Advances in, Physics :- Renewable energy - Generation» Energy storage and Energy efficient materials and devices. a-Aduances in the field of, Nanotechnology- Quantum dots, Quantum communication - 3-Recent advances in bio - physica, Recent aduancer in medical phygics, Shape memeiy materials. * unit 9 Ppplicection -ncvances applications in playticst- i = I: Applications of Renewable energy - Grid integrations §& Smant gids. 4-Applications oF Nanotechnology - Nano medicine, . [2 Prpplica tions” Ch bio- Playsics - Bio physical imagtng. | bio mechanics , neuro physics - 4--Applications of medical physics - Radiation therapy. Nuclear medictne - “s- Sold woute management “6+ Environmental verediation - Green technology > water treatment.Cee ee a ae > Renewable enevqy & he energy that can be renewed or Teplenished - => Tt & often refered a4 clean energy becouse i by lee haam- ud tp enviyonment compared 4 nNon- yentwadble enngy. i => Renew able energy ts obtained fron notural resources and prO cea that are constantty veplenuhed: * Depinttion + => Renewable energy aoa type of energy obtar 7 ned from the xesources which donot deplete — or -veplenish themselves within AQ human he time + : => Tt & oppotite tothe enerqy obtained fom depleting syeuil quel: Retewable Energy Resources 9 oc => The yesources that produce venewable energy jae moestty present in nature - ida. sh goeic ’ u These yesources produced fpom the nocture |“ Nepleniuhes -the, depleted all” consumed amount ‘f ; : | Of “resources writin a sfinite intaval of human | life pons * Type Of Renewable Enagy t- There are S major types of Tenewable energies “They are | Solar enerqy Li: Hrydtopower enengy ! J 2 witnd energy S$. Bloman energy. i » Geothermal. eneg.y@ yAdiant light and heat energy “a lected by olay collectors . : ) This collected energy i cued +o generate : tricity 6 peat ‘through a system Ob ig pannets. un light =) Solar or photovoltaic cets conver a | Aivectty into electri city - peowing = Soley thermal collectos uses heat O} | | Panel +o heat water d buildings. j > | tAlind Chery oa the use of, ‘Piatind power or wind energy Makes \wind to. provide mechanica) ot. electrical energ they tue wind turbines “20 that. they can dr [Operations like milling or pumping - THe wind Hb hits two or more Propeliea Uke plates wanes around a voter TAM worer ts connected. t0 main > shape. “whit |: connected to the qneratd - 83 ! sass 6 So, when the voter moves» * moves the shape “oturn and hence electricity & prediuce cohide the generate Kaes oy Operates. 27 These turbines are mosity installed in. high Laine areas: 34 | Geotty hermal “Energy * a 2 Earth has thermal eniergy Btioved in tt. a “The energy that & & qeney ) pom the “ther! thnem evuTreq whet uw CcCauled Yeother mas energy => Hot Aprings and volcanoes, are few examples to this energy: > tT Hgctropow.e, Energy :- => Fy drepower poder or hydro electricity a 1. energy generated by the Lue Of water. 4 7? Ooms and retewoirg ore consructed on is Howling WwOtA vohich Uses the kinetic energy (Oh the water-to run turbines. which Tnturn (generates electricity - | = Hydro power & abo generated by making we (Oh Fides kaoem or etal energy. —Inésome Cases it cues the surface Ocean wave ~ & +0 produce electricity Known as wave energy. & Biomass Energy :- > Bio energy tw derived fiom biomax whidh & “Organic waste of animals and plant: Biomax contains stored chemical energy which (& burn to Produce bio energy. ; Tr can aio we converted ‘int biofuel eohich Ican be divectty used to produce heat through |“ combuution. sy This heat generated shor combustion 4 used 40 Tun generast and produce electrictty - G¥ Tmportance of Renewable Energy :- “the folowing ane the few important points i “the wage of renewable energy - => Renewable energy % A S0uvle Of clean andubtiable. energy. pollution free ve te hoesnot produces ce, goses ol pollutants - cost of this energy tw Austainable compare, ail fuels. reduces energy dependence on 4s! pues can be easily generated » economicably and ervironmentouwty théee Newable technologies are very BY eggiciertt. Nhs is orinohiss hoheee oe = Semi conductor quantun alot, ae vay &mall 3 dimensional 6ytems whose dtmeriion, Tange fron I nanometer to 1D NAnoMeter . The energy levels depends om the 4132 and the size epheck U Knoum 44 quantum gine effect A Hpicat quantum dot includes thousand t | lakh atoms. ~ Scientist cre various methods fot the product - on of Santum dots ane allow Vite tighter ceontrel our factily effecting its growth, AiZes Stability » Zolibity and eminion properties + 2K) Chavacterteties :- = The optical properties of quantum dots & wued io make an artipicialty 4abricated devices tn electronics - ude SThee dots are usehul to study a ete Tange OF physical phenomena: Quantum dow are ued as potential applica - Hons io photovoltaic cebs and (ase den? ces. They are. alo cued to thin tim ‘transis tols Ught emitting diode o devices, and luminescen ‘tabels in biology and medical. I + General properties Of Quantum Is Based on the velatvonship between the energy | and wavelength of. light» “the. optical propares Hog the particle can be. vasied - depending on 1G ay: bagi ey controlling Sige Ok: Quantum dob ..vasfous particles with dierent colours can. be.iced to emitlol observe Apect ic wavelen, ight - Gporene aged quantum dots en ters alt ¢ TS Of lignt- aaticle size % one of the most fmportank neept ‘that effects the optical props Ob Quantum cots. e.and shape and composition of quantum ; 1% abo play an key qole - The mating methods and materia used tn | P Quantum dots aie semi conductor nano dystal that exhibit unique Optical propertters'due t “thety extreme Amal dize (fe few nm which | behaves aimilas to’ 3 dimensfonag Quantum wei ¥ Applications of Quantuin ot: 7 QD have mare em nario eminton Apectra, which means they emitt Mght at very apeciii wavelengths. The “unique optical. and “electrical properties Of B<8 arontum oloko i makels Nano ereptale (>) and othe jmano paariches due to theiy unique prop erties also wed in daug discovery, DNA mapping + bio engineaing and voxtour other medical aspects l>semi conducting quantum dots one aphertcal iin Ahape Mestty band ger matertal, axe Uses Hoohich holds hundieds and thousands, Of atoms depending upon its si%¢- P@D ore also used tn various peels. of | biology» electronics, medicines due +o thetr (Optical ‘properties | Qos are capable Ok converting absdb light “into emitted Light with thety high quantum | apidenes Quantum dow are also ured fn applicatior Of tai ologicout imaging and diagnesis - " ¥ concesn a wing quantum dou + (advantages) | The 4ollowing are the main Concens enhibited | oy vaatous Tesearches $2 09 quantum dots. | Lepack on environment s- > Que to cadmium and heavy metal coating (quantum dog can be harmpul © ‘the envitonmer > Que to thu coating quantum dot may yelease hOkmial mebale pahi?cth cembtamtnate eetl and 1 |> AL sppliears . ord Jopety :- dmium based Quantum dot. a6 totic to ee, nage quord the ‘rextorches 7 employ 7 ond 1 nthe, WHEL User vorinns, Sa4tY4 precousti on fn are 4p be erictty followed - > Researcher, ore cantinuouly looking to aten, “tive moatentals to the maxing OF Quantum dot which oe non-toxic di les tonic *2 the | enviyonment-te QI Icanion led eee ee Yeseanches has achieued techniques J Awantum netwotking ° Quantum netwellking Shows progres in terms of ™prouing the overcu functioning benepits of geen dots using interne. \ © Quantum netwdk of the future Intend to Preuadl the ‘ingormation ‘acres the ‘entire globe Yeljing on tovestial conpanents , Aatellites , aeroplanes, Ships and other vehicles - : DT & abo anticipated to support uncondlitfonal secs jAepe Computing powen, large netwck capacity even ak ; as velocity and provide privacy: : | J The majo goat of ' Quantum communication and netotiking Projects cs to bridge the gap between | Quantum mechania and ‘ingormakon thedey- the majn applicatton of anu bridge’ is “fn formadion [technology te ar sect) uohich focus on creation » ranaménion, inteypeing 1 Storage > procesing and vaxtoy othe process - F _pppltcattons of quanturn coromunicasfon + bstne recent advance in quantum communication Land netwdHing hax its contribubtons in waaious “fielas. Few +ielols are - UF Quantum tommunicatton and netwditing | appliances i Quantum internet architectures » protocels, dean | principles - Is. Quantum information thedey ard communication protocal. U. Quantum netwolk manag emerit - | | | |4S Quantum claka plane and Control plan’ Sgn. & Security, control, comtert » privacy Lauer ob QAM, | Netusdttu | Hy A: Performance evatuation and modeling * L elbain ‘ ton oh existing knoe | i OF information ; i Lin veal quantum © nekoolhs: ¢ A-Guantum memdiy and repeater design’: 2 No Simulateys test beds » proto types 1 implementakio, jana field experiments . % Conclusion | The principle qoak of Quantum communi cotton and quantum networks Are to Share A propor, Called entanglement + Once | entangled 00 & more dod ane combined to use this Information io the 4pm of quantum Key distribution @kO)s quan tum | telepdtaation and 40 on: i |Nanoparticles s- the nanopasticles are smal particles esrhich hay a yange between | to 100nm in size a Tthey haue diyyerent types of significant physica and chemical properties - , => Mes nonopaaticles consists of few hundveds of, | atoms - *€) Nano Sclence :- i i : | Nanoscience vepers to the audy 5 manipulation band engineering of matter s particles and their |4oructyé on’ nanoscale. hae tol? tam = 10m = 10a". : i =o tol? j tor 14 sort ‘ard j= Propertier such as electyical, optical, thermal ar i 1 al and their emecharni col properties ef the mater! . clightment of molecules and: odoms one g weprezent| ‘ed oncthis nanoscale - : othe nanometer size structure of these eopentet Lave often clifearent from mbcrescale - 2€ | Nanotechnology :- Nanotechnology % ‘the application of nanside nce leading tp the Use of nanomaterials and © Nand size componersts Sin tdehud oducts: | p> thes technology enhances us to design custom Mode moteials, nano electronic components, na ae medlicine, sendy and vosious othe produch yin Clectremicy medicine » physics and voatow othe eds. || Properties of Nanoparticles :- ¥Le Most Physical and chemicos propeaties O one + terfats ane ste dependent - ] \ 2 A Phe small size make “hese materials bot. prony = AQ and challenging - j oD Few important cues Of these nano porticles Det, The development of drugs Buch a4 their Sige, | shape ; high reactivity anat thety untque charade, > Nanotechnology has enhanced senso +0 detet harms chemical, vapours and micro OY Pn um re teriak s- Types OF nanomaterials :- | AY nanoparticle ts defined, | with all three dimensions (external) Jvatues oshose Longest and Noro medicine “ts an application’ o; Nanoterhnolay 4 cohich wos in the field of heatth and medicine using . nanomateria, and nanoelectronic biovers- | The medical area of nanosclence has tis lic Lat : att } ations anol benep its 43 humans, Pepi | ane | te Health & Medltcine 5: Tubercetusescs Trea” j2- Orug olelivery 6: Clintcod applicattou , p- vane’ treatment Itke surgery visually” Sordas ‘identification of. tume’ 4+ Neuro dlegenerative ae iecoat pect and Oetechnology in ‘in Biophysics s- the pottowwing ane the ew appltcations technology in bio Lae PP of nano~ QBio Seruds and Biogenstics + - > Bio sersdls are used 4p quick and accurate detection of pathogen and toxins: = Blo sersols ane abo cued in 4p sayy > enviton - mental monitding and medica diagnosis « © Biomecutas enginering te i= DNA technology uses DNA. molecules A buildin q blocks to qroduce manestruchines with poati cular || shape and /purpese - These nanostruchnes are emnployeed in toue cenginecsing .medicabion delivery and. 40 on- @ tmaging .and, ensing - ‘ ion and analysis of h resplution » visualizati poutble by reno low a an gtructures can be made | bio | scale’ tmaging technique: @ Drug delivery structure ¢- > Tongeted and, controlled release Oly shenapeutic | substance are made pedible by thes acgseem- > Nano technology based drag delivery ae upon ‘three important fpctts ; ‘) tffictent encapswtatton o dg WD Scuccempul delivery of solid ditig to targeted Tegion of the body . ae ti) Succemspul releate of that espn in that aig © Lingle moleeute bio » Nash dngtoay! + deBiiiolia & 7 made. tf easier| I | i k -|ment in tiwue engineering ot eqenetattve He! ley aia single molecule and thetr SeMAMlOuy | mnethant Thur technique Information reqan ding ad other (cal charactertstic » frololing proce and.’ \ molecular properties can be easily Srralieg, @ Biomimetics :- re Nanotechnology has mocle tt [Fcrace and structures OF nanoscale sjend natural sqctem posible to Creag, throat Tepre, erative medicine ;, @ Tuwe engineering and regen end 10s cevelop Pp Nanotechnology has made prem | medtcine - 1 ling this technology qrooth and development, 16 sues can be made using nanopaatices.. PP Pew field are qawth fact» antigical ce | harmone geneation , oigante trarup lant & implant | -thesteter which one wie fph lie extension. © @natogys- : => Que to smoul ee of nanoparticles ‘they are used for oncology practice wing imaging technique. > Nanoparticles ove ted: in cancers. photvolynamic therapy where these paaticles ane inserted cof thin | the -tumer of the body and dhins fuminated ustth photolight fiom outside. | > Photodynamic therapy hos gain importance due his technique. dealing with tunes without epgecting othea organs. 6 saqy: In tis technique green Mqutd containing gold cotted Shells of nanopasttcles are cred As “remiouing wterieg or other important pants by ve if a ea je undergoing organ tanplant. wil © visualization t- =) Dug distributton and tts metabelian tah be determined by dragging ceu Movement. 7 Celle are dyed by éctentist to track thelr moven ent ‘Rroughout the body « @antiblotic Rests tgnce :- = antibiotic vesistance can be decreased by using nanopasticles in combination ‘therapy. pain oxide nanoparticles are merty cused in this | proces - @ fomune Reuporses- oe nanodeite can be installed duaing Burgires (te Teduce elergy and immune ‘Tesporue- $ @ Nano Pharmacéuticals ¢- |e SS os |=» Nano pharmaceuticals can be used to detect | diseases at early stage and treatmen” tan ne || started wing procedures which kes nandariet i> Here the sige of the dug and tts: delivery. apie \| wos ab nanogcale + Lo This technique % vuced to reduce side effects and _unneten ary attain on the patients. 1 * Appllcation of nano matesals +- > Nano technology can be Lued to design phere ~| ceutical -that can target spectite organ dv cel Lin the boy and dt enhances the effectiveness & the therapy genion. = nono materials can be uted in ine mating of cement» cloth and other materiak ANaE con | make them sAttong@aA and lUghter-er > Bue to thett extremely small size they Oe ut An electrontcd » environmental cleaners and nedtrali ‘the toxins. * Applications in various pieldss- / fF = WAMU fields + i : > They are wed in voatous fmportant pede @ (such as. : \ |" Health care and cosmeticss ea Spoits industrics (3: Military la. Cleaning surfaces + Aerospace industries ‘environmental preservation i Hazardous edpec & Aéadvantages :- 1 \? Nanotechnology & a two edged sodd. Bue | their Smau size they can easily ented @ human | body through inhalation & through Bue to this t inhalation since they are Weds (Of catbon and &ilveA mateifals they Cause [lung and skin diseases. 4 isite| | 3 ongeing Researches § Technological tewoe ‘ierovati | sot continuous to improved diagorsu » treatmens and patient cane - > Few aduances in mectical Hidds an like X-ray imaging » computed tomography (C7) » mognek quonance imaging (MRD, ultra. sound imaging » paitcin emision tomography (PET) » Single emiaion computed tomography (sPECT) » Flucito Acopy + pee Recent advances in Medical Phys * Radiomics § Radiogenomics s- = Radiomics and Radfogenomics vT +40 the z on and analysis of large Numb Quanti-tive CApects fom medical pictures with the Goal of ‘Teveling hidden injotmatfon and patterns - > Radiomics gives the general ‘imaging character’ and: genetic. propiles- = Radfogenomia combines vadlomics veith genomic data providing personatcied medicines and treatm - ent choices. | ¥ Dmage Guided Raciatton Treatment UGRt)+ = IGRT combines vadiation theapy and imagin technology to provide accurate radiation deltuay bo preche location of tumor: >The ton tumd petition and the movement % ‘m onitdted Throughout the therapy procen. > Bue to ths monitiling e enhance treatment eults with reduce side effects produced - > RT anables exellent tumod localisation, altews (Prete yadtatton deltuedy to tuma timues while yotecting heal tis ued ‘| OU Tech technique involves cone - beam © 1M [Position emesian -tomogrophy (PET) » mragnenic 4 Aelsnance fmaging (MRI) ot corputed femora cn. rr Perfodic imaging & done tracughout the Th | couse to congiim the location of the targets [7 Feo importante steps followed by IGRT AN€ + | Enhanced Precision |2: Treatment Planning B- Adapative treatment LW Enhanced Sagety |g. TPaktene setup g Trmmobilisation « Reduce side effect: |.) Raticle Therapy z- Proton “theapy and carbon fon Thoapy arc we [ype of paaticle theraples which are succempet ' treating cancel. > thé @treatment alloux precision precise “tumot | eo targeting while causing ao ch lex haxm to heal | pats: 4 Proton Therapy oe i > Proton therapy & an advance rodiation theap 7 cued tn the treatment of cancer | |= Foton therapy uses charged mas lex ‘protons: | =) These protons ane accelerated to high Aue to protons physical charactercstics feu !Caan cit Meee acti aeeeeeeoaeeeree ast tester eee ee radiation cxpesture to healthy tyes . 4 iia >" Superiot dose of proton poattces Which awe prea, - ly delivered on tumo\ spot while poring the Yadiat - on expesure to healthy tus Ue this technique & mostly used? ue to the aboue qualities they ane used ax excellent chotce dor paedfalitc cares *€ Coxbon fon ‘tRerapy x > it & similar to proton therapy but inatead oF protons carbon tons ane used: = Conbon tons ane changed |mass and energy properties > Carbon fons have higher T effyecttuencss (RBE), F Due to this RBE property tum tau&tank to radfatton therapy av destroyed by carbon ‘ons. = Targeting hypoxto. umds with canbon ‘on treatm = Nt UG more succersp compared to proton ‘therapy +) Caro ion treatment % abo used tn paediakfc | cases with mintmum exposure to heabtiy tissues and. lowering the chances and long term negattu | effects similar +0 proton therapy. “ Molecular Lmaging :- oS smotecutan Imaging induces perttron emision tomography (ret), cingle Photen emusi on compa ~ ted tomography CepEer) . ' © thée methods measure biological walking ae detect Moleculan level ANd helps tn early flinew ~ ony treatment monitsting and daug improvement Se particles hawing bette: compared. to protons. elattue, brological or ceuls cohfdh ane 2 mmc easily™ ablftton Emivion Tomography (PET) + >) ? PET & a medical imaging technology cused See and access the metabolism and operation of. Numero adgans and body tHuuer- : | SATAY technique U cual in the Aagorulss 21h, and eonitoiding of cttreases Like canco+ neur0logica) idésoydtur and heart beues- 9 Dn this metaodl radio waces ‘Yadio traces emitiing prot positrons Jin the body +9 0b gathers fojormation about cellular and molecules |proces taking place in. the body: Ly Depending om ‘the targeted organ eee Oe be given to the patiene through infection» tn ‘m d indligestion - & tree imide the body the radio tracer undleigoes | eying procers and emits poitroms- ; > Hee in the body “the pesttrormu weate with Artrourdt ~ing cectrory during inhatation and +o gaurma age ‘axe. emitted. In opposite disection. > Special déctoy surrounding “the : patient body oleeter detects the emitted gammarays. = Tha ditected signals of gammaraye ane by the compute which teconrtructs 2 Tiree dimension ~ at image of the distibation Yadiotraces [0 the body, ~ The tmage replects the -avea of high and too yodiotraces intate depending upon the | abnot'mal or altered cell acttuity. = peT has sevaal features _and application: fe ase* ; |. Pancttonal maging (roatactive és otope) ane administrated2 Cancers ciagoness and Staging 3 Treatment Yesporser anentment Bitte cae 4 Neurological and Cardiac imaging * Single- phaten emdsion computed $90 EpHy wGezr > SPECT & O& moleculan medical imaging techni ~ que used ty vigualige and accey the function of omjans and timues ustthin the bocky- SPECT & used tn nucean medidine te physieologt -cal, blood flow and specific molecular tange- # |. Diseases Aagonss i SPECT cued 40" ateqnosis ot vanious candiovascul Or diseases, neurological aii crder thyroid probler “22nd bone abndimalies: 2 Therapeutic TD oniigting :- = By corn paning pre and post | eas images the ef ectiveness of streaimen Ae (OF “WY & evaluated by the physicrans. Nyy tenaging - b SPECT combined with radto tracers alleus The viswabl zation and agement of biological proces |recepts binding» cell metabolism and newrd, barumitte. activity a 3 Molecular ¥ Computed tomaqraph (c1) Sean :- =p The phrase - computed TOmeqraphy gt eT scan, | desettbes a Computerized 7 ¥OY imaging procedure. Pr an this process patent t subjected 40 a .naxrow jbeam on x-rays which ane quickly rotated ~"\@ound the bodu and pdure, Branale rohicth ane| PIOCemed by machines computer 0 gees: "ae \dectionad images a slices . ‘ pathee slicer are known as "Tomographic fi (oy ~ ch prouide specifte information to physitr they, tradit? nal k-vay, i ctures” “7 These slices one anmanged duces a Sequence by machine, compute! and Pe stivee dimensionad image Ol = P tion and “hts technique enables better ingornnam” TT ident ficatfon of patent's baric etre che a alrer. detection Of potentfal tumds and one % Applications :- ‘cr aeons ane cued tp detect disease and camap caused $0 numeous body parts 2-They ae cued 40 4inding potention qumbls and lesions. in the abdomen . | 4 3 Coadiac fUnex and othe abnomal{ties ane easily detected by cT Scanto heart. 4 Head injuries ‘images con be clearly obtain using CT cans: ; 5. Presence of tums, extra dultd and rene: pneumoiaand various others Lung diseases can he detected using CT scans Magnesite Resonance Zmaging Gen) :- => MRI technology has seen a major ‘tm proven? -nat in ctonal MRI [FMRI) which ctlows yerearches t0 Study about loain: connectivity and activity. 7 Ulta high, sfeld MRI provides imaging. wit.high resolution and Mole IN¢ptmation- Sur wu widely cued in vartous fe : medical - yer 40 diqnore and monits brain, spin» ane" abnoimatites » pelvis And other body part. + met aives debatled images compared to CT &cans py beta medical diagonsis woreeh ane—eted b&b and esearch. 4 Rue to it witderang? eny accurately « : => Few diagnosis ane *~ } Brain Tumdv 2 Tramua +0 head & brain they detect disease 3 Spain problem (Gs Heart problem and Stoeke ls: Abnoimalies Of brain & spainal cad ¢. diuer and other olondimal dlseares. ¥ Blipoence bee Mel G EAP => MRI provides deratted image of eriternal body to CT scan: [feet expsse patient & technician to hasnt Ae TaYs while cT scam take the uk: > The cose of MRI & much higher, comp Qred to cr Acan-Shape Memoty Maton | ¥ Shape Memdy Alloys (SMA'S) : - i Shape memdy alloys are rretatively can be bent into any shape in martensite phi a reveuable phase = Thee matoials undergoes nth eeymatfon to Qustenite phase whee TEE NE a Specific temperature - austenite ph these mataials St p durin and can be reutits a its etal grate bY yemembaing it egoimed state - SSMA'S have unique characters like shape on “effects super elasticity * damping capabilities + | chi esion and patique resis tance + | % Shape Memay fplyenens (SrA 's) = =p smP's ane polymeric matertals which are made lengtiy chains of > Rue to thelr capacity to undago “tn thely chain structure they exhibits shape. memdy repeatest unit - 4 Qa yeuersable cha | pehaufour- FasmPs and sma‘s changes th the influence of temperakire » | external ogertts - ety structure under Light and offen — [Dainttion s- 7 Shape memdy alloys ane metallic alloge mostty eae tO 42M shape memoly mateatals. ] = Nitinel [Nickel -titantum naval didance labaats) (ane mete mosity made of sp'/ nickel and sol: titanium & a well known sma- ; % Bropestics sf Mantemite & Austentic phase :- _ Tn maotentte state smals ane okt and can be.— ss wihen a SMA & heated at certain temperature known as Aucsenite sfinuh temperature (AF) they tea - hes austenite phase- ~The austenite phase & a revemable phase whene a rigid body can be Wwrtittee +vetuined to ib original atate by Yemembering- ** Application of Shape memoty materfods z- Biomedteat Butert, —S= = SMA'S Gre employeed th biomedical devices like cterits, braces and other devices like surqerical instrument - : These mateials aré abso use in invastue operation “due +o ‘their capacity 10 alter their shape according +0 bady temperature - : 3 Robotics: Que to their unique properties they are usect in building of odaptable and versatile robotic ayes ‘which are exible sel, Tepaixing and ’ | cMA'S axe used in making senses ond deuices which can alker their Shape accoiaiing to their \surroundings. la mast Textiles s- Self fitting clothing » active Spells wean, ans made waing Knope mem vy palymow . 5 Corwuumes Goods :- Vasiou conmumer tt fin which self repairing One used. (ike eye glanes wht fpce shape 4 ems ane made using SMALE | matoials and mart poctirg human ch adagt to |* Gyld Thtegration t ee TAPEECQUONS Of. Kencwty © sect wahich Grid tntegration deals with the faa - ofc woth “Re proces of, integrating ote ids generation resources Into existing poe 0 r Ten Solan and wind powers ae ont a ~ able eH ethberces that ae unpredictible i all electrical power generattu a, wind pod powead, hydro gower » S0la> powner « P' Yt tnked 0 gid q | fost fuels power axe Lin i | netwak- anto qridh Bn dda to Integrate ‘these Th \ ing , maintaining grid yCmrepal planning » mi 4 a and Supply ‘balancing Of grid qower demand y | : ‘ [should be carepully olserved. [= Following are the fw chollenges related tp “grid Tnkeqraston :- : Olar Strategy t- | P Genoraltty 6olon and wind ene, y one unpre “Coble renewable energy sources. The output O% ‘these energies depends upon vf day and whether. 3 in orde, to integrate these ve Sources tnto grid ‘careful planning and strategies are taken 10 | maintain grid stabilfty » batanctng 05 power Tdemand and Supply, minimizing the use of |Tenewable endgy. | |@ Power System planning: 7 Power grid integratton begins wrt, planning Wk pease’ :7 eed ee ee ee ee - om facilites, Copactty: of energy sources “ya cateulated + Sthis step minimizes ‘the arid case ehbectiveness and ‘Teltability while tntegrating renew able GOUTCES + © Gxld infrastructure + >Tt Includes necemary modiffcattons +o the existing power gid ingrastrucure. Pe to order to Increase, the capacity and Moxiability of Tenewable enoqy Zource the Oma traction of new traramikion Unes , sub stations and othe machinantes should be _ aaign: . : @ arid poanag ement and comtrel:- 32n Orde to maintain a, stable sprequency fre 50 HZ in Pndia}] and, the voltage > tthe gid operatrts must esntinucusly bol.ance demand ‘and’s supply. deceit. pT seduce the pictuations and iqria peatbiltty the genexaxion ob + enagqy must be predicted. Ly The coordination oF qeneraston , demand » jeupply and energy storage sytem muse be properly manage - increase enew able | marker mechanism z- Tha may include lew and regulations which enhances clean energy technologies and grid integration {in day to day, ©Guid codes § Stondordas- | the requirement 407 vottage cequiosi om »ee in maint aining Re technology prepaly @ tnagy Storage - Energy storage devices Like batteries » Pum | hyto power storage technologies ane exen “8 grid Integration. a These deutcer provider backup pow balances | Supply and demand ; minimizes the vant ability, “renewable energy generaction - ] ® Aemand Supply management 3 2 This demand cupply Atrategy & mest exential n [grid Integration to know the energy constiniption | pattenn and peak demand- i crane pe Time and use priding» demand and ‘Yesponie | Plan helps the ‘constumes to: modtpy: Thety Jelectt city consumption thrice anad..grict depend ling upon thrice and grid signals . LDA smart onid és an advance . electrical grid | aqstern that uses digital communication and || aertomatiere technolegies to improve 4 the aujicteng) and Sustainability of electricity genet | reatiability ed 8, vd -lttons traruminion, distributton and conjunct on: LL TT TTT | Advance metaing Infrastructure {A mr) :. Advance meterio, TOSTTUCEUTE | 3 D> The Wnsudtatton. instauat’on of Smart meters in | place of a common meta & Q basic feature of Amaye grid. yy Tt proutdes a two way communication between lutte and cutomen.Pe eee ee me cata oF energy cons. umptior and demand resporue . 2 Qutribution Automation :- ST’ & cused to monitt) and manage distributor equipments , ‘ident tcatton oF toults, quick restde dusing Power shortage: > Thi can be thoroughly monitded using sends, controlled deuices and ‘PTOper communication - 3 Gxid moni thing and control :- > Grid operators provides operations allewing them to eyectively integrate venewoble enagqy sources in electvic vehicles. > Herve they optimize grid performance and ident the problem beppe they aires. 4 Demand Rey TA program used by This ‘integratton of energy sources 19 Bolan cells, 1 ° Praees jwind tutbines , enables real time mopigng and : ‘controlling o; renewable sources vohile prsoving qrid |Sahility and power quatity - 4 Gledvical vehicle Inteqratfon +- la with increasing demand and govanment ‘upppotsre ° owas (esr smart grids to suppedt Eve Chora { nd effectively managing ‘the charging load. 8 Cuba Security § Privacy + Smaat grids in coperate tong meaiurer in order 40 quard against cybo thn anol quarantee the privacy data tran through Anis qid-