5. April 2024 Upsc
5. April 2024 Upsc
PRIVILEGES
Sagar kavach
CASE
CONTENTS
POLITY AND GOVERNANCE.........................................1 Low Female Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR)..............41
S. R. Bommai v/s Union of India (1994).....................................2 Agroforestry more Beneficial to Small and
Marginal Farmers........................................................................43
Regional Benches of Supreme Court..........................................3
Cotton Cultivation in North India............................................45
Municipal Election Reforms........................................................5
Agriculture Sector Poised for High Growth in 2024-25........46
Curative Petition...........................................................................6
India’s Direct Tax Collections Surge in FY 2023-24...............47
Custodial Death............................................................................8
'Priority Watch List'....................................................................48
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)....9
30 Years of the Marrakesh Agreement.....................................49
Committee Report on the “One Nation One Election”..........11
Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs)............................................50
EVM-VVPAT Case....................................................................12
UNCTAD Report on Global Trade...........................................51
National Civil service Day........................................................13
ENVIRONMENT AND GEOGRAPHY........................53
Zero FIRs......................................................................................15
Soil Erosion in Western Ghats...................................................53
Indian Secularism vs Western Secularism................................16
State of the Global Climate Report 2023.............................54
Enforcement Directorate (ED)..................................................17
World Water Development Report 2024.................................55
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS..................................19
Decoding the Judgment on Jim Corbett..................................56
India Rejects China’s ‘Senseless’ Arunachal Act....................19
Taiwan’s Recent Earthquake......................................................57
India Gains Sittwe Port Access..................................................20
Role of Nuclear Energy in Mitigating Climate Change........59
UN Security Council Resolution on Gaza...............................22
Right Against Adverse Effects of Climate Change................60
‘Vision for Regional Security’ announced by the
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)............................................23 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs)...................................61
I
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY............................................76 India’s Food Safety System......................................................108
Urbanization, No Liberating Force for Dalits.......................102 Voluntary Code of Ethics for Elections by Social Media
Platforms....................................................................................131
Childcare Leave Policy in India..............................................103
IRDAI Celebrates 25 Years of its Establishment.................131
Surrogacy Laws........................................................................104
ARTICLE FROM YOJANA (APRIL 2024)..........................133
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005...105
Soil Ecosystem...........................................................................133
IRDAI Removes the Age Limit for Health Insurance..........106
II
SECTION
• The Kerala government argues that these bills dealt with • Reserving the bill for the President’s consideration: This
matters within the State List of the Constitution, falling is a discretionary power of the Governor used in specific
under the state’s legislative competence. situations.
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
Q. Discuss the significance of the S. R. Bommai v. Union
of India ([1994]) case in shaping the constitutional
principles governing centre-state relations and
federalism in India. [15 Marks] [250 words]
The SR Bommai judgment, delivered by the Supreme Court • Report of the Parliament Standing Committee: The
of India in 1994, established vital principles regarding Parliament Standing Committee on Personnel, Public
Grievances, Law and Justice presented its 107th report
the dismissal of state governments under Article 356 of
on “Demands for Grant (2021–22) of the Ministry of
the Constitution. It upheld federalism by limiting the Law and Justice” and advocated for the creation of the
discretionary power of the Union government, requiring it to Supreme Court’s regional benches.
have objective reasons for imposing President’s Rule.
• K.G. Balakrishnan, the former CJI, even went so far as to • Create a National Special Leave Petitions (SLPs)
speculate that it might cause the institution to fall apart. Court of Appeal: The Supreme Court said in Bihar
• Rising Litigation: Regional benches may lead to a rise Legal Support Society v. Chief Justice of India, 1986
in pointless or forum-shopping lawsuits as parties look that it was “desirable” to create a National Court of
for favourable decisions from benches, they believe to be Appeal with the authority to hear cases involving
more sympathetic to their positions. special leaves.
• Up to 347 seats are vacant in the nation’s high courts, • Increase Working Days: In light of the lengthy case
which have a sanctioned strength of 1,114 judges. backlog, the Malimath Committee proposed that the
• Similarly, of the 25,081 sanctioned judges in the district Supreme Court extend its period of operation to 206 days
judiciary, only 19,781 were really in service. There are up and shorten its vacation time by 21 days.
to 5,300 open district judge vacancies.
• In an effort to reduce the backlog of cases, the 2009 Law
Way Forward Commission recommended in its 230th report that court
• A Distinction Between the Benches of Appellate and holidays be shortened by 10 to 15 days at all judicial
Constitutional Jurisdiction: The Constitutional Division levels.
and the Legal Division are the two divisions that the
• Preserve the Exclusive Power: The Supreme Court should
Tenth Law Commission of India suggested the Supreme
continue to have certain exclusive powers, including
Court be divided into.
its original jurisdiction under Article 131, its advisory
¾ According to the plan, the proposed Constitutional jurisdiction under Article 143, and its writ jurisdiction
Division would only hear cases involving constit- under Article 32 of the Constitution.
utional law.
• The National Judicial Infrastructure Authority of
• Right to Life and Dignity (Article 21): The Constitution 3. Constitution has divided the legislative power
with regard to preventive detention between the
guarantees the right to life and freedom from cruel
Parliament and the state legislatures.
treatment, even for those in custody. This protects
individuals from torture and abuse. How many of the above statements are correct?
• Protection from Excessive Punishment (Article 20): The (a) Only one (b) Only two
law cannot punish someone more harshly than what was
allowed when the crime occurred. People cannot be tried (c) All three (d) None
twice for the same offense, and they cannot be forced to Answer: (c) (All Three)
confess against themselves.
• Confessions and Consent (Selvi Case): Tests like narco- Descriptive Question
analysis cannot be performed on anyone without their Q. Analyze the prevalence and underlying causes of
consent. This ensures confessions are genuine and not custodial deaths in India, and assess the constitutional
obtained through coercion. and legal safeguards in India to the prisoners against
the custodial violence. [15 Marks] [250 words]
• Legal Safeguards: Laws prevent using force to get
confessions (Indian Evidence Act & IPC). Arrests require
proper justification and procedures, with transparency NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR
and access to legal aid (CrPC). PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS
International Conventions Against Custodial Torture (NCPCR)
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): To protects Why in News: Recently, NCPCR has celebrated its 19th
people from torture and enforced disappearances. foundation day.
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
• Also known as the “Iron Man of India,” Patel played To ensure effective governance, Civil Services Day proposes
a pivotal role in India’s integration and political continuous evaluation and improvement. Recognizing
unification after independence. outstanding work motivates officials to strive for excellence
in public service, ultimately leading to a self-reliant India
• A prominent lawyer and leader of the Indian National (Atmanirbhar Bharat).
Congress during the independence movement.
Descriptive Question
• He served as India’s first Deputy Prime Minister,
Q. Examine the initiatives and reforms undertaken by
Home Minister, Information Minister, and States
the government to enhance the effectiveness and
Minister. efficiency of the civil services, and assess their impact
• The Statue of Unity, the world’s tallest statue at 182 on governance and public service delivery. [15 Marks]
meters, stands as a tribute to his legacy. [250 words]
B INTERNATIONAL REALATIONS
• The source of disagreement along the eastern portion of the India-China border lies in the McMahon Line. In 1913-
1914, representatives from China, India, and Tibet convened in Shimla to define the boundaries between Tibet and
India and China.
• During this conference, Sir Henry McMahon, who served as the foreign secretary for British India at the time,
established the McMahon Line, a 550-mile (890 kilometer) demarcation separating British India from Tibet.
• This line stretches from the eastern border of Bhutan to the Isu Razi Pass on the border between China and
Myanmar.
INTERNATIONAL REALATIONS 19
Way Forward Descriptive Question
To strenghthen borders focus should be on infrastructure Q. Analyse the historical context and geopolitical factors
development via roads and communication influencing territorial disputes and claims over
systems,enhancement of modern military Arunachal Pradesh, particularly in the context of
technology,collaboration with other neighbouring countries India-China relations and border issues? [15 Marks]
and building a roust economy. [250 words]
INTERNATIONAL REALATIONS 21
• Israel is under scrutiny from the International Court of
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
Justice (ICJ) for allegations of genocide in Gaza.
Prelims MCQ
INTERNATIONAL REALATIONS 23
¾ This ensures the free flow of goods and resources, Challenges
critical for the GCC economies.
• Internal Disputes: While the vision emphasizes unity,
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation: In light of the Iran-Israel
resolving internal political disputes within the GCC
nuclear programs, the GCC’s call for a “Weapons of
remains a challenge.
Mass Destruction Free Zone” (WMDFZ) is a positive step
towards regional peace and stability. ¾ The ongoing Qatar blockade by other GCC members
• Economic growth: The partnership fosters trade and is a concerning point.
investment opportunities. India is a significant trading
partner for the GCC Countries with bilateral trade • Israel-Palestine Conflict: The vision’s focus on the Arab
crossing $100 billion. Peace Initiative is commendable.
• Diplomatic influence: Enhanced cooperations amplifies ¾ However, achieving a lasting solution requires
India's diplomatic influence in the region, providing it addressing the core issues of the conflict and engaging
with a platform to engage in discussions on regional and all stakeholders meaningfully.
global issues.
• Divergent foreigner policy Goals: diverging interests EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
within the GCC, particularly regarding relations with
Iran and the US, hamper unified foreign policy efforts. Prelims MCQ
Q. Consider the following countries:
• Human Rights Concerns allegations of human rights
abuses in member states, like the treatment of migrant 1. Yemen 2. Bahrain
workers in Qatar tarnish the bloc’s international 3. Kuwait 4. Iran
reputation.
5. Saudi Arabia
Conclusion
How many of the above are members of Gulf Cooperation
The GCC’s vision for regional security offers a framework Council (GCC)?
for cooperation. Addressing internal disputes and fostering (a) Only two (b) Only three
a lasting solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict for long-term
stability. India’s strategic partnership with the GCC can be (c) Only four (d) All five
further strengthened by deepening cooperation in energy, Answer: (b) (2, 3 and 5 only)
trade, defence, and technology.
KATCHATHEEVU ISLAND
Why in News: The Katchatheevu Island has been in news
with respect to rights of Indian fishermen which can impact
India-Sri Lanka relations.
Key Details
• Katchatheevu, a small, uninhabited island in the Palk
Strait, was claimed by both India (formerly Madras
Stakeholder Perspectives
Presidency) and Sri Lanka. The crux of the issue lies in
varying historical interpretations • Tamil Nadu: The state government has consistently
• India: Katchatheevu’s ownership was contested opposed the ceding of Kachchatheevu, demanding its
throughout history. Initially ruled by the Jaffna kingdom retrieval or a perpetual lease. This reflects the concerns
of Sri Lanka, control shifted to the Ramnad zamindari of Tamil Nadu fishermen who have traditionally fished
in the 17th century. Following Indian independence, the in these waters.
dispute with Sri Lanka persisted until 1974. • Union Government: The central government’s stance
• Sri Lanka: Maintains sovereignty citing Portuguese has evolved. Initially, it downplayed the issue, citing
control during the 16th century. the 1974 agreement as a settlement. However, in 2022,
it acknowledged that Kachchatheevu lies within Sri
Lanka’s EEZ.
Way Forward
• Dialogue and Joint Patrols: Regular diplomatic
discussions and joint patrolling by Indian and Sri
Lankan coast guards can foster trust and prevent
misunderstandings.
• Clear Fishing Agreements: Revising the 1974 agreement
with clear regulations on fishing rights in the Palk Strait
can benefit both sides.
Conclusion
Resolving the Katchatheevu issue requires a nuanced
approach that acknowledges historical complexities,
addresses the concerns of fishermen, and prioritizes peaceful
co-existence in the Indian Ocean.
INTERNATIONAL REALATIONS 25
• Climate Action: India’s vision involves working together
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
to tackle climate change. Through initiatives like the
Prelims MCQ International Solar Alliance, India promotes renewable
energy use in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, fostering
Q. With reference to the Katchatheevu islands, consider
the following statements: both sustainable development and climate resilience.
1. It is an uninhabited island located in the Palk Strait. India’s Gains from prioritizing Africa in its Global South
Focus
2. It forms a maritime boundary between the Gulf of
Mannar and Bay of Bengal. • Economic Boost: Africa offers a significant market
for Indian businesses. With substantial investments
3. Indian fishermen do not require a passport to visit
this island. and booming trade, the continent presents a lucrative
opportunity for economic growth.
How many of the above statements are correct?
• Stronger Partnerships: Africa’s growing influence on
(a) Only one (b) Only two the global stage makes them a valuable strategic partner
(c) All three (d) None for India. India’s support for Africa’s inclusion in major
Answer: (c) (All Three) forums reflects a shared desire for inclusive global
leadership. India has already achieved success, like
Descriptive Question securing a seat for African Union in G20.
Q. Enumerate the Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreements • Investing in the Future: Africa’s young population
after 1950s. What steps can be taken to addresses the presents a vast potential for collaboration in education,
concerns of fishermen of both the countries. [15 Marks] technology, and innovation. India’s experience can
[250 words] empower African youth and contribute to long-term
development.
Key Details
• India and Africa have a longstanding partnership built
on common ground. India is well-respected across Africa.
• Trade between the two continents has flourished,
increasing from $68.5 billion to $90.5 billion over a decade.
• Additionally, India is now among the top five investors
in Africa.
India’s Role for Developing Countries (Global South)
• Representation: India acts as a champion for developing
nations, ensuring their concerns are addressed in
important global meetings (G20). Initiatives like the
“Voice of Global South Summit” provide platforms for
these countries to discuss shared challenges.
• Reform: India pushes for changes in international
organizations to better represent developing countries’
interests. This includes areas like taxation rules, climate
change funding, and increased decision-making power in
institutions like the UN Security Council.
• Cooperation: India encourages collaboration among
developing nations by sharing knowledge, technology,
and resources. The India-UN Development Partnership
Fund supports sustainable development projects led by
developing countries, particularly those facing the most
challenges.
Prelims MCQ
INTERNATIONAL REALATIONS 27
• Global Economic Strain: Geopolitical tensions could
cause a rise in commodity prices, inflation, and a shift
from riskier investments like Indian stocks to safer
options.
• Trade and Travel Challenges: The conflict could disrupt
trade and travel, especially by air and sea. This could
impact India’s exports and supply chains.
• India’s Balancing Act: India has close ties with both
Israel and Iran. The country must balance its defense
cooperation with Israel and its economic ties with Iran
while ensuring regional stability for its energy needs and
citizens abroad.
INTERNATIONAL REALATIONS 29
• Diplomatically, AUKUS has stirred reactions among key • Areas like maritime security, cybersecurity, and
regional players. Countries like India, Japan, and South intelligence sharing offer potential avenues for
Korea, traditionally considered close U.S. allies, view the cooperation.
alliance as a diplomatic setback. ¾ Maintaining Equilibrium: India must strike a
• They fear being sidelined and see their influence in the balance in engaging with AUKUS and other key
region potentially diminishing as AUKUS strengthens partners like Russia, France, and Japan.
ties among its members. • It should avoid being drawn into a zero-sum game
• The transfer of nuclear submarine technology also has and maintain strong ties with all relevant countries,
implications for global non-proliferation efforts. considering the intricate geopolitics of the Indo-Pacific.
• Experts worry that this move could set a dangerous • Strengthening other grouping like the Quad: India
precedent, potentially encouraging other countries to should prioritize strengthening the Quad, providing a
pursue similar capabilities, thereby complicating efforts counterbalance to AUKUS and promoting a rules-based
to maintain nuclear non-proliferation norms. regional order.
• Economically, AUKUS raises concerns for countries with
• Leveraging the Quad can advance regional stability and
significant defence industries, such as India.
power equilibrium.
• Increased competition for defence contracts and potential
• Ensuring Independent Voice: India should ensure the
limitations on selling defence equipment to Australia
interests of smaller regional countries are not sidelined in
could impact these countries’ defence exports and
its engagements with AUKUS.
economic interests in the region.
• Taking a leadership role, India can foster a cooperative
In what ways can AUKUS affect India? and inclusive approach to regional security issues.
• Strengthening relationship with Australia becomes
Conclusion
necessary as India has the opportunity to deepen its
scientific and technical cooperation with Australia, India’s response to the AUKUS alliance requires a delicate
leveraging its upgraded capabilities in sensitive strategic balance between leveraging collaboration opportunities and
areas such as submarine and nuclear technologies. safeguarding national interests. By maintaining equilibrium
in its engagements, strengthening multilateral frameworks
• This collaboration would not only enhance India’s
like the Quad, and ensuring inclusivity in regional security
technological prowess but also contribute to regional
initiatives, India can effectively navigate the evolving Indo-
peace and security.
Pacific dynamics. This approach will enable India to promote
• Acceptance of continued global strategic importance stability, cooperation, and its strategic interests in the region.
of Britain as India often overlooks Britain’s strategic
importance, but the AUKUS agreement may elevate the
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
UK’s profile in Asia.
• India could explore avenues for closer cooperation with Prelims MCQ
Britain on Indo-Pacific security matters.
Q. Consider the following countries:
• Emergence of modern day “Anglosphere” despite
historical complexities, the AUKUS pact has revitalized 1. Israel 2. The United States of America
enduring geopolitical ties among English-speaking nations
3. Australia
like the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
• Developing unique diplomatic relationship with the US How many of the above are one of the founders of AUKUS?
aiming to bolster the strategic capabilities of its allies and
partners in the Indo-Pacific. (a) Only one (b) Only two
• India has a rare opportunity to forge its own set of (c) All three (d) None
arrangements with the USA and its allies. This may Answer: (b) (2 and 3)
involve enhanced military collaboration, joint exercises,
and intelligence sharing, among other measures.
Descriptive Question
What should be India’s approach to safeguard its strategic
interests? Q. Discuss the strategic significance of the AUKUS
alliance. In what ways can AUKUS affect India? Also,
• Exploring Collaboration Opportunities: India can seek what should be India’s approach to safeguard its
collaboration and technology transfer with AUKUS strategic interests? [15 Marks] [250 words]
nations, ensuring its national security interests remain
intact.
C ECONOMY
Conclusion
Embracing digital agriculture holds immense potential
to transform the Indian agricultural sector. By addressing
the existing challenges and fostering inclusive growth, this
technological revolution can empower farmers, ensure
food security, and pave the way for a more sustainable and
prosperous future.
ECONOMY 31
universities to ensure a constant flow of new knowledge
50 YEARS OF KRISHI VIGYAN and technologies.
KENDRAS (KVKs) 4. Performance monitoring: Regularly evaluating the impact
of KVK initiatives and adapting strategies based on farmer
Why in News: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
feedback and emerging agricultural needs.
(ICAR) recently celebrated the Golden Jubilee of Krishi
Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) on 21st March 2024. Conclusion
By addressing these challenges and implementing the
suggested measures, KVKs can continue to play a pivotal role
in empowering Indian farmers with the knowledge and skills
they need to thrive in the years to come.
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
Q. What are the key milestones achieved by the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) through its
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) from their inception?
Challenges [15 Marks] [250 words]
• Reaching all farmers: Ensuring all farmers, particularly
small and marginal ones, have access to KVK services
remains a challenge. ACQUISITION OF SHARES UNDER
• Digital inclusion: Bridging the digital divide in rural THE LARGE VALUE FUND (LVF)
areas is crucial for effective dissemination of information
Why in News: The purchase of shares of MG Motor
and training programs through online platforms.
India Private Limited by IndoEdge India Fund under the
• Focus on emerging areas: KVKs need to adapt to address Large Value Fund (LVF) Scheme has been allowed by the
emerging challenges like climate change, water scarcity, Competition Commission of India (CCI).
and sustainable agriculture practices.
Key Details
Way Forward
1. Digitalization: Investing in digital infrastructure and • The scheme known as Large Value Fund (LVF) is an
training KVK personnel to effectively utilize online Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) in which each
platforms for knowledge dissemination and training. certified investor must invest a minimum of Rs 70
2. Focus on climate-smart agriculture: Equipping KVKs to crore.
provide farmers with training and resources on climate- • Alternative Investment Fund (AIF): AIFs are investment
resilient practices like water conservation, drought- funds that are privately pooled or collective and that are
resistant varieties, and organic farming. incorporated in India.
3. Strengthening linkages: Enhancing collaboration Alternative Investment Fund
between KVKs, research institutions, and agricultural • A fund created or founded in India that functions as a
32 ECONOMY
privately managed investment vehicle is referred to as an Competition Commission of India (CCI)
AIF. • The Competition Commission of India (CCI) was
• It raises money from affluent domestic and foreign duly created in March 2009 and is a statutory body of
investors with the intention of investing in accordance the Government of India tasked with executing the
with a particular investment policy, ultimately providing Competition Act, 2002.
returns for its investors. • On the advice of the Raghavan committee, the
• The Alternative Investment Funds (SEBI) Regulations Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act,
of 2012 are followed by these investment vehicles. 1969 (MRTP Act) was abolished and replaced by the
Competition Act, 2002.
• 1,220 AIFs were registered with the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI) as of December 2023. Composition
• A limited liability partnership, corporation, trust, or • The Central Government choose the Commission’s six
body corporate may be formed as an AIF. The majority members, including the Chairperson.
of AIFs that are registered with SEBI are maintained as • The commission is a quasi-judicial entity that handles
trust. various issues in addition to providing advice to statutory
bodies. All members, including the chairperson, must
be full-time members.
Eligibility criteria of members of CCI
• Each Member, including the Chairperson, must possess
the qualities of ability, integrity, and standing.
• They must also have served as or be qualified to serve as
a judge in a High Court, or
• Have at least fifteen years of professional experience in
any of the following areas:
• Public affairs, administration, economics, business,
commerce, law, finance, accountancy, management,
industry, international trade, or any other area in which
the Central Government believes the Commission may
find value.
Competition Act, 2002
• The Competition (Amendment) Act of 2007 made
amendments to the 2002-passed Competition Act. It adheres
to the theory behind contemporary competition legislation.
ECONOMY 33
¾ The Act forbids anti-competitive agreements, the Impact of Unicorn 1.0 (2010-23)
misuse of a dominating position by businesses, and
combinations that materially impede competition in Positive Impacts
India. • Economic Growth: Startups contributed 10-15% to GDP
¾ The Competition Commission of India and the growth, fostering job creation (20-25% of new jobs) and
Competition Appellate Tribunal have been created innovation (40th rank in global innovation index).
in compliance with the terms of the Amendment Act.
• Financial Inclusion: Fintech solutions empowered over
¾ In 2017, the National Company Law Appellate 50 million MSMEs, promoting financial inclusion and
Tribunal (NCLAT) was established by the growth.
government to take the position of the Competition
Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT). • Democratization of Consumption: Startups made
essential services like education and healthcare 30-40%
Conclusion more affordable and expanded e-commerce reach.
The Competition Commission of India (CCI) serves as a
watchdog, ensuring fair competition and preventing anti-
competitive practices in various sectors, fostering market
efficiency. On the other hand, the Fund for Alternative
Investments (AIF) provides capital to promising ventures,
stimulating innovation and economic growth. Together,
they promote a competitive and dynamic business
environment, driving entrepreneurship and investment
across diverse sectors of the Indian economy.
Descriptive Question
Q.
What is the mandate and role of the Competition
Commission of India (CCI) in regulating competition
and promoting fair trade practices? What are the
challenges faced by CCI fulfilling its mandate? [15
Marks] [250 words]
What is a startup?
• A startup defined as an entity that is headquartered in
India, which was opened less than 10 years ago, and has
an annual turnover less than ₹100 crore.
34 ECONOMY
Vision for Unicorn 2.0 (2024-35)
(c) Finance Commission
Potential of Unicorn 2.0
(d) Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises
• $1 Trillion to GDP: New unicorns are likely to add USD
1 trillion to the Indian economy, which would reach USD Answer: b
7 trillion size by 2030, and add 50 million new jobs.
Descriptive Question
• Digital Democratization: Widespread adoption of digital
Q. What are the challenges faced by Indian startups in
services can bridge the digital divide and empower citizens.
scaling up to become unicorns, and what strategies
• Globally Leading Startups: India can nurture 15-25 are they employing to overcome these challenges?
globally leading startups and 25+ innovation-driven How does India’s regulatory environment support the
companies. growth of startups? [15 Marks] [250 words]
Challenges of Unicorn 2.0
• Access to Capital: Retail investors and public institutions INDIA & MAURITIUS AMEND TAX
need to participate more actively in startup funding.
TREATY
• Governance Framework: Defined guidelines and a
robust corporate governance framework are crucial for Why in News: India has signed a protocol amending its
attracting investors and ensuring ethical practices. tax treaty with Mauritius with an aim to fill the loopholes
• Supportive Regulatory Environment: A supportive in the treaty which were being abused for tax evasion and
tax regime and streamlined regulations are essential for avoidance.
nurturing innovation.
Key Details
• Skilled Workforce: Developing a deeper talent pool
• In order to prevent treaty, abuse for tax evasion or
through apprenticeship programs and skill development
avoidance, India and Mauritius have signed a protocol
initiatives is critical.
modifying the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement
Recommendations (DTAA).
The CII report proposes several recommendations to achieve • The Principal Purpose Test (PPT), which is introduced
Unicorn 2.0: in Article 27B of the India-Mauritius Tax Treaty
• Capital: Encourage retail investor participation and Amendment, forbids tax benefits if the primary goal of a
public sector funding in startups. transaction is to gain them.
• Governance: Establish clear guidelines and a robust Amendment to Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement
corporate governance framework. (DTAA)
• Regulation: Implement a supportive tax environment • The goal of the amendment is to stop the treaty from
and streamline regulations. being abused for tax-related reasons.
• This amendment covers all forms of income, including
• Innovation: Encourage startups to collaborate with
dividends, capital gains, and fees for technical services.
academia for research and monetize intellectual property.
• The Principal Purpose Test (PPT), which prohibits
• Talent Development: Invest in skill development treaty benefits including lower withholding taxes on
programs and apprenticeship models to create a talent interest, royalties, and dividends, is put into effect by
pool aligned with industry needs. the amended agreement. This occurs when the primary
Conclusion purpose of a transaction or arrangement was to gain
India’s startup ecosystem holds immense potential for these benefits.
driving economic growth, social inclusion, and innovation. By • Additionally, the treaty’s preamble has been changed
addressing the challenges of Unicorn 1.0 and implementing to highlight the goal of “eliminating double taxation”
the recommendations for Unicorn 2.0, India can unlock the while preventing chances for tax fraud or tax avoidance
next trillion-dollar opportunity and emerge as a global leader that could lead to non-taxation or lower taxation.
in the startup landscape. • After the US, Singapore, and Luxembourg, Mauritius is
still the fourth-largest source of foreign direct investment
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE (FDI) and foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in India.
As of the end of March 2024, Mauritius’s FPI & FDI
Prelims MCQ investment were valued at Rs 4.19 lakh crore.
Q. “Unicorn 2.0: Adding the Next Trillion” report was • This is especially crucial when the goal of the structuring
published by is to take advantage of tax treaty advantages in Mauritius
(a) Cabinet Committee on Investment or India.
(b) Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) • It is unclear from this most recent modification if previous
investments would be spared from a new regulation.
ECONOMY 35
Need for Revision
• Because capital gains from the sale of shares in Indian companies are not taxable until 2016, Mauritius has been a favoured
destination for investments in India.
• The most recent amendment to the treaty was made in 2016, granting the power to tax capital gains from the sale or
transfer of shares of an Indian company that a Mauritian tax resident had purchased.
• The goal of “eliminate double taxation” has taken the role of the previous goal of “mutual trade and investment.”
• This will be accomplished without opening up chances for tax evasion or avoidance, including “treaty shopping
arrangements,” that would result in non-taxation or lower taxation.
Conclusion
The Double Tax Agreement (DTAA) is essential in
streamlining tax issues for both individuals and multinational
corporations. It aids in avoiding the problem of paying
taxes twice, stimulates trade, cross-border investment, and
raises transparency. These agreements help to build a more
equitable and effective international tax system.
Prelims MCQ
Q. The “limitation-on-benefits” rule and “principal
purpose test” rule recently mentioned in the news, in
the context of
(a) Genetically modified crops
(b) Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)
(c) Space exploration and related technologies
(d) Antimicrobial resistance
Answer: b
Descriptive Question
Q. What are the objectives behind revising the Double
Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) between
India and Mauritius, and how do these changes aim to
benefit both countries? [15 Marks] [250 words]
RESTRICTIONS ON IMPORT OF
SOLAR PV CELLS
Why in News: Recently, the government introduced
import limits in order to encourage domestic sourcing of
solar modules and assist India’s renewable manufacturing
environment.
Key Details
• India relies substantially on imports of solar cells and
modules, mainly from China and Vietnam.
• In the last five years, India has imported solar cells and
modules worth around $11.17 billion, accounting for
0.4% of total import.
• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
was instructed to re-implement its 2021 notification of an
‘Approved List of Models and Manufacturers of Solar
Photovoltaic [PV] Modules’, also known as the ALMM
list.
36 ECONOMY
• This order aims to promote domestic solar module sourcing to help India’s renewables manufacturing ecosystem.
However, it is usually interpreted as import limits on solar PV cells.
What is a Solar Panel?
• A solar panel consists of photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert sunlight into electricity.
• India’s own renewable energy sector could not meet India’s Dependency on Importing Solar PV Cells
the demand for solar equipment at the prices supplied • To achieve its grid-connected solar power demands,
by Chinese producers. India relies significantly on imports of solar modules
Reason for Re-implementing the ALMM List and cells from China and Vietnam.
• India has been the top solar cell importer, spending
• ALMM emphasizes domestically manufactured solar $11.17 billion on solar cells and modules during the last
equipment for government projects. five years, accounting for 0.4% of total exports during
this time period.
ECONOMY 37
• China is the major provider of solar cell imports,
accounting for 53% of India’s total imports. Furthermore,
it is the primary provider of solar PV modules, accounting
for 63% of total imports.
• China dominates the scope of production in the solar
energy market, whereas India’s capacity is still limited
but concentrated on the final assembly stage.
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
Q.
What challenges or concerns might arise from the
imposition of import limits on solar modules, and how
can they be addressed to ensure a smooth transition
towards domestic manufacturing? [15 Marks] [250
words]
38 ECONOMY
2025 holds immense promise for improving worker well- automation and the gig economy pose challenges in
being and fostering inclusive growth. maintaining fair wages in a changing job landscape.
Current Wage System in India Way Forward
• National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW): It was • Government Legislation and Policies: Stronger
established under the Code on Wages 2019, the NFLMW legislation with provisions for regular inflation
sets a baseline for minimum wages across states. adjustments and effective enforcement mechanisms will
However, states have the flexibility to revise these rates. be crucial.
• Challenges with Minimum Wage Implementation:
Limited enforcement mechanisms and variations across • Multidimensional Poverty Index: Considering
states create wage discrepancies, especially in the vast multidimensional factors like health, education, and
unorganized sector with over 90% of India’s workforce. standard of living in defining living wages can provide a
more holistic approach.
Conclusion
Prelims MCQ
ECONOMY 39
¾ Prevention: Implementing robust systems to monitor
THE PREVENTION OF MONEY financial transactions and deter money laundering
LAUNDERING ACT (PMLA) attempts.
Why in News: The Prevention of Money Laundering Act ¾ Detection: Empowering agencies to investigate
(PMLA), 2002, is a crucial piece of legislation in India’s fight suspected money laundering activities.
against financial crime. However, the Act has been under ¾ Confiscation: Authorizing the seizure of assets
scrutiny for its broad scope and potential infringement on acquired through illegal means.
individual rights. ¾ International Cooperation: Collaborating with other
nations to combat money laundering on a global
Objectives and Background
scale.
• It was enacted in 2002, the PMLA aims to curb money
• The PMLA’s enactment fulfills India’s obligations under
laundering, the process of concealing the illicit origins
international treaties like the United Nations Convention
of income derived from criminal activities like drug
against Transnational Organized Crime and the
trafficking, terror financing, human trafficking and
Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations.
corruption. The Act mandates stringent measures for:
40 ECONOMY
Supreme Court’s Observations
Descriptive Question
• Strict Bail Conditions: While the Court initially struck
Q. Discuss the significance of the Prevention of Money
down the PMLA’s stringent bail provision in 2018,
Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, in India’s efforts to
Parliament subsequently restored it with amendments.
combat financial crime and ensure the integrity of the
In 2022, the Court upheld the constitutionality of these financial system? [15 Marks] [250 words]
amendments.
• ED’s Overreach: The Court, in the Pankaj Bansal case,
highlighted inconsistencies and lack of transparency in LOW FEMALE LABOR FORCE
the ED’s operations.
PARTICIPATION RATE (LFPR)
• Procedural Violations: The Court has observed instances
of procedural violations and misuse of the PMLA by Why in News: India’s labour market presents a paradox.
authorities, emphasizing the need for adherence to legal While overall indicators are improving, female LFPR remains
standards. significantly lower than males (78.5% vs. 37% in 2023).
Way Forward
• Precise Definition of “Proceeds of Crime”: A more
precise definition can mitigate potential abuse by
authorities.
• Reassessing Burden of Proof: Shifting the burden of
proof to a more equitable distribution between the
prosecution and the accused can be considered.
• Oversight Mechanism: Establishing an independent
body to monitor law enforcement actions can prevent
overreach.
• Reviewing Bail Conditions: Stringent bail conditions for
minor offenses should be relaxed.
• Transparency and Accountability: Measures like regular
reporting and disclosure by the ED can enhance public
confidence in the institution.
Conclusion
The PMLA is a powerful tool in combating financial crime.
However, striking a balance between effective enforcement Government Initiatives
and individual rights is essential. By incorporating the • Legislative Measures: The Code on Wages (2019)
suggested reforms, India can ensure the PMLA fulfills its promotes equal pay for equal work, while the Maternity
objectives while upholding the principles of fairness and Benefit Act (2017) aims to create a supportive work
justice. environment for mothers.
• Financial Empowerment Schemes: Rashtriya Mahila
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE Kosh and National Rural Livelihoods Mission provide
Prelims MCQ microfinance and skill training to women for self-
employment ventures.
Q. Consider the following statements: • Employment Programs: MGNREGA guarantees rural
households 100 days of work, with a focus on women’s
1. Cryptocurrency transactions do not fall within the
ambit of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, participation.
2002 (PMLA). Way Forward
2.
Cryptocurrencies are regulated by Securities and • Demand-Side Interventions: Promote labor-intensive
Exchange Board of India (SEBI). sectors in manufacturing and services to create formal
job opportunities.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
• Public Investment: Infrastructure development in safety,
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only transportation, and affordable childcare and eldercare
services would incentivize women to join the workforce.
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 • Skill Development & Education: Invest in quality
Answer: d education for girls and bridge the skill gap through
targeted training programs.
ECONOMY 41
• Attitudinal Change: Address societal norms through Current Trends in the Space Economy
awareness campaigns promoting gender equality in • Economic Expansion: The Space Report 2022 estimates
work spheres. the space economy to be worth $469 billion in 2021,
• Safe Workplaces: Implement stricter regulations and reflecting a 9% increase from the previous year. The
ensure swift action against workplace harassment to global space market is projected to reach $1 trillion by
create a secure environment. 2040.
Conclusion • Rise in State-backed Investment: There has been a global
surge in state-backed investment in space projects, with
Enhancing female LFPR is not just about economic growth but
a 19% jump in overall government spending on military
also about creating a more equitable society. By addressing
and civilian space programs in 2021.
structural barriers, investing in social infrastructure, and
fostering a supportive ecosystem, India can unlock the full
potential of its women workforce.
Prelims MCQ
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Challenges of the Space Economy
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only • Space Debris Mitigation: Growing space activity
increases the risk of collisions and debris generation,
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 hindering future exploration. International cooperation
Answer: a is crucial for developing sustainable practices.
• Regulation and Governance: A clear legal framework
Descriptive Question is needed to address issues like resource extraction on
Q. Critically analyze the underlying factors contributing celestial bodies and space traffic management.
to the disparity in labor force participation rates
• Accessibility and Equity: Ensuring equitable access to
between males and females in India? What are the
space technology and its benefits for all nations remains
economic implications of the gender gap in labor force
participation for India’s overall economic growth. [15 a challenge. Developed countries should facilitate
Marks] [250 words] knowledge transfer and collaboration.
42 ECONOMY
Benefits of agroforestry for small farmers
• Target and Vision: India’s ambitious target of reaching
$44 billion in its space economy by 2033 reflects its • Can enhance farmer livelihoods and the environment.
commitment to this sector. To tackle climate induced salination of land around
coastal areas.
Conclusion E
xample, Following the Gaja cyclone’s devastation of
coconut trees and soil salinity in Pudukkottai district,
The space economy presents an exciting opportunity
Tamil Nadu farmers faced crop uncertainty. They united
for economic growth, technological innovation, and
resources, choosing to cultivate jackfruit and mango trees
addressing global challenges. By effectively navigating the
instead. Six years later, they are reaping promising profits
existing hurdles and leveraging its strong foundation and
from this strategic shift.
policy reforms, India can become a significant player in this
burgeoning sector. • To tackle the problem of loss fertility due to
monocropping inspired by the Green Revolution.
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE • Agroforestry provides farmers with food, fodder,
fuel, fruit, and timber, boosting production and rural
Prelims MCQ
employment.
Q. ‘Space: The $1.8 Trillion Opportunity for Global Space • Eucalyptus, Poplar, and Casuarinas are common species,
Economic Growth by 2035’ report is published by the with wood serving fuel, plywood, paper, and match
(a) NASA industries.
(b) World Bank • Source of additional income in the draught conditions.
(c) World Economic Forum Some of the issues with adoption of Agroforestry
(d) International Monetary Fund • Farmers often favour fast-growing, herbivore-repelling
Answer: c non-native species, which can harm soil health and
human well-being. Selecting suitable tree species based
Descriptive Question on location and purpose is crucial for agroforestry to
Q. Evaluate the potential benefits and challenges improve livelihood sustainability.
associated with the projected expansion of the global ¾ Example, Casuarina and eucalyptus, non-native
space economy, both from an economic and socio-
timber species, thrive in saline soils and require
political perspective. [15 Marks] [250 words]
minimal labour inputs due to their fast growth.
However, they are unsuitable for intercropping or
tree-crop combinations, which are essential for small
AGROFORESTRY MORE landholdings.
BENEFICIAL TO SMALL AND • Existing government policies and schemes lack
MARGINAL FARMERS customization for land-holding size and regional
biophysical variations, leading to exclusion of
Why in News: The Ministry of Agriculture recognised water smallholders.
availability as a challenge when it drafted the National ¾ The Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme
Agroforestry Policy in 2014. Yet the problem remains 2023, which certifies agroforestry and wood-based
relevant and is especially acute for smallholders. products as sustainable, makes almost all farmers and
Key Details industries eligible indirectly excluding small farmers.
• Smallholder farmers seldom grow trees because of their
• Agriculture in India has historically been a diversified long gestation, a lack of incentive or investment-based
land-use practice, integrating crops, trees, and livestock. capital, and weak market linkages.
This technique, broadly called agroforestry.
• Transition Finance have been big concern for small
• Small and marginal holding farmers in India cultivate farmers.
44% of the total area, yet produce 60% of food grain
• Lucrative market linkages are absent.
(49% rice, 40% wheat, 29% coarse cereals, 27% pulses)
and over half of fruits and vegetables. (Agricultural • A recurrent water problem as there is around 67
census, 2014). per cent farmers depend on rain fed agriculture. The
Ministry of Agriculture recognised water availability as
• In India, small and marginal farmers’ average size of
a challenge when it drafted the National Agroforestry
holdings is about 0.38 ha when compared to 17.37 ha for
Policy in 2014.
large farmers. As per India’s Agriculture Census 2015-16,
86.1 percent of Indian farmers are small and marginal • Finding the right native species Water availability is
(SMF). critical for saplings but becomes a persistent concern
when trees compete with crops in water-constrained
ECONOMY 43
environments like hard rock aquifers and low-rainfall Way Forward
regions. • Grow trees that don’t compete with the crops for
• It tends to benefit large farmers more, potentially water- (TOFI) initiative collaborated with Bengaluru-
impacting agricultural labourers and risking food and based WELL Labs, customized the open-source water-
industrial material scarcity. accounting tool ‘Jaltol’ to analyse trade-offs. This
adaptation yielded valuable insights; for instance, mango
plantations in central Karnataka plateau don’t compete
with kharif crops, while coconut trees in Tamil Nadu’s
uplands require more water than crops year-round.
rewrite crisp.
• The ‘Diversity for Restoration’ tool offers a customized
list of climate-resilient species, tailored to restoration
goals. It will soon be launched for the Western Ghats,
with plans for expansion to other regions.
• The viability of current Central and State policies and
programs as a transitional financing route for agroforestry
must also be taken into account by policymakers.
• Ecosystem credits and payment for ecosystem services
(PES) are potential incentive mechanisms that reinforce
nature-centred economics. PES involves a service
user, like a food processing company, paying a service
provider, such as a small farmer, for services like
pollination provided by trees.
Conclusion
Scaling up agroforestry in India requires the inclusion of
smallholders, who own the majority of agricultural land.
However, ecological and socio-economic barriers hinder
this adoption. While secure land tenure is essential,
economic viability and sustainable practices are crucial for
empowering these farmers through market linkages.
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
Q. What are the economic benefits of agroforestry for
smallholder farmers? What are the challenges faced by
small farmers in adopting agroforestry practices? How
can these obstacles be addressed through supportive
policies? [15 Marks] [250 words]
44 ECONOMY
• By exposing PBW to Bt protein continuously,
COTTON CULTIVATION IN NORTH noncompliance with refugia planting accelerated the
INDIA establishment of resistance.
Why in News: A possible decline in cotton acreages is ¾ Natural enemies of cultivated plants can find refuge
anticipated by stakeholders as the 2024–25 kharif cotton and sustenance in the biodiversity plants known as
planting season in North India gets near. refugias.
Effects on Crop Yields and Economy
ECONOMY 45
Some of the government initiatives monsoon across the country would significantly benefit
• Minimum Support Price (MSP) crop yields.
• Kasturi cotton
• Low Base Effect: The agricultural sector’s growth in
• National Food Security Mission-Commercial Crops 2023-24 was modest at 0.67%. This relatively low base
(NFSM-CC) provides a springboard for a more substantial increase
• Cotton Corporation of India (CCI) in 2024-25.
Conclusion
Significance of Agriculture in India
India, one of the world’s largest cotton producers, faces both
opportunities and challenges in its cotton industry. Despite • Livelihood Source: Agriculture is the primary source of
being a major contributor to the global market, issues like income for approximately 45% of India’s population.
pest management, water scarcity, and fluctuating market Millions of farmers and their families depend on
prices persist. Sustainable practices and technological agriculture for their sustenance.
advancements are crucial for ensuring consistent and
profitable cotton production in India. • Global Agricultural Powerhouse: India is a major
player in the global agricultural sector, ranking second
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE in the production of fruits, vegetables, tea, farmed fish,
Prelims MCQ sugarcane, wheat, rice, cotton, and sugar.
Q. Consider the following statements: • Organic Farming Leader: India occupies the fifth position
globally in terms of total area dedicated to organic
1. India got 1st place in the world for area under cotton
farming, highlighting its commitment to sustainable
cultivation.
agricultural practices.
2. More than 50% of India’s cotton is produced in
irrigated lands. Recent Trends and Challenges
3. India is the only country which grows all four species
of cotton. • Declining Share of GVA: The agriculture sector’s
contribution to India’s Gross Value Added (GVA)
How many of the above statements are correct? has declined from 35% in 1990-91 to 15% in 2022-23,
primarily due to the rapid growth of the industrial and
(a) Only one (b) Only two service sectors.
Q. How do weather conditions, market dynamics, input • Real Income Decline: The real income of agricultural
costs, and government policies influence farmers’ households from cultivation witnessed a decline of
decisions regarding crop choices, particularly regarding
about 1.4% between 2012-13 and 2018-19.
cotton cultivation? Illustrate the importance of cotton to
India and Indian economy. [15 Marks] [250 words]
¾ This decrease can be attributed to both stagnant
agricultural prices and rising input costs, particularly
fertilizers.
AGRICULTURE SECTOR POISED
FOR HIGH GROWTH IN 2024-25 • Limited Public Investment: Public investment in
agriculture, including research and extension services,
Why in News: The agriculture sector in India is expected to has stagnated or even declined in the past decade.
witness significant growth in the coming year, with NITI
Aayog projecting a rise of more than 6% in 2024-25. ¾ This lack of investment hinders long-term growth
and innovation in the sector.
Key Details
• Favorable Monsoon: Various agencies predict normal • Rising Input Costs: The real prices of agricultural inputs,
or above-normal monsoon rainfall, which is crucial for such as fertilizers, have been rising for several years,
agricultural productivity in India. A well-distributed putting a strain on farmers’ profit margins.
46 ECONOMY
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: a
Descriptive Question
Q. Critically evaluate the role of government policies and
initiatives in fostering the projected growth of more
than 6% in India’s agriculture sector for the upcoming
fiscal year. What policy reforms are necessary to sustain
and accelerate this growth? [15 Marks] [250 words]
Conclusion
By addressing these challenges and implementing effective
measures, India can unlock the true potential of its agricultural
sector, ensuring not only growth but also improve livelihoods
for millions of farmers.
ECONOMY 47
• Personal Income Tax: Personal income tax collections,
including Security Transaction Tax (STT), displayed ‘PRIORITY WATCH LIST’
robust growth. Why in News: The United States Trade Representative’s
¾ Gross personal income tax collection, including STT, (USTR) annual “Special 301 Report” on intellectual property
reached ₹12.01 lakh crore in FY 2023-24, showcasing a (IP) protection and enforcement placed India on its “priority
substantial 24.26% growth compared to the previous watch list” for 2024.
year.
What is the Special 301 Report?
• Refunds: It’s important to note that the government
issued tax refunds amounting to ₹3.79 lakh crore in FY The Special 301 Report identifies countries with inadequate IP
2023-24. This represents a 22.74% increase compared to protection and enforcement practices that hinder American
the ₹3.09 lakh crore refunded in FY 2022-23. innovation and investment. It focuses on issues like:
Way Forward
• Weak enforcement mechanisms leading to online piracy
• Enhancing Tax Administration: Streamlining tax and counterfeit goods.
collection processes, reducing tax evasion, and promoting
wider tax compliance can further improve tax revenue. • Lack of robust trade secret protection.
• Simplifying Tax Laws: Regularly reviewing and
simplifying tax laws can make compliance easier for • Market access barriers for US rights holders.
taxpayers and encourage greater participation in the tax • Challenges in copyright protection, particularly for
system. online transmissions.
• Focus on Digitalization: Leveraging digital technologies
for tax filing, assessment, and payment can improve What is Intellectual Property?
efficiency and transparency in tax administration.
• Expanding Tax Base: Exploring ways to broaden the tax •
Intellectual property (IP) encompasses products of
human intellect, such as inventions, literary and
base by bringing more individuals and entities under
artistic works, designs, and symbols or names used in
the tax net, while ensuring a fair and progressive tax commerce.
structure, can increase tax revenue.
• Promoting Investment and Growth: Policies that • These creations are safeguarded by legal mechanisms
encourage investment and economic growth can lead to like patents, copyrights, and trademarks, granting
higher incomes and ultimately, higher tax collections. individuals the ability to gain recognition or financial
rewards for their innovations.
By implementing these measures, the government can ensure
sustained growth in direct tax collections, enabling it to better • By balancing the interests of creators with the broader
serve the nation’s developmental needs. public good, the IP framework aims to nurture an
environment conducive to creativity and innovation.
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
Types of Intellectual Property:
Prelims MCQ
• Patent: An exclusive right granted for a novel invention,
Q. Consider the following taxes: whether a product or process, offering a new method or
1. Octroi Tax technical solution to a problem.
2. Securities Transaction Tax (STT) • Copyright: Legal rights held by creators over their
3. Gift Tax literary and artistic works.
4. Angel Tax • Trademark: A distinctive symbol capable of identifying
How many of the above are the Direct Taxes? the goods or services of one entity from others.
(a) Only one (b) Only two • Industrial Design: Concerns the aesthetic or ornamental
(c) Only three (d) All four features of an object.
Answer: c (2, 3 and 4 only)
• Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin:
Identifiers used for products with specific geographical
Descriptive Question
origins, possessing unique qualities or characteristics
Q. Assess the impact of the boost in direct tax collections attributed to that location.
on income distribution and inequality in India. How
can the government ensure that increased tax revenues • Trade Secrets: Protection for confidential information
contribute to equitable development and social that may be commercially valuable, available for sale or
welfare? [15 Marks] [250 words] licensing.
48 ECONOMY
3. A registered Design, the copyright of which has
expired cannot be re-registered.
Descriptive Question
ECONOMY 49
• Global Value Chains: Trade within these interconnected Conclusion
production networks now accounts for almost 70% of The Marrakesh Agreement’s legacy lies in fostering a more
global merchandise trade. interconnected and prosperous world. By addressing current
• Developing Country Growth: The WTO era has challenges and adapting to the evolving global landscape, the
witnessed the fastest decline in poverty rates and a rise in WTO can continue to play a vital role in promoting free and
purchasing power across the globe. fair trade for the benefit of all nations.
• Trade Agreements & Rules: The WTO has facilitated
numerous trade agreements like the TRIPS Agreement, EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
the Nairobi Package, and the Trade Facilitation
Prelims MCQ
Agreement, promoting international trade rules and
regulations. Q.
With reference to the World Trade Organization
(WTO), consider the following statements:
1.
It was established under the provisions of the
Marrakesh Agreement.
Descriptive Question
Q. Assess the achievements and challenges faced by the
World Trade Organization (WTO) since its inception.
How have WTO agreements impacted global trade
dynamics and economic development? [15 Marks]
[250 words]
Understanding UCBs
• Definition: UCBs are primary cooperative banks
operating in urban and semi-urban areas.
50 ECONOMY
• Regulation: They function under the respective State By addressing these critical issues, the RBI and relevant
Cooperative Societies Act or Multi-State Cooperative authorities can work towards ensuring the stability and growth
Societies Act, 2002. of the UCB sector, safeguarding the interests of depositors and
• RBI’s Categorization: RBI categorizes UCBs into four promoting a healthy financial ecosystem in India.
tiers based on their deposit size for regulatory purposes.
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
Dual Regulation of UCBs Prelims MCQ
• RBI’s Role: Regulates and supervises banking functions Q. With reference to Urban Cooperative Banks in India,
under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. consider the following statements:
• Deposit Insurance Cover: Eligible depositors in these 2. They can issue equity shares and preference shares.
banks are entitled to claim up to Rs. 5 lakhs from the 3.
They were brought under the purview of the
Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an
(DICGC). Amendment in 1996.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Issues Plaguing UCBs
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
• Financial Instability (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b
¾ Inadequate capital base and low capital adequacy
ratios. Descriptive Question
¾ High gross non-performing assets (NPA) ratio of
Q. What are the issues faced by the Urban Cooperative
8.7% compared to the banking sector average. Banks (UCBs)? Examine the reasons behind the
• Regulatory Disparity: Lack of uniformity in regulations Reserve Bank of India’s decision to impose restrictions,
across different states. including capping withdrawal limits, on several Urban
Cooperative Banks (UCBs). [15 Marks] [250 words]
• Governance Concerns: Influence of political interests in
the management of certain UCBs.
UNCTAD REPORT ON GLOBAL
TRADE
Why in News: The United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD) recently published a concerning
update to its Trade and Development Report.
Key Details
• Global trade dipped 3% to USD 31 trillion in 2023 after
peaking in 2022. The downturn was driven by less
demand in developed economies and weaker trade in
East Asia and Latin America.
• The downturn was driven by a 5% fall in trade in goods.
Meanwhile, trade in services bucked the negative trend,
Way Forward growing by 8%.
• Strengthening Capital Base: UCBs need to improve their • Developed Economies’ Monetary Policy Impact:
capital adequacy ratios to enhance financial resilience. Tightening monetary policies in major developed economies
have had a cascading effect on developing countries:
• Tackling NPAs: Effective NPA recovery measures and
stricter loan disbursement practices are crucial. ¾ Increased Debt Servicing Costs.
ECONOMY 51
Challenges Conclusion
• Unsustainable Debt Burdens: Developing countries By acknowledging the interconnectedness of global economic
require debt relief and restructuring mechanisms to challenges and taking coordinated action, the international
alleviate their unsustainable debt burdens and free up community can work towards a more stable and equitable
resources for critical development needs. future for all nations.
• Vulnerability to External Shocks: The report highlights
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
the vulnerability of developing countries to external
economic shocks originating from developed economies, Prelims MCQ
emphasizing the need for a more equitable and resilient
global financial system. Q1. In the context of the Indian economy, non-financial
• Need for Coordinated Action: Effective solutions debt includes which of the following?
require coordinated international action to address the 1. Housing loans owed by households
debt crisis, stabilize global trade, and ensure inclusive 2. Amounts outstanding on credit cards
economic growth.
3. Treasury bills
Related Development Select the correct answer using the code given below.
• IMF (International Monetary Fund) Executive Board
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only
endorsed reforms: Recognizing the gravity of the
situation, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
endorsed reforms to enhance its capacity to support Answer: d
countries undergoing debt restructuring.
• These reforms aim to streamline the debt resolution Q2. Consider the following statements:
process and facilitate timely interventions during debt
crises. 1. Most of India’s external debt is owed by
governmental entities.
Descriptive Question
52 ECONOMY
SECTION
Way Forward
• Climate-Smart Practices: Adopting climate-smart
agricultural practices that can better withstand changing
weather patterns is essential.
• Research and Monitoring: Continuous research on soil
erosion and mitigation strategies is crucial for effective
management.
Conclusion
Soil erosion presents a serious threat to the WGR’s ecological
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? • The Supreme Court underlined the necessity of an
eco-centric approach rather than anthropocentrism in
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only ecotourism management.
• Precautionary Principle of Environmental Conservation:
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Under the Precautionary Principle, it states that “where
there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack
Answer: (a)
of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason
Descriptive Question
for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent such
Q. What is the significance of a water for sustainable environmental degradation.”
development and peace? How does water insecurity Loopholes
exacerbate existing inequalities and conflicts within • Undefined approach: The court’s strategy to recoup
and between nations? [15 Marks] [250 words]
repair expenditures lacks a clear approach, raising
questions about its effectiveness.
DECODING THE JUDGMENT ON • Ecosystem-Based Valuation: To accurately quantify
JIM CORBETT environmental harm, propose a valuation method based
on ecosystem services. In restoration plans, there is a
Why in News: Recently, the Supreme Court discovered the strong emphasis on conservation over money production.
fraudulent collaboration between politicians, forest officials,
• Prioritizing Ecosystem Services: The court fails to set
and local contractors that resulted in the illegal destruction of
a precedent by putting ecosystem services ahead of
6,000 trees in Jim Corbett National Park.
ecotourism in conservation efforts.
Key Details • Reference to International Precedents: Drawing on
• The court deemed the case a “classic case” of a link between international precedents, such as the rationale offered
politicians and authorities collaborating to devastate the by the International Court of Justice in Costa Rica v.
environment for short-term commercial gain. Nicaragua, could have improved understanding of
• Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra vs. State of Uttar procedures for assessing environmental harm and
Pradesh: According to the Supreme Court, “economic compensating for losses.
Descriptive Question
Q.
How has this illegal deforestation affected the
biodiversity, ecosystem services, and natural heritage?
Explain legal and regulatory mechanisms are in place
to prevent and prosecute illegal deforestation and
environmental crimes in protected areas such as
national parks and wildlife sanctuaries? [15 Marks] Measuring Earthquake Strength
[250 words] • Seismographic networks equipped with seismic stations
monitor and measure these seismic waves.
Case of Taiwan
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
• Taiwan’s recent earthquake serves as a reminder of its
vulnerability due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Prelims MCQ
• While casualties were fortunately limited, the temblor
Q. Consider the following statements:
caused infrastructure damage and power outages. The
economic impact is still being assessed. 1. All natural earthquakes take place in the asthenos-
Mitigating Measures phere.
Conclusion
Earthquakes are inevitable, but their impacts can be Descriptive Question
mitigated through proactive measures. By prioritizing Q. Why Pacific Ring of Fire is notorious for its frequent
earthquake-resistant infrastructure, public preparedness, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions? Also explain,
and international cooperation, societies like Taiwan can what are the potential secondary hazards associated
build resilience and minimize the socio-economic and with the earthquake? [15 Marks] [250 words]
environmental consequences of these natural disasters.
Descriptive Question
Q. Critically evaluate the environmental benefits and
risks associated with nuclear power, including its
contribution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
as well as concerns about nuclear waste disposal,
accidents, and proliferation? [15 Marks] [250 words]
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s recognition of the right against climate
change marks a significant step forward. By taking the
steps outlined above, India can effectively tackle this global
challenge and ensure the well-being of its citizens.
Prelims MCQ
Q.
Which of the following constitutional provisions
declares the “Right against the adverse effects of
climate change” as a Fundamental Right?
Descriptive Question
Q. Consider the following statements related to Glacial ¾ Recycling recovers these materials, reducing
Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): dependence on virgin resource extraction, which can
be environmentally destructive.
1. It can be caused due to the failure of the moraine • Environmental Protection: Improper battery disposal
dam. can lead to heavy metal contamination of soil and water.
2. It can occur in various geological settings where ¾ Recycling minimizes waste and promotes a circular
landslides block rivers or valleys, leading to the economy.
formation of landslide-dammed lakes.
• Cost Reduction: Recovered materials can be used in
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? new battery production, reducing costs and promoting
affordability.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
¾ India aims to achieve 90% battery recycling by 2026-
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 27 under the Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022.
Answer: (c) (both 1 and 2)
• Economic Potential: India’s EV battery recycling market
Descriptive Question is projected to reach $300 billion by 2030, creating new
jobs and economic opportunities.
Q. What are the specific criteria used to identify and
prioritize the five potentially hazardous glacial lakes
in Uttarakhand for risk assessment, and what factors
contribute to their susceptibility to outburst floods? [15
Marks] [250 words]
Key Details
• Identifying Promising Players: Six innovators each from
India and the EU will be selected to present their cutting-
edge EV battery recycling technologies.
Descriptive Question
“SYNCHRONIZING ENERGY
TRANSITIONS TOWARD POSSIBLE
NET ZERO FOR INDIA”REPORT
Why in News: Recently, the “Synchronizing energy transitions • Regulatory Changes for Hydrogen Blending: Regulatory
toward possible Net Zero for India” report has been changes to reflect hydrogen blending limits in natural
launched by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to gas networks can facilitate a smoother transition towards
the Government of India. cleaner fuels.
HEAT WAVE
Why in News: Recently, the India Meteorological Depart-
ment’s (IMD) released forecast of above-normal temperatures
and heatwave days across most parts of India during the
upcoming hot weather season (April-June) 2024.
Conclusion
The IMD’s seasonal outlook necessitates a proactive approach
from the government, local authorities, and communities.
By mitigating the risks associated with heatwaves and
capitalizing on the potential for improved resource
management and renewable energy development, India can
navigate this challenging season and build resilience for a
hotter future.
(c) Only three (d) All four • Current Guidelines: The notified 2023 GCP rules establish
Answer: (d) (All Four) a program designed to incentivize environmentally
beneficial actions through market mechanisms. These
mechanisms explicitly include the trading of green credits
Descriptive Question
on a designated domestic market platform.
Q.
What factors are driving the forecasted increase in
temperatures and heatwave frequency in India? How • Additional Considerations: The guidelines acknowledge
can urban planning and infrastructure development that verifiable reductions or removals of carbon emissions
incorporate strategies to reduce the urban heat island achieved through green credit generation may also
effect and enhance resilience to heatwaves? [15 Marks] qualify for carbon credits, which are currently traded on
[250 words] separate, established markets.
• Calculation Discrepancy: The latest guidelines seemingly
GREEN CREDIT PROGRAM shift the responsibility for calculating restoration costs of
degraded forest landscapes to individual states.
Why in News: The Union Environment Ministry (MoEFCC)
has released guidelines that States must rely on to determine • Minimum Tree Count Removal: Notably, the previous
how much it would cost to repair a damaged forest minimum requirement of 1,100 trees per hectare to
environment, raising concerns that the GCP would promote qualify as a reforested landscape has been eliminated.
tree planting for financial benefit. The 2023 GCP empowers individual states to determine
this threshold.
3.
It also grants Green credits to those involved in
sustainable agriculture practices.
Descriptive Question
Q. Elaborate the Green Credit Initiative (GCI)? What
are the concerns about environmental conservation
through a market-based system awarding? [15 Marks]
[250 words]
Conclusion
EUROPE IS ‘WARMING FASTER
Europe’s rapid warming (double the global rate) poses dangers
THAN ANY OTHER CONTINENT’ from heatwaves to glacial melt. Despite rising heat-related
Why in News: According to recent research by the climate and deaths and economic losses, Europe has an opportunity to
meteorological service of the European Union, the number of combat climate change by transitioning to renewable energy
heat-related deaths in Europe has increased by at least 30% in sources like wind, solar, and hydropower.
the last 20 years.
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
Key Details
Prelims MCQ
• Europe is the fastest-warming continent and its
temperatures are rising at roughly twice the global average. Q1.
In the context of which of the following do some
scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning
• In a joint report, the World Meteorological Organisation technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into
of the United Nations and Copernicus, the climate the stratosphere?
agency of the European Union, stated that in response to
the effects of climate change. (a) Creating artificial rains in some regions
• The continent has the chance to develop focused strategies
to accelerate the transition to renewable resources like (b) Reducing the frequency and intensity of tropical
wind, solar, and hydroelectric power. cyclones
• Comprising roughly 60% of Earth’s volcanoes, stratovol-canoes erupt with a unique type of lava – andesite and dacite.
These lavas are cooler and thicker than common basalt, making them more sluggish in their flow. This characteristic
viscosity traps gas within the magma, leading to frequent and often explosive eruptions.
• Stratovolcanoes are aptly named for their layered structure, a consequence of alternating episodes of lava flows and the
expulsion of pyroclastic material (ash and rock fragments).
Descriptive Question
Q. What are Stratovolcanoes? State the reasons behind
frequent volcanic eruptions in the Indonesia. [10
Marks] [150 words]
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
Way Forward
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
Impact on Development Goals
Q. Evaluate the key environmental and human health These financing challenges have a domino effect, jeopardizing
concerns associated with plastic pollution? What are progress on various SDGs. The report warns that:
the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders,
including governments, industry, civil society • Extreme Poverty Persists: Nearly 600 million people
organizations, and consumers, in addressing plastic could remain trapped in extreme poverty by 2030, with
pollution? [15 Marks] [250 words] women disproportionately affected.
• Stalled Progress: Existing gains in healthcare, education,
and other development areas are at risk of backsliding
without adequate investment.
UN REPORT CALLS FOR URGENT
ACTION ON SDG FINANCING
Why in News: The recent release of the United Nations’
“Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2024” paints
a concerning picture.
Conclusion
Prelims MCQ
India’s Initiatives
India is recognizing the importance of critical minerals for
its clean energy ambitions, and has taken several proactive
steps:
• Identification of Critical Minerals: The government
has identified 30 critical minerals crucial for self-
reliance in clean energy technologies.
• The clean energy transition requires a massive shift • Strategic Partnerships: India has partnered with
towards technologies like wind turbines, solar panels, countries like Australia for lithium and cobalt and
and electric vehicles. Argentina for lithium to secure reliable sources of these
• These technologies rely heavily on critical minerals such minerals.
as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. • Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL): This
• However, the extraction and processing of these minerals government-owned company focuses on securing
can have negative consequences, including environmental critical minerals from overseas locations to meet India’s
damage, human rights abuses, and geopolitical tensions domestic needs.
due to geographically concentrated reserves.
Conclusion
Challenges and Issues in Critical Mineral Supply Chains
The UN panel on Critical Energy Transition Minerals
• Geographical Concentration: A few countries hold the represents a critical step towards a responsible and
majority of reserves for some critical minerals. This can sustainable clean energy transition. By addressing the
lead to: challenges associated with sourcing and managing these
¾ Geopolitical Tensions: Competition for access essential resources, the panel can help pave the way for a
to these resources could exacerbate international greener future.
tensions.
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
¾ Supply Chain Disruption: Political instability or
natural disasters in resource-rich regions can disrupt Prelims MCQ
the supply of critical minerals.
Q. ‘Critical Energy Transition Minerals’ Panel’, recently
¾ Example: The “Lithium Triangle” of Argentina, seen in the news, was established by
Chile, and Bolivia holds a significant portion of the
world’s lithium reserves. (a) United Nations
• Unsustainable Practices: Irresponsible mining practices (b) International Seabed Authority (ISA)
can lead to:
(c) International Coal Group
¾ Environmental Degradation: Water pollution, air (d) World Trade Organization (WTO)
pollution, and destruction of ecosystems. Answer: (a)
¾ Human Rights Issues: Child labor, unsafe working
conditions, and exploitation of local communities. Descriptive Question
• Growing Demand vs. Limited Supply: The demand for
Q. What are Critical Energy Transition Minerals, and
critical minerals is expected to skyrocket in the coming
why are they important for achieving a sustainable
years, outpacing current supply. According to the and equitable clean energy transition? [10 Marks]
International Energy Agency, demand is set to grow by [150 words]
three and a half times by 2030.
Conclusion
Vietnamese rice farmers are demonstrating that sustainability
and economic viability can go hand-in-hand. By adopting
innovative techniques, they are leading the way in reducing
methane emissions from rice cultivation.
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
India’s Methane Challenge Q. Evaluate the traditional methods of rice cultivation that
• India faces a significant challenge in reducing agricultural contribute to methane emissions, and how do these
methane emissions. emissions contribute to greenhouse gas concentrations
and climate change? Enumerate the environmental
• In 2016, 73.96% of India’s methane emissions originated benefits of reducing methane emissions from rice
from the agriculture sector, with rice cultivation and cultivation. [10 Marks] [150 words]
livestock enteric fermentation being the primary culprits.
SAMUDRAYAAN MISSION TO
EXPLORE DEEP OCEAN
Why in News: India is poised to take a giant leap forward in
ocean exploration with the upcoming Samudrayaan mission,
aiming to send a crewed submersible 6 kilometers deep into
the ocean by the end of 2025.
(a) Only one (b) Only two • Economic Benefits: Growth and create new industries.
• Scientific Advancement: Exploration will involve
(c) Only three (d) All four extensive scientific research, furthering India’s oceanog-
Answer: (d) (All Four)
raphic knowledge and expertise in deep-sea mining
technologies.
Challenges
• Overlapping Claims: Sri Lanka’s claim on the exploration area necessitates diplomatic negotiations to find a mutually
agreeable solution.
Conclusion
India’s application for deep seabed exploration rights marks
a significant step towards securing critical resources for its
economic and energy security.
Prelims MCQ
(a)
Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Significance of NexCAR19
Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I • Targeted Therapy: CAR-T cell therapy offers a more
targeted approach compared to conventional options.
(b)
Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
¾ It engineers a patient’s own immune system to
Statement-II is not the correct explanation for
Statement-I recognize and destroy cancer cells, minimizing harm
to healthy tissues.
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect • Promising Results: Early trials of CAR-T cell therapy
have shown remarkable remission rates, particularly for
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct B-cell cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.
Answer: (a) • Cost-Effectiveness: Traditional CAR-T cell therapies are
expensive due to import dependence.
Descriptive Question ¾ NexCAR19, developed domestically, has the
potential to be significantly more affordable, making
Q. What are the specific reasons behind India’s interest
this life-saving treatment accessible to a larger patient
in exploring the Afanasy Nikitin Seamount and
the Carlsberg Ridge? Enumerate the technological population in India.
challenges associated with exploring and extracting • Boost to Medical Innovation: The successful develop-
resources from such remote and deep-sea locations?
ment of NexCAR19 signifies India’s growing prowess in
[10 Marks] [150 words]
cutting-edge medical research.
Prelims MCQ
Conclusion
KSTAR’s record-breaking achievement represents a
significant milestone in the pursuit of clean and limitless
energy through nuclear fusion. While challenges remain,
continued international collaboration, research, and
technological advancements offer a promising path towards
a future powered by the stars.
Why in News: South Korean scientists have recently created Q. Consider the following statements with reference to the
Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022:
next-generation sodium batteries that can be charged quickly
just a few seconds. 1.
These rules state that producers of batteries
are responsible for collection and recycling/
refurbishment of waste batteries.
2.
Entities involved in recycling of Waste Batteries
registered under these rules shall provide certificates
for Waste Battery processing.
3.
These rules mandate the battery producers to
register with the Central Pollution Control Board.
Descriptive Question
Advantages of next-generation sodium batteries
Q. How do new sodium batteries compare to traditional
• High Capacity and Rapid Charging: Hybrid sodium-ion lithium-ion batteries in terms of charging speed,
battery that combines anode materials from conventional energy density, and environmental impact? Discuss
batteries with cathodes from supercapacitors. the potential applications and industries that could
• Abundance of Sodium Resources: Sodium is significantly benefit from the use of sodium batteries with quick-
charging capabilities. [15Marks] [250 words]
more abundant than lithium, up to 1,000 times more.
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
Q.
What are viruses and how do they differ from
other microorganisms? How can advancements in
virology and molecular biology contribute to our
understanding of viruses and the development of
novel strategies for virus control and prevention?
[15Marks] [250 words]
Prelims MCQ
Q1. Consider the following statements with reference to
the Solar Thermal Power Plant:
1. It converts the mechanical energy into electricity by
using a turbine.
2. It is able to store the energy in the form of heat to
generate electricity during the night time.
3. It uses nuclear fusion of the Deuterium and Tritium
to generate the heat.
How many of the above statements are correct?
(a) Only one (b) Only two
Descriptive Question
Q.
What are the broader energy policy objectives and
long-term strategies being pursued to enhance energy
security and resilience in India, especially in light of
changing climate patterns and energy demand trends?
[15Marks] [250 words]
Conclusion
Prelims MCQ
2.
It was originally developed to enable a missile
to deliver multiple nuclear warheads to different
targets.
Descriptive Question
Boosting Security and Strategic Significance Infrastructure development and improved connectivity along
the LAC in Arunachal Pradesh are strategically significant
• Enhanced Troop Movement: Improved road networks for national security and hold immense potential for socio-
like the Trans Arunachal Highway and tunnels like economic development.
Nechiphu, significantly reduce travel times for troops
and military equipment to strategic locations.
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
• Improved Surveillance: Upgraded communication and
surveillance infrastructure facilitate real-time monitoring Prelims MCQ
of the LAC, enabling early detection of any suspicious
Q. Vibrant Village programme is administered by?
activity.
(a) Ministry of Defence
• Border Infrastructure Development by MHA:
Construction of Border Outposts (BOPs) and deployment
(b) Ministry of Home affairs
of technology further strengthen India’s border
management capabilities.
(c) Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
Associated Challenges
• Geographical Obstacles: The high-altitude terrain and (d) Ministry of Rural Development
harsh weather conditions pose significant challenges in Answer: (b)
construction and maintenance of infrastructure.
SAGAR KAVACH
Why in News: ‘Sagar Kavach’ coastal security exercise is
poised to commence its strategic maneuvers along the coasts
of Kerala and Mahe.
Objective
Spanning the entirety of the Kerala and Mahe coastline (590
km), this exercise strengthens coastal security protocols.
Conclusion
¾ The exercise strategically divides participating units
into two teams: Attack (Red) and Defense (Blue) “Sagar Kavach” exemplifies the importance of collaborative
forces. endeavors and comprehensive exercises in solidifying
¾ The Red Forces simulate infiltration attempts from coastal security mechanisms. Through these drills, which
seaward, testing coastal defenses. Meanwhile, the involve a multitude of stakeholders, the Indian Coast Guard
Blue Forces respond by setting up Coastal Security guarantees preparedness and fosters coordination, ultimately
Surveillance to intercept and neutralize these threats. safeguarding India’s coastal regions.
¾ Recognizing fishermen’s crucial role, the exercise
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
stresses their active participation.
¾ Fishermen are encouraged to report any unknown Prelims MCQ
vessels near the coast promptly to the Indian Coast
Guard. Q. Consider the following statements
¾ This collaborative approach aims to bolster
1. It is a biannual exercise
surveillance along the coast, leveraging the local
fishing community as a valuable security asset. 2. It aims to secure maritime security among South
Asian countries
Enhanced Collaboration
• The consistent execution of such maneuvers over time 3. It is coordinated by Indian Coast Guard
has demonstrably improved coordination amongst
Membership of NATO
Descriptive Question
• Original Founding Members: NATO was initially
Q. What is significance of bilateral military engagements formed with 12 founding nations - Belgium, Canada,
like Sagar Kavach exercise? Discuss the importance of Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
blue water navy ensuring India’s Maritime security Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom,
and its importance as soft power in international and the United States.
relations. [15 Marks] [250 words]
• Expanded Member States: NATO has undergone several
expansions since its inception, with new countries joining
NATO’S 75TH ANNIVERSARY in multiple rounds. Presently, the alliance comprises 32
member nations. The expanded membership includes
Why in News: Article analyses NATO’s 75th anniversary, Greece and Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955, later
role in Western dominance. Germany), Spain (1982), the Czech Republic, Hungary,
NATO: A Western security alliance established on April 4, and Poland (1999), Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
1949, had 12 founding members who signed the Washington Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004), Albania and
Treaty. This treaty was rooted in Article 51 of the United Croatia (2009), Montenegro (2017), North Macedonia
Nations Charter, which reaffirms the inherent right of (2020), Finland (2023), and Sweden (2024).
Descriptive Question
Q.
What is the composition of NATO and explain its
relevance in ensuring the security of contemporary
Europe? Do you think Supra-National military
alliances are danger to sovereignty of remaining
adjacent nations? [15 Marks] [250 words]
G SOCIAL ISSUES
barriers may hinder their full and effective participation
CPWD’S MOVE TOWARDS in society on an equal basis with others.
INCLUSIVE PUBLIC BUILDINGS • As per the 2011 census, the most common disabilities
FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES include movement (20%), seeing (19%), and hearing (19%).
Why in News: The Central Public Works Department The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
(CPWD) recently issued a directive to its regional offices to • The RPWD Act mandates equal rights, dignity, and
ensure accessibility in all public buildings for Persons with respect for PwDs. It replaced the 1995 Act, fulfilling
Disabilities (PwDs). India’s obligations under the UNCRPD.
Understanding Persons with Disabilities • The Act defines disability broadly, covering 21 types
with the provision to add more. It includes penalties
• As per the United Nations Convention on the Rights for offenses against PwDs and violations of the Act’s
of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), PwDs are provisions.
individuals with long-term physical, mental, intellectual
• Special courts in each district handle cases concerning
or sensory impairments which in interaction with various
PwD rights.
Government Initiatives
• Harmonised Guidelines (2021): These guidelines aim to create a universally accessible India.
SOCIAL ISSUES 97
• Department of Empowerment of Persons with Key Details
Disabilities: This department focuses on understanding • This comprehensive report, the first of its kind from the
and addressing the unique needs of PwDs. WHO, combines data on viral hepatitis epidemiology,
• Terminology Shift “Divyang”: The government service coverage, and access to essential health products
introduced this term to promote a more positive across 187 countries.
perception of PwDs.
What constitutes viral hepatitis?
• Accessible India Campaign (2015): This campaign aims
to create barrier-free environments in public spaces. • Viral hepatitis encompasses five viruses that induce
liver disease in humans.
• Sugamya Bharat App: This app allows users to report
accessibility issues. • Hepatitis A and E are spread through contaminated
food and water, resulting in symptoms lasting for
• Unique Disability Identity Project (UDID): This project
weeks, such as fever, abdominal pain, jaundice
simplifies disability certification while preventing fraud.
(yellowing of the skin), dark urine, and pale stools.
• Divya Kala Shakti and ADIP Scheme: These schemes
• The WHO report primarily addresses the bloodborne
encourage cultural participation and provide financial
hepatitis B (hep B) and hepatitis C (hep C) viruses.
assistance for assistive devices.
• While some infections of these viruses may be short-
Conclusion term and self-resolving, others can progress to chronic,
PwDs are a valuable resource with immense potential. lifelong conditions, leading to cirrhosis (permanent
Proper sensitization, infrastructure development, and a liver scarring, reducing its efficiency) and increasing
shift in societal attitudes are crucial for their inclusion and the risk of liver cancer.
participation in all spheres of life. By effectively implementing • Vaccination can prevent hep B, whereas medication
the RPWD Act and associated initiatives, India can move can cure hep C.
towards a truly inclusive society.
• The report excludes hepatitis D, which can only
infect those already infected with hep B and can be
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
prevented by vaccinating against hep B.
Prelims MCQ • The report updates progress made since 2019 in
Q. Consider the following statements: improving access to hepatitis B and C treatments in low-
1.
A parliamentary legislation declared that every and middle-income countries, encompassing data from
child with a benchmark disability between the ages 38 nations that account for nearly 80% of the global
of 6 to 18 years shall have the right to free education burden of the disease.
in a neighborhood school.
2.
The Constitution of India does not provide the
persons with disabilities a right to reservation in
promotion.
Descriptive Question
Q. What are the potential benefits of ensuring accessibility
in public buildings for PwDs? How can public
awareness and education campaigns contribute to
fostering a more inclusive attitude towards PwDs in
society? [15 Marks] [250 words]
1.
Vaccination is available for all types of hepatitis
viruses.
3.
Hepatitis C is only transmitted through infected
blood or from mother to newborn during childbirth.
Descriptive Question
SOCIAL ISSUES 99
• Curbing free samples: Free drug samples are restricted to Other existing measures include
qualified professionals, preventing misuse and potential
over-prescription. • MCI Guidelines: The MCI guidelines emphasize
• Gift restrictions: Healthcare professionals are barred maintaining professional independence and ethical
from accepting gifts or vacations from pharma conduct regarding interactions with pharmaceutical
companies, except for participation in approved CME/ companies.
CPD programs. • National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA):
• Fair competition, educational materials, Self-regulation: The NPPA regulates drug prices, promoting fair
Pharmaceutical associations are mandated to establish market practices within the pharmaceutical industry.
“Ethics Committees” to address complaints and ensure • Collaboration with Professional Bodies: Collaboration
adherence to the code. with medical associations helps develop and implement
ethical guidelines for doctor-pharma interactions.
Prelims MCQ
1.
It declared the formation of a committee called
“Ethics Committee for Pharma Marketing Practices
(ECPMP).
3.
It prevents pharmaceutical companies from
extending travel facilities to healthcare professionals
inside or outside the country.
Descriptive Question
Q.
Explain the key provisions and objectives of the
Uniform Code for Pharmaceuticals Marketing
Practices (UCPMP) 2024? How does the UCPMP 2024
differ from previous regulations or codes governing
pharmaceutical marketing practices in India? [15
Marks] [250 words]
STUDENT SUICIDES
Why in News: Recent student suicides at prestigious
institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology
(IITs) have highlighted a major and urgent issue inside
our educational system, demonstrating the multifarious
pressure and distress that students confront.
Key Details
• Suicides among students at central educational
institutions, including IITs, are on the rise.
• According to a recent data, five suicides have been
reported at various IITs in 2024.
• According to the last five-year data, there have been 98
suicides in core educational institutions.
• Marginalized Groups Affected: Since 2018, nearly half
of individuals who committed suicide at IITs were from
the SC, ST, and OBC categories.
Descriptive Question
Q. Suicide should be viewed as a complicated public and
mental health issue, critically analyse. [15 Marks] [250
words]
URBANIZATION, NO LIBERATING
FORCE FOR DALITS
Why in News: In India, urbanization has long been seen as a
means of achieving social progress and breaking free from
the deeply ingrained caste system. The reality is far more
nuanced, though, as caste-based prejudice and segregation
are still reflected in and sustained by the urban environment.
Prelims MCQ
Q. Consider the following movements:
Descriptive Question
Prelims MCQ
Q.
The Directive Principles of State Policy “The State
shall make provisions for securing just and humane
conditions of work and for maternity relief.” Comes
under ………. of the Indian Constitution.
(a) Article 39 (b) Article 42
• There is exclusion of unmarried women, single men, • It defines domestic violence as physical, sexual, verbal,
live-in partners, and same-sex couples from availing emotional, or economic abuse inflicted by a husband,
surrogacy services. This amounts to discrimination based male partner, or their relatives.
on marital status, gender, and sexual orientation, and • Notably, the Act extends protection to mothers, sisters
denies them the right to form a family of their choice (including adopted), and female live-in partners.
Conclusion Salient Features and Benefits
By focusing on inclusivity, ethics, and medical advancements, • Right to Residence: The Act ensures a woman’s right to
India can establish a robust legal framework for surrogacy reside in the shared household irrespective of ownership.
that respects individuals’ rights, ensures the well-being of all
parties involved, and supports those seeking to start families • Economic Relief: It recognizes economic violence,
through assisted reproductive technologies. empowering women to seek financial support.
Prelims MCQ
Q. Consider the following statements with reference to
the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act,
2005:
Descriptive Question
Q. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act
serves as a vital legal tool in the fight against domestic
violence. In this regard discuss reasons for violence
against women. Analyse role of society in women
empowerment. [15 Marks] [250 words]
• The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) functions as an independent statutory body
established by the Indian Parliament through the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act of 1999.
• Comprised of 10 members, the IRDAI is structured with a chairman, 5 full-time members, and 4 part-time members.
• The organization is headquartered in Hyderabad, India, and is entrusted with the oversight and regulation of the
country’s insurance and reinsurance industry.
2.
It adjudicates the disputes between insurers and
insurance intermediaries.
Descriptive Question
Prelims MCQ
Descriptive Question
INDIA’S 4P MODEL
Why in News: Four crucial strategies have been effectively
employed by India’s Swachh Bharat Mission to improve
public health and sanitation: partnerships, public financing,
political leadership, and public participation.
Key Details
About Ahobilam
AHOBILAM TEMPLE • Brahmanda Purana states that it was the dwelling of the
demon king Hiranyakashipu who was killed by Vishnu
Why in News: The Forest Department and Sri Lakshmi
in the form of Narasimha in order to save his devotee
Narasimha Swamy Devasthanam (mostly known as Yadadri)
Prahlada.
at Ahobilam, (Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh) have
imposed certain restrictions on visitors arriving at the shrine, • It is also counted among the 108 Vaishnava Divyadesams.
which is composed of nine different temples, situated in the ¾ Vaishnava Divyadesams are Vishnu and Lakshmi
Nallamala forest. temples that is mentioned in the works of the Alvars,
the poet-saints of the Sri Vaishnava tradition.
Key Details
• Ahobilam Narasimha Temple: This temple is the primary
• The forest area covers the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam and oldest among the nine temples in Ahobilam.
Tiger Reserve, which was declared a tiger reserve in
1983. Paruveta Festival
The festival, also known as the ‘mock hunting festival’, is
• The Ahobilam National Tiger Conservation Authority,
celebrated at the Sri Narasimha Swamy temple in the town
constituted as per the provisions of the Wildlife Protection
of Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh.
Act, 1972, by the Ministry of Forests, Environment and
Climate Change, oversees the rare flora and fauna species It is celebrated by all sections of people, irrespective of
specific to the region. their caste.
• The forest area around the Pavana Narasimha temple is During the festival, the deity from the temple’s inner
home to red sanders, leopards, deer and tigers. sanctum is taken to the 32 Chenchu tribal villages
surrounding Ahobilam town for a duration of 40 days.
• This unwavering commitment ultimately yielded results. Q. Vaikom Satyagraha was launched in 1924 to
(a) fight against untouchability.
• In 1925, three of the four roads surrounding the temple
were opened to all castes, marking a partial victory for (b)
oust the French from the Northern Circars.
the movement.
(c)
raise the salt duty from 50 paise to one rupee.
• However, the fight for complete equality continued.
Finally, in 1936, the Maharaja of Travancore issued (d)
resist against the administrative reorganization.
a Temple Entry Proclamation, granting access to Answer: (a)
marginalized communities.
Descriptive Question
Conclusion
• Community Participation: Active involvement of local • The 60th edition of the Venice Biennale, often dubbed
communities is essential for effective environmental the Olympics of the art world, has recently been
conservation efforts. inaugurated.
• Empowering Women: Recognizing women’s leadership • This year’s exhibition will feature various artists under
and traditional knowledge is crucial for sustainable the central theme “Stranieri Ovunque” or “Foreigners
resource management. Everywhere.”
Expected Questions For UPSC CSE (c) A space mission launched by Italy.
Descriptive Question
(a) An art exhibition held in Venice, Italy.
Explain the relevance of “Venice Biennale”, often
Q.
(b) A Poverty Alleviation Programme launched by the dubbed the Olympics of the art world, in uniting the
United Nations. world in times of global uncertainties? [10 Marks] [150
words]
I GOVERNMENT SCHEMES
CDP-SURAKSHA
Why in News: The Indian government has introduced a novel
platform called CDP-SURAKSHA, designed to facilitate the
distribution of subsidies to horticulture farmers participating
in the Cluster Development Programme (CDP).
Analysis
• Reduced Financial Support: EMPS 2024’s budget is
significantly lower compared to FAME II’s Rs. 11,500
crore allocation.
• Multiple Caps and Lower Benefits: The new scheme
offers an incentive of Rs. 5,000 per kWh battery capacity,
capped at 15% of the ex-factory cost or a maximum limit
(Rs. 10,000 for two-wheelers, Rs. 25,000 for e-rickshaws/
e-carts, Rs. 50,000 for e-autos).
¾ This translates to a substantial reduction in monetary
support, potentially impacting vehicle affordability.
• Re-registration Roadblock: EMPS mandates online re-
registration for manufacturers, dealers and vehicles to be
eligible for subsidies. This could create initial hurdles for
both manufacturers and consumers.
Way Forward
• Balancing Incentives and Sustainability: The government
needs to find a balance between reducing financial
support and ensuring continued EV affordability to
maintain healthy adoption rates.
• Focus on Charging Infrastructure: Developing a robust
and widespread charging infrastructure across India is
crucial to address range anxiety and encourage EV usage.
• EV Manufacturing Ecosystem: Continued support for
domestic EV component manufacturing is essential to
achieve self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in the EV sector.
Descriptive Question
Q.
What are the primary objectives of the Financing
Agrochemical Reduction and Management (FARM)
Programme? How does the FARM Programme aim to
address the challenges associated with agrochemical
usage in agriculture? [15 Marks] [250 words]
Key Details
Prelims MCQ
Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct about
the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi Scheme?
I. It is launched by the Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare.
II. It aims to provide financial assistance to the patients
who are living below the poverty line and who are
suffering from non life threatening diseases.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Descriptive Question
Q.
What are the primary objectives of the Rashtriya
Arogya Nidhi Scheme? How can it help to improve
India’s Healthcare sector? [15 Marks] [250 words]
J MISCELLANEOUS
MISCELLANEOUS 122
• The report further reveals a concerning trend - the total amount of illegal profits generated from forced labour has risen
by 37% since 2014.
• This highlights the perverse incentive for exploitation in certain sectors.
Combating Forced Labour: The global community has taken 3. It established Vigilance committees at district and
steps to address forced labour, including: sub-divisional levels.
• ILO Protocol of 2014: This protocol strengthens the Forced How many of the above statements are correct?
Labour Convention of 1930 by outlining specific actions
(a) Only one (b) Only two
governments and social partners should take to eradicate
forced labour. (c) All three (d) None
Answer: (c)
• Forced Labour (Supplementary Measures) Recommendation,
2014: This recommendation provides guidance on Descriptive Question
implementing measures to prevent forced labour, protect Q. What are the primary drivers and root causes identified
victims, and ensure effective remedies. by the report ‘Profits and Poverty: The Economics
India has its own legal framework to combat forced labour, of forced labour’ that perpetuate forced labor within
including global supply chains? Throw light on India’s legal
framework to combat forced labour. [15 Marks] [250
• Article 23: Prohibits trafficking in human beings and
words]
forced labour (Indian Constitution).
• Article 24: Prohibits child labour in factories and other
specified establishments (Indian Constitution). MONKEYPOX VIRUS
• Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976: Outlaws Why in News: New research ideltifies specific genomic
bonded labour practices.
changes associated with the transmissibility of the
Conclusion monkeypox virus
By implementing these solutions, we can create a world
where work is based on fair treatment and decent working Key Details
conditions, leaving no room for the exploitation of forced
• Mount Sinai scientists and ISCIII researchers have
labour. identified alterations in the (mpox) virus genome,
Expected Questions For UPSC CSE possibly linked to the 2022 outbreak’s transmissibility
changes.
Prelims MCQ
• The majority of mpox infections exhibit mild symptoms
Q. Consider the following statements with reference to
the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976: and demonstrate a natural course towards resolution.
However, mpox can cause significant pain and potentially
1. It abolished the bonded labour system throughout result in permanent scarring.
the country.
2. It extinguished the liability of the labour to repay • The causative agent, designated MPXV, was first
bonded debt. identified in 1958 within crab-eating macaque monkeys
imported to Belgium.
123 MISCELLANEOUS
• Since the 1970s, MPXV has been responsible for sporadic
Descriptive Question
outbreaks of human disease in Central and Western Africa.
Q. Explain specific genomic changes have been identified
in the mpox virus? How do these genomic changes
affect the virus's ability to spread between hosts?
[15 Marks] [250 words]
MISLEADING ADVERTISEMENT
Why in News: The Indian Medical Association (IMA) was
suing Patanjali in this issue, and the court was considering
a contempt prosecution against the company for allegedly
disobeying its directives.
Key Details
• Supreme Court directs Patanjali Ayurveda to record its
apology in newspapers.
• Court hears contempt case against Patanjali for allegedly
flouting orders.
• Court wants to compare the size of the apology published
in newspapers to misleading advertisements.
Allegations Against Patanjali
• The Issue: The Indian Medical Association (IMA) filed
a complaint in August 2022 against Patanjali. This arose
from an advertisement that criticized allopathic medicine.
• The Advertisement: The advertisement’s title was
“Misconceptions Spread by Allopathy: Save Yourself
and the Country.” The IMA argued this title promoted
negative views of allopathic medicine.
Legal Arguments Against Patanjali
• The Indian Medical Association (IMA) accused Patanjali
of making illegal claims in their ads. These claims go
against two laws: The Drugs & Other Magical Remedies
Act (DOMA) and the Consumer Protection Act (CPA).
• The DOMA law says it’s illegal to publish false drug ads.
This includes making claims that aren’t true, misleading
Conclusion people about the medicine, or overstating its benefits.
If someone breaks this law, they could be fined or even
Sustained clinical presentations of viral agents reveal unique
jailed.
features, necessitating the development of effective prevention
and treatment strategies to combat these infections. • The CPA law is even stricter on false advertising,
especially when it hurts consumers.
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
• There were also agreements in place to prevent misleading
Prelims MCQ ads for Ayurvedic products. Patanjali ignored these
Q. Consider the following statements with reference to the agreements, breaking the rules set by the government’s
Monkeypox disease: Ministry of AYUSH and the Advertising Standards
1. It can be transmitted from animals to humans as Council of India.
well as from humans to humans. Response of the Supreme Court in Patanjali Case
2. It has been eradicated from Central and West Africa. • The Court banned Patanjali from advertising cures
for certain diseases and told them to avoid criticizing
How many of the above statements are correct?
established medicine.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
• Court observed that Fast-Moving Consumer
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Goods(FMCG) firms should also misleading
Answer: (a) advertisments for baby foods so that there is no mistrust
among the public.
MISCELLANEOUS 124
Descriptive Question
125 MISCELLANEOUS
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
Prelims MCQ
UNDP’S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Q.
Consider the following statements about Asian
REPORT 2023-24
Development Bank, Why in News: The United Nations Development Programme’s
1. It releases Asian Development Outlook report every (UNDP) Human Development Report (HDR) 2023-24 paints
year a concerning picture of rising global inequalities and a world
2. It is headquartered in Manilla, Phillipines off track from achieving its Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs).
3. Japan and USA is the largest shareholder of the bank
How many of the above statements are correct? The Human Development Index (HDI)
(a) Only one (b) Only two • HDI is a crucial metric for measuring a country’s
development.
(c) All three (d) None
Answer: (c) • It considers three key aspects: Life expectancy, education
levels, and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
Descriptive Question
• These annual reports were devised and launched by
Q. What are the key economic projections and forecasts
outlined in the Asia Development Outlook Report Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq in 1990, and had
2024? Discuss the economic prospects which vary the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development
across different countries and subregions in Asia? [15 economics from national income accounting to people-
Marks] [250 words] centered policies
MISCELLANEOUS 126
India’s Remarkable Journey (Since 1990)
A World Divided
• Life expectancy: Increased by 9.1 years.
The report reveals a disturbing trend after two decades of
• Education: Expected years of schooling rose by 4.6 years,
convergence, the gap between developed and developing
and mean years of schooling grew by 3.8 years.
nations is widening. This means:
• Economic Growth: GNI per capita has risen by
• Richer Nations Soar: Developed countries are approximately 287%.
experiencing unprecedented levels of human
development. India in the Neighbourhood
• Poorest Countries Struggle: However, nearly half of • South Asian Comparison: Compared to India, Sri Lanka
the world’s poorest nations haven’t recovered from the (78) and China (75) rank higher in the “high human
COVID-19 pandemic’s setbacks, hindering their HDI development” category. Bhutan (125) and Bangladesh
progress. (129) are positioned nearby.
• Regional Standing: Nepal (146) and Pakistan (164) trail
The SDG Challenge
India in the rankings.
• Before the pandemic, the world was on track to achieve
an average “very high” HDI by 2030, aligning with the Global Leaders and Laggards
SDG deadline. • Top Performers: Switzerland reigns supreme, followed
by Norway and Iceland.
• However, this goal is now out of reach, with all regions
• Bottom of the Ladder: Central African Republic, South
falling short of pre-pandemic projections.
Sudan, and Somalia occupy the unenviable positions at
India’s Performance: Progress Amidst Disparity the bottom of the index.
India’s ranking has improved slightly to 134th out of 193 Conclusion
countries, placing it in the “medium human development” The UNDP’s HDR presents a stark reality check. While some
category. While this indicates progress, India still faces nations prosper, many are falling behind. Concerted global
significant challenges: efforts are crucial to address rising inequalities, achieve
• Positive Signs: India saw improvements in all HDI the SDGs, and ensure a future where all nations and
indicators: life expectancy, education, and GNI per capita. individuals can thrive.
The report also acknowledges progress in reducing EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
gender inequality, with India’s Gender Inequality Index
(GII) value exceeding global and South Asian averages. Prelims MCQ
Q. Human Development Index Report is published by
• Persistent Challenges: Despite strides in education, which of the following?
India grapples with a massive gender gap in labor force
(a) World Bank
participation a staggering 47.8% difference between
women and men. (b) World Health Organization
127 MISCELLANEOUS
• A low PMI number is considered unfavourable since it
(c) United Nations Development Programme
suggests that the manufacturing and services sectors are
(d) None of the above having difficulties and can be lowering the state of the
economy as a whole.
Answer: (c)
Descriptive Question
Conclusion
Q. What are the root causes of rising global inequalities?
The Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) serves as a vital
Elaborate the potential consequences of unchecked
inequalities for human development, social cohesion, economic indicator, offering valuable insights into business
and global stability? [15 Marks] [250 words] sentiment and activity. However, its reliance on subjective
survey responses, potential sample size limitations, timing
delays, sectoral biases, and interpretation challenges
MANUFACTURING PURCHASING underscore the need for caution in its use.
MANAGERS’ INDEX
EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
Why in news: India’s Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’
Prelims MCQ
Index (PMI) hit a 16-year high of 59.1 in March 2024,
according to a study conducted by Hong Kong and Shanghai Q. Consider the following statements about Purchasing
Banking Corporation Limited (HSBC). Managers Index (PMI)
1. The PMI ranges from 0 to 1000 as numbers
Purchasing Managers Index
2.
A score of less than 500 indicates contraction in
• This survey-based metric inquired about how
economic activity
respondents’ perceptions of important business variables
have changed from the previous month. 3. A score of more than 500 indicates expansion in
economic activity
• The PMI’s main goal is to inform investors, analysts,
and decision-makers within the company about the state How many of the above statements are correct?
of the business both now and in the future. a) Only one b) Only two
• In addition to being computed independently for the c) All three d) None
industrial and services sectors, a composite index is also Answer: (d)
created.
Descriptive Question
• The PMI ranges from 0 to 100 as a number.
Q. Explain factors contributing to the significant increase
¾ A score of less than 50 indicates contraction, whilst a in India's Manufacturing PMI to a 16-year high of 59.1 in
print above 50 indicates expansion. March 2024? Examine sector-specific trends or challenges
¾ A reading of 50 denotes no variation. reflected in the PMI data? [15 Marks] [250 words]
• The economy is said to be declining if the PMI for the
prior month is greater than the PMI for the current
month.
INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
• It is typically made available at the beginning of each
TRUST (INVIT)
month. As a result, it is regarded as a reliable leading Why in News: In order to raise $700–800 million, IndoSpace,
indicator of economic activity. an Indian company that develops industrial and logistics
• IHS Markit compiles PMI for more than 40 economies parks, plans to establish an infrastructure investment trust
globally. (InvIT).
¾ IHS Markit is leading the way in information, Key Details
analytics, and solutions for the main markets and
industries that propel economies around the world. • In the industrial and logistics sector in India, this will be
the largest InvIT.
¾ A division of S&P Global is IHS Markit.
• 52 industrial logistics parks spread over 11 Indian cities
Significance of Purchasing Managers’ Index
are owned by IndoSpace.
• Since the manufacturing and services sectors are major
contributors to economic growth, the PMI is frequently Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvIT)
used as a gauge of the state of the economy.
• Similar to mutual funds, InvITs are financial products.
• A high PMI rating is generally regarded as good news Their purpose is to combine modest funds from several
for the economy since it shows that the manufacturing investors to purchase assets that generate steady income
and services sectors are doing well and driving economic over time. An investor dividend would be paid out of
growth. some of this cash flow.
MISCELLANEOUS 128
• High net worth individuals, institutional investors, and • The Indian InvIT sector is still in its infancy.
non-institutional investors can all participate in InvITs • India Grid Trust and IRB InvIT Fund are the InvITs that
because the minimum investment amount required for are listed on the stock exchange.
an IPO is Rs 10 lakh. • The Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs)
• Through IPOs, invITs are listed on markets in the same Regulations, 2014 of the Securities and Exchange Board
manner as stocks. of India (SEBI) govern InvITs.
Structure of InvIT • Investors must get 90% of the net cash flows generated
• Trustees, sponsors, investment managers, and project by InvITs.
managers are all there just like in mutual funds. • A minimum of 80% of the InvIT’s investment must go
• It is the duty of a trustee to review an InvIT’s performance. toward revenue-generating infrastructure.
• The company that established the InvIT is promoted by Conclusion
the sponsor(s).
InvITs offer diversification, regular income, liquidity, and
• The responsibility of overseeing the InvIT’s assets and tax benefits, managed by professionals. However, regulatory
investments falls on the investment manager. changes and market fluctuations pose risks.
• The project manager is in charge of seeing that the
project is carried out. EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
Investor Protection Measures
Prelims MCQ
• In order to protect investors, InvIT issuers are required
to abide by a number of regulations. Three-year lock-in Q. Investments in InvIT’s provide benefits such as,
requirement requires the sponsor to own at least 15% of (1) Diversification of investments
the InvIT units.
129 MISCELLANEOUS
(2) Liquidity for investors in accordance with the 1967 Unlawful Activities
(3) Regular income via dividends (Prevention) Act. ISIS has been added by the Central
Government to the Act’s First Schedule.
Choose the correct option
(a) Only 2 (b) Only 1 & 3
(c) Only 3 (d) All of the above
Answer: (d)
Descriptive Question
Q.
Explain concerns with respect to Infrastructure
Investment Trusts? What are the key objectives and
motivations behind IndoSpace's decision to establish
an InvIT for raising funds? [15 Marks] [250 words]
Q.
Which are the terrorist organizations are active in
Islamic State
Jammu & Kashmir,
• The Islamic State (IS) is a violent Salafi-Jihadist group
1. Lashkar-e-Taiba
that is also known by the names Islamic State of Iraq
and Syria (ISIS) and Islamic State in Iraq and the 2. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Levant (ISIL). 3. Islamic State-Khorasan
• It is a transnational Sunni rebel group that mostly
operates in eastern and western Syria and Iraq with Choose the correct option
the goal of establishing an Islamic caliphate and a
(a) Only 2 (b) Only 1 & 2
worldwide Salafi-Jihadist movement.
• IS asserted the creation of the “Wilayah of Hind,” a (c) Only 3 (d) All of the above
“province” in India. Answer: (b)
• India has recognized ISIS as an illegal organization
MISCELLANEOUS 130
Descriptive Question EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
Q. Assess the implications of Islamic State-Khorasan (IS-
Prelims MCQ
K) for peace and reconciliation efforts in Afghanistan,
including the intra-Afghan dialogue and efforts to
achieve a political settlement? [15 Marks] [250 words] Q. Code of Ethics for elections by Social Media Platforms
was introduced by:
Key Details
131 MISCELLANEOUS
India’s Insurance Sector Conclusion
The Indian insurance sector presents a picture of By addressing these areas, IRDAI can continue to be a
contrasting realities. On the one hand, it exhibits robust catalyst for a robust and inclusive insurance sector in India,
growth potential, ranking 10th globally and projected to ensuring greater financial protection and security for all
be 6th by 2032. Economic Survey 2022-23 indicates a rise citizens.
in insurance penetration from 3.76% (2019-20) to 4.20%
(2020-21) and life insurance density reaching USD 91 (2021- EXPECTED QUESTIONS FOR UPSC CSE
22). However, these figures remain well below global
averages, highlighting significant challenges that need to Prelims MCQ
be addressed.
Q. Consider the following statements,
Growth Indicators and Positive Trends
• Rising Insurance Density and Penetration:Life insurance 1.
Recently India observed increase in insurance
density has grown from USD 11.1 (2001) to USD 91 penetration among its population
(2021), reflecting a wider insurance net. Similarly,
2.
Recently India observed increase in insurance
insurance penetration has witnessed an upward
density among its population
trajectory.
• Emerging Market Leader: India boasts the fastest- 3.
India’s insurance density is well above global
growing insurance market globally, poised for average
significant expansion in the coming decade.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Way Forward
• Deepening Insurance Penetration and Product (a) Only one (b) only two
Innovation: Encouraging insurers to develop innovative
and customized products that cater to diverse needs (c) All three (d) None
is crucial. This could involve micro-insurance plans, Answer: (b) (1 and 2)
disease-specific covers, and personalized risk-based
premiums. Descriptive Question
• Cybersecurity and Data Privacy: As the industry
embraces digitalization, robust cybersecurity measures Q. What are the IRDAI’s core functions and Achievements?
and stringent data privacy regulations are essential to Explain the challenges faced by it in achieving universal
safeguard policyholder information. insurance coverage in India. [15 Marks] [250 words]
• Dispute Resolution Mechanisms and Technological
Integration: Further integration of Artificial Intelligence
and Big Data can enhance risk assessment, personalize
customer service, and facilitate faster claim settlements.
MISCELLANEOUS 132
SECTION
Soil Functions