WAVES PART I PHYSICS CLASS XITOPICS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. TYPES OF WAVES (A) MECHANICAL WAVES (B) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (©) MATTE TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL WAV! PULSE PREGRESSIVE WAVE Capillary waves and Gravity waves 3. DISPLACEMENT RELATION IN A PROGRESSIVE WAVE Crest & Trough Amplitude (a) Phase Wavelength (.) ‘Time period (T) & frequency (f) 4. THE SPEED OF A TRAVELLING WAVE SPEED OF A TRANSVERSE WAVE ON STRETCHED STRING SPEED OF A LONGITUDINAL WAVE - SPEED OF SOUND Newton’s formula Laplace correction 5, THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES1, INTRODUCTION WAVE: The patterns, which move without the actual physical transfer or flow of matter as a whole, are called waves. 2. TYPES OF WAVES The waves we come across are mainly of three types: (A) MECHANICAL WAVES: A mechanical wave is a wave that is a vibration in medium, transferring energy through a material. They are governed by Newton’s laws, and can exist only within a material medium Examples: water waves, sound waves, seismic waves, etc (B) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES: A wave produced by the acceleration of an electric charge and propagated by the periodic variation of intensities of, usually, perpendicular electric and magnetic fields. They do not require any medium for their propagation. Elecric field ‘Magnetic field Microwave infrared —Visible. ~—Ultraviolet_ |» X-ray Gamma ray Long wavelength | Short wavelength (©) MATTER WAVES: Matter waves are associated with moving electrons, protons, neutrons and other fundamental particles, and even atoms and molecules. Example: Beam of electrons TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL WAVES, PULSE: A pulse is a single disturbance that moves through a medium from one point to the next point. Pulse ‘Transverse Wave: A wave that oscillates perpendicular to the direction along which the wave travels. ee Se De te Be See De de be De Se te Be de Be Se te Se Be De te De De De© train of sinusoidal wave pulses on a string Examples: Electromagnetic waves, Waves on a stretched string. Sinusoidal wave Transverse waves in a string Longitudinal Wave: A wave that oscillates parallel to the axis along which the wave travels. Examples: Sound waves, waves in a compressed slinky. tudinal wave due to pressure variation in a pipe containing airPREGRESSIVE WAVE: A progressive wave is defined as the onward transmission of the vibratory motion of a body in an elastic medium from one point to another. As the transverse wave propagates each element of the medium undergoes a shearing strain. Transverse waves can, therefore, be propagated only in those media which can sustain shearing stress such as solids and not in. fluids. Fluids as well as solids can sustain compressive strain; therefore, longitudinal waves can propagate in all elastic ‘media. The waves on the surface of water: (i) capillary waves and (ii) gravity waves The capillary waves are ripples of fairly short wavelength—not more than a few centimeters—and the restoring. force that producing\ them is the surface tension of water. Gravity waves have wavelengths typically ranging from several meters to several hundred meters. The restoring force that produces these waves is the pull of gravity, which tends to keep the water surface at its lowest level. Gravity waves As . Figure 1. The waves on the surface of water The particle motion in the water waves involves a complicated motion; they not only move up and down but also back and forth. The waves in an ocean are a combination of both longitudinal and transverse waves. 3. DISPLACEMENT RELATION IN A PROGRESSIVE WAVE, Let y (x, ) denote the transverse displacement of the element at position x at time t. As the wave sweeps through succeeding elements of the string, the elements oscillate parallel to the y-axis. At any time t, the displacement y of the element along the positive direction of the x-axis is given by ¥ OK, 1) =asin (kx — ot + 9) * © wave travelling in the positive direction of an x-a) fe direction of the x-axis is given byy (x, t)=asin (kx + ot +9) Displacement Amplitude Phase yd = sin (kx - ot + 9) oa it Angular Angular Initial Wave Frequency Phase Number Angle the quantities in Eq. y (x, t ) for a progressive wave Crest: A point of maximum positive displacement in a wave is called crest. ‘Trough: A point of maximum negative displacement is called trough. Amplitude (a): The amplitude of a wave is the magnitude of the maximum displacement of the elements from their equilibrium positions as the wave passes through them. I is a positive quantity, even if the displacement is negative. PHASE: The phase of the wave is the argument (kx — wt + 9) of the oscillatory term sin (kx — ot + @). It describes the state of motion as the wave sweeps through a string element at a particular position x The constant @ is called the initial phase angle. Wavelength }: The wavelength of a wave is the distance (parallel to the direction of wave propagation) between the consecutive repetitions of the shape of the wave. It is the minimum distance between two consecutive troughs or crests or two consecutive points in the same phase of wave motion. For Oandp=0, yx, 0) =asinkx By definition, the displacement y is same at both ends of this wavelength, that is at x = x; and at x = x) +2 ‘Thus, a sink x; =asink (x +2) =asin(k x +k) The above condition is satisfied only when, kA=2an where n= 1,2,3 Since dis defined as the least distance between points with the same phase, n= 1 k x k is called the propagation constant or the angular wave number ; its SI unit is rad m™ Element of the string at that position moves up and down in simple harmonic motion with x = 0, y (0,t) =assin (ot) — A graph of the displacement of the string element at x = 0 as a function of time The period of oscillation T of a wave is defined as the time any string element takes to move through one complete oscillation. ‘On both ends of this time interval, we get ~asin w(t) +T) sin (ot; +01) oT =2n angular frequency = Frequency 'f of a wave is defined as 1/T f= z i The displacement function for a longitudinal wave is written as, s(x, t) =a sin (kx — ot + 9) Other quantities have the same meaning as in case of a transverse wave except that the displacement function y (x, t) is to be replaced by the function s (x, t).Sample problems based on Progressive wave equation Problem 1. Ina wave motion y =a sin kx —«#),y can represents (a) Electric Field (b) magnetic field _(¢) Displacement (d) Pressure Solution : (a,b,c) Problem 2. ‘The displacement x (in metres) of a particle performing simple harmonic motion is related to ime # (in seconds) as x = 0.05 cos (sae) The frequency of the motion will be (a) 0.5 Hz (b) 1.0 Hz (c) 15 Hz (d) 2.0 Hz Solution : (4) From the given equation, coefficient of = 0=4 Problem 3. A plane wave is represented by x = 1.2 sin (314 t + 12.56 y) where x and y are distances measured along in x and y direction in meter and 1 is time in seconds. This wave has (a) A wave length of 0.25 m and travels m + ve x-direction (b) A wavelength of 0.25 m and travels in + ve y-direction (©) A wavelength of 0.5 m and travels in —ve y-direction (d) A wavelength of 0.5 m and travels in — ve x-direction Solution : (c) From given equation k = 12.56 2=2£05 m direction =~ y SoK= x and 24=—=2em 4, THE SPEED OF A TRAVELLING WAVE Let the entire wave pattern moves by a distance Ax in the positive direction of x in a time interval of At yo ax “Wave at (= Kt Wave at t= 0 speed of a travelling wave ‘ax wave speed v = Ifa point A on the waveform retains its displacement as it moves. This is possible only when the argument is constant. kx — ot = constant let us differentiate with respect to time Sample problems based on speed of a Progressive wave Problem 1. The speed of a wave in a certain medium is 960 m/sec. If 3600 waves pass over a certain point of the medium in | minute, the wavelength is (a) 2meters (b) 4 meters (©) 8 meters (@) 16 meters Solution : (d) v= 960 mls ;n z a 16 meters.‘A wave is represented by the equation Y = 7 sin (721-0010 +4 “x is in meters and 1 is in seconds. The speed of the wave is (a) 175 m/sec (b) 49 emis ( Bmis (A) 0.28 amis Solution : (a) Standard equation y = A sin (or ~kx +4) Ina given equation o=7 7,4 =0.04 2278 = 175 misec Ak 04a A wave represented by the given equation y =A sin (10.24 +15 21+) where x is in meter and fis in second, The expression represents (a) A wave travelling in the positive x-direction with a velocity of 1.5 m/sec (b) A wave travelling in the negative x-direction with a velocity of 1.5 m/sec (©) A wave travelling in the negative x-direction with a wavelength of 0.2 m (d) A wave travelling in the positive x-direction with a wavelength of 0.2 m Solution : (b,c) By comparing with standard equation ¥=A sin (kx +o1+2/3) K=10 2, w=l5e We know that : y= 2-= 1.5 mlsecy 23% =0.2 meter. SPEED OF A TRANSVERSE WAVE ON STRETCHED STRING The speed of transverse waves on a string is determined by two factors, (i) the linear mass density or mass per unit length, = 22 Length @) Gi) the tension T ar | If we examine the dimensions of these quantities, it can be seen that the ratio T/jt has the dimension iMLT] panne way = WT] On the basis of dimensional analysis the most appropriate expression for the speed of transverse waves in a medium is (Here, C is dimensionless constant = The speed of a wave along a stretched ideal string depends only on the tension and the linear mass density of the string and does not depend on the frequency of the wave. Sample problems based on speed of transverse wave on stretched string Problem1. A wire having a linear density 0.1 kg/m in kept under a tension 250 N. Find the speed of the transverse wave in the string Solution: We know that v = E (250 ot Problem2. A wire having a length 5m in kept under a tension 360 N. Its observed that the speed of the transverse wave inthe string is 60m‘s, Find the mass of the wire. 5 misSolution: Webrow wat v= [E SPEED OF A LONGITUDINAL WAVE - SPEED OF SOUND: The property that determines the extent to which the volume of an element of a medium changes when the pressure on it changes, is the bulk modulus (B), a Beravqy Here AV/V is the fractional change in volume produced by a change in pressure AP. Since the longitudinal waves in a medium travel in the form of compressions and rarefactions or changes in density, the inertial property of the medium, which could be involved in the process, is the density p =r (ML-3] U On the basis of dimensional analysis the most appropriate expression for the speed of longitudinal waves in a medium is the dimension of the ratio B/p is [Here, C is dimensionless constant = 1] In the case of solid medium v £ [Where, Y is Young's modulus} It may be noted that although the densities of liquids and solids are much higher than those of the gases, the speed of sound in them is higher. It is because liquids and solids are less compressible than gases. YL ~ _ yd Speed of ound in eifferent media In the case of an ideal gas, the relation between pressure P and volume V is given by PV =NkpT where N is the number of molecules in volume V, kp is the Boltzmann constant and T the temperature of the gas. Therefore, for an isothermal change VAP +PAV =0 oP a Therefore, the speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas is given by v £ The above relation was first given by Newton and is known as Newton’s formula. LAPLACE CORRECTION The motion of sound wave in air is adiabatic. In the case of an ideal gas, the relation between pressure P and. volume V during an adiabatic process is given by PV" = constant Where, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to that at constant volume. After differentiating, we getyea. av Since B= +7 PV" ‘Thus for an ideal gas the adiabatic bulk modulus is given by where 1 is the ratio of two specific heats. This modification of Newton’s formula is referred to as Pr ies correction. Sample problems based on speed of a longitudinal wave Problem 1; Determine the speed of sound waves in water, the find the wavelength of a wave having a frequency of 242 Hz. Take B water =2 x 10°Pa. Solution. Speed of sound wave, v- E- o =1414m/s. Wavelength, 2. = “= 5.84 m. Problem 2: Speed of sound in air is 332 m/s at NTP. What will be the speed of sound in Hydrogen at NTP if the density of hydrogen at NTP is 1/16 that of air Solution, Given that Vair= 332, Problem 3: What is the ratio of velocities of sound in hydrogen and oxygen at the same temperature? Solution: The temperature of the two gases H> and O, are given to be the same, Now ‘vis same for both the gases. vy _ [Mo _ [32 Yn = [Mo . [2 fe a4 vy YM, V2 vie va vo= 4:1 5. THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES The net displacement of any element of the string at a given time is the algebraic sum of the displacements due to each wave (or) Overlapping waves algebraically add to produce a resultant wave (or a net wave)Constructive Superposition of two pulses travelling in opposite direction Distructive Superposition of two pulses travelling in opposite direction let yi0x, 1), yale, t) sw» Ya(%, £) be the displacements that any element of the string would experience if, each wave travelled alone. The displacement y (x,t) of an element of the string when the waves overlap is then given by, OLD = Yi, 0) + Y20% Doren » YalX Let a wave travelling along a stretched string be given by, yi(x, t) = a sin (kx ~ ot) and another wave, shifted. from the first by a phase 9, ya(x, t) = asin (kx — ot +9) applying the superposition principle, y (x, t) =a sin (kx ~ at) +a sin (kx — ot + 9) (a@+B) (a-B a. y (,0)=2asin( (loc- wt + £) cos? ¥ G0) (2acos2) sin (la wt + 2 The resultant wave differs from the constituent waves in two respects: (i) its phase angle ist [r sina + sinB = 2sin Gi) its amplitude is (2a cos 2) NOTE: «If @=0, ie. the two waves are in phase # If @ =x, the two waves are completely out of phase, the amplitude of the resultant wave reduces to zero. To be continued ....,APPENDIX INTERFERENCE OF SOUND WAVES When two waves of same frequency, same wavelength, same velocity (nearly equal amplitude) moves in the same direction, Their superimposition results in the interference. Due to interference the resultant intensity of. sound at that point is different from the sum of intensities due to each wave separately. This modification of. intensity due to superposition of two or more waves is called interference. Let at a given point two waves arrives with phase difference 6 and the equation of these waves is given by Yi =a sin ot , yo = a> sin (ot + §) then by the principle of superposition J = Fy +p = Asin (ot +6) where A= fay Fag? + 2ajazcos@, Tan 0: = Intensity o A? 1= a;? +a,? + 2ajazcosp = 1 +1, + 2Vhizcos Constructive interference : Intensity will be maximum an; where n= 0,1,2 when x =0, 2, 22, 34 oon ths Where n= 01,2 ss. +h +2Vbk=(vh+ Vk) & (A +A? Destructive interference : Intensity will be minimum when § =m, 31 Sty... QneL)m; Where n= 1,23 vo... when x = 2/2, 32/2, 5A /2.... (2n-1)4/2; where n= 0,1,2 «. In = ht 12 2yh = (Vr - Via) & (Ar - Ax)?