing representatives;

3.Providing prototypes to users for comment.

 There are different groups of people involved in the requirements engineering process. These are
users, application experts, customers, marketing experts, project managers, electrical engineers,
and hardware and software engineers.

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  The requirements can be non-functional into functional and classified requirements. Non-
functional requirements impose constraints on the system requirements.
 Typical nonfunctional requirements include: Performance, cost, physical size and weight, power
consumption.
 The non-functional requirements influence the functional requirements. The documentation of
non-functional requirements is a valuable basis for decisions that have to be taken when capturing
and implementing the functional requirements.
 Non-functional requirements may be more critical than functional requirements. If these are not
met, the system may be useless.

Parameters Non-functional Requirements

Performance  Major consideration for the usability of the system and its ultimate cost.
 It may be a combination of soft performance metrics and hard deadlines.
Cost  Manufacturing costs (e.g. components, assembly).
 Nonrecurring engineering (NRE) costs (e.g. personnel, design in the
system).
Physical size and  It depends on the application.
weight
Power consumption  Important not only in battery-powered systems.
 Specified in terms of battery life.

Functional requirements

 Describe functionality or system services.

 Depend on the type of software, expected users and the type of system when software is used.
 Functional user requirements may be high-level statements of what the system should do.
 Functional system requirements should describe the system services in detail.

Sample requirements form

S.No Requirement form Example

1 Name Name of company GPS moving map
2 Purpose One- or two-line description Consumer-grade moving
map for driving
3 Inputs Types of data analog? digital? Power button, two control
Mechanical? buttons

4 Outputs Types of I/O devices: buttons? A/D LCD display

converters? Video displays?
5 Functions  More detailed description of the For automotive use. Show
system major roads and landmarks.

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  When the system receives an input,
what does it do?
 How do interface inputs affect these
functions?
 How do different functions interact?
6 Performance Must be identified earlier to ensure that the Map should scroll smoothly.
system works properly No more than 1 sec power-
up. Lock onto GPS within
15 seconds.
7 Manufacturing  Cost has substantial influence on $100 street price
cost architecture
 Work with some idea of the cost range
8 Power Battery powered? plugged into a wall? Current draw comparable to
CD player.
9 Physical More or less flexibility in the components Should fit in dashboard
size/weight to use
·
Specification

 Specification is contract between the customer and the architects. It is more precise description of
the system.
 Specification must be carefully written so that it correctly reflects the customer's requirement.
 Specification may include functional and non-functional elements. It may be "executable" or may
be in mathematical form for proofs. It provides input to the architecture design process.
 Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a language used for describing specifications.

Architecture Design

3. Explain in detail about architecture design of software and hardware components.

 The architecture is a plan for the overall structure of the system that will be used later to design the
components that make up the architecture.
 Major components for satisfying the specification are hardware components (CPUs,peripherals) and
software components (Major programs and their operations).
 Example: GPS moving map block diagram.

Fig. GPS moving map block diagram

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  Architectural descriptions must be designed to satisfy both functional and non-functional
requirements. Architecture is represented by software and hardware.

Designing Hardware and Software Components

 We understand the components requirement in architectural design. The components will in

general include hardware, FPGAs, boards, and software modules.
 Some components are ready-made, some can be modified from existing designs, and others
must be designed from scratch.
 It is also make use of standard software modules.
 For example: Topographic database. Standard topographic databases exist, and you probably
want to use standard routines to access the database, not only is the data in a predefined
format, but it is highly compressed to save storage.
 Standard software saves the design time. It is possible to implement faster. You can design
your own components.

System Integration

 System integration assembles the all components. It may possible, there are many bugs. Bugs
can be removed by good planning. Individual components should be tested first.
 Debug method is used to remove the bugs. System integration is difficult because it usually
uncovers problems.
 We must have a plan for integrating components to uncover bugs quickly, test as much
functionality as early as possible.
 Debugging facilities for embedded systems are usually much more limited than desktop
systems.

Challenges in Embedded Computing System Design

External constraints are one important source of difficulty

Parameters Remarks
How much hardware do we need?  Too little hardware and the system fails to meet its
deadlines.
 Too much hardware and it becomes too expensive.
 Requirement of CPU and memory capacity.
How do we meet our deadlines?  Faster hardware or cleverer software.
 Faster hardware makes the system more expensive.
 Increasing the clock rate may not be the solution.
 Memory access times may be the bottleneck.
How do we minimize power?  Power consumption is extremely important, in battery-
powered applications.

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 
In non-battery applications, excessive power consumption
can increase heat dissipation.
 So turn off unnecessary logic and reduce memory access
time.
Design for upgradeability  Hardware to be used over several product generations.
 Add features by changing software.
 How can we design a machine that will provide the
required performance for software that we haven't yet
written?
Does it really work? Reliability is especially important in some applications, such
as safety-critical systems.
1. Increasing application complexity even in standard and large volume products.

2. Increasing target system complexity.

3. Numerous constraints and design objectives; examples: Cost, power consumption, timing
constraints, dependability.

4. Reduced and overlapping design cycles.

 Design flow of embedded system begins with design specification, its define system constraint,
both cost and processing time. System functionality is defined in behavioral description,
hardware software partitioning is done to optimize design result and still fit the requirement.
 Hardware and software integration is done after hardware/software detail design. Register
transfer level design is carried out by means hardware programming language such as, Verilog,
VHDL and Esterel.
 Verification and testing process is done to ensure embedded system design is fit to specification.

Difficulties in their design

1. Complex testing: It may have to run a real machine. It cannot separate the testing of an embedded
computer from the machine in which it is embedded.

2. Limited observability and controllability: Usually no keyboard or screen. It may have to watch
the electrical signals on the bus. In real time applications, we may not be able to stop the system.

3. Restricted development environments: The tools are more limited and not easy to debug code.

5.2 DEVELOPMENT OF IOT APPLICATIONS

4. Explain in detail about the steps involved in development of IOT Applications.

 IoT is a platform where embedded devices are connected to the Internet to collect and
exchange data. It enables machines to interact, collaborate and learn from experiences like
humans. IoT applications equipped billions of objects with connectivity and intelligence An

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 IoT applications can help us to monitor our business, improve efficiency and make better
decisions based on device data that it collects and analyses.
 The Internet of Things means physical devices (or groups of devices) equipped with sensors,
software and other technologies and the ability to connect and exchange data with other devices
and systems via the Internet or other networks (like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth).
 Every Internet of Things application requires four elements: Cloud technology dedicated
hardware, a reliable network and intuitive software.

Cloud: One of the most important elements of IoT, responsible for data processing and storage.

Hardware: Low-energy sensors or mobile devices that can be either custom-built or bought from
third-party vendors.

Network: It is responsible for two-way communication between all relevant IoT devices and properly
linking these devices with each other.

Software: Software is responsible for managing all devices within an IoT system. Whether we
choose to develop a mobile app or a web app, the software should be cloud-based. Additionally, users
should be able to check information collected from sensors and devices via one dashboard.

Steps:

1. Define the requirements for the application: An important step in developing an IoT application
is to define the goal and scope of the app.

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 2. Choosing the right hardware: The type of hardware depends on project requirements. It could
be sensors, GPS trackers, or even wearable's. But it is important to pick devices that are reliable and
relevant to the project.

3. Find the right connectivity protocols: There are several network protocols that we can use like
WiFi, 2G, 5G, Bluetooth, LoRa, NB-IoT, or Zigbee. Depending on devices and the availability of
resources, we need to pick the right channels for connectivity.

4. Ensure the firmware is well equipped: Firmware, or device-side software, are the technical terms
for the program that runs hardware.

5. Select the right cloud platform: The right IoT platform will hand the necessary tools to create an
application that serves our purpose.

5.3 HOME AUTOMATION

5. Explain in detail about home automation with examples. Explain in detail about smart lighting,
smart appliances, intrusion detection and smoke for gas detection.

 Home automation is the automatic control of electronic devices in your home. These devices are
connected to the Internet, which allows them to be controlled remotely.
 Interconnected devices enable to intelligently monitor and control smart homes in a future
Internet of Things.
 Energy saving applications, for example, control indoor climate and electricity usage by
employing context information to switch off appliances (e.g., lights, computers), reduce room
temperature, close windows, or stop warm water circulation.

Home automation works on three levels

1. Monitoring: Monitoring means that users can check in on their devices remotely through an app.
For example, someone could view their live feed from a smart security camera.

2. Control: Control means that the user can control these devices remotely, like planning a security
camera to see more of a living space.

3. Automation: Finally, automation means setting up devices to trigger one another, like having a
smart siren go off whenever an armed security camera detects motion.

5.3.1 Smart Lighting

 Smart control the lights with automation signal system to save energy. Smart, connected lighting is
the next generation energy efficient LED products with additional sensors to sense things such as
occupancy and temperature.

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  In automatic light control system, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor is used to detect bright
/medium/dim /dark conditions.
 . It is simple enough to envision the addition of sensors and communications to create that initial
concept of smarter, more adaptive lighting. If people are present, turn the lights on; if not, turn them
off. Or use your smart phone to connect to the lighting system and tune it to the desired brightness
level or to a particular color.
 Smart lighting is considered the one of the main solutions for energy reduction by means of
controlling lighting level according to desired need with minimum energy consumption.
 Smart lighting systems utilize motion and light sensors for performing the control algorithms.
 The system uses motion and light sensors for detecting the surrounding environment. There are
lamps controlled with the specific lighting level in order to supply the adequate amount of lighting
required without affecting the user visibility.
 Certainly the required lighting level is strongly dependent on the weather conditions. In clear
weather at night might require more luminance than cloudy one, due to the reflection from the
clouds.
 While during mist and foggy weathers require the highest possible lighting level, as the visibility
reaches its lowest. On snowy weather it might require an intermediate level between clear and foggy.
 During night it requires high lighting levels, while at day it needs just fade level to provide guidance
or turn off if the weather is clear. The lighting concentration in the yard is affected by the above
conditions.

Fig: Smart home

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 5.3.2 Smart Appliances

 The role and scope of smart appliances in the home (Washer, dryer, refrigerator, dishwasher,
fridge, freezer, air conditioner, vacuum cleaner and so on) is on the increase with the market being
estimated to have a year on year compound growth of slightly over 15 %.
 Connecting everyday objects to the internet is an essential element of the IoT. Some appliance
suppliers use a low power wireless network to communicate over such as Bluetooth, whilst others
utilise the existing higher powered Wi-Fi network used for a tablet or computer wireless
connectivity. Once a network is in place objects can populate the home environment and
communicate with the user and each other.
 The ability of an object to respond to remote commands and change its behaviour makes it an
active device, such as the new Hive heating thermostat or a Sky+ box.
 Where the remote object has no ability to respond to remote control requests then it is considered
passive as with some fixed cameras, microphones or temperature sensors.
 IR Sensor: It will be activated in the automated mode to detect person entering or coming out of
the room and set a counter based on that. If the counter show there is a person inside it will light
up the room automatically and turn on the AC depending upon the temperature reading.
 Sensors provide data about motion, occupancy, glass breakage, door and window openings, water
leaks, light intensity, temperature, energy consumption, camera, and even appliance plug insertion
or removal.
 Controllers turn power and off or adjust settings on appliances, furnaces, air conditioners, space
heaters, fans, pool pumps, water heaters, lighting, home theatres, music, motorized blinds, door
locks, and plug loads. To be deemed intelligent, an appliance's sensors and controllers should use
internet protocol communication.
 Smart refrigerators can keep track of the items stored and send updates to the users when an item
is low on stock.
 Smart TV allow user to search video and movies from the Internet on a local storage drive, search
TV schedule, fetch news and other things from the Internet.
 Open Remote is the professional open-source middle-ware for an Internet of Things. Integrate any
device or protocol, and design your own user interface and automation. Use our online designer,
sync to the controller, and control with this app.
 Open Remote is a state of the art open source software platform for building control and
automation.
 Open Remote allows for designing a fully customizable building and home control solution
without the need to actually write code.

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 5.3.3 Intrusion Detection

 Intrusion Detection System (IDS) includes both hardware and software mechanisms and IDS
is responsible for identifying malicious activities by monitoring network environment and
system.
 The purpose of home intrusion detection system is to detect intrusions using sensors and raise
alerts, if necessary.
 With the help of Light dependent resistor and PIR motion sensor, it detect the motions in the
room. If a motion is detected, system capture the image with the help of a webcam and store
locally. Now the alerts are sent to the user with the captured image.
 To detect any form of intrusion in restricted areas and report it immediately, following concept
is used.

Fig. Block diagram of intrusion detection

1. A PIR sensor is required to detect the presence of any human being in the room.
2. An RFID is required to validate the presence of the person in the room by tallying his identity
with those in the database.
3. A camera is required to click the picture of the room and send it via email as an alarm.
4. An internet connection is required to register all these movements on a website so that it can
be accessed from any place and any device.
 The different input/output devices are controlled using TCP/IP over the IEEE 802.11 standard
protocol. Data being gathered from sensors, such as PIR sensors, temperature sensors, IR
transmitter and receiver is being processed on microcontroller as a server.

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  Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) Sensor PIR sensor is an electronic sensing device that senses
infrared (IR) light emitted from entities in its field of view and used to detect motion in its range.
It is activated only in the security mode to detect any unwanted motion at the entrance. If any
unwanted movement is detected then it will signal the microcontroller to take necessary steps.
 Alarm : It will only be activated in the security mode when some intruder is detected by the PIR
motion sensor.
 Cloud controlled intrusion detection is possible by using location aware services. Here geolocation
of each node is independently detected and stored in the cloud.
 Some intrusion detection system uses UPnP technology. It is based on image processing to
recognize the intrusion.

5.3.4 Smoke for Gas Detection

 Smoke or gas detector sensor which detects the smoke and turns on the buzzer alarm and all these
are update on the web page.
 MQ2 is a semiconductor type sensor, which can appropriately sense the presence of smoke, LPG,
methane, butane, propane and other hydrocarbon.
 When it comes in contact with the gas to be monitored, the electrical resistance of the sensor
decreases; enabling the microcontroller to respond to the situation.
 When it detects the concentration of combustible gas in the air it outputs its reading as an analog
voltage. The sensor can measure concentrations of flammable gas of 300 to 10,000 ppm. The
sensor can operate at temperatures from 20 to 50° C and consumes less than 150 mA at 5 V.
 The MQ-2 smoke sensor reports smoke by the voltage level as output. The more potentiometer to
adjust the sensitivity to smoke. smoke is there, the greater the voltage output. The MQ-2 also has
a built-in potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity to smoke.
 By adjusting the potentiometer, one can change how sensitive it is to smoke, so there is a form of
calibrating it to adjust how much voltage it will give in relation to the smoke it is exposed to.

5.4 SMART AGRICULTURE

6. Explain in detail about smart agriculture with examples. Explain in detail about smart irrigation
and green house control.

5.4.1 Smart Irrigation

 In our country, agriculture is major source of food production to the growing demand of human
population. In agriculture, irrigation is an essential process that influences crop production.
 Generally, farmers visit their agriculture fields periodically to check soil moisture level and based on
requirement water is pumped by motors to irrigate respective fields.

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  The smart irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. The system
has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors placed in the root zone
of the plants.
 Wireless Transmitter Unit (WTU) is comprised of a soil moisture sensor, a temperature sensor, a
microcontroller, a RF transceiver and power source. Several WTUS can be incorporated in field to
form a distributed network of sensors.
 Input to the microcontroller is the reading of the moisture sensor and depending upon the threshold
value a high or a low.
 If the soil moisture value is below the threshold or the temperature exceeds the threshold value, then
the motor is turned on till the levels of moisture and temperature are optimized. Otherwise the motor
is off. The sensor values and motor status are displayed on an Android App.

5.4.2 Green House Control

 In modern greenhouses, several measurement points are required to trace down the local climate
parameters in different parts of the big greenhouse to make the greenhouse automation system work
properly.
 The most important factors for the quality and productivity of plant growth are temperature,
humidity, light and the level of the carbon dioxide.
 Continuous monitoring of these environmental variables gives information to the grower to better
understand, how each factor affects growth and how to manage maximal crop productiveness.
 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) can form a useful part of the automation system architecture in
modern greenhouses.
 Wireless communication can be used to collect the measurements communicate between the
centralized control and the actuators located to the different parts of the greenhouse.

Fig. Greenhouse with sensor

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  Basic factors affecting plant growth are sunlight, water content in soil, temperature, CO2
concentration etc. These physical factors are hard to control manually inside a greenhouse and there
is a need for automated design arises.
 Data collected from various sensor is stored on the centralized server and this server process the
data.

5.5 SMART CITIES

7. Explain in detail about smart cities with examples. Explain in detail about smart parking ,smart
lighting and smart roads.

 The number of urban residents is growing by nearly 60 million every year. In addition, more than
60 percent of the world's population will be living in cities by 2050.
 As a result, people occupying just 2 percent of the world's land will consume about three-quarters
of its resources. Moreover, more than 100 cities of 1 million people will be built in the next 10
years.
 Over the past decade, the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, has developed a vision for
collaborating, envisioning, developing, and testing numerous connected solutions that could pave
the way to a smarter, greener urban environment.

Fig. Smart city

Smart city includes:
1. Smarter management of city infrastructure using big data analytics.
2. Collaboration across multiple and disparate agencies using cloud technologies

3. Real-time data collection, enabling quick response using mobile technologies.

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 4. Enhanced security Improved public safety and law enforcement, and more efficient emergency
response.
5. Better city planning improved schematics, project management and delivery
6. Networked utilities smart metering and grid management.

7. Building developments more automation and better management and security.

 With smart city applications producing continuous large data from heterogeneous sources, existing
relational database technologies are inadequate to handle such huge amounts of data given the
limited processing speed and the significant storage expansion cost.
 To address this problem, big data processing technologies, which are based on distributed data
management and parallel processing, have provided enabling platforms for data repositories,
distributed processing, and interactive data visualization.

5.5.1 Smart Parking

 Traffic congestion is major problem in big cities. Searching for a parking space is a routine (and
often frustrating) activity for many people in cities around the world.
 After finding parking space to the driver, he parks the vehicle, it may be spend small amount of
time to looking for a city council parking attendant to pay the parking fees.
 The smart parking system is designed by making use of some IOT supportable hardware's such as
raspberry pi, arduino boards etc.
 Smart parking systems typically obtains information about available parking spaces in a particular
geographic area and process is real time to place vehicles at available positions.
 It involves using low-cost sensors, real-time data collection, and mobile-phone-enabled automated
payment systems that allow people to reserve parking in advance or very accurately predict where
they will likely find a spot.
 When deployed as a system, smart parking thus reduces car emissions in urban centers by reducing
the need for people to needlessly circle city blocks searching for parking.
 It also permits cities to carefully manage their parking supply smart parking helps one of the biggest
problems on driving in urban areas; finding empty parking spaces and controlling illegal parking.
 Smart parking application can be accessed by drivers from smart phones, tables. Sensor is used for
each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is empty or occupied.
 Local controller collects the information and send to server using Internet. Fig. shows process
specification for smart parking IoT system.
 Each parking slot contains the sensor and it reads at regular intervals. Sensor sends the status
information to local processing centre.

Prepared by: T.Manochandar, A.P(S.G)/ECE

 Fig. Process specification for smart parking loT system

 Sensing layer defines a platform where sensor devices are embedded into the parking lot to detect
car presence/absence, and RFID devices located at the parking gates and strategic points of the
parking are used to identify cars based on a unique mapping between RFID tags and car.
 Networking Layer TCP/IP over Ethernet for connecting the gateway to the parking server and
database and Internet access for remote access to the smart parking system from outside.
 Middleware layer hosts different databases and associated servers and manages all of the software
intelligence provided by the smart parking system to provide smart services to users by enabling
communication between the application layer where services are requested and the lower layers
where smart devices are embedded into the parking lot to provide smart services.
 The application layer is the layer where the different services are defined and provided to different
users. Client devices have been connected via the TCP/IP protocol to a parking database.
 Parking availability status by integrating into the car detection system sources of light on parking
spots, which are controlled by actuators to inform of the status of a parking spot: e.g., red for
occupied, green for empty, yellow for reserved and blue for out of service.
 Remote availability checking using the internet and the GSM network to check in real time the
availability of the smart parking system.
 The data of smart parking lots are able to provide profits for both customers and merchant's daily
lives in the smart cities. This service works based on road sensors and intelligent displays which
lead drivers to the best path for parking in the city.

5.5.2 Smart Lighting

 The street lighting is one of the largest energy expenses for a city. The street light section comprises
of all the light lamps in an area with current sensors and RF module. 'N' street lights of this section

Prepared by: T.Manochandar, A.P(S.G)/ECE

 communicate with local controller unit wirelessly through RF module (Zigbee). 'N' local controller
unit communicates with main server through IoT due to its global coverage area.
 Smart light infrastructure is the backbone of the IoT in smart cities. Smart and wireless street light
luminaries can act as service gateways for other street level IoT devices.
 Smart street lights are intelligent lights that gather dynamic data i.e. data that keep changing
dynamically by time, through some sensors and generate required information for the request
claimed by a citizen on road.
 Smart street light saves energy by sensing the surrounding through their sensors expecting some
other sensor in some other device.

5.5.3 Smart Roads

 Sensor is installed on road to provides road traffic condition, travel time estimation, congestion
and accident.

Fig. Smart roads characteristics

 Sensor collects this information and stored on the central database using cloud. This information
helps for solving traffic congestion, making safe driving, keeping road condition upto date.
 User can access the information from the cloud. User also get real time information.
 Real time traffic maps can be obtained to enable smooth flow. Traffic can be reduced with systems
that detect alternate routes. User get timely information so they can locate a traffic free road, saving
time and fuel. This information can reduce traffic jams and pollution improves the quality of life.

5.6 SMART HEALTHCARE

8. Explain in detail about smart healthcare with examples. Explain in detail about health & fitness
monitoring and wearable electronic.

20
  Smart health can be defined as medical and public health practice supported by smart devices. The
IoT devices will help to test the different parameters so as to facilitate for proper diagnosis. Based
on the diagnosis the treatment is monitored.

5.6.1 Health and Fitness Monitoring

 IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification systems.
These health monitoring devices can range from blood specialized implants.
 Smart health systems provide health related services using a network?, some kind of connection
between intelligent agents. These intelligent agents could be computing devices, mobile phones,
sensors, Fitbit smart bands, surgical devices, devices that measure your blood chemistry, or
devices that measure your brainwaves. Any of these things could be intelligent agents.
 The human actors, patients or healthcare providers for example, could be intelligent agents in this
system. The sensors, devices, computers, applications, and system. The sensors, devices,
computers, applications and human actors are all intelligent agents that might be connected in the
smart health system.
 Smart healthcare is an important research area for Internet of Things, which employs sensors and
other information identifying technologies, wireless and wired networks to realize large-scale,
multi-layer interaction between patients and medical equipment’s, medical staff and healthcare
institutions.

Some challenges in the healthcare system are as follows:

1. Smarter hospital: Smarter hospital is an important improvement of smart healthcare system. A

natural problem is how to build a smarter hospital for greatly improving medical services and patient
experience.

2. Data integration/realtimeness: How to combine heterogeneous health data sources in a unified

and meaningful way enables the discovery and monitoring to ensure the data realtimeness. of health
data from different sources. It is also important for smart healthcare.

3. Medical resource shortness: There are not enough medical resources for the population. For
example, there are fewer doctors and high-level healthcare institutions but more patients.

4. "Low" usage of community health service centers. In contrast with community health service
centers, people prefer the high-level healthcare institutions. This results in the low usage of
community service centers.

5. Bad health habits. The citizens have some bad health habits that contribute to poor health, for
instance, smoking and no sport.

Prepared by:Manochandar T | SGI

 6. Lack of information sharing. hospitals are not sharing enough information. This leads to the
following two problems at least. First, the health information records of patients cannot be queried.
Second, there is lack of medical cooperation between hospitals.

The links between the many applications in health monitoring are:

1. Applications require the gathering of data from sensors

2.Applications must support user interfaces and displays

3. Applications require network connectivity for access to infrastructural services.

4. Applications have in-use requirements such as low power, robustness, durability, accuracy and
reliability.

Connected medical devices and associated IoT technologies will primarily be used to achieve the
following capabilities:

1. Access real time visibility of the patient's condition, his/her activities, context and physiological
parameters.

2. Monitor compliance to prescribed treatment, diet and exercise regimes.

3. Provide feedback and cues to patients, family members, doctors and caregivers in order to
implement corrective action.

4. Leverage high performance computing for real time feedback and use evidence-based medicine
for better patient outcome.

5.6.2 Wearable Electronic

Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the head, neck, arms, torso and feet.
Current smart wearable devices include:
1. Head Helmets, glasses

2. Neck - Jewelry, collars

3. Arm Watches, wristbands, rings

4. Torso Clothing, backpacks

5. Feet Socks, shoes

 Smart glasses help us enjoy more of the media and services we value and when part of an IoT
system, they allow a new approach to productivity.
 Smart watches not only help us stay connected, but as a part of an IoT system, they allow access
needed for improved productivity.

Prepared by:Manochandar T | SGI

 TWO MARKS

1. What is an Embedded System Design?

A system designed with the embedding of hardware and software together for a specific function
with a larger area is embedded system design. In embedded system design, a microcontroller
plays a vital role. Micro-controller is based on Harvard architecture, it is an important component
of an embedded system. External processor, internal memory and i/o components are interfaced
with the microcontroller. It occupies less area, less power consumption. The application of
microcontrollers is MP3, washing machines.

2. What are the types of Embedded Systems?

1. Stand-Alone Embedded System
2. Real-Time Embedded System
3. Networked Appliances
4. Mobile devices
3. What are the elements of Embedded Systems?
 Processor
 Microprocessor
 Microcontroller
 Digital signal processor

4. What are the steps involved in the Embedded System Design Process?
 Abstraction.
 Software and hardware architecture.
 Additional functional properties.
 System related family of design.
 Modular design.
 Mapping.
 User interface design.

5. What are the embedded software development process activities?

 Specifications
 Architecture
 Components
 System Integration
6. What are the Challenges in Embedded System Design?
 Environment adaptability
 Power consumption

Prepared by:Manochandar T | SGI

  Area occupied
 Packaging and integration
 Updating in hardware and software
 Security
 Embedded hardware testing
 Verification stage
 Validation Maintainability.
7. Give some examples for Embedded System Design.
 Automatic chocolate vending machine (ACVM)
 Digital camera
 Smart card
 Mobile phone
 Mobile computer

8. What are the types of processors?

o Application Specific System Processor (ASSP): ASSP is application dependent system

processor used for processing signal of embedded system. Therefore, for different application
performing task a unique set of system processors is required.

o Application Specific Instruction Processor (ASIP): ASIP is an application dependent

instruction processor. It is used for processing the various instruction set inside a
combinational circuit of an embedded system.
o General Purpose Processor (GPP): GPP is used for processing signal from input to output
by controlling the operation of system bus, address bus and data bus inside an embedded
system.
9. What are the types of general purpose processor?

 Microprocessor

 Microcontroller

 Digital signal processor

 Analog signal processor

10. List the typical nonfunctional requirement for embedded system design.
Typical nonfunctional requirements includes: Performance, cost, physical size and weight, power
consumption.

Prepared by:Manochandar T | SGI

 11. What are the design metrics used in embedded system design?

Design metrics are unit cost, size, performance, power and time to market.

12. What is smart parking?

Smart parking systems typically obtains information about available parking spaces in a particular
geographic area and process is real-time to place vehicles at available positions. The smart parking
system is designed by making use of some IOT supportable hardware's such as raspberry pi, aurdino
boards etc.

13. When urban centers are labeled as smart?

Urban centers are labeled as smart when they leverage technologies to improve the management of
common resources, such as street space or waste collection and improve the quality of urban life for
citizens.

14. What is the consequence for smart parking use cases?

• Contributes to pollution
• Increases traffic incidents
• Causes motorist frustration
15. What is smart Irrigation system?

The smart irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. The system
has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors placed in the root zone
of the plants. Wireless Transmitter Unit (WTU) is comprised of a soil moisture sensor, a temperature
sensor, a microcontroller, a distributed network of sensors. A RF transceiver and power source.
Several WTUs can be incorporated in field to form an up-thrust for knowledge.

Prepared by:Manochandar T | SGI